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1 s2.0 S2405896318315131 Main
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based on results of the aforementioned review. Finally, Section empirical academic papers that were published up to 2017.
5 provides conclusions and future developments. Their titles, abstracts and texts were reviewed in detail for
relevance to the study. The distribution of publications over
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY the years (Figure 1) shows a growing trend of articles and it
reveals a significant increase from 2013. This could be due to
In order to create a solid base from the best available evidence the implementation of “Industry 4.0”. In terms of geographical
with respect to our topic, a literature review has been adopted distribution, the publications reviewed where from many
as research methodology. Literature review is considered a different countries around the world, based on the main
rigorous scientific investigation, limiting bias and random author's university affiliation. Two countries stand out: The
error through pre-planned methods and strategies. These USA and Germany. Hence, it might be argued that A/V reality
strategies imply a search of all significant papers and the is primarily rooted in these countries.
adoption of a selected criteria, which can be used by other
researchers. Literature review is a suitable methodology for
conducting research in the operations management field,
which produces a reliable stock of knowledge that can support
practical applications. Our research question is as follows:
RQ1: What are the practical applications of augmented and
virtual reality in manufacturing systems?
A/V realities systems can support a variety of services, such as
selecting parts in a warehouse and sending repair instructions
over mobile devices. VR applications have been well reported
in virtual prototyping, web-based virtual machining, assembly,
fault diagnosis and learning, and various types of
manufacturing operations (Nee and Ong, 2013). A/V realities
are the technologies that add digital information to reality for
potential use by all user categories. It is a field characterized
by increasing studies due to the current smart environment,
which produces huge amounts of data and information that are Fig. 1. Distribution of publications over the year
difficult to manage. A/V realities can be useful to supply
information on product, process and progress in production
both to the operator and to the line managers in a more natural
and effective way. These realities are now mature technologies
already applied to a series of services within the factory. They
are also the technological base for the development of digital
environments or role play games for a variety of ends e.g.
factory layout design, monitoring/control and training. The
state of uncertainty in the application of these paradigms
creates a complexity in the understanding of the effects of such
systems. Therefore, the scope of this research question is to
identify and investigate what the real applications of A/V
realities are in the area of production systems.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
A qualitative literature review aims at providing i) the Fig. 2. Distribution of publications over the country
theoretical framework for this research and ii) the definition of
key terms and topics related to our study. A literature review
has been performed by selecting papers from Scopus. Authors Another important finding in the literature review is that 69%
chose this database for its ample coverage of articles in this of publications are conference papers while only 23% are
field. It offers search combinations using “and” and the articles (table 1).
possibility to search for keywords. The qualitative literature
review process was composed of two parts: firstly, an Table 1. Distribution of publications over the type of
explorative and unstructured one that had a number of different contribution
origins; and secondly, a more structured one involving
searching databases using search strings and dashboards. The Type of contribution Percentage
Authors’ strategy was to identify articles that included “smart Conference paper 69%
manufacturing” and “augmented and virtual reality” as Article 23%
keywords in all fields. Additionally, the Authors took into Review 5%
account various synonyms of each of these terms such as Book chapter 3%
“industry 4.0” and “smart factory”. Our search identified 39
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Based on the findings of this review, it is possible to establish and especially wearable technologies, generate a huge amount
an overview of the predominant A/V reality characteristics. of data towards the IoT, therefore this data needs to be stored
Kang et al. (2016), face the smart manufacturing topic in real-time. Bearing this in mind, cloud-based data storage
analysing three different roadmaps, which have been adopted and data processing increase the capability of smart glasses.
by the USA, Germany and Korea. These examine the core Moreover, devices need to sense information from the
technologies of the strategies including “Hologram”, which is surrounding environmental and feed it directly into a cloud-
the visualization method but only a few contributions focus on based analytics system. In light of the explanation above, the
it while the majority focus on the use of A/V realities (Kang et key technologies on A/V reality are reported in Table 2.
