fs LAB MANUALS] COMMUNICATION SY! ABNO.2 LABN 6/01/2021 KMS. SHCOND-ORDER FILTERS Lab puteomest Aner completing this lab, students will be able tos of ti of active filters, + with inteyrator eireuit + Understand the charaeteri # Understand the advantage + Inyplement second-order ik Theory: Filters: ation systems and are designed to pass a specified band of Filters are widely used in communi nals falling outsiie the band. while attenuate all oth fequene Classification of Filters: Usually filters are classified aecording to filtering range, frequeney response in pass band and circuit component, yg Range: Classification by Filt Filters are classified into four categories according to filering range: liens Low-Pass High-Pass Filters nd-Pass Filters Band-Reject Filters Classification according to Frequency Response in Pass Band: in this category: There are tvo types of ite 1. Butter-Worth Filters 2. Chebyshev Filters according to Cireuit Compon: 1. Active Filters 2. Passive Filters BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, ‘Scanned with CamSeanner[ENED communication sy Passive Filters: inductors and rejecting passive filters are the circuits containing only passive components ic. resistors stich a manner that they will pass certain frequencies hil capacitors connected others. Active Filters: also have Active filters have active components ic. transistors and operational amplifiers tos, inductors and capacitors ‘Advantages of Active Filters: “Active filters are widely used in modern communication systems, because they have the following advantages: 1. Because the transfer function with inductive characteristic can be achieved by particular rcuit design, resistors can be used instcad of inductors. 2, The high-input impedence and low output impedence of operational amplifier means that the filter circuit is best in isolation characteristic and suitable for cascading. 3. Active filters have high gain because active components provide amplification, Second-Order Low Pass Filter: Low-pass filter is an electronic circuit that has a constant output voltage from DC up to a cutoft fiequeney. IF the frequency is increased above the cutoff frequency, the output voltage is attenuated. The cutoff frequency is also called 0.707 frequency, the 34B frequency or the corner frequency. Its the frequency where the output voltage is reduced to 0.707 times it passes band value, Figure 2-1 shows a typical active low-pass filler circuit, also commonly known as the inverting integrator of Miller integrator. Its cutoff frequency is given by: Wor ae 2-1 2 BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerERAN communicars scond-Order High-Pass Filer: of a second-order hig! tof a second-order ler attenuated all the frequencies below the cutoff frequeney. the cond-order high-pass filter. pass filter is opposite to tha the frequency respons jowepass filter. A high-pass nitude of output voltage is constant, Figure 2-3 shows a practi m ask Vin Vout Fig. 2-3 Second-Order High-Pass Filter Circuit The cutoff frequeney is given by: 1 Wo= TEE 23 the components of Ri, Rs, Rr, Ci and Ur: A are connected as the first ited adder. The adder is used to add the input signal 10 the Urs output signa. The second adder, former by Ra, Re, Rsand Ur: B is used 10 add the input Signal to the Ur: A output signal. The components Re, C2 and Ur: € form the second Miller inteurator. Since this circuit design satisfies the Butterworth erteria the response curve inits pass band is flat and has no ripple. In the circuit of figure 2-3. Miller integrator with the function of weig! “The second-order filters are thus discussed. IF desired, higher order filters ean be eonstructed by cascadine these filters and modifying component values to meet Butterworth or Chebyshev cFtetia. The operational amplifier which wil be used in our experiments is LM348 that includes four op-amps and has the unity-gain bandwidth of | MHz. To improve the response in the band of high-frequencis, the op-amp LM318 can be used instead of LM348 in second-order high-pass. filter circuit, The LM318 has the unity-gain bandwidth of 15 MHz. Equipment Required: ‘© Module KL-92001 © Module KL-93001 © Oscilloscope ‘© Punetion Generator FG-2102AD io BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerpa COMMUNICATION SY: -_ ee ssocon-Ortter High-Pass Filter: ey response of'a second-order high-pass filter is opposite to that of a second-order ated all the frequencies below the cutoff frequency. the igure 2-3 shows a practical second-order high-pass filter. the freaen' Jowepass filter. A high-pass filter at snanitude of output voltage is constant. Re sk Vout The cutoff frequency is given by: 23 In the circut of figure 2-3, the components of R1, Rs, Rr, Ci and Ur: A are connected as the first Miller integrator with the function of weighted adder. The adder is used to add the input signal 10 the Us:C output signal. The second adder, former by Ra, Rs, Rs and Ur: B is used to add the input I to the Uz A output signal. The components Re, Cz and Ur: C form the second Miller it design satisfies the Butterworth criteria, the response curve in its pass integrator. Since this ci band is Mat and has no ripple. ters are thus discussed. IF desired, higher order filters can be constructed by component values to meet Butterworth or Chebyshev triteria, The operational amplifier which will be used in our experiments is LM348 that includes four op-amps and has the unity-gain bandwidth of 1 MHz, To improve the response in the band of high-fequencies, the op-amp LM318 can be used instead of LM348 in second-order high-pass filter circuit, The LM318 has the unity-gain bandwidth of 15 MHz, The second-order fil cascading these filters and modifying Required: Equipmes * Module KL-92001 © Module KL-93001 * Oscilloscope ‘© Function Generator FG-2102AD 14 NGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. AN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment 2 MS Ea COMMUNICATION SYS" Procedu experiment 2-1: Second-Order LowPass Filter vec the second-onler LPF circuit on module KL-93001, Insert eonneet plves in JT and Pro set Crand C2= 0.001 uk. >, Connect a 100 mV pep. 10 Hz-sine wave tothe input (U/P). the outpat signal and recor the output amplitude in Table 2-1. 