Hu1nani C eneris Unitas

T •l E C(J 1\1V t l:.'r l: 1 E X T

 Fore"vord

n a letter \vtitten to Father Francis X;:ivicr Talbot on 18 Sep-

I tc1nber 1938. joh.n Li:Far:gc i11dic3t('$ that he l1opcs to lea\1c
Paris for ll.0111e on 20 Sepcc111ber. "taki11g \vi.ri1 (hi111J the co111-
plcted '''Ork. Unf"ortt1nately, \\'t still l1avc to r<'t)tpe to nt:tkt it
presentable.·· Tltr docu111e11ts tltat a.re io our possession or that
'''Chave been able tO co1i.~ult sho'v that l.'lfilr&~ left Paris carrying
several copies of che draft encyclica], \Vfltten i11 E11glish. Frencl1,
<ind Genm11. and covcr~d \vith deletions a11d an11om1ions.' In
Ron1e, Lafarge ntade the 'vhole "presc11tablc'' by p\ltting it in
tl1e fonn o(.1n "abridged" French vcrsio11, the first page Of\vhic:h
bears the follo\\'ing a11notation, iJ1 LaFargc's hand:

HUAIA1\ll GENERIS U1"/T1IS

Pope Pius )(/- ·n,e luc,fi111111
(c( declaration in his •ddre1S quoted by
O.ssen1a1c1r~· Ro111n11e>, Augusl, 1938)

At1thencic a11d con1plcte (fri,:ncJ1} ttxt. 3

Hence \Ve have chosen to publish chi~ vcr.:ion.

To try 10 establish as precisely as possible tl1c roll.! pl.;i.yc.·d by
 171
t.ach oi ch" thtte 11\rn ~ho collabor.arrd 1n producing rh1\ \\"Ork
f('t U\ n-v1ew the JOI. utncnt'I ~tour. d1..p4.>.,.1L
-J.n Englnh Vl'rto1011 CO\•crcd \\•ith nl;.u1u'i.c-r1pt annot:•ti<JU'I,
dcltt1011'i, int-ef)><>la11tJ11s, t•ro11i:-re(ercnccs, br.u:kc:tcd pa~s:t~t~­
.1Jd1uo1•s ctu.c .ill 3J'IX'·'r to lll lo be in L1f.argc's band:
.. .,honer Engl1U. \"~100, corr~rtd.inlt cx..1al)· to "·hlt ~-
111.llll\ of the lo11gt:r one OIKt: chc cn1tn11.litloru bw<k""fling n ..are
chn1111<Ltcd-'"·e con~1dc:r this ve~1011 ;i (,;ur C<>py of the fint;
-a Frencll \'cr..u.>n c.:om::spond1ng c"actly to the "11111.>rt"
fnp;lt<.h \'Cr'iion. one of the1n-bur which 0111:?-clearlv bcin~ ;i
tnu,1.auoJl of tile utl1i.·r
\\1h<"n comp.ired \\1th the orhcr- rv.·o. tht" k>n)CCI' En¢1\h \'C'r-
..au11 ..Pl>\'.<lfi co ~ a \\ot,rkt11g cop~. It ob\.10wl)· con~bt"' of chr\:t.'
ti';i~nicnts. o( wtuch the- third '"·;as \\•nttC'n on a different typC'·
\Yflt1,.•r:
-The ficst fra~11<nr (fifry 6ve pa~os. numbered J-55) ruiu
fn)lll r;u-..tgr.iph, l It) 10. ()n cl1C' Ayle:.i.(, I .at-:.a.tg\! w., "'·ritl(I) ll)
!und ..Tr.msi.mon no1 \'Ct au.de ofparJj?rJph.s -- zq 1J111n.:fu~11~
Nil 1) "fran\btc "':ttu:>n.ahtC: Tcnicnnc"' lly lnri.ton.1111Mfh'"-*"·
Jty-when ""'ord tirst .ippe.irs. add \VOrd pt,1ple LO parenthe11s.
l) t::\tt:n~ive U>tality c•r tq1uli1y oj. f),,'ff'll.>ion •~ l'f~fCrnble tf) c>.1c11•
sivt" /l)tal1tariattt$1n, etc."'
T11c: second tTJgTllC11t (rune pl~. 11un1llercd 1 co Q). v.·l11cll
~lb \\1th the subntlc ··R.)Ce :ind R.ac1..lbutt." ruru &om ~rJ­
l""Ph t 11 <O par.11"'3ph 130.
·1 he- third fr;1g111c-nt, '"hi~h n1ns fron1 p~ngraph 131 to the
cuJ (v.1.r:.t.t;tJp)1 179), 1s 1nuc1l 1.norc t.·h:u>t1C-tl1e p.:11-.olnation
chJIOP,t"l sever.al tit11cs, .lnd tl1cre are nu111crous delecioil.S, corrct.:
fl<'"'· ittterpc>bti<ln<, rt'tf'n"nc~. md h.in\h\Ttttrn or f)"J-"C'd .add~
OOllS
r'<.1min.irion of the annoc:.irions in th1i copy scents to sho"
th.it the ~int fr<1~11cru '' .1 tr..an'>l<ltinn of .1n C"";~rlicr t('Xt, prob.1lil)
\\•ntt<:n in Fre-nc]1 (or po1>sib1y 1n G!!nn1n) . I lo\vever, the d1rcc-
171
tion of the tr.tnsbnon ;ipp<'.J,N co be J"C\'('f'\<"d 1n chc bst r.vo fng-
menti: the}' sectn to h;i\·c..· b«n tim \V'nft<'n 111 Engluh. ar1d J~tcr
tr.an~1.1tt:(l u1to Frt-nch.
To C'On1parc our O\Vn ob;.ervacior1s \\'irh the conclusiou.s al
\vh1c:h Gd\v.1.rd $canton and Joha11ncs Sch\VJnc .amvc in their
doctonl d1\"t'ruoons: Although Stanton dJd not h.a..-e tJ1c G~mu11
\'t"rc.1011 .it h;and. ;ifi:cr .i dcualni .i.rul}w of the rhrtt copies Jt hi~
dupoul · he couclt1d~ that \\·1t.h111 the tin.oil text then"' are t\vo
cl!!arly ch\nnct paru: "The tint ? s p.-.gC\ of the: final English \'er·
sion (tip to t.h1.' cre-atn1ent of race and 'raciali~111') :.:ire the \YOrk or
the ~pcc1.l.1111t F.ithcr Gundl.lch; the: re11ia111111g fifty pages, arc the
worl. o( hther Laf.ug<; F>1hcr U.f.ug< corttcted , ...,,ous pasu~
an the \\Ork of the luthor of the first pln of the documcnc-t\
con1pJn5on bel\VCCn tht< French version l11d the t\\'O E11ghsh ver·
$ions \hO\VS that chc cn1cnc.L1tu:>ns proposed 111 tht< lirs.i; section
\\'t'te an f.lct ancorporatecl into the final frencl1 .u1d £ngtisJ1 ver,
SJons· ()fcourse. it do~ not ncccs.urily folJo\\• th.lt these chang~
att due 10 Laf.ug< >lone. or 10 U.f.ug< ;and Cund.Llch. The durd
member o( the t<>m pl•)·t.I •role"' weU lthoughf nothmg >llo'"
u~ to daS1.:en1 a. clear cor1tnbut1on on the part of Ot"$buquois. "~
According to Johannes Scl1wartc. the Cen11.ln vc~1011, cnntlc<I
Sotit•t41ti$ t '"io. IS the fi112J vcrr.1011. lu his \•ie'''· th1~ text. co \\•h1ch
he did 11•..-c 11cccss.. ditTers fron1 the Engii~h .and French vemon~
onl)· \\1Ch tt'ptd to the plngnphs oo nc1sm .and J.nu...Serrut1u11.
Wht"n(c the- hypothro\ hc propotes: th..tt It \\'J~ Cundl.u:h "·ho
rt:\\'Orkcd .i. fint d~fi '''nttc11 by Lafarge. repc.it1ng. ut the plt·
agnphs on rac1s111 and anr1-~c1111t1sn1, die idea~ he l1.1d already '-t'l
forth in 1910 in the Lr.~ikflo ./iir 171t{l/~1r uuJ J\1rrl1t." Sch,varrt
ha~ tl\1\ l1,'J>Othes1s on <in cx~n11rucion of 1he docu1ncn" to
\\h1ch ht- hld U'C~\ ind the- tN1nt0n)· h" h.1d coU«tt-d , .. h1lc
\.\'Orl1ng on hJS ~r1on The testimony of I lc-1nn~h &cht.
for exa111ple: "As l rcn1en1ber it. :all the '''Ork of elabor..ation feU
Ort F.a1her {~undlach. 1r only bcc.1usc the good ra1Jter laFargc \VJ\
 174 Ill Hlllbt /\ t "11 'fl I f .\ I 0 1 '" ' \
.1bsoluccl~ n OL.:in '1ntellcctuaJ' ,.1p.ihlt'" oi th.it l 111J of \\'Ork That
\"·as aJ.;o \\' I\)', a her hc.~
h:td h~·c..•n W\'Cll thi .. v»holly unexprrt.t.-d
mt\<;1011, 11~ \vent co fJLher (~e-ru:ra.i I C"dO,hO\\'~lo to cxpl.1111 the
diliiculc s1rua1ion 111 v.·hu,_h he to111ld l11nt.,l;"ll f;ltl1cr Loal .i~ d1J
of coun.c ~tt~nd our t"d1 ton.i) d1!><.,l\\IOU\ But 111\ 1110~1 1111pon.i111
conrr1buaon. if I ren1t111bt-r catr('ctly. '-"A" to 1J1;a111t.a1n ., ~ood
'""orl chnute; .JnJ that '~ '"hv he 1o0111c:un1c1o 1n'>1tcd us out.
Fatht"r Gwldl:ach ~1d nK'. v..·h('n the occ.1uo11 co do~ in:xc It 1o;
unJt"n1.ibk th.tt fro1n h1-\ <o.ex'UI \\tlrk :,ir1tt,n~ J"t:Opk- of 1..:olor ul
the lJrutcd Sutts ht> broughc us \'.dwbk objccu,·c uU:Onn.Jiuon.
But Fatnl"r Gi10<.ilxh''\ ~.it uK't•~rh1lc.MoOrhK".d ,, ...turu. \\.ett no1
lus cup of tu.·-
Anton R:tu\Chtt r<'ponC\1 th.at (;\lntllach tuJ tttld h1r1\ t!ut he
had ~worktd a fir-1 Jnlt I" John Lah•;.'< tha1 "" ""too pt;ig
m.tric, OC:lt ~••ffi•,cnrly pnnc-irlt"J ...
J\ccord.i11g c:o P.Jld Oroukn. "ho ~ ha.lo re-111.irks oo 'ht
m<.mori~ of thr llari~:.n J<',Ult" C'l'-[l\'C: J)c-<b\1qu<11~ .llid R.lrrl(',
''(L.tfarge) i.et h111t1.t1f up 111 ~.m.\ oit the offic.~ of tht i:.111Ja .wd
c.am<:' o'·C'r for long con\'cl'.1oon~ \\: ich O,.·~uquo1,, so c.hat .i
genuine fn<' r1J ,h1p ~C\\.' up bct\\ccn thC'IU, ;10J l)c:,hu4u<n~.
\\'ho ad1t11rcd Lafarge. \;t1d that he \\14' ti1lhlhng •a i_!iJ1tt's to15k.'
Gundl;ach J01nccl h1n1 and rcdt>vclorc...I chc outline 111 ht.., O\Vn
111:.lnner. Over.vorl..:cd, Otshuq1101\ h:1d .a1ikt:J IJ.arde. "'ho "~
interested in tn,C'mat1onal ;ind 1ntcm1ci,1l quc~c:10J1), (O \York. 111orc
closely ' ''1th tht!111. but fi .1rdc, \\..U> v.•,1\ r.ithcr re'\cn•e<:l. t'.1111e: only
0 11ce or l"\"1,.'I CC' to the ed1t~lt1 11 <.lt~'"""''tc>u,, h!i! 10 u11d Gundl.tch'i.
phil1ls«>ph1ra1 ('tn1siclcr,1cion\ too ah\rr.\('C .1nd unsuited to the
L11~1 n e . ac<.l>r<lu1g- LQ 111111., .......
Herc '''C' offer rn.·o addlriond subJCC't'S fo r rctl..·ct1on. 1--Lrst. 111
hi, Lhc:l>r\, F.tl\\'.Jrd \ t,llllCln *''"'l'l1:\ 1h.11 ht· rt·< t•t\·._·,I ind1rl·(·tly h-0111
Facher A11to11 R auscher tl1t l )l!O\\ 111g 111fi>r111.1llun rcitotrdntg
··cundJ1cl1'~ r1ap('"rs." T l1c lar1cr \\L'rC' \lll'~t.'d (0 co1isi.it ol~
· ·1)A h3ndv•nncn drift CO\'C'flll~ ~bout h~lf lhc proJe<tc:d CllC)'C-
lirll; 2) a C)'pcd i.:opy t>f 1J1e "·1101( elf 1l1e t(xt. \\·1rh i rl1111rln:e
\I 17<
table of contents; 3) a fc\\' t)'Ped page~. ofCen u1clutl1ntt 111.1ny
comcuon.\. of a Frellch text, '"ho...c author 1$ not 1nd1ratt·d·•
4) 1hre<: iypcd pages of a manuscnp1 I?) by P>ther Cundlad1.
ront.auti11g the draft of a preface to the rc:xt and 1 ft'\\ co1t1n1c·n·
~n~ on '.i rc:quest. made by the pope that .:an cncyclu;.tl on nA-
rio11alis.1n aod race b~ drl\\'11 up.' •· '
Fin~'. ,-.·e should cxpb.10 t..lut tht Gt"murt v~rt1on ,,.c
''ere
authonzed tO penm- in M011chc11gbdNch , .....l\ ptt\t'nted J.\ ;ii
con1p)ctc ltxt. ''ithout a11y corrttt1on, a11d "('e111M to U\ t<>
connpond faithfully to the •·long'' En¢1\h \len1on m~nt101\c."J
.ibove~
Fro1n all the preceding. it S«11l\ n1ost llkt"I}· co u' thJ.t tht
"'J.bndged'' French \'crs1on is 1n~p1red by Cundll...:h up to p.in~
graph 76. The mt problbl)· multed fro1n d1j("U'l•'-IOCl\ inJ con1 ..
pron~ among the thrtt \\Tltcn. :aJthough \ \ t can11()t C'Ubb'h
\\'h.it contribution Desbuquois nude
Wh.at foUO\\"l is, chc.n, tht ··abn~""Cd" Fre11ft;h vcn1on of the
draft cnotlt'd fh1mJ,,; (;a1trls l'1111as.
TRANS.LATO R'S NOTE
The pre1e11t E11glish rra1tslacion of the dr;aft encycJicJI 1~ b.l~cd on
the French text, using che extant English version~ ;is :i guide. T1lc
first of these version!i, \Yl1ich the at1thOI"\ :'l'i'iu111e t<> h.-..vc: bec:n
n1adc by Joh11 Lafarge. is Utconlplete: Thon1J'i 13rc41hn h:a'i 1n ..
fo rn1cd 111c th:at he hirtt~Jf prob:ibly n1ade the \CCOU<l one •.anti
,llso tra11.slaced t.l1e passages not 1r.;inslaled in L1f!lrµc·~ Engl 1 ~h ver-
s1011. Since there :ire rnany n1i11or divergence" 1>ct,vccn the French
and Engl1sl1 versions, a11d since the Fre11ch text i< lh<" only co111
plctc 011c kno,vn co have been preparf.!tl l>y Llf.,rge and hi'i cc:i111,
I h;iivt elected ro folio\\' 1t here. 1 \\•ould like to exprt"~' 111y gr.tl
1rudc to Tho1t1as Breslin for mlk1ng the rr:lcv<tnt 1111crofih11ed
n1:itcri.ils .;iva.1lable to rne, a.nd for hi\ J1elp 3nd \upport at vanOu\
«ages o( my 'vork.

Hu1nani Ge11eris U11itas
1 r1tt \.i~ll\ OF- me HU.\1A..' RAtl-. tu~ b«n forgonen. so 10
'lk.:ll.. l~t.JU\c of tt1~ duordcr 11r '-'•>ntcrupor.lt)· wc:lJ.i Lte, 1n n.--
liJ.tto11sh1ps .tn1ong mdi,,1dt1dls ;is '''ell as 1n rcL1r1ons .m1ong groups
. int.I n.111()11\. Th1\ di ..or\lcr l" fi)Ullcl IU ra(·tu;1I rc.1l1ty, but it l'.\ \till
n1ore ('\11dcnr u1 people's 1ui21ds. T hat ll1i.s is so is clear!}.. sho\v11
1,y thc.· v.1ric.·ry 1-,f remt."d ie\ pr<lptl'>t<tl for ft1ri11~ the illne o;\.
lu 01\t plal'.e 'IA'e futd ngid doctnll.,i1res procla.wu11g cbe sov·
C'ttign \'.llUl' of rhc \>airy of the narion, 111 ~nothcr a lc~dcr rousing
people-•., wull ~· 211 1ntox1caung .lJ>rCll to the untty of the race-;
'\\.hem\ C.bt\'m Europe cb.ro\\'S OU( 10th\' \\.hole ,.,.odd dte pro!tl
t'C. tln(l:<'Cl ,,-1th terror md blood. of .t nc\\ hurrw.oJt)' in the unJr)'
of the prQlt.'t<1nat.
To the oltc11 111corupatiblc de11u.11d:J of these \'.tnous c0Uecc1v1
t1t:'i- n :1nc>n. r-Jce, and c l:ts'i-\VC 1110\t .1tld chc: obli}t.1rion~ in1-
p~cd. IH th~ Jl3Jl1C ~)f d ll? Ulllty or Lh\.' 'LllC, C.)11 the polttu.:al
co111111l11')ity propc:r.