al., 2016). Parikh (2005) developed an information service
based on a smart phone, which thanks to its digital camera, is Table 2. Key technologies on A/V reality
able to process paper documents. The smart phone integrates
different functions: i) scanner, ii) user interface, iii) network, Key technologies Reference
iv) cache, and v) pre-processor and is used as a primary data- Display interaction (Wu and Ren, 2010; Yang,
capture in the document-processing system (Parikh, 2005). technology 2011; Yu, Fang and Lu,
Choi et al in their study, claim that A/V reality applications 2017)
allow the virtual factory to predict, solve and manage issues Tracking, positioning and (Yang, 2011; Zhang and
overall production tasks. What’s more, they define A/V reality registration technology Yi, 2012; Hong and
as those technologies, which allow a virtual environment Wenhua, 2017; Yu, Fang
experience, which can seem real. This can be achieved by their and Lu, 2017)
“immersive” nature, which interacts with all five senses. They Human-computer (Wang et al., 2010; Yang,
highlight that A/V reality can be extensively adopted in interaction 2011; Zhang and Yi, 2012;
manufacturing industry (Choi, Kim and Do Noh, 2015). Hong and Wenhua, 2017)
Hořejší (2015), reports that augmented reality (AR) is not as Object detection and (Yu, Fang and Lu, 2017)
widespread as virtual reality (VR) but has attracted interest due recognition technology
to its “cheap” smart devices (e.g. phones and tablets). AR is Calibration (Yu, Fang and Lu, 2017)
defined as a technology, which connects reality and digital Model rendering (Yu, Fang and Lu, 2017)
environments. It can be implemented to improve logistics, System modelling (Zhang and Yi, 2012)
workshop layout, prototyping and virtual training. Its main technology on space and
advantage is that it doesn’t need expensive hardware as it can geographic environment
be used with conventional equipment (Hořejší, 2015). Hao and Analysis technology on (Zhang and Yi, 2012)
Helo (2015) focus on human machine interaction and three dimension space
specifically analyse the need for new methods to support Collision detection (Wang et al., 2010)
machine-operators with the scope of minimizing time and
maintenance costs. Thus, they present a practical 3.2 Programming library
demonstration based on Internet of things (IoT), wearable
technologies, AR, and cloud storage in order to improve Currently, several popular A/V reality systems are: i) Artoolkit
activities and communication in discrete factories. AR here is and ARtag, ii) Osgart and iii) Vuforia.
adopted with the aim of providing real-time information on
wearable devices (Hao and Helo, 2015). This issue is also ArtToolKit is an open-source computer-tracking library for the
analysed by Yew et al. (2015). In their work interaction creation of AR applications that overlay virtual imagery in real
between humans and the factory environment is analysed. time. It is the most widely used AR development package,
They developed a system, which allows companies to move which was originally developed by Hirokazu Kato of Nara
from a paper and computer based environment to an AR one. Institute of Science and Technology in 1999. The system key
AR is considered the key technology to visualize computer features are: i) a complete access to the computer vision
graphics within real circumstances, which will be a boon to algorithm, ii) major platform support, iii) OpenGL ES2.x
workers negotiating a busy environment. Finally, Mourtzis et support, integration with GPS and compass, and automatic
al. (2017) defined AR as an intriguing and accurate system, camera calibration and iv) integration with a range of smart
which provides information in various manufacturing fields glasses.
with specific emphasis on the maintenance area and the ARtag was developed to improve ARtoolkit. It is a marker
development of a cloud-based platform that supports remote system to support AR. It can be used to facilitate te appearance
maintenance services (Mourtzis, Zogopoulos and Vlachou, of virtual objects, games, and animations within the real world.
2017). Like the aforementioned ARToolKit system, it allows for
video tracking capabilities that calculate a camera's position
3.1 Key technologies on A/V reality and orientation relative to physical markers in real time,
however the library is not an open source.
In this section, it is possible to establish the key technologies
on A/V reality, based on the findings of this review. OsgART is a C++ cross-platform development library that
Particularly, we define the key elements that devices need in simplifies the development of AR or mixed reality applications
order to improve their applications in industrial systems. (A/V reality). It combines computer vision-based tracking
Important elements are the “cloud” and the IoT. A/V devices libraries (e.g. ARToolKit, ARToolKitPlus, SSTT) with the 3D
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graphics library OpenSceneGraph. The library provides which aims not only to improve maintenance but also to
various options, including: i) high level integration of video customize production. This process controls the production
input, ii) spatial registration and iii) photometric registration. plants by a distributed learning agent platform, it uses an
innovative mechatronic approach, widespread A/V reality
Finally, Vuforia is an AR software development kit (SDK) for which when applied to a manufacturing plant can foresee
mobile devices that creates AR applications. It uses Computer maintenance and diagnose errors. A prototype of the project
Vision technology to recognize and track planar images and has been installed in order to understand how it can integrate
simple 3D objects. This image registration capability allows humans, machines and robots in the production processes
developers to position and orient virtual objects, such as 3D
(Foursa et al., 2006). Romero et al., mainly focus on
models and other media, in relation to real world images when
these are viewed through the camera of a mobile device. The “diagnostic intelligence” based on the application of
systems’ key features are: i) recognize and track a broader set real-time sensor data on machine or product
of objects, ii) create image targets with the Vuforia Target performance. The scope is to provide information at
Manager using JPG or PNG images in RGB or grayscale, iii) operation and enterprise levels, through AR. It gives
support both iOS and Android and iv) support a variety of 2D a view of the current state of the workstations and
and 3D target types such as cylinders, boxes and text.