3. observe and record the output amplitudes in Table 2-1, for input frequencies of 100 Hz, 20 kHz, 50 kHz and 100 kHz, 44, Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and ree ‘The voltage gain is calculated by the following formula: Voltage Gain (4B) =20 log (wae een TSE 5, Using the results of Table 2-1, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in Fig 2 G Remove the connect plugs from J and J2 and then insert them in J3 an« 0.01 uF 7, Opserve and record the output amplitude in Table 2-2 for input frequencies of 10 Hz, 100 Hz. 200 Hz, S00 Hz, 800 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 5 kHz, 10 kHz, and 100 kHz. §, Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record the results in Table 2-2. 9. Using the results in Table 2-2, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in Fig 2-5. ng the oscilloscope. observe sord the results in table 2-1. 4. 1d JA to set C= Ca : Second-Order High-Pass Filter yecrocate the second-order HPF circuit on module KL.-93001. Insert connect plugs in J1 and J2t0 set C1 = Co = 0.0047 uF. 2, Connect a 100 mV p-p, 10 Hz sine wave to the input (I/P). Using the oscilloscope, observe the output signal and record the output amplitude in Table 2-3. 3, Observe and record the output amplitudes in Table 2-3, for input frequencies of 100 Hz. 20 kHz, 50 kHz and 100 klz. 4. Calculate each voltage gain for cach input frequency and record the results in table 2-3. “The voltage gain is calculated by the following formula: ave _ Audio Output Voltage Voltage Gain (4B) = 20 log (ee orage) Using the results of Table 2-3, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in Fig 2-6. 6. Remove the connect plugs from J] and J2 and then insert them in J3 and J4 to set Cs= Ce 0.015 uF. 7. Observe and record the output amplitude in Table 2-4 for input frequencies of 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 500 Hz, 800 Hz, | kHz, 2 kHz, 5 kHz, 10 kHz, and 100 kHz Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record the results in Table 2-4. Using the results in Table 2-4, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in Fig 2-7. 15 BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerRUMEN communication sys' Observation: Table 2-1: Tk [ak | Sk | Bk | 10k [20K Output] 920} 900] 900°] 900 | 900 | #50 | 700 | 2 Amplitude (mv) 193 | 19.08] 19.08 | 19.08 | 19.08 | 185 | 169 | Low-Pass Filter ° Frequency (He) Table 2-2 G 01 uF) Tnput 10 | 100 | 200 | 500 | 800 [ tk | 2k Sk | 10k | 100k : Frequency | (Hz) | 730 | 500 | 900 | 880 | 740 | 640 [230 20 | 16 | 5 (mY) Voltage | 171 | 19.08) 19.08] 188 | 173] 16.1 | 162 | -13.97 | -20 | -26.02 Gain (dB) 16 BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerLow-Pass Filter Voltage Gain (i Frequency (te ‘Table 2-3 (C1= C2= 0.047 uF) Input | 10 | TOV] 1k | 2k] 3k ] Sk | 10k | 20k | 50K | 100K Frequeney (itz) | Output] 0} 0 | 125 | 470 | 1250 | 1200 | r200 | 1150 | $40 | 540 Amplitude | (mY) | Vottage | -O | 0] Wd4 | 1544 | 2194 [21-58 | 21.58 2121 | 18.48 | 14.64 Gain (dB) High-Pass Filter 5 En gs 8 29 3° ° am kkk SK OOK Frequency (He) ‘Table 2-4 (C=C: F) Input 700 | 200 | 300 | 800 | tk | 2k | Sk | 10K | 100k Frequency (Ha) Output | 4 | 8 | 52 | 280 ] 640 | 840 | 1160 | 1160] 1140 | 520 B79 | at | 5.67 | 8.94 | 16.12 | 18.48] 21.29] 21.29 | 21.13 | 14.3 Gain (dB) 7 BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerBENT communication STEMS High-Pass Filter Frequency (a) Questi 1, What are the advantages of active filters with op-amps? Answer: The advantages of active filters with op-amps are higher impedences, ability to provide signal gain, no need of butler ampli dependency on inductors i her input and lower output ers and tess less cost 2. Inspecting equations 2-2 and 2-3, which ofthe components ean you change easily 1 Wry the bandwidth of filter i of the Answer: We can easily vary the bandwidth of filters by changing values of any 0 ‘components ie. capacitor oF resistor 3. If we want to change the bandwidth of the filter of fig 2-2 to 5 kllz, what eapacitance values of C) and Ca should be? Answer: As Wo ne Rem, TisoorTsOo0 a Tasoo0 2*pi*f 2*pi* 5000= 3141593 C= siarspariso00 2.122 nF Cie. = C= 2.122 aF 18 BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAG SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS puree i ‘Absent | Studentis | Stoientan ] Stadentins | Stedent has [Sten fallow the | the provided | instucions | the | implemen instructions | inseuctions | the | working | model oui! ‘can mat ‘environmer block diagram! ane fully platform, but | 1DE),but | onthe | successfully | tab obsective pacer | pat | Same, | stimwe | enone on the practically or platform and produced Category | Ungraded | Very Poor Poor “Fair Good Excellent Percentage Oo (1-20), R140) [A1-607 161-801, [81-100] Dat TouaNans imran Signal “Powel | "amen, | wctnedand | were | conpurion | ron prsunajer | spemenal | songwin | cenmesal | contain wean nal raps Percentage (o) [1-20] [21-40] (41-60) [61-80], {81-100} ae CT Date TouaMans innacer aga x / / % 19 BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF IT, ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner