 

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠ℎ ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑖 𝑘𝑢𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑛

lar
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑟: 2
1

(6) 12.000
1.2
→
2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5
← 2 2 6

(11) 22.99
- - 3.0
→
2 6
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 →

- 1.6

1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 5
4s23d5 2 6 2 7 2 8

(31) 69.72
- 1.9 1.6 →
→ 2 10 6
1 10 2 10 2 10 1 2 10 2 2 10 3 2 10 4 2 10 5
←
(41) 92.9064 (
- -

1 2
5s24d1 2 2 1 4 1 5 2 5 1 7 1 8 0 10

- 1.7 - - 2.0
2 10 6

1 10 2 10 2 10 1 2 10 2 2 10 3 2 10 4 2 10 5

0.9
*
1 2 2 1 2 14 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2 14 7 1 14 9

( (80) 200.59
2.1 - 1.9 1.6
ℎ
2 14 10 6

1 14 10 2 14 10 2 14 10 1 2 14 10 2 2 14 10 3 2 14 10 4 2 14 10 5
6s

(89) [227]
**
2 1 2 14 2
1 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2 14 7 2 14 8

1 14 10 2 14 10 14 10 1 14 10 2 14 10 3 14 10 4 14 10 5 ℎ 14 10 6

- - -
Terbiy
1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 2 10 1 2 11 1 2 12 1 13 1 2 14 1

2 2

**

1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 2 10 1 2 11 1 2 12 1 2 13 1 2 14 1
2

*
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝒕𝒐 𝒍𝒊𝒃 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒌 𝒑𝒐𝒈 𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒈𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒊 𝒎𝒖𝒎𝒌𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒇𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒊

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒌 𝒑𝒐𝒈 𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒈𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒊 𝒎𝒖𝒎𝒌𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒊

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒌 𝒑𝒐𝒈 𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒊 𝒚𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒚𝒌𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒊

𝑵𝒖𝒌𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒏𝒖𝒌𝒍𝒐𝒏 = 𝝆 + 𝒏 𝑵𝒆𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝑰𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒊 𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒅𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒂 𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐 𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒚𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒐 𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒐 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝝆=𝒆=𝒛 𝑰𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒂 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒂 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒔
𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝒀𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒂 𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒌 𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒊 𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 +𝟐𝜶 𝐇𝐞 𝒂𝒍𝒇𝒂 −𝟏𝜷 𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒂 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 +𝟏𝜷 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒛𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 +𝟏𝛒 𝐇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 +𝟏𝐃 𝐇 𝒅𝒆𝒚𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒚
𝟑 𝟎 𝟏
+𝟏𝐓 𝐇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟎𝛄 𝒉𝒗 𝒈𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂 𝟎𝒏 𝒏𝒆𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑲𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓: 𝒃𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒌𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒍 𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒌𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒌𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒐𝒏
  

𝑶𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒌 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒂 𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓

𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒊 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒋𝒂𝒔𝒊
𝑨𝒍𝒌𝒂𝒏 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂

𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒔𝒖𝒗 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒏𝒊 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊

𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒖𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝒑𝑯 𝑯+ > 𝑶𝑯− 𝑯+ = 𝑶𝑯− 𝑯+ < 𝑶𝑯− 𝑨𝒍𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝑸𝒐 𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒓 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒑𝑯 < 𝟕 𝒑𝑯 = 𝟕 𝒑𝑯 > 𝟕
𝒀𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒀𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒍 𝒚𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒃 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊 𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒𝒒𝒂 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖 𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊 𝑵𝒆𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒔𝒉𝒒𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒚
𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑚𝑢𝑠 𝑸𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒇𝒔𝒉𝒂 𝐾𝑜 𝑘 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒐𝒍 𝒀𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝑫𝒖𝒕𝒈𝒂 𝒐 𝒙𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒃 𝒐𝒈 𝒊𝒓 𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒂𝒃 𝒚𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝐹𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑓𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑦𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑧 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑧 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒔𝒖𝒗 𝑶𝒒𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒍 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒂 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝑷𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒕𝒊 𝑻𝒐 𝒒 𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑞 𝑭𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕 𝑲𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝒂𝒛𝒊 𝒂𝒋𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊

𝑻𝒖𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑻𝒖𝒛 𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒂 𝒕𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒊 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑 𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒇𝒔𝒉𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒐 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑵𝒂 𝑽𝒐𝒅𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒅 𝒂𝒋𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒃 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒒𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊 𝑳𝒂𝒌𝒎𝒖𝒔 𝑭𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒊𝒏 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒋
𝑲𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒚 𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒀𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒊𝒃 𝒚𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒕
𝑨𝒍𝒚𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒚 𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕 𝑸𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝑷𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒕𝒊 𝑪𝒖 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒅𝒊𝒓 𝒒𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝑴𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝒌𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒚 𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒕 𝑲𝒐 𝒌 𝑻𝒐 𝒒 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒
𝒌𝒐 𝒑 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝑪𝒖 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑲𝒐 𝒌 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒐 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒕 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
𝒍𝒂𝒌𝒎𝒖𝒔 𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂 𝒌𝒐 𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑲𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒂 𝒙𝒐𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝑯𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒓 𝑪𝒍 𝑻𝒖𝒛 𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒗𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊 𝒃𝒖𝒈 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂
𝑲𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒋𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒒𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑳𝒊+ 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑶𝒄𝒉 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒔𝒖𝒗 𝑩𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒏𝒊 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑵𝒂+ 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏
𝑲+ 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒇𝒔𝒉𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑯𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝑩𝒓 𝑪𝒍 𝑻𝒖𝒛 𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒗𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊 𝒃𝒖𝒈 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂
𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑮 𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒅 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑺𝒓𝟐+ 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑶𝒄𝒉 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑨𝒈𝟐 𝑶 𝑲𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒉 𝒌𝒐 𝒛𝒈𝒖 𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑩𝒂𝟐+ 𝑨𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒅
𝑪𝒖 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑸𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝑪𝒖𝟐 𝑶 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒉𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟒 𝑶𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝑪𝒖 𝟐+ 𝑺𝒖𝒗 𝒁𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒊 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒐 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝑸𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒐 𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑲𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏  𝑪𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒊 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒌𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒉 𝒌𝒐 𝒛𝒈𝒖
𝑷𝒃𝟐+ 𝑺 𝟐− 𝑸𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑷𝒃𝑺 ↓
𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑳𝒂𝒌𝒎𝒖𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑨𝒈+ 𝑪𝒍 − 𝑶𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍 ↓
 𝑶𝒍𝒆𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒃𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒏𝒊
𝑭𝒆𝟐+ 𝑲𝟑 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝑵 𝟔 ] 𝑲𝒐 𝒌 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑭𝒆𝟑+ 𝑲𝟒 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝑵 𝟔 𝑲+ + 𝑭𝒆+𝟑 + 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝑵 ⬚𝟔
𝟑:𝟒−
= 𝑲𝑭𝒆 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝑵 𝟔 ↓
𝑰𝟐 𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑲𝑱
𝑺𝑪𝑵− 𝒀𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒊𝒏 𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒍 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒌𝒓𝒂𝒙𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒊 𝒚𝒐𝒌𝒊 𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒎𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒐 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝑨𝒍+𝟑 𝑰𝒔𝒉𝒒𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑶𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒓 𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒒𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝒐 𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒊
𝒒𝒐 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒔𝒂 𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒙𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒊
𝑵𝑯𝟒+ 𝑰𝒔𝒉𝒒𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒌 𝒉𝒊𝒅𝒊 𝒌𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒊 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒐𝒒𝒔𝒊𝒍 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝒌𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝑺𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒐 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒒𝒊𝒛𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝑵𝑯+ −
𝟒 + 𝑶𝑯 → 𝑵𝑯𝟑 ↑ + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒂 𝒙𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒕
𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊
𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊 𝒗𝒂 𝒌𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒋𝒂𝒔𝒊
𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒋𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝑺𝑶𝟐− 𝑩𝒂+
𝑩𝒂+ 𝑩𝒂𝑺𝑶⬚
𝑩𝒂𝑺𝑶⬚ ↓ 𝑶𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝟏 𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒖𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝟏 𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝒒𝒊𝒚𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒖𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝟒
𝟒 𝟒 ↓ 𝑶𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝟒

𝑵𝑶− 𝑯
𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝑶
𝑺𝑶𝟒𝟒 𝒗𝒂
𝒗𝒂 𝑪𝒖
𝑪𝒖 𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂
𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂 𝒌𝒐
𝒌𝒐 𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒌𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒗𝒂
𝒗𝒂 𝒒𝒐
𝒒𝒐 𝒏𝒈
𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒓
𝒊𝒓 𝒈𝒂𝒛
𝒈𝒂𝒛 𝒂𝒋𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒂𝒋𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒌 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒌 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝟑
𝑵𝑶− 𝑯𝑪𝒍 𝑯𝑩𝒓 𝑯𝑱 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟒 𝑯𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 𝑯𝑪𝑵 𝑯𝑭 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟐 𝑯𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟐
𝟑 𝑯
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒗𝒂 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶
𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟒 𝒗𝒂 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒𝟒 𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒇𝒔𝒉𝒂
𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒇𝒔𝒉𝒂 𝒚𝒐𝒌𝒊
𝒚𝒐𝒌𝒊 𝒋𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈
𝒋𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂
𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂 𝑯𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 , 𝑯𝟓 𝑱𝑶𝟔 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝑯𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝒁𝒏𝑶𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟑
𝟑− + 𝑨𝒈
𝟑 𝑰𝒔𝒉𝒒𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝟑 𝑨𝒔𝒐𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝑷𝑶
𝑷𝑶𝟑−
𝟒 𝑨𝒈
𝑨𝒈+ 𝑨𝒈𝟑𝟑 𝑷𝑶
𝑷𝑶𝟒𝟒 ↓↓ 𝒚𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒊𝒏
𝒚𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒈
𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊
𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑲𝑶𝑯 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝒔𝑶𝑯 𝑹𝒃𝑶𝑯 .𝑨𝒎𝒇𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒓:
𝟒
𝑹𝒂 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑺𝒓 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑩𝒂 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑪𝒂 𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒆 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝒁𝒏 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑨𝒍 𝑶𝑯 𝟑 𝑪𝒓 𝑶𝑯 𝟑
𝑪𝒓𝑶 𝟐−
𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒𝟐− 𝑩𝒂+
𝑩𝒂+ 𝑩𝒂𝑪𝒓𝑶
𝑩𝒂𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒𝟒 ↓↓ 𝒕𝒐
𝒕𝒐 𝒒
𝒒 𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒
𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝟐
.𝑶𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒚 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒓:
𝟒
𝟐− 𝟐+ 𝑴𝒈 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 𝑪𝒖 𝑶𝑯 𝟐 , 𝑵𝒊 𝑶𝑯 𝟐
𝑺
𝑺 𝟐− 𝑷𝒃
𝑷𝒃𝟐+ 𝑸𝒐𝒓𝒂
𝑸𝒐𝒓𝒂 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑷𝒃𝑺
𝑷𝒃𝑺 ↓↓
𝟐−
𝑪𝑶
𝑪𝑶𝟐−
𝟑
𝟑
𝑪𝒂𝟐+
𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑𝟑 ↓↓ 𝒐𝒒
𝒐𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊 4.𝑶𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒌 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓:
𝑯𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 𝑯𝑶𝑶𝑪 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑯
𝑪𝑶 ⬚
𝑪𝑶𝟐⬚ 𝑪𝒂
𝑪𝒂 𝑶𝑯
𝑶𝑯 𝟐
𝟐
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑𝟑 ↓↓ 𝒐𝒒
𝒐𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝟐 𝟓 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟐− +
𝑺𝑶
𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟑 𝑯
𝑯+ 𝑺𝑶
𝑺𝑶𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒋𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒂𝒋𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒗𝒂
𝒗𝒂 𝒐
𝒐 𝒛𝒊𝒈𝒂
𝒛𝒊𝒈𝒂 𝒙𝒐𝒔
𝒙𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝒊𝒅
𝒙𝒊𝒅 𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒒𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒒𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝟑
− 𝟐+ 𝑳𝒊 𝑲 𝑪𝒂 𝑵𝒂 𝑴𝒈 𝑨𝒍 𝒁𝒏 𝑪𝒓 𝑻𝒆 𝑵𝒊 𝑺𝒏 𝑷𝒃 𝑪𝒖 𝑯𝒈 𝑨𝒈 𝑷𝒕 𝑨𝒖
𝑭
𝑭− 𝑪𝒂
𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 𝑪𝒂𝑭
𝑪𝒂𝑭𝟐𝟐 ↓↓ 𝒐𝒒
𝒐𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝑴𝒏 𝑯
𝑪𝒍−
𝑪𝒍− 𝑨𝒈+
𝑨𝒈+ 𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍
𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍 ↓↓ 𝑶𝒒
𝑶𝒒 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒉
𝑰 𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒉 𝑰𝑰 𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒉
− + 𝑺𝒖𝒚𝒖𝒒𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒊 𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒊
𝑩𝒓
𝑩𝒓− 𝑨𝒈
𝑨𝒈+ 𝑨𝒈𝑩𝒓
𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍 ↓↓ 𝒚𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒊𝒏
𝒚𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒈
𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊
𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊 𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝑱𝑱−
− 𝑨𝒈+
𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒𝒄𝒉𝒐
𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒌𝒎𝒂
𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍
𝑨𝒈𝑱 ↓↓ 𝑰 𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒉: 𝑲 : 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑒 → 𝐻2 ↑ + 𝑂𝐻 −
𝑨𝒈+ 𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒒 𝑀𝑒 𝑛+ + 𝑛𝑒 → 𝑀𝑒 0
𝑲 : 𝑀𝑒 𝑛+ + 𝑛𝑒 → 𝑀𝑒 0 𝑰𝑰 𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒉: 𝑲 :
𝒍𝒂𝒌𝒎𝒖𝒔 𝒌𝒐 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑒 → 𝐻2 ↑ + 𝑂𝐻 −
𝑶𝑯− 𝒍𝒂𝒌𝒎𝒖𝒔 𝒌𝒐 𝒌
𝒌 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒈𝒂
𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒈𝒂 𝒃𝒐
𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒖𝒉: 𝑲 : 𝑀𝑒 𝑛+ + 𝑛𝑒 → 𝑀𝑒 0
𝑶𝑯− 𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓:
𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏
𝒇𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒂
𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒊
𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊
𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝑨 + : 𝑺𝟐− 𝟐𝒆 → 𝑺𝟎
𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓:
𝑨 + : 𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟒𝒆 → 𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 ↑ 𝑨 + : 𝑆 2− 𝑒 → 𝑆0
𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒍𝒊 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓:
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒈𝒊 𝝇 𝒗𝒂 𝝅 𝒃𝒐𝒈 𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝑨 + : 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑒 → 𝑂2 ↑ + 𝐻 −
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒍 𝝇 𝒃𝒐𝒈 𝝅 𝒃𝒐𝒈 𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒌𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒃 𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒒𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊
𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒊
𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟑 < 𝐇𝟐 𝐒 < 𝐇𝟐 𝐂𝐎𝟑 < 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟐 < 𝐇𝐅 < 𝐇𝟑 𝐏𝐎𝟒 < 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟑 < 𝐇𝐈 < 𝐇𝐁𝐫 < 𝐇𝐂𝐥 < 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 < 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 < 𝐇𝐂𝐥𝐎𝟒
𝑩 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪𝒍 𝑪𝒂 𝑪𝒍 𝟐 𝟎
𝑨=𝑩 𝑪𝒂 = 𝑶 𝟏 𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒍𝒊𝒌 𝒒𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊 𝑩𝒆𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒗 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒂
𝑨≡𝑨 𝑪≡𝑪 𝟑 𝟐 𝑳𝒊 𝑲 𝑪𝒂 𝑵𝒂 𝑴𝒈 𝑨𝒍 𝑴𝒏 𝒁𝒏 𝑪𝒓 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝒅 𝑪𝒐 𝑵𝒊 𝑺𝒏 𝑷𝒃 𝑯 𝑪𝒖 𝑯𝒈 𝑨𝒈 𝑷𝒕 𝑨𝒖