111( Clrurr/r 's ngl1t It> !ptok basrJ ,,,, hrr 1)(1sl1..1ral 1nis!k111
:. 1lk'ttrott . .;at " nine \\'h~n "'<) nun,- \:Onlr.adictol')~ thron~
lrl." lt:.ad11'g to increased di~d~r u\ hu11u11 hf~ i.n SOCte[}'. tht'
•n
Cltureh h-li .;a dut)' to ~cak to 111t" \\'Orld. She oticn did so 1n the
fOUr'\C' of dte past cencun·; no'' a\ chcn. her purpose is 10 rr1111nd
~.cJUed puK"ly hunun ,,·1\do111. "h1ch ha.s gone .lRn)'. or God''
\'(/1<iJ01n. the ''isdon1 111 \\rh1,h thC' Spine of Truth ~nd OrJcr
\pt"Jk\, and \vhich alon(' prO\'itlt'\ rl1c lcginnute foun<bcio11 tOr
the pr1nc1ple5 of our sot•1.:il life
J. h1 w do1ng. thl' Churcl1 1' 11ot cncroith1ng on forc1gi1 cer-
r;un: ~he does noc seek to cng.:1gc 111 "polirics," pt1nt1e~ no J>Cr-
~ual u1tcrcst: she is C.llT)'lng oul tltc p.istor-;il 11tissio11 of ceicl1111g
''·1tl1 \Vh1ch she \\ra$ tntn1..tcd b)· her d1,i111c Founder. Th1~ ceacl1-
1n1; 1JU((1011 conc('ms not onlr 1hc 111111\Cdiatc or n1cdia1c contC"n1
of Chnu1a.n rt'vebtion. but al\O C\"Cl)·th1ng rrqu1red 10 t11hghte11
Jnd direct consciences 1n C'\'C'f)d..Jy life. In &ct. to the full cxte11t
co ''·h1ch human 1ctton~ ~nc.I 1ntcnt1on\ c.in lu\'C mor.1:) ...-:aluc, and
thus IO\'O]\•c the glol')' of our Creator .ind the ~Jvaoon of H1'
t·reJttarc~. the)• .ire subject to no rulc4i other than cl1osc of the
(;o,pel 1tsclf, of \\•l1icl1 th<-" Clturch 15 the guardia11 and intt.•rprett•r.
rh.-1 I \ \\'l1y the Cl1urch cont1nu.1lly lllterve11es i11 n1attc~ th:;it
concern social life. Site is only c~rrying out a sacred ducy.
,._ But It lS appropn.itc to oM.cn·t h("rc that tn rak-ing ~ ~1t1on
''In th('\c questions. the Church ca11 •ppc.iJ to still anorhtr nght
.,he has acquired through history. r hc Church. as a 1upen1att1~I
society of ~ouls, prO\'i<les 1he \Vclrlcl '''ith an ex.anlple of a uniqut
co111111u111ty: the 1110>t unifie<I, llUl~t .1111plc, 111ost dur:ablc \OC1:1l
rc;iht)• on cinh. ln bet. for 111.1ny t"Cntunes the CJ1t1rch J1as J)n)
v1dC'd un1l")1 for \'ast and 1n11X>n~111 J>.ar« of hufll<lJlif)•. And 1f 11 1~
true tfut her beneficent l4,;tl01l I\ n1uc-h Jess cJcady f~lt 1n our
1nod("m. ~b.nted SOClt"t)'. \\:ho ,,·ouJd <Utt 10 d.C'n)' llut wh;at
n:11u111) of our -aspiraaon to chc union of pc-opf('S, :and of the
 IH Jfl tJ•' .. , \ '' ltlCI
co11!>1..1u1.1)11c~:1 oftl1e1r duty to un1(i.·. il due to the Church'-. t;irl.Jer
m<">thcrl)' f'dUc.lrion''
5. \\•'ht'ther or llOl they art .t\\"Me of 11. c1,'lhz('d ~pl~ m
the \\ r:"t \till fi,·c; h)· the 1e:a(~h1n1-t .and pnnc1rl1..".\ "'1th \\.}11<.l1 the
0
<....ltlttch, llll1ng like a trt1e 1t1od1cr. e11do\vcd thc111 in the past;
... nd in l\1nl 1hcy h.1\'t' trm..mittciJ th;o; te.ac-hin~ .mt.I tJ1c\l' rnn-
Cip!es 10 01h0t p«>pl.-, .ill ov<r 1hc wodd Thw rh~ Chun:h is
t111Jy ju~t1fn'(t no1 <)nly by hrr n tture :in(I rr<1per tUnc.:11t)n, hut
Jlso by her Jct1ons in h.istOr}'-111 co1uidcrin~ 11erself 'he rrue
prin(irlC" 01 life fi>r hun1:an ~i<'l'\ ..ind '>h<" 1' fuJI)' ju'-lific-d in
cor1den\r11ng .l$ a vt0bt1on of dt\ 1ne order tht ~ro~ \«uhr-
llation of 'l<>cic:ty. Anti <'':ipi:cially l<><l.Jy, when 1hl·rc ~) ~ut·h g ri.."<lt
disorder and dis.cord Jn1ong J'J\en. \-,cfort' all tlu: ~·orld the (''liurch
\tJgJ1i.ati11.'.', lhb scculJ07.JOon a,. a .. nnunal <1t1.~k. on dt~ unit\ and
hlpptn~i o( the hum.:in r.i<:c.
6. Nc>Hclhcless. tht.• Church }lrefcrs (l) 'l'"-'.tk a> a lc-.>ving
111other, 1nv1ring .;ill f'<'Qpl~ ~s her ch1klren to ""~tn c::ont.i('t \\'ltb
th\.'.11 a11.._"...tral "f'lTlllul lw1lh."L11J. fru111 ""hu.:ll th~ bhr.Juc.,.. of
thC"ir IC"aders. philosophers and h<'.1ds of stJI<' h..ts led thC"11\ a\V.J}'·
I.et tlae1n 1111dcl"'\l..Jntl 1h.1l h)' .1h.1n<l~~11i11~ 1t 1hc.·y h.1vC" ltl'il ;111 htlpC'
of genuul~ urury u1ldtr the ge11tle \·oke of Chr1s1-ge11tlt. ~·01
tho1igh. ,,,,both in<lt\14~11..lh ;ind rcorl~. it (':10 be btlrd("O<'d \\,di
tlte Crl)5S, Ltt cl1e1\1 ~et', ou t'1t' \1lher hand, v,.·h.1t a d~l\}lt:r.11ely
h~.fl\)' yok(' '''cjgh~ on thc111, a yoke of ideal> <ind sociJ.l ws.tcnlS
thu nc un(orturutlt'I~ ofi:en '"·holl)' ou~1dc- the true di'iTIC" ord{'r.
l'ART ONr ll l STOl<IC-A[ rxvos1no:- 0 1 rJ I C
ORIGINS OF THE lll\ORDFR fllOM WH ( H SOl 111 Y
I> NOW \l.if rtRINC
7. Tim !king die c-.«. rht Chur('h will spr>k Firsr. to rb.rify
t.J~ prtt1\e st.at~ of .i!T.1.Jf\. Jic 2."-'- It<.''"' d,>t"'I 1l h.ippcn ch.it our
contC'mpor;ir\· \\·orld i~ ~ufi'enng. ro the po111t of pa.ralv,1.~. fror11
17')
\UCh .tl.a,k of un1ry, tltch ;in .lb,l'ncc of ~\Ire ltlllcbncc, \\'hen i'
1$ a qu~<1t1(Ul of re-t~tJblisllii1g orclrr 1n t11t• lilC of hu111:1111ty .u1d
of prople\?
I. T/11• i\led1a11i.<1i<-Atc>111is1i< Co11cepti1m qf
H11111c111 Sorie11•
If '''C' ft<> b.l'k to tht' bcgattJlUlb" of the prnoJ Ill "'·h1ch '"C' 110,,·
live, :ind !Olio''' 1t<1 gr.1du~I dcvclo1>n1c11t up tC> the prC'\Cnt d1y.
\\'hCI\ I( r(.',ichcs lb. ('tlhtUJtatiOJl, \\'('find that OMfpnall)' tht•rc \\>aS
.a. i.p1nru.iJ .attitude cnuttly oppo<1te to the out' ch.it nO\\ prt",·.u.k.
Then, r<.'.l\OJ1 felt 'ltltt of 1b.elf, to the point of belic\'1n~ 1uelf
cxcn1pt fn>111 error: 1t <"l011111cd to h.1vc di.scov<.•rcd the 1n1L· 1>nn-
c1pJes of t\'t"' kind of lno,,·Jed~(. By using tlt('(C prinnplc-,, tt-2-
\00 pbnnf'd to ~ubhf,h ~n cndunng order of litC in soorn· t~t
\\'Ould obey thr ll\\ ot u1untem1pted progrc\\ 111 order to .arrive
.lt u11i,rcrul \\'ell-~in~ 111 pcm11nl'lldy as.sured pc.·.act. A~ 11\illl's
JO\'t11tlOn' UlC'tt'~ngJv put at h1, J1\:posal the ltJPfltlC po\\t·r of
~tc-~n1 ;and <'lcctrictt)', \\ h1ch his rechnofogy '<>ught ro txplo1t in
111geni011\ \v,tys, he 1111.ll(lltc.'d tl1:it he ltad d1srovered Lt1t- u111vc~al
\CCl'el of 01.:1\tCI)'. order. and t-fficu:ncy 1n a.II donWns. A11d he
.lUtOm.lh(.illy appli~ thr natthod Jnd the rtl.JX1n~ of h1, ttth-
nolog) to problenu of fiOc1.U life. In confomucy ,,·1th 'hat 111t-thod,
he thouµht th.it once tl1cse qucstl()f1\ had been brokc1\ d(>\Vll utto
their con~t1tucnt pan,, .&nd the rcl.l11ons a.111011~ these dive"" pans
lnd their 1nter.1roon, clcJrl}· dctcm1u1ed. he could thrn let the
'\Ocial OfW1111s111, \Vl11cli \v,as al~o gov.,·rncd by tlL'tcn11inis111, h1nc-
t1on 111cchan1cally. Moreover, b)' fi1nher puf'ulng the \tudy of
1ht phy'\I("'\ of socim· llU.11 bel1c-\·~d It \\'OU)d be: poss1ble--c.ik111g
into JCCO\lttt the 'l'fl')'lOlt nc-cds of chc place .;inJ t11't1e, and .tt:t1ng
.1t the nght 111ome11t-to rebuild tl1c 1nsnrt111ons and .1rr:111~c-
111e11cs of cullccti,·c hfC fro1n the ~und up, the ,,.~}' he 'vould
like thcni to be.
 , ... lllllf)ll'. j 'I I 't-f:JI( .... or
J-.alJc ir/~·41 C?f '"~" nnrl of rrttlif)'
8. T\VO co11d111011s liad fi1,c lO 1>C' tu!f1ll..-d, Ol n>orc prcc1c;cly
m.·o ohc;ucl~ had to he cl~are~J :t\4..IY hcfi,rc.- 111c:n could l>i:brtll
\V1L11 full co11fide11ct cJu.s ta~k of .ldJU~tJll{; a11d Jcconitn.icnag so~
cu1 lif~. F11't, ;a nev. ctlnc·t'pncln .,r
hum.:.n tl.uurr J11J of .ill tl1.at
ts essenaal to nun h.ad ro be ckvrloptd. next. 1c v.:ould be cs-
p«c13Jly imr<lrt.lnt rn <'l.ln~ th~ '--C)ntcnt Clt wh.1t v.e c:UJ the lt.l1.
cht consarun,·t btw_g of rt'ahry in.cu· In &ct. no .1ttc1npt ,vas
nude rtl \Ct": in hunun n.itu~ J lt\111tt- 1nti1ll-'t~. 1nJi,1,1bie unity.
sp111ru1l rhrougb wd throuj!h, •nd wh~ \'>nOu> consarucnc cl
cnlC'llt<. 1~ <·c>«•nl1n:at~J .inJ ;t..~"K11te"J Jlu11tAJl 11.iturc:- "1' n:-
duc-t'd to a unglt' t'ltn1t'nt. or .11 1nQS( co a purcl)· cxuuu1c
C'omhin:aac>n ot \.C''l.Cr.&I AnJ m111·, ~'4"tltl;&I tt-.ility \\J.\
d<tTICflt'
setu only 111 trs tXttnor shape or ourn·ud .upe-ct. ,,·tuch
m10unt<"d to 1.,.1~1ng ttut '' l'I '•mrty th•~ nr th.a1. r10'\\' ont' ch1ng
and rhen .inother, but 21" .l)'S undit~1ng \uci;C'~~l\.-C ch..&.11~~-
Ncithcr 'Vlri rhcrC" any ~ncmpt to JK'nctr.1cc huu1.Jn rc-.;abty'5
111\vard structure, tO J..'tf:&\p the C'\\cntul, 1n1muc.1blC", .lllJ thu~ in-
tangible. rclatioori a11d conu-:1..c1011 .. ot Dc1ng. F111Jlir')'. auJ VJJuc.
Con...~quen(ly, 1t \Vil'i crroncou'lly J\'iU111cd chat the p.lrttcul.;ir rc-
alil)• of hu111ao life l11 :-.ot:1~t)', prl..'~1,cl} ,1, it h.l., canergcd fnln1
histonciJ cvoluaon, \\'as 1nercly a collcct1ve. 'vhoUy extcrnill phc
llOll)Crlotl, \\1hust" .~J>pc.1r.lnLc vari<J \\11th Ll111c .111J f\l,1c.·e. The
inner princip1c r1lac 111ai11eauls rhe h\'Ul8 u1uty of social 1.Jfe and
J 1rcc·to; iL' 11u11it"t."'t:1ric_,n, Ill :ic·rnrcl \\'ich it\ n.1turc· :111d J.;tl.11
re111ained 1.11ld1scovered.
9. To loc-;itc tht ron1111on 'iOUr<"t of tlH,"\C t'\Vll fitl'IC' ;1.v~un11)·
001\.~. \\'t" h1ve only to rely Qn the' C(lntlll\IC.'lll\ of \Ound p h.1)0!>-
opby and the CC":lch1nb" o f Cl1r110r1.111 1\..1..·\\.IJUon u1 order lO
I'll~ XJ
dctc:n1ti11c the docrrin;al point denied or J t 1 1..·:a~t
ig.1orrd by thcxc
\vho are t:lii:en i1t by tl1e crro1tc:o11~ tht\C~ of 111.1tt'.'riah'1 <>r p0\1-
U\1 i ~t philosophy; What c;J1aract<rizn and d1~nnftUi\h1..·~ 111;i11 1~ his
~p1ntual soul. F.-0111 rhis spinru.a.l natun- J>r<>cecd' 111;in'~ t.in"c to-
,,~rd Ulllt)' and order 111 hlS life. 111:at as \Vh)' hu111.t11 narurc 1s
111"11rkcd by an indestruC"tible unity of 11111er life. including the or-
dered hierarchy of dlc clcrtlCltts that 11uk<' up IL'\ bc111g: thlt 1s
'vhy hu~n acti\"Jty. \\·hether 1nvol\"lng u11der\t01nJ1niz or \\'Ill,
cwno1 and a1ust not: renu.m content \\fl.th the surt~c<- :and ntul·
tiphC'lt)' of dungs, but delve into their inner tt:&l1ty. And at 1\ once
.ig:un for the same reason that ntt'n do not b\'t tog<thcr hkt
an1nu.k, in q>J.ce: and time. As mtn, together the")' n1u\f J<h1C'VC'
morC' than a Dltte' conglomC"r.ttC'; thq· n1usc. 1t.tbze .ii g<nu1ne
commun1l)• of lifC". in ,,·hich 1he n:qu1m11cnt\ of their being art'
fulf'illt'd and tht ,-aJucs of their nature ~re put into rncn(t".
Effttrs 01t S«it-ty arrd 0•1 tltt d(~11ity of tltr l111t11a11 pmou
10. Hence the initial error of 11uking tit(\(' t\YO f.ll...c a.~~l1n1p..
t1ons .ind f.a1l1ng to recognize the tn1e nJrurc of 111Jn \Voi~ 1><rn1-
c1ous. e\•e:n though seducove. The grol1nd see111cd to b< c1circd
for building ne'v political and ~oci:1l ~rrucrurt:\. t3k111g into :l<"·
count only external needs and iw1oring ht'itoricaJ clc1l1cnt:i per·
sisring from the depth$ of the p>St.
11. It foUo,\•ed fro111 these asst1n1ptions ch;it 111;i.n \vould be
stnppt~d of \vhat comritutes hi.$ special d1gn1ry, oa111ely h1~ $J)1rit\1.1l
nature. A11cl in fact no attention \V:IS paid the c.~scnli.11 tcnclcncy
of 111an to seek unity in hi~ life, t<> develop hi~ penonJlity ~nd
his resp<>rt~ible aucono111y.
All that \va5 left st.-inding a 1nid thest ruul( \Vol( 111:.n''i :ibil11y 10
pcrcc1vc the- pheno111enal O'llspcct of tl1111gs <ind tl1cir c l1:111gt". gov·
en1ed by so-called purely 111ech:1n1cal la\v~. an<I the «>It l>OS.(1b1hry
of re:acung by choos111g c.·xtrinsic 111e.ans ind end~.
 I~! 1111 HIOOI .... I ' ' Ye I IC Ill UI tit.I~
;adont tll.Jl \ltllrh: C•p•cit}' \\,£h
\VhJ.t .. 111\\lltiC.ltlOJl It \\'aS 10
the OC>il)< IU.11\C Of ··111tcJJcrt"! 0£ the C"o'<llCC' .&JlJ <pant of tru.n.
of th.it \fllnt r1u.c:k to IM 1nugc .a0d bkcOC'\\ of God. nothing
lllOO: \\'J..\ fCUJl1Ctl. 8~~ ()( th1~ b.1\14; error. ~1ology \\"'<b
he11,ctOn:h \Pi;hoU>· lnc.1p.1ble of bccorn1nl; .1 '-Ohd nonn:.atl\'C ~i­
e11c;c fiJr 111.111.
