{LI MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS, 4p aaiyze wave propagation in an stop medium we begin witha satement of Mocwe's equaios an 2 pm.0 + ae. an we a ° on Inthe dove elation thei guns End Hcepreseat, respectively, he lectie ‘hd sagt fel, and D and B the crc ané magnet dpacemens I 359 ‘reset the comene an charge sources. Fate, the potion vecr defies parila enon in pace (2) st wich he lds being measted. Thi Bie. Be ‘hn sii resin, alate coma equation, elas the curet ad care oases and Fearne daeia=o as 10 important ote tat es. 21-23 ae sot al independent. In fat, oly Eas 221,22 and 25 ae nade to rve Eg 2.3 and. Tos aly sean by ng the dvegeneof Eye 21 and 2 2, Taking 9 (Eq. 2.0 ile14 Asie SLECTROMAGNETIC THEORY where we have fet interchanged the spl an temporlopertors, ae Rote, towever, tat he avegece ofthe cu of ay vee ently zo, Ths imi fom above ta the cvergece of Bi at mst equal oa cortan ch i independet of tine If sch "backgroud exis, hasbeen wih us sce eon ans fie nares 6 any Kind of tine varying problen Thee, we tet sette const lo eo, ths yiling Bg. 2-4 we ake the vergence oF Eg. 22 we obain Poxm-fo-m+0-3 However, he coatinutyequtoe 25 sow th the divesence of i eq 9 mis the time decvaie of he care deny p, Thus, 9 wih a aia const, we shui Eq 23. 22 CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS FOR AN ISOTROPIC MEDIUM ‘An examloston of Moxwel's cus equatons, 2.1 tnd 22, nds tet tee ae toil of 6 equations (ne for eac vector component) st I2unknowas (one fr ech ‘compen’ of BH, B, ard), Notdhat J epresens asoue em which conser {ote ive Its he conittve elton th prove the onl const ded {osolve Bh 21 and? 2. These elton charctre ves materia on a eof level and ae described items of he vo seal quis, Be pemeablty and the permitiviy © Beat eo -2 an a fee space, =py = 4% 10° neater (Him) € = ee B85 X10 ‘Sedat (Fr). Ne that Egy 26 apd 27 reeset 8 bt feet, one foreach ld component 2.3 TIME-HARMONIC SOLUTION OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS ‘The fom of Maxwe's eqoatons even by Eqs. 2.1-24i ater cumbectome berate of he nelson of both time and space dependence. A great el of simpieion Doses we me dealing with sme armonc es, tha Seles varying ti ‘oki fequay w we desir such el as Al, en, fr example TMG HARMION SOLUTE OF MAELLS EQUATIONS 18 ogneat canbe represented as Ate. = Ap cost + 6,01 = Rolain ee Ase“ ne the comple paz gunsy A) sted by Ale) = Atnen ‘he $ an #componcets of he eld ae smiley descend tet eld may, err, be weten as Ale, = Ratainem) an ere ao 440) + 9400) + 1410) ‘To bin Masel’ eqstions for tine hrmone fl, we assume a fil quan tse tobe ofthe form given y Eg, 2-8 Th, Be 9 Ee Hie. 9| pg] te | Dee) Be Be.) Be, ‘The aproptiat ielé uate ae ten wht into Maxwell's outons 21-24 ‘hun forevample, Eq 2-1 bees Px ReBIe] = 270 Re(Bine™] 29) ‘To simplify tis expression, we end to show th tis possible to move be operators {Te amt fis he indeed ogee tacks. That, we Wh tsb that Ea. 29 i equivalent © Ref lee) = Relax Bene) 210) Lets it demons he aii ofthe merchange of 83a Re operators. Now sa Reem)16 mastesLscrRonacnerc THEORY can be writen wing the complex conga (* 35 sf) (1 u(r) + which she ese result, Note that me have ied he at ht he vali eat ortae afar = 38. To demonstrate valid ofiterchangecfthe x nd Re pests, iisfcest to note that can Be represented he sr fice praia vais, ech (twhirl Tht Ym galan + 5 aay + #2108 = x Reer] 2 UB EOP nie Be 4 Ox EO) = Re Bem ‘We neve thecore deine he ality f By 2.1, which an be writen a be foem Rel + Bie = 0 aw ‘ts sow tithe above expesson egies the quite inside the square braces tebe equal oar, We cave ht these gusts can be represented a complex