𝑨= =𝑩 𝑾==𝑪 𝟏 𝟑
  

𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝒐 𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒊

𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑩𝒆𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒗 𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒍𝒊𝒌 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒊
𝑚𝑙 = 𝑠𝑚3
𝒌𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒒𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊
𝑙 = 𝑑𝑚3 𝑺𝒖𝒚𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝑴𝒆 ← 𝑯 𝑴𝒆𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒚 + 𝑯𝟐
𝑯𝒂𝒋𝒎 𝑚3 = 3 𝑙 = 6
𝑚𝑙 𝑯 → 𝑴𝒆 𝑻𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊
𝑙 = 3 𝑚𝑙 = −3 3
𝑚 𝑻𝒂 𝑷𝒕 𝑨𝒖 𝑰𝒓 𝑹𝒖 𝑹𝒉 𝑶𝒔 𝑻𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊
𝑚𝑙 = −3
𝑙= −6
𝑚3 𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝑴𝒆 ← 𝑯 𝑴𝒆𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒚 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 𝑺 𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒂 𝟏 𝒌𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒈 𝑯 → 𝑴𝒆 𝑴𝒆𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒚 + 𝑺𝑶𝟐 ↑ +𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟏 𝒎𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒌𝒈
𝒁𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊𝒌 𝟏 𝒈/𝒎𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝒐 𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒐 𝒕𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒊
𝟏 𝒈/𝒍 = 𝟏 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑩𝒆𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒗 𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒍𝒊𝒌 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒊
𝟏 𝒏𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟗 𝒎 𝒌𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝒒𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊
𝑼𝒛𝒖𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒌 𝟏 𝒎𝒌𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎 𝑳𝒊 → 𝒁𝒏
𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 + 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑵𝑶𝟑 ; 𝑵𝟐 𝑶 𝑵𝑯𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟏 𝑨𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝑺𝒖𝒚𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝑭𝒆 → 𝑯 𝒙

𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑷𝒂 𝑯→ 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑵𝑶 ↑ +𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑩𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒖 𝑻𝒂 𝑷𝒕 𝑨𝒖 𝑰𝒓 𝑪𝒓
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝑹𝒉 𝑶𝒔 𝑭𝒆 𝑾 𝑻𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝟏 𝒆𝑽 = 𝟏 𝟔 ∙ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱 𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝑳𝒊 → 𝒁𝒏 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑵𝟐 𝑶 ↑ +𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟏 𝒌𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒 𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝑱 𝑭𝒆 → 𝑯 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑵𝑶 ↑ +𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑯→ 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝒙 + 𝑵𝑶𝟐 ↑ +𝑯𝟐 𝑶