&11kn111r<y c>/ rhr 111ed1n11isti<·ato111isrit ro11(c~111i,111
1:. And \'Ct \\J\there ever a t1111c 1n j:rc.atcr n~d of reliable
gtt1d.tn,:c for \OC'l.ll dc.,·elop1nent? For l.\ ' ' c h"'vc already pointed
out~ 111 our r<noc:f the~ is .an cxtnord1ml')· n1ob1ht\· .\1ld 1nc~nt
\".tn1b1l1C)' 111 the (Onchrions of lit~. The 1nJu,trnlwuon of old
coun1nc... ,,·h1ch were prc,,ou"'I>· .1.hll<hl cr1t1rC"ly ~culrur:il,
a.Ion~ \v1th chc colonizataon of 1111n1ense nc\\' tcmtone~. h.lve com
grc.1t nun1bel'\ of 111cn <l\WY front chc1r .111cc.·~frJ:I I.and or fron1
their trn<ht1t)lllll cnvironn1cnt; these uprooted people have bee11
ihro\vn in10 the 111.lclstron1 of no11udir hfc.·, findi11~ '''ork \Vht.•rc
they c~n. but nc>t .1hlC' to beco1ne genuine cr;i.ft\Jltcn. Artach1nent
to one·~ n1t1vc ~ll ~nd co fa11ul)• tnd111011' 111hcntcd fro111 earht>r
grncni•1c.1n\ \\ttt co11.s.1ckred fxton \\'lthou1 .i11y ~1J!.t11ficancc for
che 'W)C1J.I orJcr.
Dt·<t11111•c- I'N"rlJf's o...I· '''aterial u-el/.fNi1~~
1J. In tJc.·1. c.hdn't cvcrych1ng sccn1 io JU\t1f)' proceeding in chis
\Vay? Mc11 \Vere confronte-d by v3~t CCOU<>ll11c Jnd tccl111ologic3J
pro\pt."t't\ c.111.1bll· o( providing tit,.. s.1111c for1t1it of \VclJ-bcing (or
e\•cryonc, .111d 111 e11on11Qus qu.111t1ty. l)1dn'1 th11. "'"rJ;:~t th~t '"C
\hould lf..'1ltlrc chc (ha_racte:nsoc d1fTerc.-1111111c.>11\ of tht> human
ptf\011 2\ ~ucl1• .and «"c n1en only a~ ;aco1t\\ '111ul~r to those con-
i:t1tut1nt: 1norg;a.n1l" 1t1.tttC'r. :and ,,·1th cle111cnut'\· 111..,t111CU-pJ.r-
ocubrt)· the .Jcqu111uvc msanct-th.Jt \\trc tht untc 1n .all
kl l~J
111ti1\·uluJJ,? The f.K~ -.;ccn1<'d to 'uppurt this ,,.a~· of S<.-"("1ng chin~:
ct1c C'.l\(' 111 nto,,ng about. t'xt:hln~nit ~tt>O<k. gaining cr~11. ~nJ
cor11n1un1c.thng nc,,s h~ undc~nc prodigious dc'\·clop111cnt:
..p;icc \\ill no longtt an l\.'liuc. \0 to "PC'Jl. an the funct1on1n~ of
hu1tlJt1 \CKICtlCS. In shon. \\'J\n't che (Onqucnng dnve lO\\J.rc.t
pro~n:'~ so 111d1sputable th:it attJc:l1111t'nt to the p;ast, to trJd1t1011,
'ccntc<I no ob\tacle in the rat·c to,v.1rd .1 fi1turc characterized by
111finitc f)O!sihilirl~s? Si1nilarly, didn't tc('k011ing 'virh the ~lo\v
p.:arl' of u111c and the ovcrlapp1111-t <>f ~c.·ncr.ttio1JS seent \uperfluou...
n<,,,. tl1;a1 evtf)'Ont, eve')l'\Vlt~rc, felt th1\ 11c.....- need ro live .it top
.;peed?
,.. Tocb.\-. ,,.e ~ that the n.OOem To"·er of Ba~I h.a" ,uf·
(M't'J the ~rne f.ite as the one 111 chc U1ble. We '\'-ill not: d1IJtc-
ht'rc on the bllxtousn~s o( il\SUm1ng chJt equilibrium 1n ~1.ll
hfc 1" 'pont.aneousl)• and 1uto111Jtu:.1il)' prod11ced. At present. chi\
1r111ch h.as hccon1e clear to U\: 11• plll"l" of "uch an cquihbnun\, ;i
hu111Jn1ty has been con~t1tut<"d-prcc1st•I>• b)• giving the \vtll aucl
po,ver of individ1ials free rcin-rhat iro111 decade co dt:cade. \v11h
u1crcJ1.111g r.ip1diry. a11d 111 every do11101.111, l1as broke11 do\vn l1tto
cou11tlc...,, ~parare groups co1npc.-r1ng for 1.uprcnucy. And '"hJt
th1\ hun1an1ty cl.a1nt«I \\'1~ 1t' 111a11t o~n1nng ~gent ha~ pro.
duccd. bcc:.lu.sc: lt \\"2S directed c;olcl}· frorn the ou™dc .ind tO\\'lrd
rhr out11de. only O\"ert conff1,t on one h.and. and on th<' other•
.tit un,t.lblc soci~ equilibnunt or .a ~y-,tC"rn o( ann«I pe;icc.
/Jm1krupuy ef equality
1~. Moreover. \VC have no\v <h't<)vtrc<I that rhc hypothc\i\ of
the perfect equality and 1nt.:rchangcJh1l1ty of 111c11 i" eq11ally r.1l-
IJc1ou ... cv<'n 'vithin thi~ nt\\' ~111 "}'tc111. Wl1«eas 1n the art·
tcrci.c of socW order n1en \\'Crt" OtlC(' d1tTercnti.atcd and cl.1~'1ficd
b)' their ~pJntuaJ 2nd mor.il qu1bt1C\, b)· th('1r professional k110\\·l-
cdt-.~ .tnd ovcnl) sooal \·aJue. tod.ly thC')' .lrc 1ncreasingl}· cb\\1tic,I
 t ... 11101>1 ~ ... , "c I IC .... 01 l'IU\
solel)• 111 ternt.o; of tht• a11'1ou111 of <"ll>ltJI tht•y J>O\\l'\); J \vhoUy
'it1pcrfic1a1 pn11c1plc of cla~'1fic:i.t1011. or raiht·r ;i \1111rle t:\c-t usu;i.Uy
res.ulcing fron1 accidental c1rctu11~t.11iC'e\.
16. Fui.1lly. We rc~""'rd J) c:qu.1.11)' t~ll;ic1ou' thC' h)•pothc1.1, of
aJl eco1101111c prospc-nl)' cont1nu:ill)' Jc:vclop1ni; through 1tl 0"·11
1ncc;h.an1c;al opcr.ir1on J101le. In f;act, ''·h1lc: hu11\1111cy, to ;a11 011-
ptt'ct"denred t"Xtt"nt. hAd lCC~'i to U\\ 1ll1tC'nJI\., ,,·hale: 11u.nuf01c-
turcd product-. ''ere .1ccu111ul;icu1g 111 C"non11ou" nun1~"· \\·hale
n1e11 \\·ctt offett'd the ho~ ot .in C\"cr h1i.::hcr \t111Wrd of J1,,ng.
i t the ~1ne t1111c thcf'C' \\",}_\ .l \le.ad)· )U0\\1h 1n the nun1Mr of
men ,,no had no ~hire or 011ly .a r~l.lta\'cl\· nK>dnc \h.in: tn 1h1s
nutcn~ progrC"\.,, .lnd \\·ho 10 ~r11t of chnr full)· trwt1r1utc dc:-i.1m
\\·ere not able to tinJ \\'Ork, .ind thlt) could noc S.lll\f)· th~ dt-
rues. ~•nee lhey lud 110 nltl.11\ of .1..:qu1n11lt .in~ ch111g ,..,h.ite,·cr.
L>ss ef 1111n1taf "'"'Y
t~. But aJJ th1\ l\ \\ell-k1'IO\\ll, .ind We h;ivc .alrcJd)· d1~w.scd
it on sever.al occJsion\ 10 rc..~C"n t )"C".an. Wh;ic We \\"1\h co \tm~
here is the t1ndcn1ablc fact ch:lt J\ .1 n:e;11lt of tl1c chJnEtC1 \ve h;ivc
n1c11tionl'<I. hu1n:an roc1ct}' h:i\ gr.1dually loe;t oill 1nncr f..'olu:rcncc.
.;all 111tcm;al coh~io11. Whc:rc coulc.l 1t l1;avc tOuntl ch1e; co11\t1tut1vc
u111cy ('Onnecc111g .all 1f\ eleutc11ti? It "l<>ug.l1t 011ly J 111.ttcnal. gcn-
crahicd \vcU..bc111g. Tl11s goJI. co11s1dcrcd 111 1rsclf, 111 1t'\ 111Jtcn-
:tht)•, a11d 111volvi11ll only ;1 pur<ly cxtcnc.-,r ~1nJ ofhappinc\1, '''as
.J.lready \Vholly incapablL• of un1t111g 111c11 1n the inner rccco;sco; of
their so11I$. Bur 111 ;add111on, the nu>rc u111c p.1~cd, the 111orc thi\
goal rcccclcd int<> ch1..· <li\t.u1ec.
Djssoriatiou (?f '""" rl1m11~~/1 tire ''''/11isiti11" itrsti,,rl
18. U11qu;i.lified prai\t'" \\'.l\ ,hO\\·ercti on tl1c.· t.•ffic1e11t opt•r-.1t101t
of a purclr JCqUl\ltl\ c lllSlJnc.·t Ul ~C'i.ll hfe; JU 111\lllltl or ..
IO\\'Cr
order and \vh1C'h, n1oreO\"Cf, doc.·\ 11<.>l C<">n1.t1t111t· tile- l">J\J\ of hu-
xi
nt.1Jl n.1t\Jre. btit is rcall)• JlO 111orc chan a parr1cul:ir 111a1li(c,tat1ou
ofhun1ar111atlttt, o r r11orc prt:cisel)• of:i 11111t1lit\'d hu11\;in 11a1ure.
If not intcgr.itcd into 111.an's sp1nn1al 11:a1urt and govt:-nh.:J t>y u.
thJs 1ns1111ct, far fron1 bc."ing an agent of unity ;i111ong n1cn. c.·J11
011 the conml')• only brutaU)• d1s~()(i:tte 1he111 and hurl tl1c111 into
.;a p1t1lrn struggle for c.x1s.tc11cc 111 '' h1ch ,,c:tol)· h:trdenc. tht ~ul
,)_Dd defeat dn,·es resenm1ent to 11ud11t"IO~.
19. Labor cc~d to Ix: a genuine protC-Sc.1on.l.I bond. con\Oh~
dated b)' a co1nn1on proft-ss101ul "pint and .a fetol1ng of ,h;arcJ
dagnit)-. \\-;th the umto good ''ill. Thie. con1n1untC)' of ~talc. \\.l\
ttpla«d. as already not:t"d. ~·the 1uxupo-.1tJOn ofh.a\"n .111J h.i,c-
nots th01t resulted &on1 the unrcsua1ncd cxcmK" of the ,)C'qu1c.1t1\c
1nsonct.
£1,.11 by pri1•ate property
20. The 1nstitunon of pn\";ttt' prOpert)· tt~l(. \\h1ch \\;l\ I>)·
n.irurt and origin intended to pro,ide .l ''"l)' of 111.01k1ng better u~
of '"orlclly goods and to incrt;i.\e unit)• \V1th1n hunt.-irt ~>c1tt)", hJ\
becon1t. to in uoprcctdcnced dc."gtt<.". ;a ~urcC' of d1~ortl, envy,
41nd obst.atlt.-s to the rise of the bcc.t n1cn, frac;cunn~ Jnd tc;innit
.apJrt the social fabric .
z 1. Fin<Jlly. sp;cc .ind nn1c. \vhosc po,,.\"r to sep.1ratc 111c11 tfun1
e2cl1 other see111ed co be di11\1nish1ng as tecl1nology and cco11011'-
ics progressed. have recovcr<.-d th~ir .1bilit)• t<> ~epar.11,·, anti hJVl'
even igi11ted b:ltdes of t111parallclc:d violence for ti\~ ptls~e\;;1011 ()f
territories or n1arkccs. \vhilc al!io arot1o;1ng a11 unantic1pJt\ <I nv:1lry
0
:and n1utu.al inco111preh~11sion bct\vce1' che prcwnt Hc11erat1ou and
t.l1e preceding one.
Reco11rse to tlre $tare
22. After ,,·h.at \Vt> ha,,e JUSf u1d, 1t 1.s l11rdly SUfJ>n~ang to
find that ''TCtc::hed hununity. fcchng 1t~lf fr.t~11cntt-d ;ind tc.>rn
186
3.~undc'r b)' tht(;t' teildtltClt'~ thlltrull 1f ~IJlltllt.lllCOU~(y in C\'('I)'
dircccion. h~' ~')11gh1 <11Jlpor1 in tht' '4.'I< 1.11 111..c11ut1()ll t>f l11C' \tilte.
The latter LS u1 f1ct th!" l1li;r1ruan11 bt~t s1l1ted tn rcson. to c-xccmal
cons.tr~ull 1n the 1ntcr~t ol order. ;and n1orc:ttvc:r t.111\ J'rc"cn·c, 1t\
God-given i.ptrirull and 11101'11 ch1racccr 1-fO\\rvcr. b)• s.ccku1g
help abo\•(' all tl-0111 the stat('. ;and '"hit '' n10rc. &o111 a 'ute
concovcd l i l pu~ly nurenJJ JX"lY.tr. hu11lan1t~ n:cC1\Cd 11otlw1g
\'Cl)' bc-.11('fic12I <"llllC'r ro 1f'S('lf or 10 thC' )t.atc
L~•ifri1ig funaum <f thr ''''"
>J. For th< sole :um of 1he «•«, by II> IU!llr< •nd proper
function, i\ t<1 ~ire the comm<'" writ.Jn: ,,f
11> n1en~ VC"t
''iw \l.as asl.N of the sc;a1t-. pr«1,tl)' ''htn the nws of c1wtns
,,·ere sut1cnng m~t from inu;abil1ry .lnlt 1ntC'nul J1'"""-unc.,n, \\.t\
to provide .a fou1\<bt1011 for u111t', J.r1J order u1 1<corJ \\.1th ctrutn
principles-more or le« IJl'l<-of • «> c:>lkd «><1.1' mo.,Jicy Thi•
r~qu~t u11plted a pr.11,;t1(.'.;;i.ll) unre;ihuble .u1J 11t(>ret>\ er .u1u-
narutal t:X"ttnsion of tht 1t3tt'i funcl1on1
24. It ''-'.J'J thcref(lrc to be expected thit ~tace1, url(ed co eXCt"nd
cheir func11oos :tbu~ivety. a111J prct.;1 ..cly l>i:tJu'e tl1cy \VCI\.' l•U-
CO\tntcring djtficulrit'1 and failu re1 of increas1np. 11141~11itudc, '''ould
..~l :1hn>;1tl divc~ic•n.I')' '"('('\!'"<'" <>f ,1n''' hc-r k'n<I 10 ~)r<lt"r ft>
preserve tlieir prestige :>.11d 111:ai11t:>.ul their O\vn ~XJ~ttnce.
The resole \V,1~ ro ~tr<'llh1thc·n rhr IC'll1J"ltilrio11 t<.•lt b)' .111yoac
\\'ht) ht1lcl\ )Xl\Yer to anc;rea~e IC exre,~ively, J IH.l d u' 111 turn Jed.
ln a y.:ay erlcire1y charac1tri!>r1c of chc rcl.1c1ons Jn1011g 1t1oJen1
&tat1..~. to a violent and con~t~n1 t<"11,1c1n, to au u1lJCCl'ptablc but
forcefully expressed as-;ertion of the o;c:are·s ;absolute' SO\'Crtip.11()·.
radtcall)' rejecung any \Ubt)rd111Jlicl11 hl :1 l11>-tl1cr fi>nn of <>f);.l.n1-
1K7
1...1r1011 of tl1c hun13n (.'.0111nl11n1[)'. And rhis j\ ,,,h,1t cn,ut•tl: the
dtstnbuaon of l1uo1ati1ty 111to different st.JtC:'+ ('''htch, ~l\'rn 111.ln ·,.
11.atur.al tendency to fonn sucl1 gr<>l111s 111 order to pl·ift"(t h1\ 'J">ir
iruJ.1 a11d 111oral life. is io the d1v1nt" pl:a11 .1 \\,1y to <levflOt) tile
Jifc of the: \\·hole by d_jf'f(rcllt:iJOJlg It) lt~lf bt-t\\lllC J Jlt"\\ and
d:ascounglng sourer of dJ\·1s1on a1110ni::, 111c:11.
zs Th.lt lS n0< .all. The rrl1cion1; of1nd1,•1du.1li 111d wou1~ \\'1th
tlte <Ute deteriorated 1n tltt' sa1ne \\'J)'. A' ,,., hJ\'t' .lln.·id\ c\b-
scn·cd. the sure md the <U.tC' .ilonC' \\'b 4i-«11 J_"i the u1r111Ut<" R"\t">rt:
ll \\".IS th("f'C'forc 1n~1ngl} asL:fil (() fi1rthcr the 111(\"ft'\t.. or
uldt,-iduals md groups. The su.tc. 1n th1, regard. ,, ..., 1.:c.>11'+1tlt'TcJ
l.Ud u~ u:. ~1n1plC" i0$lnl111cn1 tOr.-.cf"\·1cC'\ bcnctiuni: 1nJ1,1Ju..ib.
Thus the S.:<ltt. Mong ,,,dt its 1ns.:1rut1oru. b«an1c .\11 .ltcn.l 1n
"·h1ch °SdflSh 1ndividu:al and collecnvc 111terCU'.\ blttlcd C'~ch ochc-r
for control of the state·s po,,·er. Weer 011. cht nJ.rurC" ot cit<" tt" ..
l.tt1ons ber\veen cit1zcns and the ~urc ""'" cnt1rcl) com.apccd. Thc-
sutr's prim.tr)' aim and its rt1onl goal L' to K'Ct1re cht> co111111011
good. to sn"\'e tht' 1ntC"rd~ of e.lch and cvcl) one \\:lthout Ji,..
cmcc1011. and ut that vet\' \\'J}' to esi:;ibh<h u111on .1111on1t JU 111<.·n
HO\\"C\"cr, maue:n being 1-. \Ve h<lve jl''' dc\Cnbctl chc111. 111t:n'\
spo11a11eous. narural tendency ro co1tle together 111 a ~tJIC' thcreb)'
1~clf bcc;a1ne. contrary to its proper oncnt.111011, .1 pr111c1ple of
Jtep da \'lSion.
S11111r11dry <!f 1l1t .fdilure
26. Ir \VC 110\\1 SUtl\ tip these bleak Ob~Ct\',1[1011,, II JpJ>C.lr"i be
yond doubt cl1at in our lUllC the ~tory of tl1c rb\VCr of llabf.•I 1'>
beutg repe.ltcd. W1ch cite assistance of t)tt" rc~outcc.'\ of otodetn
tcchnoJog>• J.Od CCOJlOllliCS. the p,lS\1011 (or <1C<!U14'1l100 ha' .,-,1J ..
u:ally taken a l:arge part of hun\an1ry 111 11s gn1>: 11 ha" trcc.:lctl J
gag-a11ac P)T.t.nt.id out of every n1an 's y<:arn1ng for t'llJOYll\Cllt Jnd
01n l'VCr 1nr;:re.a.'i.ing. .StJ.ncbrd of h\'lng; eVCl)"\Yht'rc. t1nl11l111cd by
 1111 HIOOIN I N(,'f:llC Al Uf IPll..'\
space or t1111e, by profc'-<.l(ln or n:it1<>nahty, ;i \Ingle la11guagc ex-
presses the \,l.llle apper1lei.. A d<."repnvc untry! r--or \\.'l" 111Ul,C :i.11
finally ackno\vlcdgc that the proud ~d1ficc v.•1ll 11c\•cr rc.Jch its fuU
heighf toda)·· an)• 1nore 1han It did 111 ll1bhc.ll runc41, and for the
sar11e rea.'°n: the builden 11() lonEt.tr undCl")tJnd 011c Jino1t1er, and
thi.s 1s its c:hanctcn~1ir nurk. The 1n1~~1b1hty of n1ucual con1-
prehc:n()on-\vh1ch in lhbcl muhed fro111 datTenng lmgu.agcs-
~gil1fics for us. as 1t did tOr the ~pie of th.ac e.arf1cr n111e. th.at
the comn1un1t')' of nten ha' J()(t 11:\ true 'Plntwl WUt)". that the
acri\·e elenlenu of disord..-r d~nbrd .abo,·e lu\·e crttted cruel
l»men benvttn the nlCn1bcn of hunun soc1CC)·. Jug deep
tttnchn-1n <dlon. ettated d~\'lilOn. Among U\ a.' \\-eU. the at-
tempt lus b<cn nude, USIOS gn"Jil \UppbC"\ of llU.tcn;\). tO bwJd
an ed1ficc of donl1turtng he1gh1~ .1nJ 011ce .ig;i1n, bccJU\C' \pmt.
and The Holy Spm1 1ud(, ..,, been ouingcou,ly denied. •noiher.
f2J' lttOrc" \"'.limbic uftficc: Ju\ be-en O\'Crthro\\'Jl, the l1\·1ng cd1flce
of a hu1tu..nlC)' united an 1u: con1nlon \OUI. f-or then- c.an Ix J rruly
UJl1ct'd hunun1ry. a trul)' ttJI hu11ian1l)'. onl)' 1n«>f;ar ;u 11 lS full
of die sp1nt. or we should nthcr uy. the ..loly ~pant; and this
hun1an1ry etn ren1J111 united (lnly 111~fJr ati 1t ukcs ats 1nsp1r:auon
fro111 the Holy Sp1nt, obey~ ttS J.i,,1,, .11td <lc1en111nc' its go;aJs ~nd
the hierarchy of iu ,';\]uc:s 1n accord \Vath n.
27. In an)' event, no1 only the t1n1ty of rhc ~<Ki,11 ,11111 11.is
perished, but also 111an '~ pcr;on;ality it~clf. thl' SCO(C of 1l1l' right-:,
d1g111ry, and value or tile pe~n. Corrc:~1>011d111p. to !.OCl:ll dasso-
luaon there is a p:inllcl dcrhnc of cite 111d1v1dual 111c111bcrs of
society. The 1-:ttttr, losing 1hc1r lofr,1 ~tJt\t~ ;ait pcl'\Oll\. Jrt no\v no
n1orc than sin1ple pans of a \vhalc, 11uu1l>cl'\ in cndlci\ filcs of
other -.unilar nt1111bcrs.
28. Tl11s is h:irdly unc.xpcc-ted. ;ifi:er ;all th;i.t lt:a' bc:eu ~1d
)CJ
above. Th~ sa111e factors that by tl1c1r very nature ou~ht to con
11ect, S-trucrurc. and rreare uniry u1 stlCial hfc. but '"'hu:h f(~f tl1c
ttaso11s andi~ted have h11d the opposite fl.'SUlt, cannot f.11110 h:ivc
the sa.mc C2taStrophic effet"t Oil pel"$0nality. rherc ~gllll, tllC)' .Jre
actt11g: contr'.11)' to their true 111issjo11. '''lt1ch \Yas to \tt11re .i11d
cnnch the hunUJ1 person's \ .tlue and dignity. Th1\ 111ut1l.inon .tnd
0
cl11n1n~non of persona.lit)• ,,·ere 1oc,iubJt, to tht ''ety extent th.at
bbor bc-can1c no mott tb.tn the txpra,ion of the 111~11nct co Jc
quire m.itcriaJ goods. a.nd chc mx>unt of ,,·ealth a 11un J'()'\.\ot'\~
almost the on))• dec:crnunant of tht tt'Spcct .111J 1111poruncc ac·
C'ordcd hun. Muri.boon and chnli.maon of penonal1()· \\'Ctt all
the n1ore tnC'\1ablt beau.qo mtn \Vctt" alo;0 beco1n111g 111orc C'\·
u-angcd ;and more opposed touch other 1n soc1JJ l1tr. ~tn\·1ng to
pm·ent or at I~ limit the OO·clopmcnt of others, \\.:hethcr in-
d1,1duah or c0Ueca\1aes. At the same came. the uprooting of \0
1iu.n~· men &om their trachaona1 Cn\'lronn1c11t, iu<h .i~ ''"e '\.CC' an
the c;a.se o( gr~t numbers of peas.incs.. \\';IS dcpn\1ng thc111 of the
natural condiaom of 1mpro,1ng thcm~lv~ .:and 1hc1r p<Xllto11 1n
societ)'· The stat~·s acri\-lty icccnrwccd this diu.'frrou~ breakdO\\n
of ptT'SQn.a.liry h>· encroaching more :ind 111orc upon chc 1ndc-
pendcncc of 1ndl\'1duals. forcing then1 to enter into enon11011\,
const.antly gro,..•ing organizations in order to ~ck the '<°C\.1nty
they lacked clsc\vherc. stifling the individ1tal Jnd rcttucing h1'S
11on11:J opponunities for pcr«';lnal dl!v~lop11lent.
Qi,,11'n11tiou ef' perso11afity tlS <J result ef S()(iaf jorti'S
z.9. Yet labor in ll rcgi.il;ir profession ~hould have 111.arked every
indi\1duars deepest being \Yirh a character peculiar to hi111: 1>roJl·
cny should have provided cvcryo11c \V1tl1 solid ;a\\Ur.tncc of isc..
cuncy. rootedness in ;a p:.rticular e11,iro11n1ent. dl"ten11111t"d by 111~
attach111cnt to mdioon. love of counlT)' .ind sense of 11at101•:ahry.
.t11d no11ri~hcd by hist01)'. should have onented ever)• 1nd1v1c.lual'\
 IM HI bl" fl. l "'- u
••
though•. \.\·1U <1nd fl.:'l'lu1 b"'; in ev\""l)'ouc. c:iti1e11 ..h1p should h;ivc
1ncrea...o;;etf rt111-.a.ou!t.n<'' of l'e!>po1'"}b1ht1es, <>r bc1t..:r ye1, 111.:tdl·
iu111 happy lo feel rc.~po1l~1blc; cl~<"tncss iO orµ111ze ~«ocLlt1ons
'huuld h.l\ t' been mere I>· tht: na.arut'-"'w.tion c.>f J tino rl...tll\ \'. to
help e-ach otlt\.'r <111d not of poorly disguised 11t,1olc11cc- ~ind ftar.
I I.ad th1, l'C"tn '°· t°.lt·li 11\Jn \\iOulJ J1.a\·e 1ncn:01"4.'J L11e real '' i:"1th
of lus be1n1t ~''-'TI 1n ,.u~ar: lit could ba\.·e bc-<om(' .i pc-non m
the full ~t'li\e tif thl~ \VC>rtl. \\.C>rtliy J.t1d t:apJhlc <)( lci:;i1110.1tc-
~utono111~'·
JO. Uni,>n.un.lkly. •h111~ tumcJ 1iul otl1..:"t'\\11o<. Wie. lu\t: \«fl
th.at cht for,n .t'nntt \\•1cb.J.n soc1tn.·, tar front ~oordin.t11n~ au
t',)ll'>titlll:l\'!,'.' J•;lrl'i .n1J J>rC)\·1J.1ng .Ill 11UleT 3Tlll.11Urc1 fjr frl>lll (..'\lfl-
Sl"fl1CWlg 111 thlS "'l\' .:a11 orgaiuc \\•holr of ftr.tdl1.i11}· incrtoi<1ng
'it-"C>r. h.l\c.- c•n 1hc roninr)· di~Ki~1c-J .1nd "-"r.ar.1tt"J 1he ekt11c-nt"
of socitr,•. They bavt COl)WllttNI fhc s.unt- crlrl\C' \\1ch regarJ to
1lic hu111an lll"r~on. And \vh~t rc111.1i 1u;J ,,f m:tn 141tt•r he hall lit•<"u
r.i.vaged u\ tlm \""aV \\o"ai: l .wlgularl,· du1UJUSht-d <"rt~rure \\·ho J:ud
.alxharcd h1, r<>"~er ot 1111k.ing de.. '''on' Jnd 1rt11l~ for hirn\iC"lt:
\1,.·ho \\'J$ 1n •.:1111ed co JlliJ\1,. huruelf co be pl15heJ .1nd cJ.mc-d a.101 1~
by C\'Cllt\, .111 .aJn1'>'r p;i1,,i.1vc and inl·ft being. oin l'li:u1cnCJf\' n1ol
ccuJe !<hr an tJ1c nlh' ol .1 body-i1\ V.ort. .i t'Ccd ,hJ.kt"n ·h\· thc-
\\.10.J. as th~ Scnp<urc.-... '-'>
JI. th.it I\ ll<>t .an. ~·t.1n', rn1,t(lnune ,,.•1.. <<lmplctctl h)· .ln-
Othcr di.s1nrcsratit1g force. so-caUc-d uJ.ufoc111 h\'1ng co11d1tioni..
('1tt('~ -;pre~~t chi:-ir ~t1hurb<. out <lvcr \\"h.lt h.1d r.1rli('T btXn J'Ur<."ly
£.anttb.nd~ 1nJu.'\tl} ~s .l\.\~lllbl'<'-l1r1e prtk.luct:-. h.1\ c ll'tt"n '"br1J..rd-
11l'<l, tOrcinJ.; o1 <pccitir fOr111 on 1l1t· 1.:on.sun1er. <'\·t'n IC'isur<." a1 1d
rec reaoo11 h.lvt" been i;t.llll-l1rdJleJ Iu 'h\1rt. p111t,1n1l \Va)'\ o~ lJIC-
h.a."·r cocbr rt'.k:hc-d lh<' counll)"1Je .n a '""h<)lc. pronlQtC'J b,·
lOlltotcts anJ nlttlapl)1fl~ rc1.loonsh1P' \\1th c1c1..:' The brur.11 ot11J
191
111onoconou!t un1fon111t)' of thi.) ,tJ.tt of ;affi1f'\ , ...ould noc h.tvc:
co111e :1.boul li:•d the 1>r("Cllt de\1elopn1enc no1 led to the deper-
\Onaliz.a11011 of 11un thac \\'(" ha,·e dcrlor~. For .ill these: rrJ\.()ltS.
'' e •re CUnt'nrl)· confronted b\• .t fnghccn1ng phenomenon · thr
ordi11ary '''"'" of our 11111c i$ 1n co11\t.1nt da11gcr of being c,t\Jghc
up .and earned a\vay hr blind 111.a.~ 111ove1nen1~. W1thou1 idea) of
hu O\VD, "·1thout a ,,·1U of hti O\\ 11 • .1S soo11 .t\ the 1nc("\~tc.
•n~utenc prop.ig:and.l proceeding fron1 the pre,~. r.tdio, n1<1v1~.
public n1cc11ngs, or :1.ny\vhere el~c goe<1 co \\IOrk on hin1 in order
to roust 111\ c:nthusia5111 for .t cau.\e or a nun, <>r 011 the contt':ll)'
co 111H:i1nc fib oppos1c1ou to son1conc or son1cth1ng. he- 1111n1e..
d1a1el)• jo111\ che cro\vd, <hares tl\ 1>.l\\1011.S, Jnd p.1n1cip:a1c.."\ 1n its
,lCH. Thi\ ji;, let U$ ;ickllO\Vledgc it. a la111cntoahl<." sigi1 or the ab ..
~llCC of pcnonalil)· .111J indc(>(>ndencc, f"(pcc1.t1Jy "'hen one
thinks of .ill the t>nergy .i1ld maten1I ~urce'\ 1hJt .are spc-nc tod.a)•
on educating )'Oung people and a<lults 10 order to n1ake tl1r111
\\"()rthyor being called 111en.
32. Th1\ 'hould noc be rons.iderC'd (utpns1ng. The. m~c .id-
v.tnccd <tnd ingenious tc.:.ch1ng meth~ could not give m.lt1 ,,.h.tt
the de\1elop111cnt of our c1n1es con!>t.uitly seeks to take a\vay fron1
111111: nan1<'I)'. chc sohd1ty and nchnci;s of a stl'()ng persorulit)',
pcnonaJ JU~'11lt':nt. l. )(n~ of running his O"-n life-all bJi\JC
qu:Wcics ch:it .aUo\v in.an not only to rcnuin open to idc.t\ ~nd
1nffuence11 lfo1n oucside, as J1e 11hould, but especially to dcvl"lop
\\llthio h1n1..elf the ,,;.u co judge thr111 indeprndcnlly and to act
mdqiendendy. r.uher th>n l<thng h11115elf be nu111pul>1cJ br
ochers.
nit 1n1t OinJt1m1
33. Confronrin.g today's \vorld. the true Cl1r1.soa11 srand~ .t.5
\tra1ght and \ITOng is ~ lO\Vc-r. Even 1f he h:ippc11\ to bck ;i. full
cducauon, ,,·h.ich IS cerwnly not .l 11egligible ~d\'a.n~oe. h~

fHI !lllH>l>o! IN Y(l l fll, I ' 'I I 'll!\, ' I
nevc:rtl11.•Je.,s dcuniu:'lte' fr<nn ;tf'tl\'I: thl· d1,111,1l lrtl\'\'d llftucn \vho
art pr<')' t-0 ('\'try' C'Xtc-n1a) force. l llS t'J1lh, h1" Ull10n \"'ith (;()d
aJ1d t11.: Spint uf1 rutl1.!lld ()1Jc1, l;JV1o: g1vc.:11 h1' JIJltt:I lJfi.: u111ty.
solidity of char~ct<"r. a11d rh<' c~ lnl ;i~10uranct of ~u), th.le ~n pro-
cceJ tlum Liie SJ.lint. If thc,c t"\t)lu11tlt1Jr)' f.u.tol'\, n.:pe.. tt..-dl)
n1c-nnooro Jbo"·c-. '''C-rt' all ro <'On'I<' t(\j_t('th<'r t('I rtt~t<" an <"n\.-i•
n>Ju11~11t tl1•t t:i,or' 111.a11'" li.:J.lth) dc\.c;lot'llle;tll, t.11< ,.i.fu.._..,. '"C'
ad11Urt Ul ratt mm \Vho bear rhr rla1n q..in1r of the Chn ..tun-
n.unt.!ly pcN1n.U1t). ch,;tnc;:tcr-"'oulJ th1;n be C'\.t"I')' stun\, lot.
for !he IUD r<iliz•rion 01 h11 h<-inl( and h1< p<nonaht\•
II. Ej]'tc1s <!f' tl1e ,\fed111111sll<- Tt•t11li111ri1m C<•ll<tp11011
Oil J-/1111r.111 s..riety
1'· No truly mfonn«I I'<'"°"· \\"c 1h1nl , '""'Id ch,Jkn~ th<
COtn"roi~u of Our ~xpl.l11l1to11 of the curn:-r1t t'oluuon of'°'-~­
cty. Thi'I C'\>·olurion l> a11.ark-.:d boc:h b\ the ,,,..l) th..: u1ut) .i.11d
Uln~r <'.'onntoer1on of hurn.1n 'l<x:ict\· .trc \l1pr1niit IO\\'JrJ an 1ntC'nOr
ruprure, atld by 1 ~IJl\l)~r :ihppag:~ O( uu.b\ u.lu.tl_, lO\\ .arJ tht: t ttol\:l
into '"'hJch the)' ;arc .1bsorbC'd An),' r('nli1n1n~ doubrs on th1s sub
J l:rl 111u\l be ;;ib:an<lonc<l ,1,-Jic11 c.:'>11irl•ntt•1.I ll) t:14.'Jr cv1dc11l.t: ~•f
the dcsper-<itc, not ro s.iy tlC'ttc-. C'ffons btulft nu.de to rt e:;tJblish
un1ry. any kirul ~1f unit)'. Thr«<" t'fl<•rt" '"l'rt· r.11·c1e·ul.trly n111c--
\Von11y after r11e Cre.ic WJr. che1l, .is Wt u1~1lt,oned .at tJ1t' out~et.
tht" lTIOSt dive~<' tom\ulo" (',1ll<·cl f(, r 11111f}': 1ht· unity ofth1.· nation.
th~ unu:y of tcrrtton;il n:1t1<>1tality. 1he 1.1111tv <1f tlie r.,1('e, th.; unity
of rhc proll"uriac-:1nd. cro\VnilltJ; thcu1 .1U, lhc unity of 1he state.