hncesA AT JA‘. where Av and A”epeet te fea an nagar) pats of [A respectively. Thus Bg. 2.17 io he form Rela’ + jae} = 0 am Consider now, te slton ote exesion above a the tw insane of defined tyrone Otel or = n/2. Arar O we ogre tat A’ = 0 whereas a wf = 12s must best, Fer Bg 2.12. va fr al anes we mist therefore demand Gata’ SAY = O ad ns A = 0. Thus, we we le the conclusion ta te fst | ‘ME HARMOIE SOLUTION OF WASWELLS EQUATION 17 [Moves equtions can be writen compat a Vx EW = = tet of the e-haroni sumption hasbeen 0 ep he tu time-space tris ie paer amples ard repace ee part deca 218 ih jo. ing ths presen fo the reining euaions 22-24 therefore yk for ne barons form of Maxse's anon xe = “WB ew Tx Ho = HD + IO aw v Dee = of) aus) TB =0 es) tht te effect of he ne tarmac sumption hasbeen 1 imine te tne ce tom Marwel's equations Woe tay appear tht his simpleton eon chained atthe aciice of eqiag aass of tine-baons els ony, Js any bisey tie varying any an be aayae i ers of ape ono Fouser components. Pht, he fl quan) AU, ot sted we offs “Ye solutions to Manvel's eqns cate obtained foreach Furie component, Ab. ole" and he lesa samedi over “ a) an ple 21 ures te fllowing lee Fin phasor for Bie, 9 = #costat ~ be) + 29 sae ~ ks) Soluion ‘he ace fd can be writen as Hie. = fcovet ~ ba) + 29 conte ~ ke ~ w/2) Refer + ferme Me]‘Ts we ent Bio = Eom weer Bet --b md 50 = E= were B=? b= -tt+en ‘Tae complete por Bt) can therefore be writen a Ho =~ 29-* | 24 THE WAVE EQUATION IN SOURCE-FREE ISOTROPIC MEDIA We wish to detemine the ryps of solutions wo Maxel's eutons which ar allowed in wource fe topic rein. Note that by “ource fe we do oot eu Dat Ses) se daly eo bat nly thal we ae repon over hich J 3d p ear estend, as howe i Figue 2.1 241 ‘The Wave Equation “Toclisn a Gxription ofthe ype of ecuomagoete waves tha may exit ia sure ‘tee mediom we make Use of te two cul eqions 213 and 2.14 wih te source term Je) st equal to zero. We ado lntotuc he consiatverelins 2.6 5427 eliminate vaiables Br) and De ing Tx EW = —joulte) x Hie) = akin) ‘By aking te car of he fit ton hove a xing into te second errestio ‘ne ca eat He) yds Vx (7x En) = jon? He) = wee BO) THE WAVE BQUATON IY SOURCE OTORE MEDIA 19 24 Lan mec en te vector identi, x0 Be) = FIT Bin ~ FE nig tt sce p = O and is salar conan, vp €Be) = «7 Bip = 0 we ota FBO + eae BW =0 aw uwioe 2.18 sown ate wave equation. represents vee autos of ential Tm, ow for each component of EU). For ample, tbe # copoce’ of Essie Aeretsin zi ae 42 The Dispersion Relation cos azerg fda solution for £4 above ofthe fore # o * +a) Bie) + wae Em) = ie) = Eoeanl-/r + by + ko as) ohne Eo can ahitarycestn. We eta de to te exponential form chosen Iv Ele the let of operating 3/2 on Efe) yield —1 Eye) wih aaognos ‘suis for partials with respect to y and z. Therefore, substitution of the asomed form OE eo oar een egeion ks Beers nee am Byasion 2.20 is known a he cspeon lation. Since te 9 and # components for ie) ae salts ofthe same wae eesti hey must also ba he sue person _/ ation. Note adéonlly Ga the amps of the wave, ay airyase mcroMAONETC rEORY i 2.43 The Wave Vector ‘The slton oor wave equation By) can be piven physi igufcnce i we defn the wave vst ky kam + 5H, +o Noting tha the veer «from th ga oor cordate syst to any observation in (28 ven by retinen ‘then E(0) can be represen compact as Ete) = Eye sd te tie varying component he lect i given by oa -nfeool- te) ! To inert the meaning of he ave vector k we ak a seeps of he ect etl ' Efe, a sometime += & and ak at wha pins ihe apie of constant Sine fed hs eqs tonal thar" als be ed Boe = conta = C, ee 2 Conn ha ie te i ge 23 Mn cnt ta pai 7 WAVE EQUATION I SOUNCEFREE