production lines thanks to a continuous update on
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: WHAT ARE THE production KPIs. This data monitors, identifies,
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF A/V REALITY IN analyses, diagnoses and resolves problems and
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS? flaws in real time with the aim of increasing
operational efficiency (Romero et al., 2016). Many
The literature review highlights that A/V reality is a articles analyse the combination between A/V
technology welcomed in manufacturing. In this section of the reality and simulation techniques. Bearing this in mind,
paper, we will try to solve our research question and then
Streusand et al. developed an application based on simulation
analyse the main applications. Figure 3 shows that virtual
and virtual reality to plan robots’ paths. The application also
training (22%) and maintenance (19%) are the main fields of
takes into account computer-aided drawing (CAD) and the
application. An AR technology for remote maintenance has
suite MATLAB (Streusand, Steuben and Turner, 2010). While
been developed in order to support technicians and workers. It
Hutabarat et al. and Turner et al. in their works propose a
has been implemented using a cloud-based service oriented
combination of A/V reality and discrete event simulation
system, which enables the exchange of information, and
(DES). This combination carried out a matched technology,
therefore records breakdowns and related instructions
which aims to improve decision-making. This work describes
provided by experts (Mourtzis, Zogopoulos and Vlachou,
how feedback loops are feasible from real world systems
2017).
directly into a simulation model to guide smart behaviour.
These loops consider both shop floor and human interaction
(Hutabarat et al., 2016). Turner et al. analyse the current state
of VR and DES in order to investigate its degree of application
and advantages and limitations for potential users. Finally,
virtual reality and DES are examined with respect to smart
factories in terms of VR DES integration, DES model
validation, and verification with VR and application
development (Turner et al., 2016). Regarding virtual training,
Hořejší aims to develop a virtual supporting tool based on
cheap and easily implemented technologies. The system
adopts a conventional web camera focused on an employee at
Fig. 3. Mapping of A/V application in the manufacturing a specific workstation. The camera captures the image of a
sector characteristic marker put on the assembly table. According to
the marker position, the software defines a plan and transpose
Syberfeldt et al., who also recognised maintenance issues, data adding virtual 3D model instructions to the real image.
proposed to adopt AR smart glasses in order to overcome The final image is presented on a monitor placed in front of
them. The advantages in adopting smart glasses are that they the worker. This approach can be applied in many areas: i)
provide information necessary to handle a specific situation or layout planning and prototyping, ii) training and iii) logistics
work task optimally in real time. Authors underline that the (Hořejší, 2015). Hahn et al., propose an assistance system
vast range of smart glasses on the market creates confusions based on AR for teaching employees the assembly process of
for the companies who would like to invest in the technology, printed circuit boards. The system operates using smart glasses
as choosing a product is a complicated and time-consuming and four characteristic markers and by looking at QR-Codes,
activity, which involves identifying the best solution for a the system highlights a component’s retrieval location and
specific problem and, if not carried out correctly, can lead to installation point in the user’s field of vision. The study applied
unnecessary costs (Syberfeldt, Danielsson and in a real company resulted in an errorless performance by each
individual employee (Hahn, Ludwig and Wolff, 2015). An
Gustavsson, 2017). Foursa et al. developed a platform, effective support of on-the-job training requires A/V reality
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technologies. As a matter of fact, these technologies are “design of industrial systems” and “process designed” are not
becoming an integral part of companies (Blümel, 2013) yet addressed. To summarize, the main advantages resulting
regarding decision making purposes. A framework based on from the application of A/V reality are:
AR and connected smart objects has been developed. The AR
user interface of each object makes it possible to interact with
heterogeneous objects on the grid, yet still allows each object • Production plant control and error diagnostics;
to have a unique interface that fits its function. The working
data and definitions of smart objects allow for resource
discovery, searching, and matching algorithms to categorize • Safety and security of production systems;
resources on the grid for users with different needs (Yew, Ong
and Nee, 2016). Finally, some publications address the areas • Improvement of planning activities including
of product design and production. Mourtzis et al. developed a resource matching;
product configuration tool for customers based on AR, this
allows companies to target new markets and re-configure and
design new products based on information collected by • Product design and reconfiguration;
customers. AR technology makes it possible to edit features
such as selection of colours and materials, addition of new
components and features based on company constrains. The • Provision of required information at operational and
advanced visualisation and adapting functions of AR make it enterprise level;
a “design-by–non-designers” tool. Furthermore, customers
can see the virtual product in situ allowing them to evaluate its
appearance and functions and its interaction with other non • Improvement of cooperation between humans and
virtual products in a tangible setting (Mourtzis et al., 2016). machine;
With respect to production, Rice et al., present a dynamic
system to support the electrical wiring assembly of
commercial aircraft. The system is designed in order to • Teaching workers complex tasks in a safer manner to
increase the operators’ productivity through the integration of increase their productivity.