35. LC'c- Us leave aside fOr the 111011\cut ,1 C'Vll'k.'qu..:n<.c uot no·
tu.:ed at th.lt cunt.!, n;,n1c:ly th.it rht' nunlhtr :ind 1nco1np.1t1bl11tv
of d1esc vanoui. for111ul.1, ll(.>1i.:. and p.1n11.:ulJrly th-: clll)rl' to J>Ut
thcn1 u1to pr.tcacc-, u1c-vit.lbly fi.1rthc r int:rc~std the dJvu.ion
amt1n~ O)t•n and \\•lrhin h u111:a1lil')·, \'f./C' y.t1ll 11clt d\\'<"11 0 11 (he: \\\l\'
(hese forn1ullS drove 111e1• 111to d1IT<rc111, v1ulc11tJ)· l1l1J'lot>'eJ c;a111p~.
I l)j
\Vhac js n1o~t i111portant here 1i. co dcten11u1c ii Jll fhl·~e i(1r11tula(
.ltt.' su1t:ablc ior avoiding the cata~trO}lhe tl1:ar 1~ chreolte1Ull~ U\, t()r
rc...cstab]ishu1g: the un1ry of the htunan race Jnd 1hl· \'~lu.: llt' th.:
hu1nan pcrso11 in ;all their rruth :1nd .t~suranct. Unfonu1111cly. our
experience up to this point offe~ 110 gruu11d\ {or hoJle.
a) Efftcts of tht totalitarian S)'St~m on hutnan unity
j6. flm clear Chat under the dontUl.Jll(.lll of \011\l" c)f
Of a)) ll IS
thC"C formulas. people ha\•c bccon1t accu'1:01l"•t"d to de'n~·1n.i: ch;a1
conctttc hunu111t)• constttutei ;a genuine t101r\': or .lt lc.11'1 lll 1n1n -
tnllZlllg tiut UnJt)' b)· oppos.ang 1t to other co1tcrnc n-.altt1n. fur
t'Xllltplc r.acc. n~uon~ or ells~; thc:n It '' cb1111cd thJl .1111) t)nc \\ho
snll refers to 1he- uru~· of the hunun r.JCt" •~ ;a ntert 1:1nJt1t"• .in
1ntt'lltttwl 11,,ng ;imong ~lx~cuon1'. Then: t~ no need to tl"lcn·
non here v.·hat We ,,;.u
e-xpla.1n bttr on: th.Jt the 11111t\ of the
hun1.in race u knO\\'n to us both through fC'.l.\Otl J11d through
d1\'1ne Revelanon. Our natural po\vcn of undt.!l'\t.tn..hni.t c;;i11 ;al-
rc~d}• discover that 1hcrc L-S l hun1an nJn1rc 1dcnnc.;il 1n .111 11tc11
and an all rime$; th1! untf)' 1~ also founde<I on the: 'iUpcn1.1tural
truth of the Rcdcn1prion. JllSt :1s 11 1:; prc'UJlJX>'c.-ll bv th<· very
£'&ct of origin3l sin. and found 1n the 'upcn1.t1t1ral rclat1011 c>f .111
111e11 to 1hc:ir Redeemer, Jesus Chrisr.
111rra1s to l11t111a11 1111i1y 1wsc1J by tl1e .forr1;'!11 ,,.J,,,;,,,,s
qf 1otalirarr'1111 states
31· While tl1csc dcvc1op111cilt~ arc already lll·c:ply di~.1111>0111t
i11g, even tile 1110St $un1111ary considc:r.lt1011 of the effect\ thl')' h,tvc
already produced suffices lO dc:strO)' an)' r<.·n1a1n1ng Ollt11n1~111.
\Vhercvcr their propon~nts ha\tt' begun to put thc'c filr111tal.l' into
pr.a.crice on the sociaJ Je,•e1, '"'C find che-111 clautt1n~ fot 1he1r rt•-
10pcct1\'C f'u11cb.n1cnW 1dc~~ J pnni:acy of r:a11k Jll<I v;alue••l Jln111ary
 lltl lllllhllli I " " ' " ' . Ir Al Uf r1l!~
.-11J .:i~1lt.H( n.,;hr w r"·cry donuin ot life:, 1n t•rdcr to (lure m<"O
10 .lccord "'th thnr .aJm\. E\.-cl)-'"'h('r('. 1hC') seen at "'·o rl.
.tr'C'
04.l['illlC 1t1"·1r propt·r t~mcory . .and "1hu' 1n the R"'I ot th(' v.-ortd,
c:lc,·cri}' unJC"mi1n1ng, "·hen nor .1n.acl1n)t <l1riectly. the sense of
till' grcJt hu111..1..n c·on1n1llnity. tt~ goJJ\ .inJ 1l\ u1,tttl1t1ons chat .ue
111ct1 .. ri:n,.1hlc tbr 'iQc12J hf(!. At mc)\r rhC'y IC".avc 111 pt'J.C'c?' certl.u1
rypl'i (1r 1.t1lh:tO\ 1L1e:i reb,rardcd <l\ J('\l'f\'lllB tdvor b~cause they
alrr.ldy rerrc\t'l1t ~0111~ i;i111ilar rc11clcnc)'• whtther 11.1ti<)n;1hst, prcl-
ler.a1 1.tu. 1;1t1'it, ur wn1e odlet.
38. I <".t\'ln~ .t\1de t.he fuc;t thilt th1\ '''"Y of proceeding i!> tn-
i.:011,1..tc:nt '"·ill> the pnnoplc 011 "·J11"l1 tilt''< lon11u.lh .ue bihed,
.and .ti~ th.w 1nt~trd .and opporrun1qx- «'lmicl~con\ ~~ 1n-
\rt>l,cJ. 11Im10 be tle.ul)· ~led th.tl the 'lutpl)' ddi11~J \\JI ro
be onnclf fiN .and tOremosc. \'\ithou1 f<'R-lrd tor othC"rs. itselfC"lic-
1t, 111 lhc lo1r~i:r wc1.1.I group '\tc:t:p~d 111 it .1. d)·U.&11lJ\t11 tl1at Jti'! .a
divuivc: ctrccc on the resc of hu111aJllC)' R>r tlus dy11.i11tls111 seeks
to ,1nnc\ 11u•r.1lly. by every 'iu1r;;1bli: 111~.in'• tp'UUJ>'i bcl<Jnging t<J
orlltr s1.1tc\ , but w bjch ic cons1dcN co l't 1t<1 'p1r1tual rehd\•ts:
hcnrrtonh, tt I\ c:~y to lorcscc: the 11nn1rd1~tc .:011~<-"qucnccs thac
\\-·1ll ffo,...· fro111 Lllb We chus find ou~lve' 1;01tfronrtd by fonn~
oJ Ullpt"nah,~11. The 'pccitic ~'PC dOC'\ ntit 111.,J,tlcr in c\·ery cas.c
effom to C't~blWt thL\ k.ind of untl)' -icccler.ltc hunun1ry"s e-.·o-
lt1no11 to\\ .arJ J,i..)()(U.Ooo. c.i:th~r tlu11 pru111oung dl4t union of
men.
TI1rt"t ,., ir11crr1t1l 1t11iiy posed by $t.1tt:i' ./iJtt1ttlt•d
d11 ltllfllltflt'l(llli:itll
JV fn,111 th1' ro111c of vic,v, \\lhat nov• tt1t1.iii1s fron1 the in-
tc=-n1.1:I \.lrU.,;IUtC' of thc socW "}"Uetn~ We .ire ''l cxa1n111c? In re-
spon\C to tl1c cap1W que-stiot1 of u111r\. a qutse.aou tlut ~u1rei
~ mu... h t·1r, \111np«l100. all th~ ~)'\tt.·n1'- l('nJ to utf..:r a soluoon
thJ:t l\ .1:11 1t1e 010~ 1nrthm1c.tl be(J:ll..C th<'\' ('JtCl{On<:.ill}· R1Usc
'\I
tt> .ickno\\ lfitgto tliat a .,oliJ :and c:t)Jl1111un11.1n.an 'iOCl~I or~n11.t·
11011 lu\ °' propt.."f' and 1un1ral JUnc:tlt\11 111 the ~tablisltmt-111 uJ
un1n·. anJ thu\ the nght tel ct,n1n~utc.- to 11_ ~ch (\'Stem J-"O'l-ll~
JC the out1.C't .a fiu:tdament.al 1tlt""..a ~:un\1Jt·rcJ ~ J.bsolucc:. Jnd ~cl~
to 111JkC' C'Yery tOnn of ltfc :anti e\·c.-r» n~t ffo''' from 1c. Even
lt'J\ 1ng ~\Ide tOr the 1no111c11t tht• h1~hly debatable que<it1011 llf
1l1c: lt·~tui1.:u:y of this conct"J>t1<1n. \Vt• Coln .1ffirn1 this. n1uch: ~rhc
untl)' S<>ugl11 1n thi.s \Vay '" L"qu1val1.·nt [<> the purely 1ncc:ha111cal
llllll)' of .l lll;JC:IJine. Or .lt lll(l\I ltl ch<.• tllllt)' of 01 V~CtJble or
1111111.,,1 organu.111: it is nor .i i.,'l"nu1111: un1r•• .i11<l doo not de"'.en·c
to be ('Jlled °' hunu11 ~1J.l unit). 10 the tull '-<nsc: of chc ,,·ord .
111 t.ac:1. trot" hu11un SOl.-1.i.I u111n· rc:qu1m. I'('~\· ro ro111e 1ntu
C'Xl\(C'l1c.:('. unity \\1thln \~OC't)'. thlt I\. I( require\ tlut lh(' UOlt\'
uf the ''·hole. the Jgt-nr J.nd ._-u.1nn1c.~ of the spantu.al J.nJ n1ar.a1
Good of thl' "·hole. be con~t~ntl)· J\"tent·tl .i~ J force of u11ion and
organ1L.iuon a111011g the d1Vt:l"\c." , ..,11~t1tut1vc ele111cnts. :i11d con
'lt.111tly 111terpcnctratc thc1n 111 or<1l·r to le.id thc111 to coll<1bor.1tl'
111 tlu~ UIUOJI,
II 111: thu' big)U)' i111proper to Ull' the cxpr"'~ion "'soci;il 11n1,y"'
'' hc11 11 1s cbto1e-d t1'1:at 1n bo1h pn11,1ple a11d fat"t 111ten1.al ~1.11
f.ic:to" c•nnot fu,·c their O\\'Jl role 111 the <"Ublish1ncnt of th1,
u111t\'• J1ld ,,·hen 1t 15 al~ cb11ncd. on the contrar\· that rhe J'On11
, "
.inti cantc11t of the life of thC1< tic: ion .arc cxclu,.1,·cl)' dctcm11ncJ
by c.ai.:h ')·"en1·s fund:ir11enrJl 1tlc.1, 'on~1Jcr(.-d ~a so,·crc1gn .1b-
\Olutc 111tbn111ng eve'}' •spc:ct of \Ck:i.11 l1tt.-.:
.JO. A gr.ave d.a.nger thus .apJlc,11' 1n t.'oncrc:tc rc<tlity: Th1\ cx-
tt'll~l\'t' touliry. '"'1th 1~ crroneou\ ..-011..-c~11 of "-<>Ci.al unity. te11d1,
f.a1..ally tO\\Md °' )e\-eling and <un<l.Jrd111n~ co1lccb\.'1S111.
~10rc0\'CI". economic .lC(l\1()' \\lth1n th~ roJ1ocaJ l'fi>nticr'\ of
the"C \Ul~ b dircc1ed exctu~1\'~I)' lO\\.Jr(t dc,·clop1ng md C'lttunn~
 196 Tiii 1110111 'ol t Iii~ YI 11( Al Ot PltJ-) XI
the-1r rt"'pc<:Ovc co1un1uoities· nucmaJ life. ~' 1f thu '''ere its su-
pre111c .lnJ ~uffic1c11t pnncrplc. ~ionhcy. b.i,1ng 11S<lf on the mt-
ur>l ord<r of thmgs and th~ luenrehy o( v•luc.. procbims ~'
ccono1n1' .icr1\'1ty 1n :1 gi,·cn sutc n1u1-t hJVt' ;u its pnrrury p l
thc nl..ltcn.ll \vcU-be1ng of &nill1~ 1n ham1ony \Ylth the O\'C:r.ill
prospcnty of ~tJt~. Jnd that thert•upo11 rtlL1" the dev<'lopment of
any civ1ll~1t1on. But chis teaching 1s scon1fl1lly rcJC<:tcd as tedious
and vt1l~r "iOC1al cu<bc1nonis111.
41. Ir• :addiuon. 11 lS clear that jn ~ocict1c\ 1n '''l:uch unity has
uken the fon11 of th1~ abusive tOt.a.h~n.in1\n1. the ''anous indc-
pnidcntly ;adnunistcrcd OCCUJ>2DOrul COl11111UIUllC'S. md their as-
socutcd coll.ibor.tnon. att consldcrcd an thC'OI)' .a tOnn ofharmfuJ
plun1Ju11 \\th()\C exm:ence is undc1-1r.ablc; 10 pr.icuce. mer making
man)· itttmpt"t to mO\'C 1n other d1r«aon,, they ttvcn to the
st3te \Yhcn they h;ave co resolve labor conft1ctl or regulate che
condition' of l;-bor 111 the interest of wci;i.l order. Tlte sutc settles
matters directly. To be- sure, in ccrcain ta~cs ;ind under cemi.111
condtDOll\, J 11d \Yhcn che co1n.n1on good requires it. this djrcct
state 1ntcn•cnuon 1n social matters 1.. 1«elf 111 confonnJry \Vith the
pnnC'iplt'\ Of n~tur.iJ la\V: indeed. SOl1'1C001e\ It 1\ the ortl)• \\"3Y of
~ubl1\h111g or re-ciUbluhing order. Nonethtlt'(1-. .t f\•oofold doubt
then ;an~. /\re \\"C not undul)· sac:nfic111g pn\'.Jl<' grou~ and or-
g;anas1tb ~ on mturc by dq>ri,1ng throt of thclf role? More-
over, and tht' 1s \UIJ n1ore scnou\.o does ;t socW group of the
tot~bt<iri.ln type JUs« described unde~t.111d tl1e tcm1 ..common
good" in the obJCC:t1vc sense assigned to 1t by 11.an1rnl la,v?
J\4111ila1ic>" of 1/1t state
42. Tl11' qucsc1011 regarding the co111111011 good entails cons1d-
cnno1l of .another. still 010rc inlport..111c tJ.ccor 1n socW life: the
sutc. The \Ute'\ r2t)On d'Cuc '"· 1n 1ecord \\1th 1u n.arural g<UJ.
to ptoV1de for the co1lU1100 good on an onit')1nlt b.ls1s. NO\\' social
197
u1ut1~ of this kind. naratel)• \t<ltC\., J\ \()()11 J.\ th~· tend l0\\"1!d Jn
unl1n11tcd C:\1c1ts:i,·c touJ•l)'. threatc-n tc;• \tnp the sate of 1r\ n ...
tentuJ .attnbut~ and SO\'Cn:1wi po\\'Cf. ff this happens. the c.u.te
I\ tr.\n,fon11cd into ;a \\'holl} n1«h.aruc.al .aJ11ufUStnn\.'e bureJtu,.·-
r.tc"!'• ~ 11n1ple instrument of the r.1(1\t C:)r n.1t1onJlist coUectl\1tlt"\
11,volved. Thcrt:by the sr.ice·~ 0\\'11 11.att1re ;a~ J state 1s 111ut1Lltcd,
111 viol.anon of natural fa,v; 1n add1t1Q11, 111 rcL1tionship co the
conttt)t of tJ1c co111n1011 g00<I. :i c1c:oar 1n11i·r contratl1cc1on .1ric.c,
bc:t\\·cen thts co11cept and the ')lltc·, c.l\\'n ~ct1\•1ty. \Vlth regard for
cxJ1nple to legssb.aon. lhe d('ttnn111Jt1on of nghts. and :.d1l11n1'-
tr.ic1011. In &ct. in chi5 o~. the \tltt''' O\,-n obbg.Jaon. ,,·tuch ,,.e
hl\'C .1lrc-~"' Q.ld coOSJscs an t.i.k11tg the ~tOOJ of the \\'hole body
of c111zen:i. l l the nomun\'e gtU) of ll'\ .t(Uon, l\ completely ;il>Jn-
doncd .and subordmaccd [0 the 1ntcr~l\ of the colJccn,·1[}·. A' a
r~uh. tht ~rate's C$$Crlt:1.tl duty. ,,·h1(h den\'e( fron1 its very
ri<iturc-na111ely. co enst1re cquJlity of nghts for alJ c1n2er1) \V1tl1-
out cxccptio11-is henccfonlt absoluri·ly unrt•aliz:al>1e. C\'t:n 111 the
n10,t reduced for11t.
4J. 111 c.u111n1"1r)'• this is 'vh:ar cn1erttl"' ti-o111 thc$C obsi:rv;anon~
ukcn .ill together: on one hand. the tcnJc.·1K')' Ul pracacc tO\\·;ard
a lc\'tbng, c.tan<brdizing collccn,•1,111: on th(' other. l i the "'<'I)'
core of sociaJ hfc. a profound arubaJ1ry co xhiC\·e soc1.il unity
\\1th1n .Jn .iuthcnric and lcgannute J1\'t'.'f'1ty. All this c~.Jlt'\ .J
ctn,1011 th.;1c. JOlned '"1'h tht- O\'crhc.atcd dynanUsm of OU[\\'.JrJ
cxp.tn\10n, 1n1pcrils the unity of tht• huru.111 race's social biC.
