Magnetic Vibration of Three-phase

Induction Motors Supplied by Inverters

Alfred0 MMoz R., Carlos Araya L.
Depaxtamento de lngenim'a Elktrica
Universidtld de Chile, Casilla 412-3

Absfrod. Electromaeetically produced stress of induction
motors under steady state operation, has beem minimized using
well stablished design techniques. However. due to the
nonsinusoidal voltages supplied by static inverters. the
mechanical vibration level is i n c r d and the possibility of
failure should be carefully considered. To analyze thew
problems, the measured three phase current waveform is used
for calculating the forces causing the main dyharmc
disturbances. Airgap eccentricity and Saturation levels are both
included in a computer based dmgnostic analysis system. The
vibration spectrum is obtained and related with the harmonic
currents; also, a clasification of electromagnetic force using
the stress space distribution is carried out. The study reports
that the harmonic current from static inverters can produce
uses the rral line harmonics cumnts in the motor to calculate
the field in the machine airgap. Usmg the Maxwell stress
theorem, the various components of the forces acting on the
machine stator and causing vibrations are calculated. The
analysis yields a way for predicting the spectrum components
of the stator eltxtmmagnetic vibrations produced and for
tinding relations wth the time harmonics cawed by the
nonsinusoidal supply..
2. THE AIRGAP MAGNETIC FIELD.
Incremental mechamcal vibrations on electrical machmes
occur when harmonics currmts caused by nmsinusoidal supply
are injected to the motor.

Mechanical vibration of electric w h i n e s is a relevant

I&) cos (hw + *@)
h
problem because of they cause a rapid ageing of' the machine
and are frequent sourus of troubles. The source of this stress
may essentially be classified as mechanical and electrical.
84 = c
V
Kp(v) K&>lv cos(v P/2 4 (3)
Among the: m e c b d SOU- hlon& for exa@e, m g n e walyticd expressions for p b B and c may be
faults and unbalanced rotating parts. From the electrical p i n t written using follo-g sust,tutiom:
of view, vibrations occur due to magnetic forces varying with
time and bpace and acting between the individual parts of the
machine. With duction mactunes, these forces are malnly the
hot - Mot + k 243)
d i a l magnetic forces between the stator and rotor. A wrie of v p/2 a -+ v@Pa + A 2np)
articles on the cbntcteristics, limitations and measurements of
k = -1 far phasc B k =I for phase C (4)
mechanical vibrations in electric machnes have been written.

and other d k c t i o n s in induction motors: airgap eccentricity

121, broken rotor bars 131. bearing faults [4], etc.

Last years. harmonic disturbances generated in the motor H,(qh) = N, up H,(h) ben [P(q-lh)J- sen [8(4,h)])
power supply, have increased the vibration Ievcl md the
sources of troubles. To aualim this new problem, this paper
(5)

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 P(qh = hXh) + p/z @,<h> + 4 2xJN, (6) The flux density distribution varies in both space and time;
as thae hlumonic fluxes are moving relative to the stator they
flh) = 2/6seal (2x h/3) induce comsponding current harmonics in the stationary stator
winding.

Figure 1 pves tlux density frequency spectrum. The

(7)
The induced rotor current is estimated using the “SURA
stator currents and a conventional equivalent motor circuit
employing concentrated parameters.
To obtain an expression for the magnetic field intensity tls
a function of the space angle, is possible to use:
assumed stator current considers a fimdamental plus a 20% of
fifth harmonic current. The theoretical prediction is that other
hdrmonic currents can also be mwured mainly related to iron
saturation, rotor eccentricity, airgap slotting and the rotor bar
numbcr. Tablt: I shows the main predicted stator current
component.
10
1
r-

H,(a,t) = c
P
q ( 4 A g[ a - ( 2 q - l ) W B ]
N
‘E
\
0.1

nu $
8~ =
I
=n -
NB
-(nv) (9) 0.01

m
D.001
The resultant magnetic field is calculated using

IOU 300 500 700 800 1100 1300 1500

FREQUENCY U-IZl
Fig. 1. Magnetic Field spectrum
Using this expression, the following relevant effects are
L-onsidered:
3. MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS.
i) The static rotor ecumtricty:
According to Maxwell equations, lit any point of the airgap
acts a radial force whose magnitud per unit area may be
expressed by the equation:
ii) The slotting and iron saturation, as far as the actual slot
opening apparently increases its value when saturation occurs.
Time and space variation of this effect is considered:

With a general space distribution of magnetic induction

varying with time, forces varying with time will arise, which
also have a definite space distribution:

1 -sO
0, = -
PI2

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 It follows that d a l forces varying with time and hving a
diverse number m of space waves may anse. With a higher
number m, the arm of the f o n IS too short so t h t there is
no danger of vibrations. Singular values of m order spaces
waves are obtained using a numerical approach of
I m = 1. Table 2 explains these main predicted frequencies.
F J ~ )= ’1 F,(a,t) axma da
-x
, n rr
4. MAIN RESULTS.
The vibratory foxes which induce the Iurgest surface
vibrations are those of low order space distribution. Figure 2
shows the predicted stator frame vibration s p t r u m of order
o (181 The assunid stator current considers a f u ” e n t ; c l plus a
20% of fifth lnarmonic currznt. Figure 3 shows the stator
frame V I brdti0fl. sptx trum when both 20 % of and 20 56 of 7m
harmonic distortion are assumed. The summary of results
shown in Table 2 C L F ~also be applied to explain the principal
vibration characteristics of this last case.