wearable, mobile and fixed devices, which allow the wireless
communication with a system server. Furthermore, it improves The literature shows that safety and security have been
the efficiency of wire assembly with minimal changes to the identified as areas with considerable potentials. Working
factory environment. So the augmented system helps factory environment is quite often a source of potentials risks and
operators navigate a wiring plan akin to a GPS guidance threat even when some apparently free-risk activities are
system (Rice et al., 2015). We assume that almost the whole engaged. Overconfidence, poor procedure enforcement, lacks
area of industrial engineering systems are covered by these in control are the main source of industrial risk. A/V reality
papers. Clearly, some of them are more thoroughly application can be adopted to build a safer environment by
investigated with respect to others. The following table shows promoting a better interaction among man and technology and
the areas covered by A/V reality in the industrial engineering among men in the working environment. These applications
system domain. should be able to support workers in an effective manner.
Table 3. Areas covered by A/V reality in the industrial Basically, there are many different ways to carry out the
systems engineering domain environment’s analysis: NFC tags, geolocation and image
recognition. Obviously, these identification methods may be
Areas Coverage combined together and when the software recognizes the
Design of industrial systems object, it interacts with a server and accesses a database,
Product design X retrieving the data corresponding to the object analysed in the
Process design form of links to hypertext files. The application must be able
Logistics X to select the content to show the user properly, based on his
Management of production systems X demands and situations that occur. The type of information
Maintenance X that would be possible to obtain are text files, images, audio
Safety of production systems X files, movies and so on. The contents provided by the software
can be used for three different purposes: descriptive, alarmist
Maintenance and virtual training are the fields most frequently and simulation. In the first case, the user would mostly use the
addressed. Virtual training is present in many applications and image recognition service, whereby he can visualize in real-
is mainly used to improve production systems safety and time information about the scanned object (descriptions,
support workers in assembly tasks. Furthermore, many papers attributes, technical features and so on) on his device. In this
studied the use of smart glasses technology in A/V reality as way, virtual data could be placed on the real image creating an
well as their performance in an immersive environment. Many augmented reality content management system. A further way
papers cover decision support, which improves the to get data is NFC technology. NFC tags, in fact, have
management of production systems through acquisition, sufficient memory to contain different types of files and when
monitoring and configuring of data and KPIs. Finally, very few the user approaches the device to the label, the application
papers concentrate on logistics and product design. The begins the process of reading, displaying the information
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inside it. The strength of this system is that does not require part of the manufacturing decision-making as they influence
interaction with a server, but only a device that is equipped of the design of the manufacturing network. Future endeavours
the appropriate chip. The proposed application is able, also, to could focus on integrating A/V reality technologies and other
detect QR code applied on the dangerous good in order to contemporary systems, increasing collaboration and
speed-up the identification process without using expensing developing models for more detailed evaluation; with this in
labelling systems. The alarm function involves geolocation mind authors have started to work on an A/V reality
service, which is useful when the worker is close to a application to improve safety in the joinery/carpentry sector
dangerous area or object and must be notified immediately. towards the adoption of smart glasses “GlassUp F4”; this is a
The software alerts the user when he is located within a hands free wearable device designed to push boundaries in
hazardous area or even when he is close to a specific object industrial field.
under a special con (i.e. a crane is overload). The information
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