𝑨𝒗𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊 𝑁 𝑳𝒊 𝑲 𝑩𝒂 𝑪𝒂 𝑵𝒂 𝑴𝒈 𝑨𝒍 𝑴𝒏 𝒁𝒏 𝑪𝒓 𝑭𝒆 𝑪𝒐 𝑺𝒏 𝑷𝒃 𝑪𝒖
𝑁𝐴 = ; 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟑 → 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑶𝟐 𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟑 → 𝑴𝒆𝑶⬚ + 𝑵𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐
𝑛
𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒅𝒂 𝒎𝒊𝒒𝒅𝒐𝒓𝒊 𝒏=
𝑵 𝒎 𝑽 𝑷 ∙𝑽
; 𝒏 = 𝑴𝒓 ; 𝒏 = 𝑽𝒎 ; 𝒏 = 𝑹∙𝑻
𝑁𝐴
𝑴𝒆 𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝟑 → 𝑴𝒆 + 𝑵𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒂 𝒎 = 𝑴𝒓 ∙ 𝒏 ; 𝒎 = 𝝆 ∙ 𝑽 ; 𝒎 = 𝑴𝒓 𝑽𝒎
𝑽

𝑯𝒂𝒋𝒎 𝒎∙𝑹∙𝑻 𝒎
𝑽= ; 𝑽 = 𝒏 ∙ 𝑽𝒎 ; 𝑽 =
𝑴∙𝑷 𝝆 𝑶𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒌 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒚𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒂 𝒎 𝒎∙𝑹∙𝑻
𝑴𝒓 = ; 𝑴𝒓 = ;
𝑛 𝑃∙𝑉 𝑼𝒎𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒚 𝒀𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊
𝒁𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊𝒌 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝒎 𝑴𝒓𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒊
𝝆= ; 𝑫 𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒃𝒊𝒚 =
𝑉 𝑴𝒓𝟐 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟏
𝑨𝒓 𝒎𝑨 𝑬 𝑴𝒓
𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏+𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟐
𝑬 𝑶𝒅 𝒎 =𝑽 ; = 𝑬𝑨 ; 𝑬 𝑬𝑶 =𝑬 𝟑𝒏
𝑬𝒌𝒗𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝑩 𝑩 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊 ∙𝑽𝒂𝒍
𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏 + 𝑶 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑬 𝑯+ =
𝑴𝒓
; 𝑬 𝑶𝑯 =
𝑴𝒓
; 𝑬 𝒕𝒖𝒛 =
𝑴𝒓
; 𝟐 𝟐
𝑯+𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊 𝑶𝑯 𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊 𝑴𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊 ∙𝑽𝒂𝒍 𝟑𝒏 𝟏
𝑲𝒊𝒎𝒚𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒕𝒆𝒛𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒊 𝒕𝟐 −𝒕𝟏
∆𝑪 ∆𝑪
𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏−𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏 𝟏 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝑=𝜸 𝟏𝟎 ; 𝝑𝒐 𝒓𝒕 = ; 𝝑𝒐 𝒓𝒕 = 𝒏∙𝒕 ; 𝟐
∆𝒕 𝟑𝒏 𝟑
𝑲𝒊𝒎𝒚𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒚 𝒎𝒖𝒗𝒐𝒛𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕 𝑲𝟐 𝑪 𝒌∙ 𝑫 𝒒 𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏−𝟑 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑲 =𝑲 = ; 𝝑𝒕𝒐 𝒈 = 𝑲 ∙ 𝑨 𝒏
∙ 𝑩 𝒎 𝟐
𝒎𝒖𝒗 𝑨 𝒏∙ 𝑩 𝒎 𝟑𝒏
𝟏
𝝑𝒕𝒆𝒔 = 𝑲 ∙ 𝑪 𝒌
∙ 𝑫 𝒒
𝑨 𝒏
∙ 𝑩 𝒎
↔ 𝑪 𝒌
∙ 𝑫 𝒒 𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏+𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑶 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝟏 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
; 𝟐 𝟐
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒛 𝟑𝒏 𝟐
𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟐
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒏 𝜶𝟐 ∙𝑪 𝟑𝒏 𝟏
𝜶 = 𝑵 ; 𝑲𝒅 = 𝟏−𝜶 ; 𝑲𝒅 = 𝜶𝟐 ∙ 𝑪 𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏 𝑶 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝟐
𝒑𝑯 = 𝐥 𝐠 𝑯+ ; 𝒑𝑯 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒑𝑶𝑯 ; 𝑯+ = 𝟏𝟎−𝒑𝑯 𝟔𝒏 + 𝟑
𝟐𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏+𝟑 𝑵 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝟐𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑵𝟐
𝒑𝑶𝑯 = 𝐥 𝐠 𝑶𝑯− ; 𝒑𝑶𝑯 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒑𝑯; 𝟐
𝒑𝑯 𝟔𝒏 𝟑
𝑶𝑯− = 𝟏𝟎−𝒑𝑶𝑯 𝟐𝑪𝒏 𝑯𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝑵𝑶𝟐 + 𝑶𝟐 = 𝟐𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑵𝟐
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝟐
+
𝑯 = ; 𝑶𝑯− = ;
𝑶𝑯− 𝑯+
𝒑𝑯 + 𝒑𝑶𝑯 = 𝟏𝟒 ; 𝒑𝑯+ ∙ 𝒑𝑶𝑯− = 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒
𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒊𝒛 𝒎𝟏 𝑪𝒎 ∙ 𝑴𝒓 𝑮𝒊𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝒌𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝝎% = ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎; 𝝎% = ; 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝑭𝒂𝒛𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒚 𝑩𝒐𝒈 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝒎𝟏 ∙ 𝒎𝟐 𝝆 ∙ 𝟏𝟎
𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒂𝒓 𝒏 𝒎∙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝎% ∙ 𝝆∙𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝒎𝟏 𝑽 𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒊 𝒕𝒖𝒛𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒊 𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒈𝒊 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒊
𝑪𝒎 = 𝑽 ; 𝑪𝒎 = 𝑽∙𝑴 ; 𝑪𝒎 = 𝑴𝒓 ; 𝑪𝒎 = 𝑽𝟐 𝑨𝑩𝟐 𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒌𝒍𝒊 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 𝑶𝑭𝟐 𝒔𝒑𝟑
𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝟐 𝟏
𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒎 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝎% ∙ 𝝆 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒒𝒍𝒊 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝒔𝒑
𝑪𝒏 = ; 𝑪𝒎 = 𝑨𝑩𝟑 𝑷𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒂 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟑 𝑨𝒔𝑯𝟑 𝒔𝒑𝟑
𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝑽∙𝑬 𝑬
𝟎
𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒓 𝑪𝒏∙𝑬 𝑪𝒎∙𝑴𝒓 𝑼𝒄𝒉𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒌𝒍𝒊 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑩𝑪𝒍𝟑 𝑨𝒍𝑪𝒍𝟑 𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝒔𝒑𝟐
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ; 𝑻 = 𝟎 𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝑪𝒍𝟒 𝑺𝒊𝑯𝟒 𝑵𝑯+𝟒
𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒔𝒊 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑨𝑩𝟒 𝑻𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒆𝒅𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟐𝟖 𝒔𝒑𝟑
𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝑩𝟓 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝟏𝟐𝟎 ; 𝟗𝟎 𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟓 𝒔𝒑𝟑 𝒅 = 𝒅𝒔𝒑𝟑
𝑩𝒊𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒂
𝑴𝒖𝒗𝒐𝒛𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂 𝒕𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒊 𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑨𝑩𝟔 𝑶𝒌𝒕𝒂𝒆𝒅𝒓 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝑭𝟔 𝒔𝒑𝟑 𝒅𝟐
𝑶𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒊 ↑ 𝑶𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒂 ← 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒈𝒂
↓ 𝑲𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒂 𝑶 𝒏𝒈𝒈𝒂 →
𝑯𝟐 𝒈 + 𝑩𝒓𝟐 𝒈 ↔ 𝟐𝑯𝑩𝒓 𝒈 ∆𝑯 > 𝟎 ↑ 𝑯𝟐 𝒈 ↑ 𝑩𝒓𝟐 𝒈 →
𝑲𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 ↑ 𝟐𝑯𝑩𝒓 𝒈 ← 𝑮𝒊𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒛
𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟖 + 𝑯𝟐 ↔ 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 ↑𝑻 ← № 𝑻𝒖𝒛𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒚 𝒒𝒊𝒔𝒎𝒊 𝑴𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒍 𝑲𝒂𝒕+ 𝒚𝒐𝒌𝒊 𝑨𝒏+ 𝑮𝒊𝒅 𝒎𝒖𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒊
∆𝑯 < 𝟎 𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒔 𝒗𝒂 𝒌𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 𝑮𝒊𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒈𝒂 𝑵𝒆𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝒆𝒈𝒛𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒌 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂
↓𝑻 → 𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊
𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂
𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝒈𝒂𝒛 + 𝟐𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝒈 ↔ 𝟒𝑯𝑪𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒛 + 𝑶𝟐 𝒈 ↑𝑻 → 𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒔 𝒗𝒂 𝒌𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑲𝑪𝑵 𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝑰𝒔𝒉𝒒𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒚
𝑬𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒌 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 ∆𝑯 > 𝟎 ↓𝑻 ←
𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒔 𝒗𝒂 𝒌𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒊 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍⬚ 𝑲𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊
↑𝑷 →
𝑪𝑶 𝒈 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝒈 ↔ 𝑪𝑶𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝒈
∆𝑯 < 𝟎 ↓𝑷 ← 𝑲𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒔 𝒗𝒂 𝒌𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒌𝒊𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒕𝒂 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝑵 𝑯𝒂𝒎 𝒌𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒙𝒂𝒎 𝑵𝒆𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍
𝑩𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒎 𝒊𝒌𝒌𝒊 𝒉𝒂𝒋𝒎 𝒃𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒋𝒎 𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐 𝒚𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒂
𝑪 𝒒 + 𝑶𝟐 𝒈 ↔ 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝒈 ↑↓ 𝑷 𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒋𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊
𝒃𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒋𝒎 𝒃𝒊𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒋𝒎
𝑲𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒊 𝒕𝒆𝒛𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒖𝒗𝒐𝒛𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒈𝒂 𝒕𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊

𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒗 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒉𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒅
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒚𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒉
𝑺𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚𝒐 𝒗𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒚𝒂𝒕𝒊 𝑮𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊
𝑸𝒐 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒛𝒐𝒒 𝒇𝒐𝒚𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒛 ≪ 𝑺𝒂𝒃𝒓 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒍𝒎 𝒐 𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒊
𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒙𝒈𝒂 𝒐𝒋𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒏𝒊 𝒆𝒔𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒂𝒈𝒂 𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊! ≫
𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒂 𝒍𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒚𝒂 𝒐 𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒆𝒍 𝟗𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟒𝟑 𝟎𝟎
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒈𝒖_𝒖𝒛@𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒓𝒖

𝑼𝒔𝒉𝒃𝒖 𝒒𝒐 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒎𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒈𝒂 𝒐𝒛 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒚𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒊 𝒙𝒊𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒕 𝒒𝒊𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒐 𝒍𝒔𝒂 𝒃𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝒋𝒖𝒅𝒂 𝒙𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒗𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒊𝒛𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒏𝒊 𝒂𝒚𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒏
𝑸𝒐 𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒍𝒊 𝒗𝒂 𝒕𝒐 𝒈 𝒓𝒊 𝒇𝒐𝒚𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒛 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒉𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛 𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒖𝒏 𝑹𝒂𝒙𝒎𝒂𝒕‼!
  

𝑩𝒂 𝒛𝒊 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒅𝒂 𝒆𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒊 𝒗𝒂 𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒃𝒊𝒚 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒌𝒖𝒍𝒚𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊

𝑲𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓 →
𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒂𝒓
↓ 𝑯+ 𝑵𝑯+
𝟒 𝑳𝒊+ 𝑹𝒃+ 𝑲+ 𝑩𝒂𝟐+ 𝑺𝒓𝟐+ 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 𝑵𝒂+ 𝑴𝒈𝟐+ 𝑩𝒆𝟐+ 𝑨𝒍𝟑+ 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ 𝒁𝒏𝟐+ 𝑪𝒖𝟐+ 𝑪𝒓𝟑+ 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ 𝑭𝒆𝟑+ 𝑵𝒊𝟐+ 𝑯𝒈𝟐+ 𝑨𝒈+ 𝑷𝒃𝟐+ 𝑪𝒐𝟐+ 𝑪𝒐𝟑+ 𝑪𝒅𝟐+

𝑶𝑯− 𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟓 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟕𝟒 𝟒𝟎 𝟓𝟖 𝟒𝟑 𝟕𝟖 𝟖𝟗 𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝟗𝟑 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟔

𝑭− 𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟕 𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟓𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝟕𝟖 𝟒𝟐 𝟔𝟐 𝟒𝟕 𝟖𝟒 𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟗𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝟗𝟕 𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝟗𝟕 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝟎

𝑪𝒍− 𝟑𝟔 𝟓 𝟓𝟑 𝟓 𝟒𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟕𝟒 𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟖 𝟓 𝟗𝟓 𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝟏𝟖𝟑

𝑩𝒓− 𝟖𝟏 𝟗𝟖 𝟖𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟗𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝟐𝟕𝟐