5. CONCLUSIONS.

Harmonic currents III induction motors can c a w an

TABLE 1. FLUX AND FREQUENCY SPECTRUM i n c r d level of stator frame vibration. The paper presents
1USTIFICATION the “ Irelations between the stator current spectrum and the
vibrahon spectrum. The model consider the influence of
harmonic distortion power supply, sahlrahon, rotor
FREQUENCY COMMENT AND EQUATION mentnclty and rotor slottmg.
Wl
- -- - _.
- __
1000000 - ---

50

150
Line Frauency
Equation : f= o/(2r)

Saturation
100000 1 31;o
Equation : 3f

250 Harmonic Distortion (5* harmonic)

Equation : f,, = h f=5f -
650 750 Slotting effect
Equation : f, f f = NB(1-s)f/(p/2)f f

450 950 Simultaneous effat due to slottmg and 1 I-

0
-1-1--
200
1-7T
- 7
7

400
r 7 -
- -7
600 BOO 1000 1200 1400
harmonic distortion 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
& p h o n : f, & fw FREQUENCY [Hzl
550 850 Simultaneous effect due to slotting and
saturahon Fig. 2 Radial force spectrum
Equation : f, k 3f (order m= 1, 20% of 5* harmonic current)

1150 1650 Simultunwus effcct due to slotting and

saturation 6. ACKNOLEDGMEN‘I’S
Equation : Z
f, f 3f
T l i ~authors wish to thiink to the Coniisidn N u i o n i l l (Chile)
1-350 1350 Slotting elfat de InvestigaciOn Cientifica y Twnol6gica, for providing the
Equation: 2f, f f finantid support through the Project FONDECYT 1098/02.

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 1000000 7. REFERENCES.

6 100000 111 Heller, B., et.al.:"Htlrmonic field effixts in induction

w h i n e s ". Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,
1977.

[21 Cameron, J. &al.: "Vibration and c u m t monitoring

for detecting airgap eccentricity in large induction
motors". In: lEEE Proc., Vol. 133, Pt.B, N o 3, May,
1986, pp. 155-163.

131 Elkasabgy, N. &.al.: "Detection o f Broken Bars in the

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
100 300 500 700 000 1100 1300 1500 cage rotor on an induction machine".In: IEEE T m . on
FREQUENCY [Hz) Ind. Appl., Vol. 28, "1, Jan-Feb., 1992, pp. 165-171.

Fig. 3 Rndial force spectnun (order m= 1.20% 5th pIus 141 Burgess, P.: "Antihction b r i n g fault detection using
20% 7th harmonic current) envelope detection". In: Trans. of the Institution of
Professional Engineers New &land, Vol. 15, N '2, July,
1988, pp. 77-82.
TABLE 2. FORCE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM (ORDER
m= I) JUSTIFICATION
8. LIST OF PRJNC1PA.L SYMBOLS

FREQUENCY COMMENT AND EQUATION 8, : resultant flux h s i t y

I ~ I Fa : radial force per unit area
Fm : radial force of order m
H, : stator magnetic field intensity
300 Harmonic effkct (5" harmonic) H,(q) +
: rotor magnetic field intensity from bar q to bar q 1
Equation : f + f, h : time harmonic number
IA : tlnalyticlll expression of m u r e d current (phase A)
500 900 Siniultmmus eftat due to slotting and I* : equivalent phase rotor c m n t
StiiLLtllflltlOn h : distribution t u t o r
Equation : f, f 4f L,, : pitch factor
N : per phase stator turns
600 800 Slotting effect NB : number of rotor bars
Equatlon : f, rt 2f " : number of stator slob
P : number of poles
700 Slotting effect S : slip
Equation : f, t : time
V : space harmonic number
1400 Slotting effect CY : space variable
Equation : 2f, 6 :" I airgap length
4 : ticticious airgap considering slotting
400 IO00 Simultaneous effect due to slottlng md 6, : ficticious airgap considering eccentricity
hrrmonics € : eccentricity
Equation : f, k (f+f,) 4s : phase wgle of measured current iA
9, : phase angle of equivalent rotor current la
1 1 0 0 1700 Simultaneous effixt due ti) slotting and Po : pm"bi1ity o f free spue
harmonics 0 : hndaniental angular supply frqumcy
Equation : 2f, k (f+f,l %I
: angular n)tational sped

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