NOTORIC MED 21 This elation is shown singramatcaly in Figue 2.2 forthe cwodimensiona case (= 0) We se tat eguing E> tobe a coast is equivalent requing Cat te potion of eno be a const. wo danensions ths defies ne perpen: ear wo fad i tice dimensiones pane. If we Increment 9 tone new tne > 6 an loo forthe pone in pace avn the sae ape sm we must te at some new line af shown in gue 23. The diagram least he concn ht he kvesor epee te propagation ection ofthe eecuonagnei aan host specying fy ae dete awh dieton oe wave reli Coc mate alan chong bowever, Prom Eq 2.29 went athe agate of us say the elon Mak= ova ‘oat, we are few chase any propagation dreton ing on 2 phere of radius 1% shown ln Fagus 24 Radiation of he frm deserted above an piven eae inne elesomagttc wave oe simply "plane sample 22 2 pane wave ecg ato fequeney {pace wa li file sven by % 10" He and pop Bie) = emer =X tar ° ‘What sth angle @ tate propagton vector kes with sect the = axis? gure 24 Tet ice22 paste sgcmonacnerc T1808 Sottion ‘The gsi of b= wing = 20 x3 10 x VET KES ET axax = EI ae x te! ‘Te x componeat of kis ound om dps elton 2.20 with = 0. he VE=R = VOFR eX 1 mt = Vin 10 a! ‘The propipton ope with respect hess ithrefore bated tom he geomet rates re et ue vs 2.44 Maxwells Bgeations fr Plane- Wave Solutions Wie have shown tat te assumption of tie amenic fs edad the comple of Mel's gunonsy elimioang tine as avarable Farmany probleme ofits, the spl dependence muy aio be elmined povided tt the it aon ae kon a pio oe plane wave in ature We, treo, ue neha els ving # spatial vain ofthe fra gen in Eq 2.19 BO) EL cae Ho} ~ B)* Let ws investigate the effect ofthe ext opertr on sch felts Vx Bie) = (Bde + $o1ay + $9195) Bement Aiki + i, + ay BM = (ex Bem = hex Be "THE WAVE QUATIN IY SOURCE SOTORC MEDIA. 29, Wing be same testnique one can eal how that VB) = (“ik Bes foe pine wave sions ins suc ein, he 7 opera i replaced by ida Spied fom ot Masel gins xe oR ea kx am ‘ any k aw Nita lsat vartin bas ben linn de 1 he fat hal he exponential (Mts c is common all ld qunie. Sever! geal semen cn be mae Qy esa tse esos. Fre a at exes 22 ot 224 nice cts and Bs be ins plane whch Is perpen 1 the ectn of Tepe Forse for sopre mati in wch D ad Bare elated to aod Tepeciely, by sla, feb rlaons 2.21 and 2.22 simpy xB onl kxi> -o hich opis that and H ae perpen to a5 well a 10 cach aie wih Ft ovag in heaton of ka shown In Figure 23.1 we swam tht E i Fossa alg te # ection wih el angle Ey and ut ks long then fom fone Roem = Qo eae 1 arhte” verte charac impedance i defied by neva a5) ‘Thus, fora plane ware HIT Min fee space wre 25 aie seo, Heme se Tig ines vaition fe he els dH mayb cand by muh ‘he coneaponin empenes by @ sn ing erat pe fe = Ree = asta 49 to aoe Mitest os of general or corte stm can be ois so th the # ais sow L Tens = = and = t= eV The deed his Ble = Ry contr ~ ks +) ‘Thich at two peices ands ook shown it Figure 2.7. We note tat 0 bir pas point as caved or propagate righ overtime Set Se use vaocry 25 emine the velo ofthis sbi pase ot we cose an cher moving slong ain sume velo tis poi Forth oberve fo emanate se pion ‘ov especta he ld egues tae rgmento remain conan. A tie Pores, we mist beer say st po = defined by w= ke + 6 = consane ‘oking the desvacv wit respect tz hove deternines ow fst we mast ve along foreman ate same poo ofthe wave ying Sowa, 2.26) ‘where vs fined asthe phase velo. Fr fee space we have ik, = UVa 3 % 108 mis hich she vel of gh ee sue.26 ase macmoncnenc THEORY Lew! pre 28 Noda cers = 2.6 GROUP VELOCITY ‘pel snail wave sch athe one jst oases nter a being oe {end sd exe, therefore, convey 9 formation. Suppose itis ese tans a tess, for example, "hello," ough some medium. We ae, theefor, rege {© moduinte he niga in toms fthion Lette following Hinge cong be chose: A pte of rin meas “hl [A pute of dion 28¢ mean “aoodye" ‘Ths, he message “helo” woul lok a shown ia Pye 28. Hee fi sed represent the apie ft cleus o magnet eld x he signa source wich i ‘umed ote locted at ~ 0. "Toe mestage is observed to const of two porions: a slaively dowly eying ‘xvelog, nour cse a restangule pe of rion ta ally varying ater “Strain fequeney For opel communications sche iol coud be generate, {oc exanpe, eer by det medulatin ofthe dive cent fa emicoahor ser te by psn 2c laser bat hough an opal swith which i pled on forthe ‘uation A by an apple exe woage. 1 the elo of the envelope aber than te cai hat of amar interest nce edits the peed which he Infonnadon toes beeen tanner snd eciver, Te spect ofthe messge fhown in Fite 29 snd oerved wo consist of sin Funct ceed athe are ‘Rejuney wT lf width of he Eat mjc ake of he neon owe fo ‘Sp Four tne tea oe poprtonl the eros oh ple aston. Rather than peseting st his pon» ger saa of he aration carac- tet of sg wi ach complies equa: spec, ead conser {odie sal mith th very spl pect, shown ip igre 210. The srs ‘ous of two egal arpide tres a eure yo, Wile wach a pec nour vawocry 27 ‘or ely prt on, reset concep of gpl Yelcty in stag war manner The exeson ofthe alysis presented here forme gener ial Pon satin deal in Seton 6 of Chap 10. "We terete represen he module aa a the souce leon by 10 = Reelin ce = 2 cota cos er ‘he spa, showe a Figure 2.1, coisa air at egueey ay modula by Ahi varying eavelpe Raving eae) Lit we seume ta enc frequen conpaceat of 0) raves along a propagation ec than asst propagation onsarAa), By soperposton te eeived fies fe 2) tome abaya» rom he souce wil be flo) ‘Asming ht Ae is sflety sal, hen My * Au) eat be expanded 0 good Mponinaton in fiseaeder Tylor seis Releitre-masser 4 grimeramreny 2.27) uy * A) = Han) ® Bu) omeset Seite edo wi of etl Rat 21 en Fo see a He) 9 | ‘Sebtiaing 9.228 ito Ea. 227 shove is M9 = Dead ~ Hea) codons ~ E129) 2eost ~ 5) c08 date ~ =) ag, Per ‘The gets sant var ice te pis and group dels, petty, Noe hate sted sal sent wih etc en cape se tod cvlge ve been eyed ets td rpeely. ecm sre prpsmon bts with ah of se ls ag aan eek, ew “hus, in any withthe monocot pie wave, ys the pst vl ‘esting he sed at wich he cari tvs Gom apt weep, Te ene: nour very 29 cys known a8 he goup velocity an ir given fom Bq. 229 by alee ex) Ae aroup velociy sprints the epee a which information s wansfeed fom Isricr 1 secs slat ur anni of wate ropagwio in usifocmuibouned medium showed ht a) was near anon af eqn: hats ey = VR As fr plane wave poping in sch 2 materi pase and group velocities ae alsa sven by =m Av willbe sown in Chair 4, when te rasemision media is waveuie, Ko) Iho longer lea ontono equeney. La sucess iti etl to examine Alero cals o-t sng wbicn raptsw versus Ko, sbown scbeatcal in aur 111° AS town in te eee, te slope of line dno From Be oat he pie Ihe curve feat a carer teqctey, wy ves the pe velocity. Silay, te Mig os teagent oh curve awn ele he group veloc. Lis tnpat noe thw te carer feeny is changed, bth andy, wl gee so change.ee .——a rosso 31 Jocaly, i oberved tat in he nig a ery ig quency, pe and oop umgle23 ‘A ie wae propaga tan cnig We i pec a conta! ake UV ts aad ge eb wn have seas en PoLanteation He) = w Vio) vee etn 244, i was shown th he etic Fill of «plane wave can be 9 nat pri 9 he decton of papa in an nope mais. Teor, 4 “a Mine snr fo or ‘snd in known athe pls fone define by HO) = Ua + SEEM = Ving ‘When te cared tiles electrons adhe density i . Eas Eom as eee esty Wisin us of 9, the the ee om 5608 . Bie) = (Bae + $EaeDeH = Edt Meet ere An Elba o=6-8 Witout os of pneaiy we vt Ey ~ 1, So tat an aay polarized wave is epee a Buy = (8+ jaenens an Lett eaine some deca ips of polation cael Ano Be we is, = Rete" Ka) Fewe213 Dap dopant ining = £eoslut ~ ka)are 2.14 Ly pt wae are 215 Lima pied wn 4 we ‘The motion of the les fell vectra some ft plane ay. © = 0, shown in Figure 216. The lected moves back and forth the but away pit song (te 2 ans. This is Known a ales poled wave along ¢ Coe. A= 1,6 = 0 gue 25, Bo nt pew Bie = + Hester ~ ba) ‘Azsin we oso linet polarize wave wth ie ele eld vec pointing a 4S* ‘vith respect othe x a Case A= 2,6 = 0(igure 2.16) Bis, 0 = (t+ 29 eau ~ ka) Case. A= 1,42 2 Bo = + igen Ble.) = fcowat ~ b2)~ § solar ~ a Te cael ure 219 Read pip 2.20 Pinzon dng, Ae Kenge). Copii © 1875 Joh Wi Sos. Reon3M nqsec susctoMnonere THEORY ‘The easiest my to determine B iso set x= 0a plot few poi freien ines ure 2.17), Note that he tp ote electric ld vector tices ots il. The ware is defn to fe eee clay polarized. This convention is btned by placing te fase fhe ef ha along eprint of te cee nthe tn of Yc ti se soig tt the hum the pins a he decton of peopugaton (2, Cae A= 1,6 = m2 igure 218) This is similar to Cate 1V. We ciao Bis, = fowler =i) + 9 sinat ~ ke) which sa ihn circu poled wave Cae VE A= 265-072 le 1) = fet ~ be) + 92st ~ ba) ‘Noted JE + $16 = 1 whichis the equ of so eligs showin Figure 219. Te wave i dt be iattand ep polared For any sooo A ed ‘he ype of polarization canbe dtm sig the above tchnigus wy ang ‘eof te plazation chart shown a gue 2.20, Tis cart iniesth ate the polriaton onthe complex E/E ple. Note tenis plane Ee’ Ey cr represented in pols coordinates By mgd A sd pase 8 28 DUALITY ‘The concep of sity ccs inthis secon is pariclcy ssf sa shoncue in obaiig solitons to a nanber of problems wih we leat 1 integrated op ‘es Let ws consider Mise’ equations na source mom cared by ade xB ~ joutt 7x = jock WeE=0 Vou =0 ‘The bigh degre of symmetry between Bad Ms lent visible by inspection hese poALny 3s eons. In fit, nte at if he lowing interchanges ae ate J act's onin ieee. Ts igi Ha on tnt as Mons enon foe sone ular tien, sind te cy cmc by te cans ie hove sce ie eee ito entions. Trample 24 ser n# pote sae wave popezting inh ection a shown ie Fg tots sao os pate Sotion “Te wave tke he form ’ vind ts ta Sembieiecneneig sans[36 naste wuacrnonacrenc THEORY Desi eget second saison i given by Eiai}e ich is simply «plane wave poised ocoganally wih respect to the oi 29. PLANE.WAVE SPECTRUM OF FINITE-WIDTH BEAMS Wii the popes of he uobounded plane wave are parila est o aay, Pract alline ceewomagnaicradaton generate fom aor ol aie dines nd must, hrfore, be of Fnte spatial exten. Tre cstomaprte tation ca thereto, only approxima the idea plane wve. For example, igh be fon He-Ne ls, for fat mate a sigh, doesnt Casiae plane waves yeton inv grounds we would expect bom obey cl th ws of sls 4d refleton forte plane waves, Cleary, the beam with is ocd ich rae shoud approtiate moe closely the ea plane nave. Beste opal team ‘of fine width wil prove wif is mach of te ltxpetin of guided wave end coupling tery to be derived the reladonhp betwee the init plane wave el Fett bea satya in hi ston. Let us conic for simplicity the Wedimetsons| problem ofan opie bear ‘ropsgting along tht sear ie he} ieton a as beam wie Win te ‘Ect atthe plane 2 = 0, as shove in Fire 2.22. The ect eld asocined ‘i be bens sumed to be j plied and of uty eplinde ‘We nt that the beam must be a soln © Mawel'seuties and, therfore, ‘at ano sy te wave equation. I has aleady bee sow thi the sokion to 5 eatin, aia of yao san laa, Bley) = seemed =. PLANE:NAVE SPECTROM OF