𝑰− 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟒 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟗𝟏 𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝟒𝟎𝟖 𝟑𝟎𝟗 𝟑𝟏𝟗 𝟑𝟏𝟕 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟏𝟎 ? 𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟒𝟔𝟏 𝟑𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟔

𝑺𝟐− 𝟑𝟒 𝟔𝟖 𝟒𝟔 𝟐𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟕𝟐 𝟕𝟖 𝟓𝟔 𝟒𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟖𝟕 𝟗𝟕 𝟗𝟔 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟖 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝟗𝟏 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝟐𝟑𝟗 𝟗𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟒

𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟒
𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟔 𝟐𝟎𝟖

𝑯𝑺𝑶−
𝟒
𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟔 ? 𝟐𝟖𝟐 ? 𝟏𝟐𝟎 ? ? ? 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝟓𝟐𝟗 ? ? ? ? ? ? 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟏 ? ? ?

𝑺𝑶𝟐−
𝟑
𝟖𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝟗𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟔𝟖 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟖𝟗 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟔 ? 𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝟏𝟑𝟗 ? 𝟏𝟗𝟐

𝑪𝒍𝑶−𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝟐𝟑𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝟒𝟎𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝟑𝟏𝟏

𝑪𝒍𝑶−
𝟑
𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟐 ? ? 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝟑𝟔𝟖 𝟏𝟖𝟏 𝟑𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟐𝟔 ? 𝟐𝟕𝟗

𝑵𝑶−
𝟑
𝟔𝟑 𝟖𝟎 𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝟑𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟑𝟔

𝑵𝑶−
𝟐
𝟒𝟕 𝟔𝟒 𝟓𝟑 𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝟖𝟓 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝟔𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟏 ? 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟔 ? ? ? 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟓𝟏 ? ?

𝑷𝑶𝟑−
𝟒
𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟓𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟖𝟔 𝟑𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝟑𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝟒𝟏𝟗 𝟖𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟕 ? 𝟓𝟐𝟕

𝑯𝑷𝑶𝟐−
𝟒
𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟑𝟐 ? 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟐 ? ? 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟑 ? ? ?

𝑯𝟐 𝑷𝑶−𝟒
𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟑𝟏 𝟐𝟖𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟎𝟑 𝟑𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝟐𝟓𝟗 ? ? 𝟐𝟓𝟎 ? ? 𝟑𝟗𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟎𝟏 ? ? 𝟑𝟎𝟔

− 𝟔𝟎 𝟕𝟕 𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟗𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝟖𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟐−
𝟕
𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟓 ? ? ? 𝟐𝟖𝟎 ? 𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝟕𝟔𝟎 ? 𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝟒𝟑𝟐 𝟒𝟐𝟑 ? ? ?

𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟐−
𝟒
𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟐𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟓 ? 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟎 ? ? 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝟑𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟕𝟓 ? 𝟐𝟐𝟖

𝑴𝒏𝑶−𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝟑𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝟑𝟖𝟒 ? 𝟑𝟎𝟑 ? ? ? ? 𝟐𝟗𝟕 ? 𝟐𝟐𝟕 ? ? ? 𝟑𝟓𝟎

𝑪𝑶𝟐−
𝟑
𝟔𝟐 𝟗𝟔 𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝟏𝟗𝟕 𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟖𝟒 𝟔𝟗 ? 𝟏𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟔 ? 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟔𝟏 𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝟏𝟕𝟐

𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟐−
𝟑
𝟔𝟐 𝟕𝟗 𝟔𝟖 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟗 𝟐𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟔 ? ? ? 𝟏𝟖𝟕 ? 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟕𝟖 ? 𝟏𝟖𝟏 ? 𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟑𝟐𝟗 ? ? 𝟐𝟑𝟒

𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐−
𝟑
𝟕𝟖 ? 𝟗𝟎 𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟒 𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟓 ? 𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟏 ? ? 𝟏𝟑𝟐 ? ? 𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟗𝟐 𝟐𝟖𝟑 ? ? 𝟏𝟖𝟗

𝑬𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒊 𝑩𝒖 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒊
𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒚𝒅𝒊 𝑶𝒛 𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒚𝒅𝒊 𝑬𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒚𝒅𝒊 𝑺𝒖𝒗 𝒕𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒃 𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒅𝒊 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝒙𝒂𝒒𝒊𝒅𝒂 ? 𝒎𝒂𝒗𝒋𝒖𝒅𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒊
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒅𝒂 > 𝟏𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒅𝒂 𝟎 𝟏𝒈 𝒅𝒂𝒏 𝟏𝒈 𝒈𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒂 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒗𝒅𝒂 < 𝟎 𝟏𝒈 𝒎𝒂 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒐𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒂 𝒍𝒖𝒎
𝒚𝒐 𝒒
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