44 Sub~~11tiMly the sa111e thing C\&ri be yjJ .,bout social un1t1ec.
or \.tlt~ that b~ thc1r- e!\'ten~1vc toi01htan.an XO\'lt)" on the .. unity
of the \Ute" or the .. unJl)' of tht prolct.Jn.Jt." Ho"·c,·cr. \ \ t
~houkt note dut in the fif'\t c:i~ (th.it ''· coubunanism ba\t"d on
che unlC')" of the state) the sate"\ 1nncr 111or-.&.I mlun: is completely
 f Ht. JI• .. , • 'I HO
IJZnorcd. In rl1C' s.ccond case. \VC .11'<' justiftC'ci Jn J.;.k_u1g \Vh;1t 1s
111e.tnl by ilu~ · ·unit)· t)f l11e prt>lc~.ar1;rt"' t.11;,11 I' \LtpposeJ lO be
th<" origin ;and rOun~nc'ICI ot ux1 ronlit.otn 1n1•m. J, it '" ·fl)· .J
Jto.ycht>ltlg'lt.:JI ctnnple'.'li 4.lltt1p~eJ of .ill llle ;,1l-..;,111dt)l'l1Jlt!tlU Jud
uproorin~~. all the jnsccuririC"S o f cxl~t<'l1C<'~ In 1lll"lt c.;asc \V<' hnd
,,ursel\·e., \;\,t1froateJ ~ lth .it 1110\l .a dct'p ~p.i1r d1at le.a~ tl1e
nllSSC'S to r1..•icr io ~ tm1t1l manner: a ckar J.nd tragic proot ol thC'
1.11, 0 rder. t( u I\ Qn the: t:<)ntrary the fi11a11y .lLqu1red ooverc1~Ul)'
of a cl1ss in nccord \Vatl1 rhc .<1i1n~ ,,f
Marxist 'i<,C'i:ilis111, tlu_ · r1 ir i~
no clc:.trcr ho,,_, thC" pnnL"lplC' of cl.1-u '"~C' .1:nd d.ict.1to~lt1p
bl~ OJ) tOKC' \Vhich 1\ lt chc 10u11darion ('It this S'f5ll "I\ CJJ\
lxc;onie J pnnc1ple of 1nlc:m al order, c>f b.1.nt1l)n1ous un1ry \V1th1n
hun1a1l SOI.. IC{)'. In \\'h.11 w~ hJ\'\'. 1lrC'ady $..ll<l 01' \\Ti.ttcn C)n this
q.1bject. noubl}· in our cn~--chc.il\ Qsudr~ ,,,., ..f11no .inJ ()I 'l'li
Rerktt1pron<, We ha\'e ri:pcacC'dJ) p1..'1ntcd out Chl· "'2Y u1 \\ htch
Marxis111 l1Js dcpri\·~cl hun1.1nir)' of''~ hbcrl)', dc:,croyed ;ill dljelllt)'
uf th~ ltu111.1r. p....nou •.l11J sh.0\\.11 tt'4!1f ucterl~ 1nt.:ap:tblt' of C\t.lb-
l1sh1n~ .i11y tOnn of hu1tun urn~·
45. Let \ I\ tl11.! rclo1': t.(>tu::lu<lc LllJI the." 1Un11ol.is ftlr ;l<..hl~v1n~
lllllt\' tll.1 t ha\'C bcC'l l pro111oted i11 OLlr tin1c- J I C of tlO ;ivail in
\l£~fibrthc.·nu~ tl1~ 111tcm1' f;ibnc t'f t1utr1;m1t) Th<-'}· .iin1 '"lircol~
~r provok.u1g a t("rttblc- cat3Stropl1c-. or rather tl1t')' lw.te11 it;. .tr-
rivJ.t Anuth<.·r quc"ti1u1 ,1rio;es: Whir protrrtliln is ~ffon:ll·d pcr-
soiulit)o'. ~ \'.llLte \Yl11ch t'> 11\tt1iUttly ..l.il<Xl.1.ttd \\'tth tlte untt\ o f
hurmnit} •nd lh<"rct<'tt" bees th' ..in1c- pC'ril'
b) IJfftcts of the wtalitarian 'Y""" on personality
.¢. 1-lt'n.- .tg:un. ,a, 1n the l'.'l~ tM" hunu.ntt\' ,1nd its u1\tr\. \llc
can11o t t.1111 to be di~appointcd JU .id\•,tncc. M.>1 '''llJL do \VI.: 1;ee-.
\vitht>Ut h(·ing able tc~ dotibc it? P.1~lltting .111d 1n connccc1011 \vith
the W4:.1.J ,~ -..tt"ttl> ufe\ltll\t\·t' lll1.tl1t..naril\11· ~ c r:ather fn-tl'K"lltl~·
tind a ctni1n sv'StC'ounc dcprcc1~l101\ of 11wi"s p~rson.ilit)'. 1 11us-
trust tO\\"Jrd 1t exprc~c;ii 10 both 'l>et•ch ai1d '' nt111g. Oh. Ve'"\!
J>eoplc ~pre.id the \ricv.· thJL if one ''r~'>S..-S tl\t' v.11\t\" of pc.•,..,t>ll-
lht)· .tnt..i 1K frcedon1. ont" 1S 01crel\· tOU0\\.'111~ 10 the \V.tk<' of
I 1ber~l~Tll. l doctnnt" hc:lJ 10 br \"Old of l)) 'C:'O\(' of CQn,n\\JOlt)·
.ind pt1re1y 1nti1vidu2l1~L1t
47· We \VIII not t111dcnakc hl·l't' .111 Joal~t'i .ind crit1c1ul· of
1h~ idc~. which ha\·t' l1n-:1d). b..-en e\.lJlWl('d 111 the hght of thc
tt•J,hu1g, of OUr fatth .ind l foOUOd rh1losophy; let U( leave till\ (0
,peciaJisrs. ll ut insofar ,\\ the C l1r1\t1:in pos1r1011 <>n this s.ubJCCl 1s
l"Oncc:n1ctf. 11 15 clC'2.r ·,utd t:\•c:l)- (' .1thotic QuW1t to h;ivc: ll·.1med
th1.. tio111 h1., cattthu111- thit atTin1ut1on of hu111J11 peno1u.11l)·
;ind llS- pcct1h1r \•aluc ,., .i-. old .lS the crcauon of 1nln, .t\ uld JS.
the august 1nystcry of tile rcden1pt1ve \.1cnficc on Golgoth.1. and
thC'ttforc .i., old ~ the lupeman1n1 hnk uninnt:t huamn pe"o1U.ht)·
\\"lth thC' One: Cod 111 l l1rtt Penon". through the sacrnl\cnt of
Baprisn•.
.t8. Wll)' then <ltould \Ve be ;l\t(lfll\htd th.lt ;\\ J result of \uch
tC'ndenc1n, to fu~11C'null~· dcprcc:aJ.tC' the -.:.a.lut' of pcN>n.lhC}'.
the latter"\ fite \\'lth1n C'(te1ts1vely tou.hun:an ~1;al un1u~. \\·hC'n
('on1pared vv1tl1 its fo rnu..•r fate. doe~ 1\ot sce111 to be inlproving?
Thii is .all tl1c rnore the ca~c ~<'.lll\C in tht! con.:cprion \VC ob-
\Cl'\'e a ~nltC'l and lott1'all)• co11,1\tent dcprc,1Jt1on of the \'Jluc
of hun1:a11 l:ibor. c.on\ulcrcd in both 1t\ 1nd1\•1du:il a11d soc1:il a\-
pccrs.. J11 the case of counrrie$ subjct tcd to chc 1nflucnct: of either
coUccu\'l\t t'loctrinC\ c>r concept' ..,1 extensive 1oul1tan.an1.,111 tt-
ttlrding the: untl)' of «)('1.il life. 111.l1l "cons1dc:ttd first of .ill .a'i a
\\'orkcr. Jlld still n1orr. Jnd c.xclut1vcly. J$ .1 \(')M of gov\.•n1111cnt
e 111ployce \vorkii1g for the benefit <lf chc raca\t, nJaonal1'it, 'rat1.st.
or prolcun.1n coUcctl\11)·· And thc11 the gtt.at question~ \\'hO\C'
..olution alrc~dy involv~ 4;0 many t!1fficulnc~. 1111t1cly the choice
o f an occu1>arion, of .111 apprcnc1rc.,h11>. ()( 1ndc1>c-ndcnl C<>lltrol
over the profe1$iOn, t1( the freedo111 to t"Stilbl1\h oocself 1n .a pro---
fffilon. of opponun1t1ri co rue 111 "'°'1C-ty-thC'\C que'\.t1on' n1n
 I Il l 11111111 H I "114 YI I lf"l\I tll' r l t \ XI
'he risk of bC'i1lg Wo""IY ~i1Tirliticd C'' rhc di:tri111c11c (1f u1ltr:ilicy
a11d f1u111au d1gi\1ty, when !<iOlllC forn1 Of t.;;>tJ.llt~Jl.llU,.lll criect:s the
n1onsrrou1; stn1C'r,1rt" of C"clllcC"tivr l.11.,()r,
4~. Anyone- v•ho v.1,hc."" t<) forc.·,C"r 1l1c- lull dt·\·cJc,~111enl ,,f t11C'
cc.-,1~c-quenco of tJ1~c- sy,t~1,1s hli OJtly 10 co1is.1dcr the Ute of
priv4itC proJ'C"rt)' in '\lCh ;a \ff\l.111Clll, C"\'C"n 111<,ul!h 11 ,, .. n 111"'1-
wuoo pos.ltl\·ely fou11dtd 111 tUNrU I.a\\ Through Ill d,·n.musan.
cxtcoQ\·C' toul1t.ari.111it;m trnd\ to 1.1kt· ;an '''c rrt,111~ nun1bt-r <Jt
mt"a$u.rn th.Jt \\.-i.U 1n U1.-i ltid 10 j broid soc&.Wu11011 oi tbt
nleans of prodlk:non. C\c.·n 1f th.at ~1al1t.1r1n11 '' 11(')( Jund1c-.1fly
01Ckno\\1ed,.;«I.
\\rlut 11 t.lh: r~ult~ The dlng\'r t~t pn,·..cc property \\ iU bc:
.iboh\hed. conrr-.1" to the stnc1 m}\.Ul'<l1lC'nti o( n1<)t~1f)· .uid n.a.t-
ur.tl b\\. \\·ht>th.."f" It ,, lOJl\l<ll'r\'li It~ l(~·lt Qf '" OU\.' of th...· \()('I.al
1nsaruoons. ind co th< tUIJ C"'<:fcnt th<1t rnv:itc proprrtv ~hould 1n
f.tct be tlie 1rt.1tcnJ.! t{)unJ.111011 tul \\·tu~h 1l1c .t.l.lt\lt~ of11tdt\·1Ju.1l
~rsoru and fanuli" u ro b< <S<•bbsh<d •nd ~a<<iully •nd fr<dY
puf'l.uc:<l tlVt"T tltc \\·}1,,I"° fi"-IJ nf hun1J11 c. lV1li1.1t1<H1.
Tite /.rre (>/ 1l1t 1r1iddle rl1r(,f
;o. That is not .111 Thcr.: 1~ n1oreovcr..1nd princ1p;.llly, a d.ln~
,,f
gcr «> the c~i~t<ncc of lh.lt hrc.1.1d 1tr.11;u111 uhlcpcud cnt 11tJddlc.·
cJmes COrlSticured by .lCllVL' .lnd thnrry 1:u1ulie1,, (011,pO\C<l o(
peasants and ani>.1ni as well ,1\ 111<lu.;u·1.1h"1' and n1crcha11t,, His ..
tory te.1thcs u\ that tht"it' n11ddl<' cl:iss<s .1re the n,,tur.11 support
(or lhe illll'J!l,1) \LtbiliL)' t1flhc 'LUI.'~ thi..• 'IOllrt•l" c>fhc;1hl1y Jcvcl-
Oplll('Jlt, 11cal1hy g.ro\1:rl1 of spiritual and U\iltc:n.tl ~trcngtJu. tl1e
fertile temt('ry Cln which c.·Jitt''i ,,f 1t1l kh1<f,, tl>~rin~uishC'd by ch"ir
.
pc-r:ortl1 gifts and c::.1p.1,1l1cs ft>r a1,;uo11 1 .1.n: lt<)rtl .111J 11.1.tur.1llv nsc
,,;chour chcre being Jny need for 3raficJ.1.l Jtlc.Uurt"S. or purely
lOI
cxrt·n1al policies. Aud ulcln1atcly \Ve :imve :tt th:it dis1t1:tl \tJtc of
>lffiiir< in \Vhir.h n1orc and n1orc n1c11. tinally IK'co1111up. tl1e nt~
jonry. depe11d directly or 111d1rettly on the collcct1vit)· for thc.·1r
cx1stc11cc:. Th;it is a sin1.. aon \\•l1icl1. gi\•cn tile dy11a1t11\1n ()f rx
tCUS.l\'C totahun.anist1i. can bri11g along \\'1tl1 1t, and. :.al;i.~. ha\ .ii~
ready brought 2bout a lin11ta[1on of freedo111 that 'itnkc.·i; .i t-.Joy,
.it the personaltl)' dt-ep \Vithtn it. ;ind n1orcovcr put< ;a tcmbly
hc-a\l' burden on consciencts \truggl1ng Y.ith tilt' 111ot.il dut1C\
of matrilbrt" and the family th.a1 their Chnu1;in (;a1cl1 <'llJOltlS
upon them.
Rl.~111 of ass«iatit>11 s11pp~d
51. Confronted b)· such b.<'b. a clnr JUdgenent n1u...t br n1.ide.
Exteni.1vcl}' toQ!icnan ~ea<'$ .ire 6.r &on1 lrrf."\t1ng 11\Jn·~ ~hJe
tO\\'ltd this mass e:ostence m \\·hich hL" J)('l'\011.thl)· t\ d110\0lvcJ
in this kind of ~ety. in &ct, nun no longer relu:1 on po\\'C'rful
pn,•.ite org;•n17.3tioru to nuke lip for lhe \\'taknec.t of h11 1nd1v1d·
ual cxisc:cnce: he cinnot do ~. for \\'1th1n th<Sc: un1c \oc1,il un1-
ues. a r1arur.U I.a''' atuch1ng to hu11un pt~onal1ty. tht n1tht of
associ:at1on-1mplied by chi: \'Cf)' c0Uecc:1viz.1ng 1n\Utut1on1 thJt so
vigorously oppose any fon11 of :iutono111y for 111c:liv1du;)I\ or
groups-is rendered po,verless. Th:tt 1s \Yhy ni.111 1\ forced co ~ck
the rt.'prc.-tcnt:1tion of l11s interest." 111 stro11g oqpn1Zlf10tl'i cn1.ln·
.1t1ng fron1 tOt3litaria1Usn1 itself an<t rc1n;:iining \!ncloi;cd \Vith 11.
Org<lniianons that are hardly 1nore than the ann~ \V1th \Vh1ch to-
c.1htar1Jni.s111, \Vhich i11ten<ls to judge, rcgtdatc, and dirc('t atxo ..
lutcly everything. holds the n1:ts<ie~ in ics grip.
i1\lanipula1io11 of p11blic 011i11iou
52. In addition. there is so1neth1ng th:it \Vl\ :ilrc,1dy bc:~n111ng
. to reveal it$clf in e;irlier devclop111ent\ but i~ no\\I co11\pletcly
evident: t:lte regin1e11tarion of pubhc opinion. Th1\ '' carriC'd out
201 Tiii' HllJPli:- l~l:V<;ll( .\I- 1>1' I'll,.) X1
in all 'lnrt~ c>f v.lay": by lJu~ spuker1 :\Jid \Vr1rre1t \VOrd. by the
thcaccr, cinctn.l, (ltld r.idjo, l,y :an ;lfl<l C\'t·n by 11eicnre;:, l>y \<;lt<><>I\
and t1te trades, aod cve1i-a repufill.anc dt\•elopi11e11c-by prC'SR
sure put 011 (he poor ch rough the a"si,Wncc '(lflC:r~«~ to t.hen1. Anc:I
tltt: r..c:sulr o l all tl11s 1s t.l1e 1~1oder11 fl\:tss 111a11, v.1ho no longer has
a11)' opil:Uon<i of bi' O\Vll, ::iny 'viU o( his o\vn; he ii; n1ert.:ly a
pasS1\'t: 1nsuu1nent an t11t>: leade-c'$ h:t.ttd!i. Lt is pr.1.Ctically iotpossjble
for Ju111 co undcrrakc a.ny initiative at all. no 11Ulttcr ho'v Jinlitcd;
yet \vich()ut this sp1nt of uilti.tCJve. 1na11 1s mcapable of acqu1nJ1g
the personal c:u]turc 'hat is a vitaJ clcn1cnr iJ1 the huu,a11
con1111unil);.
53. TI11,;, bnn~ u~ co ooe oflht> nt<>St 1n1p-01't.a11l poiocs 111 n1od-
cn1 social life: <1utl1oricy. ln rhc cot1rsc of ettrlicr conrc-111poriry
Jl.'\'t:lt)p111e11t, Lhi\ 4ue~tic)rt \V:t.\ <>bviou~Jy 1g:n",rc<l, Lo tl1e poi11t
chac chc ct1rrc11r consrn1c1ors of 11e\v social unities dare co atcribucc
tht:ir ::iupt:ric>rity to 1:hc;1r stre"s on the princlple of~udt<>rity. c·on-
JOi.tted \\ii.th the cocaljtaria11 pri11ciple. Bur '"·e 11ave no red char
towhmriani~m is inC"ap:.able of cstt1blii;hi11g tn.1e uoiC}· in 1ncn 's \o-
cia1 hie; sutulad)(, lltl()ng the Ile'.'\\' archltecc.s of ttltthonty, 3 purely
negative conception of a11rhorit)' leads 3\V3}' fron1 m~c uuiry
r.:ither clla11 tO\\'ill'd iL And in fuct their conc~ption of authont)·
is purel~· negJ.cive. le U1cludes chis tltesis tltat chc fon11atior1 of \Viii
v.rithin these social u11ities excludes. \vithoot cxteption, an}' pcr-
~l)rla.I couper:1Lio11 ().f l tl)e }>:\rt of it.,, 111~n1bt:r'; indee<l~ Lhc very
for111aaou of tltis ,,.ilJ Jt1us.r be acco111plished 111 suel1 a '"':tY .i.s to
~1v<>iJ rr;:l~1ing on the: po:dtivcly :ind trct'J)' expressed \\.ill of its
11\1!'111bt.'rS; hc>wt\•er. 11 rern.tins understood Lh.it any mc:1:~urc taken
b}' u1cntbe:rs on cbeir O\\:n. a11y initiative oit thelr part, \Vill not
J,~ .111<>\\•cJ..