FRUTEWIOTH AMS 37 wo E+ Reema k Are the wave ampli E, and propagation deton are sbiary. Note ta the ion Secon canbe pce oy ngs vee woven fy ie [TIS dhermned fom he stove paewavedapesion inn k= VETE ‘Ye ample and iston of sy sity eopgating plane-eave solution can, evn, be specified by a ingle variable, Ek). Thr, he moet genera lation foe wave ogni» spepoison of lane waves propapning all ections With ampite ofeach component given by UA). Thats ax w= anenen ot hatin integrting over ke valves of fy comesponding 10 & > Jy wl be Tobia, peeing ae-wive components wiih are exponentially eying 8 te cect of propagation Wits posible fo sch 3 sparen of waves to represent the opi! beam thes iis aster for ay sand > at B= A Bide en pur, at fat = 0) = fa Bite “Tas iis obverse that he plane-nave weighing coins Bt) are sven imply by ite Fourier wansform of fe eam rere att ot? = 0. Fete cast shown i Figure 222 Buo=t blew so tat38 nase secrneMnosene THEORY a1 ‘whichis plone in Figure 2.28. Not atte “bandwidth f Eine by [Cael = 2200 Whe maga of (on mich smaller fan ty he om 232 oe an he ne waves tht ake op the eam have signin mpl Gly ove a motor Engle Spread given by mt) = Ges EW tan) = Baw 20 aww, fm ay ‘Thus, he beam angle sre is 88 2a, which i en by 1 shown in Figure 2.24. Provided tht the width of he bse is many mavens the is angular spreads sal ae wi rein wll ole verre stances. “The ditaes rover whic be bean emai wel clint een foe geome of Figure 2.24 toe give by wry, = a0 ‘Subsiing fr 88 tm Ea. 2.33 he yelés a oe aw rower now 39 Mere 224 Det he ith em i im ore it Lo POWER FLOW 110.1 Poynting’ Theorem Ins section'we any hw the vain lecomagneti fil tems ae inteeaed Ia teas of power flow. There varie re connected ia Maxwell's cu exuatons, ich fran orp medi are ea by pape - yt ax» ven Esy 2% Ingen, te eet density J canbe eprint to component: deaed ‘Te tem J epreets any coon souses tha pve tet letomapnetc Fels, ‘thessarJe'= i E peste any contacton cient induced by he presence of ‘Grated, Aten xmpe, an anne shown in Figure 225i exched ah ax Stomiing comet sores hatng caren deny and ves eset eecwomagttc Feld tha inte sway If region fe condviy ex he he peace of the ele eld nt repo wil enfe coedecton cue 0 fom Note tht sine asus of vols pr eter and J has wis of amperes pet neta aged, the the quay EJ bt te dimension of per per ant lame (oats pr eubic mee. From Eq 2.35 above we bare, therfore,OEE EEE OO 4 basic erecrzounowenc THEORY Using tbe vector iecy PARR) = BPX A-A TKD Pee eee ‘Substuion of Ea. 2.35 forthe cu of inn he above expcestion yields epee oem eet Nig tat ben ee o Fie aya czars 9 Because J has uns of power per unit volume ater tan power we neat ‘qianes oer a brary closed volume Va sown age 225, Let he SountingV be San an our ui nomal 9 tera be shown nthe fe = [fore a- Efffecume csten+ ffere em oo rower mow 41 we hve mad we of he entity [fer a= fear jon 2.37 stent of Poynton’ thece nits various terms ae identified ty conser puesta for ectomagnesic fle. The ters hl? and if ave incrios of enery pe nt vlume and are erp asineleoostas be th state neg) denies vored magnetic and elec lis, pes: iy. Tas, the re Effforaue + en abebasi iki 0m es eee Tae42 nase mecrnonaonenc THEORY repent heat of neat of stored eer ia volume V The em ‘sintered a the bet power genre in the vole V de to fue, mis over spate dete conduction loses ruling from fie Fl te tem, Wo We = Stor vis = te = BE) corer = The ane Vise in Fue 2.7, Se ean sue rs, Te eg 2a) win tal comp wl Pig poe feng th be surice § of be volume V. Since Ss # directed, the nly contbutont be oe sraces defied by = ~ Gand. Thus, fees [-[afosu-os [ie fase=o] = ~ Betoo we ~ 2 ot ~ to faeexm ‘simp asthe power Nowing ot of he ome V. The quai SmExH ‘scaled the Pyating vector and erset te magnitude ad tion of the po ‘fx t any pon Irhas wis of power pr untae. Poyoig' theorem sfore Inteetd 2 follows: The power geosaed wid an shay voime V ms con icon sel equal tthe ime ie of fsese of sted ergy wiia¥ ples, setpor: ving oto V doug a5 Tas saw how ral & = — Beaton dat ~ oot 20 ~ to) Ban The tse eoety witha Vis If AW, + We) “Bl aLo fee geno SF cof att + oe ur to) Example 25 A plane wave propagating i thereon haste following el: Hee, 9 = 88g costar te) te,0 = 9 ouster &) 4 = Vale E “abe he ane drat to oan he at of reas of sted eer eimintes eet em within he rakes ad es or te Seon fe a[[Jom +m 2 een te 1 — (@) Cong te Poynting er Sa oes and magnetic ener estes Woand We a ( Aiings ectnglr vote Vo inesions ‘hae Poon re std agp ble = c vet Solution @ s ~ xp Seg = Bean a — ot — 1 hese we have wd the atta k= «Vue. Comparing te above est with te = Beater by 7 Sheerece Sane 08 SE POI ae46 axe exzcrnonnonenc THEORY rower mow 45 he bakes net the tne average. Ba th ght side of he above equly| ve sity by reas) the complex conjugate of 8. We cone tat seer te tine average Frocet of two tne amon iais i goen by (cna) = 4 Res 238) overscan be extended to veo products since thse may be epesened ty of cle proucts. Terefire i flows, fr example, a! bene ete , fing power dena (sven by ar 23 Vlei 25 (9) = 4 RoE x HH ax te quatty 210.2 Complex Poyating’s Theorem [eas been demonsraed that eprseatag dihamonic fds in term of empl SsExm em) hover amp fen coaenint eet ofthe elimination of ie arable ‘Eker be take, however, nthe representation of power quis in tes thee plas Desai fey comain produce af vo crpexquatities In paul we nt tit AU) nd BU) ae two imesarnonic quis Alf = Rethem = ether 1) = Reber) = Reisen) note compen Poynting vector. Tomer he eae fhe tne sveage ng power we forse Poy’ hoe i es of complex eld wl From bg 2.13 and 214 tt ea eH = fk +d ea) then (a 241) ~ B- (Eq 242) yes MBL) = Ree) Reba) # ReABe™) Be-O KE E-U HY = ~ jon? + ple ~ Bo Ths, we aot eptseat te profit of wo Kine amon sigs the dt ear phnors. idveve, sage rnionhip maybe demons terre he ie ava he produet A) BU) ane te phaers A ad 8: Noe tat TEx Hy = ~ pial (ef) Bae A080) = AB cost + 0 easter + 65) rer! orm hs tecones “ = aby ~ 69 codon + 64+ 6 Afacng= {ff acu - sen -Hfffoer oo “ing eine ener po et Rt ace err uc orc 243 a a i ars atone = 82 cout, - Ge) cee46 music ecreouaanenc THEORY rower now 47 limapnary pos. The rea part of Eq 2.85 ile Lifton = fae on ah closed sre Si equal he eve power spi minis 2 tines he nce between magne tn lei toed emery easy mpl 2.6 ta he complex frm of oyaing's here is sti for he lane wave aa osteo ene ne Hffonae ms The complex electric and magnetic fields are Hie) = 5g Ts us alffoe eee ee | Fea eet re aaa as ncn Ie Serer ee ne Te a ee per ‘Simi, eqeing nagar part lr Note fora pase wave E and H ae in phase an tas $i prey real face mg.= ner m9 +7, eal Sota Sra hae i os ie ffansne me [fos es r= foun vee[fefo(-8)-LoLo(8)]-» Pros Eq 2.45, since) = Owe mast sow that Wo, = We Now H[[ome-a [fae ay farce = onc ctare ‘The tems Wand W, ae interred a al magne sa elecc eer stored ia tte volume Vin analogy wih te elena coer etd a atlogy {oie her as te recive power delver tthe vole by saute To, ‘Ba, 2:45 mates et dn nih ohne inst Ieebaheccn ental48 nase sracriounoneTC THEORY ‘Tus the imaginary pt of Pop's here is aso sad PROBLEMS 211. Determine ithe st of led Uelow sty Maxwell's equations 2 ina soue-te region of fe pce = emt =) +2 = Ws = Batt =e) = fete = ~ No 22 hep ten fe ti Bist = f= t= ho) tae = oth + myo ~ be =A vee senew 23 hep lig et tom eens ance) 63 be} = dear = 8) — je — bed = ci ajeond isn (@) le, 9 = Fearon ~ Anes 24 (a) Give he etme space eresetations of the flowing compe lt () Be = ate" @) Ein = + 2ine™ @ Ee = 28 — pe (9) Whar type of ptrznton ssc with each of the sbove fide 225 A plane wave propigaing slong the = diction has un ec Fie tat amples fom i aves) Ele) = 25e% (a) Siccbatt = Oe ampide oft elect and magic els Bet = Hig, = 0) as fonction of we eee rons 49 Using Eq, 221, compte the complex magnet fs Mfr plane waves Fopmting in espace and having flowing elec lds: (0 Be = se ( Bey = feneo me (o) Ble) = (th ~ ayers (@ Be = Yemtkde™ (a) Show thre following elec iden be represent athe superposition ot Tour propagating plane waves Bie) = J cone sink) ore H+ HE = whit (Compute he comespondng magna et He) [sgn ito be sen troug te amospeeharcontinsW = 1 x 10"ionizt eons per ee ter, {Give «geen expesion fr he pase and group vl. (8 Sonpowe he signe cennd about arr feueny fo ~ (2.GHe and tara bandwith Af — 2 Mle, Wrat the poup and pase velocity tthe ever feqeny 0 Ue recive is 10k sy, wat the ference inarival tie forte regency components of he nl a'f= fy ~ 8 mdf = f+ Of? ‘wt te ima sit se W wg ich a He-Ne ser beam hy = 06328 Pun en be psd so hatte be wel ola onsen located 10| 2 tinevuying cunt orc i) aps power the RLC er shown in gue 228 Desve Poymngs orm fre ait dove inter fF C.K, Wh dy), Lest te soe, csipaion and ety sora ems ‘Give the complex form of Poyain's teres forthe cuit in problem 2.10| Ste (i sree. ental source, diipson,ané rae tems 8 or expresion. rove that for -hamoni els, Mawes euaton VD) = ot | ‘be wtten a6 Die) = aS50 asic SLECTROMAGNETC THEORY 213 Atime-tamoniclecromagsetc wave ropagiting ae space ha anes fied with te folowing complex apie: Be) = sineaiese ‘whee and kare both rel (@) Fd the complex representation fate magnet ld He) (©) Fi he complex Poyaung vector St, Y {@) What isthe dreton and aide of he ine average Poyting po 2214 (4) Show da teil poled wave, E tem cane presented athe ees of wo poi tig ca foul wave co Show tha he cary polis wave Beatie cate ers of to Fey poe waves (o) Stow atthe aby plied wave (ater + berm an be repesntd a te sm of two opposely rating cell os 2215 Cone propagating wae ofthe frm Bi) = GE + Se whew £, = 1, 6, = 2,4, = w/4, $= 7/2, Plt te pat ofthe tip of Eyes or:'= 0 a ction of tine REFERENCES: 1. Godman, 1. Iedctn Foi Ope New Yo: Meee, 168, 2 Magn, RF. Tine Harman loromap Fl, New Yous Mri, 16 3 san, Cand Bm, KG. Elecvomeui Woes ond Rang Soom, 2 ei nperoot Cif Pea 95 4. Kong JA. Try ef lcromapnte Wine. Now Yn: Wi. 1975 8. Pal ©. a Naar, A aration» leone Fels. New Yok Mia CHAPTER 3 Reflection and Transmission at a Dielectric Interface MM iTRoDUCTION Ay reliable ietpred optics conporet, whee it bea modulate, dvctioea (up, wavegid, ee, ust hae pis means of ie extent. In ters of lhe composts opal prope, fs same game dered hough the spec Meson of be variation dec constant ora index a function of pal Aonristes. To undentand bow a component cpr, we mus, heer, KNOW hw Natal aston in Gece coastare odes the popes othe pti raion Wit he eve. Pesta th simplest vrtion in permit tht an be envisioned i te spite “vontnoos jmp exe between vo diferent Selects hal space. Analy of Ube eos of kan mera ona inset plane wave wil pov significant insight Ino tc behavio f rare comple delete genetics and wil At a8 an opti Doing ost aie te nays, 42, noonpany conmmioss nerwees ‘hho bisuRetiuc IvFERPACES Toi dep fe et nh lr a toe Fie 3 Fascunay 1 inte Suthers tie hw fr te ee hc enn net fom ene! rm of aes (gm nace feta -aaff eae en fm tat = o1ar ff Daas 6D ert ose ne ing along C bounds esac $ and Ais tbe normal © the rea sac lame dS as ehown in Fig 3.1