>OJ
1:atlado11s use of tlie tt.-nu ''11111horitttritu1· 1
).J. Todly it 1$ <:0111111011 to c.UI "aull1orit:iri:Jn" n1ctl1od$ of
sl1apu1g '"rill i11 social 111utics. Tl11s is a faJJacious use of the tcnn,
and the 111orc litcrnll}' it is t1ndcrstood. the n1ore fallacious it is.
Por it gives the in1pn.·ssio11 that its "aurhoriutia11" (On:strucrions
3rc panicul01rly concerned '''ith tl1c.· principle of authority in social
life. In fac:t. \\•h~t is directl)' 111volvcd l1ere is a SJ>e<:ific technique
for sl1aping '"ill in rhe i11tcccsc ofsocial life. a11d not at all auchonty
1rsclf. i11 its authc11t.ic essence.
$5· In the kinds of societies ten11cd ··aurl1orirarian. ·· \Vltat is
ar issue is not safeguardjng 3tttltorit)1 M such. bul ratltcr, i1t the
given c.ue. shaping a unified \vill for the benefit of social unities.
\\'ltlt a full gu:tr.'lrttec of success. and \Yitll nlin111tu111 friction ;,1nd
111a.xintun1 spei:d. These t\VO rcstdts. 3nd partict1larly chc firsc:
one-nan1ely, r11e shaping of tl1is tntificd ,y-jJI in a ittate--h:ive
encot1nccrtd \.1arious dar1gcn in chc course of chc contei11porary
devclop11h.~nt We have dL#rib<!d. llcvie''fing the social llistory of
our tintc, \VC can aJ,va}"S poii1r to chc trials and perils so-called
democratic i11st1rt1tJ011.S have fuced in tlteir atte111prs to shape -a
unified 'vill.
56. Tl1cre is no doubt that finding a '''ay of opt"raring
\\'ith t11e 111i11in1u111 of friction and the 111axin1u1n of speed is
gent1inely i1npQrt;ar1t; l>ut it rcn1ains to be discovered \VhctJ1er lt
lS \Vise to adopt tl1is 111ode of operation in every s.ittiarion.
and \vhcthe.r. by trying to force success in chi.~ \vay. 011e has to
sacrifice other elenlcnts in 111c11's Life ctut arc 111ore ilupomnt-. or
<it lea.st deserve $erious considcratio11. To JUStify this '"")' of pro-
ceeding_. appeals arc ntade to tht: ex:u11ple of t,hc: conduct of \var;
c111phasis is la.id on a princi11le \Vhich, it is said, i$ absolutely
inevit2blc: rltar it is i111porrant above all co act. preferable to
run rhe risk of failure th'3n to do nothing at all. Bt1t tltere is cai1se
for wriou$ r't-servacions \Vltcn '''Csec Ute 111odc1 for governing a
 1 111 lllfll ... IH+'t~ lf: .. I
people or .:i ~Ute ~ougbt iu ,. situJtion :i.' abnonn.11 il'I
b): \\<lr.
A\ru- 1.~ 1l1r 11111'11ti.1l to11d1t1J1r ()/.lift
57 Yes. O\tr coC"S of p.iJn ntu't n\c \IP CO\\·~rd the Go..! of
pl.'.li.:e; tod.ty. it ~ltl3.. 1t b 110 lonb-..:r t \ ~r\" 11+.:r-: i..:01\\1J~(-.:d Jb.
nonw.l to h\·c S0C1.al We \1ndcr cond1t1on' rCicn1bhntt th01e ot
Y..a.rttmc-. hK l1t'-ft" .a11li th~ li:.o .t.n"W·ll tl1c- oLje\.llonJbl\: prM.:t1c.~
ot- ~'in~ ti\il life thC' .tpp(',JrJOC(' of \\"at. a! 1t pc'Xt ''-"Ctt 1n 1n<lt
ru..,th111g but pttp.ar-.tt1ur1 for ''u Ar•)'<lll< '' lu,, \lc~....tl~ l1ulili
wt p<-.cc " the nomul cond1t1on of _,.1 btc '"" thmk oth
c:-T\\1...c: l1e "'D u~ tl1..at btx...i.uK ..uh1ht) '' 1•na"11)' fur 111.:. tl1c:-
C'XC'rosc ot- .tuthont\· m &.t1run~ u,,·i.-mw>r1r .u this 1s a pJnmc
v.·e1gh1ng ,,f .;.1q,ru.r1lC11~ tl1r- .aoJ .....,..111\l, A.nJ the <<1nunu1I)' 2nJ
lfl{('1'('0DDCCOOD of the b\\'to u: 11UllltiUltd-COll~ONlti rht
2(:tiv(' cJc111cnt 1n "h~p1n~ 111<" u111l)• c.-.f '"111 1n th<' '""'tC'.
Au1/111n'1y. rak1-1t ;,, 1Jul1ru'1111 1 I.\ "''I tltr 11n11f1plr ,,( J1n11r
5:1<.. Thi~ i1an1r.llly l<'a..-t~ u• co n•.ak~· .inolhtr o~cn.:auon,
n;imC'~' th.-r the t-xa1nu1.lnon of LhcGc i,o-c;illcd ~uthont;ln;in
01odes of fon11u1g Lill' coUt'\.ll\'t' \\>'Ill 11ol unly hJ\ ;1 < Crt;1111 tcc,;h-
nic;;il aspect. but al'So r.:11sC""S qucitiOn 'S rc~,1rd1111t the esscnrial b~s1s
and Lhu~ chc \'cry 11u>r-Jl1ty uf hu111:u1 hit.! 111 \()( 1cty. I h'-''C type'
of gov<:'auuc11ts, precisely by virtue of tl1c tl.:t thal they abhor
Ji"-Ll'\1011 .lnJ rc.1ec.·t ;u1y c·cn1ll'ih11tunt ni;ulr li>' puhli(' <ll'inion,
det11011strate the LI s11ull regJ1 d fo1 ptJ':K>liJhty .111d 1l1 norn1al '-.1.-
l'..-citic~. This 111cntal .ltritudc lc~l<ls cht·n' to 'corn ~rlll ntore att)''
ac.."tuaJ p.1.mc.;1p.tt1011 b)' 11 1~111bcr'\ llt" the \L,1tc:, ;ind t1..11..cJ(', toc.1lly
and \vithouc rcsc"'.tlio1u, tile t.l~k of fo r1111ntt the collt.>Ct1vt" "'Lil
to tbc pcl"-On who hold~ ;iutJ1ority. ;a111.I to h1111 ~lone
59. rh1~ L-ornplcx of 1dc.l\ .an'I 1h1\ ;a,r1.1..&l con1.lurt rcc;c t1pon
01 l ' l t \ l(j
cl1e f0Uo,,·i11g false co11cept1on: ·rhe pnnc1plc of .1urh(>nry. 1.1ki-u
t11at created 111 tcself and in isobrio11, is che principle of the unity of \CX.:1.11
<1y~e111s. Thi-. 1-. an 1nadrni!i~1blc concept1on. For 11 I\ 11<-ll \\·hen
lJkcn in icsclf and in isolation th.it the pn11ctplc of .auth<,r1ty ''
the pnnc1pl.: of unity. but rath~r '"hen 1t 1'1 clO\C'ly conne{teJ
\\1th the f;ict of the n:;arural wuon of ;al] the 111c111bcf\ .tnJ \\Ith
rh~ir oblig:anon to unite in th.: 1nt<"re-« of th(' .lll'tl .t_\\l~ll'J to the
\vholc. It foUO\"\'S du.r authont}•'s field of ;icoon .tnd ?O'"cr 're 111
cxh O$C dc1cnn1ncd.. founded. .md lu111tcd b) thC' quJ.11t\ .inJ
C'isc-11cc peculiar to this .JJnl, It funhcr foUo,,1 tll.lt the pn1k..:1rlt"
of authont)·. pttctSCly 1nsof.a.r .u 1t exerc1~ 1t\ 1utunl function ol
ettanng unity. logially pmupp<»<S m e'"°" ,..,., the obh1t-1<ol'}
union of the members. as such, bttau~ of the co1nnK>n gu;a) they
;att to seek. No doubt the proper function of the pn11c1plc of
J.urhonty. through \\"h1ch 1t ~'Uar.tnt~ urury. 1s 1n lc.adcr'\h1p
(unct1on: nonetheless 11 should also be observed tbJ.t there cl\:1'1'
nlost
5nll ;another function dut crcate1 untt)'. \vh1t:h I\ prm1J11cnc .a11J
funcb1nwtal and resu1t'! fro1n the conu11on EtNi thlt 1tJU\t ~ pt1r-
c;ucJ; namcl~·. co foster ;ind culhvatC', a1no11g n1cn1l">cl"\ of thC'
cor11111uru~·. the sunulu11eously spmtu,a.l ;and 111or.tl \Cll\C of their
respon.,,1biht)• \\'Ith regard to 1t. I~)' neglec-t1og th1~. c;oc1al unity ''
tr:insfon't1ed into a si111ple aggregate of th'-""C \tlnte 111cn1bl·l"\,
fom1ed by co1arraint and di~ciplint'.
A111/1ori1y dcri1-e.< from Cod
00. The close co11nc<:tion bct\\recn tlte function of rh1..· pr111 ..
ciple of at1tltont}' and the dignity of t11e 111.:111bcn oi the.• ('Cllll·
1l1u11icy as peno1u is still 111orc evident if 'vc con~id,•r the f;icc thJt
ht1nl.-n ~11tl1orit)• in itself is derived front God. ll}1 ·•~''lt'''r'IH 11
1
cl11§ Jofcy ongin. one strongly c1nphas11c.; 1hc cl1ti;oity of the hu·
ntan person .. Hu1nan autl1oncy in itself cnc.aals rcla1101ash1p\ o( \Uh
ord1nar1on bcl'veen one Ol.1.D and ;another. \p1r1tu.al llld 111c.,ral

rtl'1U<ln.,h1r\ .a.ft«t1ng mt>n as pe!Wn'; hut thf."'.( very ttlanonsh.1Jh.
b<e>u"' of 1hc digrmy of ih< p<T'l<>n. >nd "l'«'"llY b<ause ofh1>
nlellf141J 11on.Jc.-~ndc.-nC)·. :arc.- so p;ait1ct1ll.r th41t th~· cannot ttSUlt
front che v. di of 111cn. v.·hechcr 1.1.kc.-n 'lcp.lrJtt"ly or coU«Uvcl)-,
41nd they cJn be gr"J$ped in tht111~lv<' 011ly Ji the e..xerc15e of
Cod', O\,·n JUthont}'. con1n1unicat~d by (;od to 111.,Jn.
Tlti\ 11111er co11nection bct\vten the or1g1n .and essence or au-
rhoriry Ill ltWJ(. Oil Olle hand, and t)l(' d 1g.i11ty o( tl1e hun1an per-
;;on OU thl' OtJler. I). or the gft..1t~ U11p011.ll1Ce: It ~lS the li1n1t'J
of thti prOJ'tCr .luthonry of social ~)-Stent~ .t' ~uch . .ind rcduc<.-s to
thc1r COtn't't rroporttom the recllC'\\ ('\;a(tl.?Cr.ttlO!tl; that :att cur-
fffit todJ~· J.nJ uJnnu.tcJ)' damage legir1nutc Juthont)•. The fact
thlt mc.11rul'C\ Jtt or ~cm to be u'C'ful J.nd c\·cn n«C».lJ'Y t'Or
rnl1nn~ collcct1\·c \·alues 'vith1n a iek1J.l \}'\tcn1 does not suffice
to JUsnt)• 11111t1cd1.itcly• .1nd for this rcd\Oll ;alone. gnnting to the
al1thonty u1volved Lhe po,ver ro take thc~c: 111c.1-\Urcs. For even
thc11 \Ve have to consider tl1c inner nature of.1\1thoncy. the origin
and C'i~cncc of these rel:ttiOi1$hip~ of <ullord1nat1on a.u1011g 1ne11,
\\•l1ich .1tt so p.-imcular.
Aird '" tl1t1t u\1y llt its propn lirt11ts
61. TJkc11 1n themse.1,·~. th~ rel.it10n<hlJ>' of <ubonhnation
c.innot te\ult ti"on1 the 'vill of 111d1,id\1.11 n1cn. 11or Crom chat of
111en i-rrOupc(I tob~ther 1n a s0cia1 ,,·hole. If thJt ,,·ere not SQ, then
the co11~1tlcr;at1on of \vhat is s.11d ro be the co111111on good in a
givtn \o<-"illl 'Y~tent \V()ufd 11or n1crcl)r <lchnut .1uthor1ty1s scope.
but al\o confer on 1t full arid tot.ti \Ovcrl'1g111y. 111 otht•r \VOrds:
A11y lllt'Jc;ur(• t.1ken by thc authon[)' that \vas. or \Y.lS clauned to
be, conncc:trd \V1tl1 tl1e so-called co111111011 ~ood o( the socia.I
iy\tern 111 qu~t1on could dcnve 1tc; 111oral JU<-t1tiC".iuon 11nn1edU1cly
front th.Jc co11u11on good itself.-.a cor11111on good. Ice us nott.
tlut h.,1.\ ntxh1n~ co do \\Ith chc true '""""''" .~...._,J of ;i ,,·cU-
lO']
c.lrJcl'C'd 'c.lC1c~·· Hun1:a11 ~uthonl) t.Jken 111 1~1( dOC'i nol procl'"c.·J
tro111 the socuJ bond. C"Ort!i.tdcrcJ '' 1lhout 1tfctt'ncc to God, ''ho
h.1..' u1J1\'l,1bly united <OCIC't\ lJld Juthonty: .and the rC'~ll tOr
th1, 1' tlut hu11Wl d1gn1[}- dOC'\ noc .i.Uo'' us to seek ;an\ otht"r
tOunclJt1on tbr these rc1.-,aon,h1r' c.lf 't1bord1nat1011 of one 111.1n tc.l
.1nothcr th~t J.re t"St:tb1i1hed 111 c:x~rc1-s111g: .11utl1onty.
c~i. ·rhcrcrore ;;u1y 01ction on the: p.1rt of hu111i11 .authority that
'' tJkeu. or $aid to be ukc1•, \Vlth J vil''" to tl1c c:o1nn1011 ~ootl
t"3111ltlt d«rivc It" in1111cd1J.tc.•, n1or.il lc.•1t11nnaaon fron1 t111" f.11rc
Jl<u1C". A11d 1t foUo,vs lo~c:all) 1h.lt th1' lun1Li11011 of the :\uthor-
1C)·'c. '<>'·crci~t)· 1n hu11Un iOCi.U '~"tc111' ., ..uch can bc ;ipJ-'hc-d
co .alJ .act1011' d.trtttly itTect111!t the hunu.11 pe-r.on .and t~ ~~11l1ll
n8ht' 1-he lcgitllmC)' or 1ll~1111Ut:\' of \UCh .actions mu<t 1n no
c1c.e be e"\t.tbl1shcd n1crcly by con\1Jcnng the '°""Wied comrnon
~ of che social S)-Sten1 1n quc,t1011, but mu.st be solidly b.11;c...,I
011 thc1r ti.111 accord \Vlth J)1\'llll' 1nor.1I I.\\\'.
'•J. And 00\\ \Vh.1.t do \\'f" tind Ill rr.actJcc? That the lllt"f('
.i~"·n101i or .11,umpaon that -.0111cch1ntt 1s useful or 11cce<ian" for
the ~uJ>P<>1'Cd co11m10n good of rhe 't.Jtc or collcct1\'il)·-nanonJJ,
r.ic1Jl, or prolcarian-'luffic:<" co pro\'lde hunun .iuthon[)' \\1th
ln 1111r1lcdi;i.tc moral ju\afic.11t1on for 111(·.,1~uft"' clur '1tr.ick thr \'Cf)'
core of the hunt.tn person'" n~ht\. ()11 tht\ basi\, the ht1111;;in pt·r·
~011·, r1~h1 to e.'Cist 1s a~:iulte<I· 11 1\ dc'(,,tro>'ed in the n1othl'r'"
\V0111ll, or 1t:s life considcrc:tl to l>c \V1tl1<1ut value; it is robbed ot
11\ hotl1ly 1ntcgnt)•: on 1nsuftic:1c11l i.:rounJ) it as c.xposed to gr-.1vr
d.1n~t:r, to th<." health of the \OUI anJ the body~ the nght to pl•n-
1\.h by de.1th 1s based 01\ dt"\truc,;U\'C' pre1nL\e<, on the sole, d1rt"<t
1ntcn.-'t of the supposed con1111011 )t<>od of th(' ~ute or of \0111c
othC"r collcrtJ,,t}.• .and 1h1 .. ntthc '' \::.&~'"'1ou.,J,· exern'iot'd. ''""c
undr:r the s.ame CU'C\lmsunc~ ~nJ for the ~ntt: ~~wn... 111 cl11c

Tlll ttlDDfS t~ 'fCltCJ.L Ot P1'1~ lCI
C.tt-'\C th(" pu111sh1nent ul :' 1nurri~rc:r ,.. heJd to bt: unJulit1li1:J .it\d
u1 another the 11iurdcrc.•r is bonof'('d as such.
64. ()n tht> Nm: of theor.e "'"le J..\,umpao11 ... ocher ngl1b of the
hum3n peMn are attJ<ked. ~1rn Jrc unh<"\lt..ltingl}' snirrcd of
their (rc<"clont, and wich snll les'i hc'l1tation, the \cl.net.it)• o( honle
and heJnh .<1.rc \'IOIJtc.'J The frC't.~<ion1 ro 111Jm to cdl1C.aCC' chlJ-
drco. ind C'\-"t"tl the pnchcc of COOJU~ nght\ ,., l1nuted, "1Ch no
authon21l1on aud 111 c.l1rcct connt·c.tioo 'Aich the ince-n.."'\N ot thC'
n;itional. r.lci;il, or prol('ttriw collcctivit)•, And \VONc yer., at-
tt!111pb Arc nude co d1.:pn\·e i1'.Kit\ iJw.b of 1111.: right to dt.""X t<k in
ilccord \'\1th cbrir conKtcncC'S, co m.:1kc their O\\"tl c:ho1<e ~tOrc
God: the dec1s1011 111 tc> bt! 1·11adc h)' soc:1eC)' t.<1n\'c1ved u~ ~ lutal-
iurian 11\anncr.
Ded111e ~f 11111/rority 11><•[(
65. This bong cllt $Jtuauon, '"t ofteJt hca1 co111plat11u cJi.at
4
tTenlom h..t' pni,hcJ h>r Our r.1n \\'e rnc> t«>mpbin, .-.nJ Q)'
tJ1:at true .u.1lhonty h.i~ pt'ttShed. A111.:-t We che11 urge all co rt111en1-
b<.·r \\'hat h:1~ ju...-( bct'I\ (')early cxrl.11ncd: In rh(' inunutablc: tn1th
tlut all hunu.i1 ~ut.h<>nt)• procccck fn>111 GoJ. chC" digwt)· of thC"
human p<"non is affin11rd and en1phJsizcd. Al1chonl)"s cort"'tious-
ness of its d1,•inc ori~n c.lnoot be n1aint:a1ned 1( tbc di~1111ty of
t11t> l1UJ1un 1~rsoll i~ \·1olJtc..i.d JJl ch"• 1nan.ner dctcnbrd.
66. Wo lu"e alrtady explained the <kplorable cons<queuces
th1~ \\i:l}' of rroccc<l1n)t h.1~ pr<X-luc.·cJ 10 rhc Jrc.t of edll('atton,
'vh~11 tl10\c holdiog auLhtificy p.1y 110 .1.tle11t1(ln ''' lhe Jl<1tttlve
1'actor in son.i lifo con<arut<d by the =poruibwty of ch• n\Cm
he,... of 'IOC. tety 1n the ptanuit c>f tht' t omm1>n t;t'-•I. or x-~11cl\\-f­
cdge 1rs rolt only ,-.,.•J1cn 1t slues r.he-na to do so.
lf today, n..·n1aiJ1i11g ljithfbl to thr11isclvcs, thO\c i11 a111horicy
'-till rcfu'<' tu .1ccord ;an~ .am,·c mk to man"s rt'r.Qn.il dii!f111)', to
his spinn1J) .:ind moral rc5portSJbl11t), evert thou~h 1t it; \O bcne-
11,,,... C~ l 'mce
ticiJJ fbr ~x1al life J~ \uch. chcn cvc11 in 1h1~ c.1\e tl1e cxtcmdl
J'iJ>CCt of :i rolle<ti\rity united by fir111 disciplioc, ;irting b)• fits and
\.QrtS, could n<'\'Cr lc.1d U~ to conclude that th<" nghtfid tt-quarc-
menu Wt '<< fonh ind defined hJ\'(' bttn ll1lti1Jcd. Beh1nJ chis
l~cadc 1!> couccalt.-d both ..1 111011.11 thrc;it to the 1111111311 pcN(>n aJtd
,,.h.lt '''ould ensue front its Jenu\.e: "n :authonty tl1at i! den;itured.
J..\ a .spanru.il and 111or.a.I J>0'"·cr. in .1u1honry 1h1t ~ b<cn tnns·
fom1ed u1co brute IOrc;c.
Risk ef a t<>tuplrte <Jt.11t1ophc trs11ft111gft,11H 1/1r
ilb.tttdc)tl,,lt"tll ".f tflt' Sf>lnt
67. Our 111odc:n1 «><:1cty is thus disc.-.scd; and tl1e nc''' for111ulas
for ach1c\'111g uniry. th< 11~'' t)-pc-. of unit)·. far frorn cunng chc.-
JJ~. Cln on1)· .aggn\'.ltc it, For they d1~~lvc, .ilong \\'1th the
concept Jnd ideal of hi"<:. \Vhu;h h.1ve the1n-.c1ves beco111c 11tc·
cha11icaJJy dissociating, the i11ten1al coherence of hunun \OC:la1
hfc. and, 1n .l parallel \\.ly. the natur.ll componc11b of socul hfe's
C011SOCUl1011 JS \\'t'IJ JS Its O~CUt3) foundaOOll, the uni[}' of ChC
hu111tin Jl<.'l'Onali[)•. In tile fin~I ,Ul.&l)'$1S. rhcy thrcatc11 10 lt.·ad
hu11untt)' co cacascrophc throuft11 their n1ct'h.i1111soc. aton 11 \tlC'
conccpt1on of the hu11u.n race, .l11d b\' their rad1c.al .abandon11ient
of the sp1nt, .lnd ulnnl~tcl}' of the Hol)• Spine_
l'egarJin~ th('W fonns of extc11\ivc tocalitanan1\Ju'!i l11111v, le-t
U~ r11cnt1un ont: ).a~t b11 of C\'idc11cc tWt point' 10 tht' sa111~ J1..
recoon. Dc.·cJt,1)(" it ,,.J~ c.Jc.,pinn1Jhzed .and c1r1rloycd purel)· r11c-
cl1a11ical procedure"S, thought cot1ld 110 longc.-r perceive tltc various
ll~tural fJtlO~ in\·O(\'Cd in the buslJ1ng of \O<:ltf)' and th(1r c~­
kntUI 1ntcrdq>nldC'1tcc, .u \\'tU .l~ the unit}· ''uh1n pluralit)•: ic
cotlld 110 lon~r n1ovc on to the tru~ \IOIC)' .11td tot~l1[)' of "1
<'001pf~tc.· ~y5te!nl Of th4: \VOtld, UICJudiJtg :ti~ llllCllSiVt l<llttlity,
tltat i.s. a11 .authentic t1111l)• in -211 authentic plur.tbl)•. Of sr1nt 11
rcu.ined 1ntcll1gcnce J.Jont:, which prcc-~ly no lonitcr dest-rv<d to
210 IHI ••IUl>l ht..\l.~ If " l Uf tll,;j Xl
~ tc11111."d u11~Usgi:1>4.l u1 its deep "<ll~. dut is ro wy. 1n the '>etl~
elf 'r1nt~ yet in rl·c't'nl yc:an lnteUi~i.:11.i·c: hJll 11.ad ll> b-: :.11 thl" 1llOrc
ptcpart-d tOr t11c attJ-,;k\ nta.de upoJ1 it
6~ The «>c:i.al f•,ml' c>f exkrl\I\'~' tl)t.lltt;t.n1!1131t1 ..li.·111on~lr.tt~
tbcu luL of spmu1,Jllv lD <h.tt cbcy pbcc Sp<CW cmrlwi< OD •
,iu.~lt' f:ac1l•T in cl1c '4)(.ial cdifit:e-t•(..C. tl1c n.atJ011. the 'W.l~, die
pro1ctar1at-a11d accord 1t sucli dc('1~ivc prcpondcrdn('C' rhat ocher
IA\ rnl'\ h.l\t' ;ill n1c;u11ng .1nJ valu t: c)f thc;1r ll\Vll . ' lc1 th: \Ure, u.rul)'
is thu, produced. bltl .l pur('f\• m<'ch.1rucJ1 urut)·. obr.11ncd onJ~·
•~)' th<' ('Xten..-ion ot 1111' ~tnglc tActc,r, lnll then tl11c ,.1~, li:i-. only
~ ~u11plt t).."teru.tve .lnd n1ecb.1.1llc<1l torilil)•. True, 1n(tmll. pro
j(luocl u11it)• i ' d~'' rl•)'Cd ;ind ..Jcn1g \\ti th it the v1,1l>lc- litamp of .1
soc.:1.\I edifice full of 11ptrit j.tld utformcd by spi.nl.
"'I This san)I.; J.:.. Jo. of spintu.,ht) h;a:\ brought 1bouc the de-
'\~ aun of thC" intern.al Wllf)' of th<- l1unwl p<r"\On .. nd of ptt-
ro11.-hl)· Thus 1t 1\ 11ardl>• ~urpr1~1ns 111at among t.on1c-mporal)
111c:n, .ind e!1p<:t1.1lly 1he younger Ktncrac1on. rc<>i~t.1ncc ro :1 rca.licy
stt1p1>1,:d of .ill 1c:-, obJt:«.:U\.e value~ h.L, snffe11cd Sut.11 :i reality
could only pro<lucc "·caf)\ skc:pncil mm "ithout 11;h.:t.r('d con,,c-
octn' ..., ho c.tu~,ly .il>.lndonnl e\ cf)thtn-b-e' e11 .1.ll pnt~rJ)
hun1J11 ,·alues.
Tlt:1t being the l' '~" there ren1.1it1l'i' ,ind ...cttl rt""l.1in only hv<>
cho11,;tll. either .a rcturt\ to the spu1tu.iL or a 51ronp; .u1d ope11
co111mioncnt to "·t\;11 1c nol ~1rin1.1I, n.1mC'I}• thC' pK~<urc- of tC'm
rcr.tnlC'Pl £nJ 111\..\JU\t. ilfC'Ctl\"C' '-Ctl'~h1hty, OT \"l~lmU\l)' ~­
S.I\"\.' lcc1on .lS !IUch l)ocsJ1 1 the ~c...:u11d alceniauve J 111ount co J ll
1
,ltt,1,k on the very hcJrt of h11111.1n Ji(<", or ratJ1cr on chr heart of
J.IJ \C)4'."l.aJ re.ihty>
01t: o:.ilil) of t.l1c hu11un ~N.\11, utli>m.100 ~,~ '~'Int. ~l11l.ll
dcl111~ ;ind .lSS("rt$ 1N"li m chc mnnure uml)· of lhe v.lf1ous nun
1!t.·.. 1,.11i11n' of 1L'( hfL· .1r1J 1t\ r~p<>l1\1h1c exerri-.c c,f fret'...lc>n1, ;ind
\'.·hu;h 111oreov~1 '" oppo)eJ l(> tJ1~ Vl\!\V (>r th~ 11uJ1v1Ju;J, quil
nu.·n1b<"r of soclet')f .•1~ nothing a1orc thJn a n1C'n1bc:r-ch.ts real.it'\·
...
no lon~tT c:ount~. for onl\ tht- collttt1\·c c:onct'lltnt1011 tlf .i
1n2tt-nal-~l\\.llC current of hti: lS lO co11\t1ttl1(' the final .iud dl"·
fi11itivc unit)· and reaJit)··
ln acld1t1t>11. 111au 's nJtt1r.1l '°ciJbilicy lt\clf I\ nothing 111orc rh.111
tit(' csscnt1.l.l J11d th«etOn: ncc:~\J.ry r1u111fc'\tJt1ou of h1' pc1'011
.l.'\ 1ntOn11cd ~ the sp1nt~ but 1t lu:s been trln,fon11cd into \0111t--
ching cnorcly d1fTt-ttJtt: a \U11plt' 111~han1cJ), tlfh"1n1c pmcc-\1,, hl.e
cho:;c.· '"c.· \l'l' 1n pla11ts a11cl ,1n11tl.1ls. in '''h1cl1 1nd1vidu;ll!. arc ton
cenmtecl or 111JS:)·produc.:c<.t 111 ;1ccorJ \Vltl1 .a ccrt:tiu t)'PC' J11<.I
conu11on dc\'('lopmcnt \\'ht'n this occuf', tile i\n.iidonn1c11t of
tht <pint I\ Jctin1u,·t.
70. llc('.lU~c t:ht'~' h.;i.,·c rumrd av.r;iy frflnt lit<' sp1nt-tl1.it l\,
ult111t~tel)'. front tl1e Hol)• Spirit. the foundat1on and source of l ll
unity :u1d Jll order-the 111cn of our OC\\ tlllll!S have likt."\\'l~c
\Ought tOr the p.J.St cenlUI'\ to build their O\\"O To,,·er of U;abel.
md. of ("()\lr.t", ,,,chout God'~ help. ''let U\ glon~· our n:in1t',"
th~e builder\ of ~OC'lcf)' hAvc '\.o11d in their tun1. And. a~ ht•Core,
their cntt,:rpr1sc l1:as ended 111 ;tflpalling d1v1;,ion and d(..'5truC'11ou.
Men no lonttcr undenta11d c.a.c.:h other. NO\V l\ beforc, tl1e l)1\'111e
Sp1nt. the Etcm.tl. ~ dC\Cc1lded upon n1cn "' .tn .;a\·t-ngcr. uytn~
··1 iohill C'CUltt.>und tht-1( lOllt-.'\I("\...
P/\Rl TWO THE UN l 1 Y OF SOCIAL l ll E
-1 Aticr the pTCCcdintt cx.Jn11nln<>n of tl1c crro~ into ''·h1,h
the ~Ct)' of our on1c h.l\ \lr.ll)·ed. ,,.c
(~hn1;t1ans arc 'till 111orc
finnly convinced that trut· t1111ty con1e only fro1n
a1110 11g 111r1\ ca11
tl1c spint. 111sp1red b)' the t111crcatcd Spirit \\!hose Divine l'el"'IOtl
has bc<'n pourt'd "'inlo our hcJrt'\" 1n ••1tl)"tCnOU-'\ fullne,c," .J11d
who •< th< b1nh of the ( hurch nude .II c:hn"11JlS "of one he•n
and 11u11d," lf'hu:\,Jtg the Jlllf.tc1c o( 11uk111~ tl on<:C' ilg.;llll r<)\'1blc
for :all tit<' rt•prt:w11tat1vc-, of rhe n1ost tiivcf\t- peop}('1; to ,·0111-
111unic:atc iu :a single and unh-1. ue langu.t~l' ·r111~ Spint i~ cht' \p1rit
 ... THI llllll I" i"'C \ t 11• 41 01 r11 \
ot Ulll~. since He H111'54.:h. lS m(' IO\C ot th(' uiUOC' Go..i 1n ~II It'
tUllnt"'! Whef('\'C'f t lc- I'.\ poured (Qnh, there un1~· is pourcJ fi>rtlt;
\\·hl'rl' His l~tttht)• 1....1llo"•cd frl"~ r..:1n. inn ...·r an.icy is c. rt'At\'d.
lllun1n1,1tcd by th1'1 unrrC";ated light that I~ "the sp1nt o( Cc_.d \VhO
d\\'...:Ueth "''1Ll1in u..... 1..:11n{hed by th" gift of H1s gnc<.' 10n1ri.·Lng
our tA1th. nuking "'lc:idJ~t U.'C" of the." nltut~ f.K"Ulu~ of thl' ctt'·
ll\'.J 'PlOl Si''~n ro 111 Utl'll "'e recoi:t111.l\: th;al 10 autb hunu111ty
cnn'ltitur~ J un1cy Thtfi t\ clearly not .:i unity m the- \\1.Jy .m
1111.hv1duaJ peoon '' a unit)•. and scdl lc"J 111 tlte \Vay a nt;u. huu:
or :i \'t"gerable or :1nu11,1I t>r!(:ini'lm ;, .- un1ry. It i'I ~>merh1ng else
c11t1ri:lv. a wu~ ol t'lrdl'r. lllat is, 1)1~ LIJtll)' of a large Jtun1bc1 of
mrmi'tc-n, och one' JJ\f'ln<t and permn.1.lly ~n.Ubl~. \\1th h1\
0\\'11 dno.n), but .di oc tl•eru together i1lta1ull) orga.iuzt-d tO\\.UJ
rc1mmon go;1J, T<l hC' 'Ure. ;a ttnil)• ot thl\ kind is p<\'1<11hlC' tlnly
by Vlttue of tJ1e ~p1r1l tl1at produce$ l'l11s lUlll)'' Ul pluriility 1s
i t.
\Vh,11 hu1n<1nit}' i\. I <'r u .. <"onsid<.'r htll'11anity first in its unify, :ind
t)tC'll 1U lb. plur-J.lttv,
I. "f11e Unity ef I lmunuity
..,: Tht.> unit) o( hu1tWlJl) t.i. iukJ 1n Utt 6rY plur <~n .a
tOu~noo th.l' ciin ~ diKO\'tted throu1:th our narural po''"-"'' uf
untlt.•f\t.1rid.ing. Th1\ hlund:itt<>n. rh1$ \Ohd WQund thi't 1urr<'ru
the \Vhole ofltl111ta1Ul)'· JS Ollt co11111101l hun1J1l uature. Ccrt..11111)'.
n-.rn :1nd groups of ntC'n ~re not in1cn::h111gcablc in a 111~chJ1'UC'~
f.1,hac)U. lale •t<>Jn!tl. ( )11 t11c c<>ntrary. \\C' 'CC'' c:ornp)e'( c>f dt\"n'\C'
ch>r><:t<mno and qu.Jines of <Oul •nd bodv. lndi.,du.ib ••kl
J(Tt1Uf1' •t.11)' ~tly 1n chl· v.<iy thC"~ ''°~·t to dC',·cJoping cvc11u.
111 chr:1r \\'a.y of th111k111K .ind d!!altng \\'1th things; ;a11d tllc-> ,ar('
oflc.•11 Jll'rplcxcd a~ ho\v to choosC' bCC\V\.'l'tl excre1ucs. But ,,.e
lt l 11 J
21\V.l)\ tind ditrcrent \\.l\'' of dunking. 1ntC'm1<'dute acrirudn and
op1111oits. nc\'er :a~lutc, 1n«oncibblc opJ'l(n1t1ons. In pnm1ry
1n1prt'1..\1on,,. a11d affec,1ve \t<itcs there lS a crn01111 general norrn of
thout-tht, a certain sa111cncs~ o( fee ling. a ctrt.1111 c:on1n1onaliry 1n
the fun<U111cutil te11de11cu.·s .ind directio11 of the ,,riJJ. Wherever
\\'t look. U1 Jll)' ~nod 1n \\·lt1ch \VC encounter ntcn, \vhcthcr 1n
our O\vn an1c or in ch<' 1110St rcn1otC' pa.u. '"hcrhtt v.·c att- co11..
cemcJ \\·1th mod~m c1;..1J1zed 1n"1n or $0-CJllcd pri1n1tivc nun, we
a)\\"l)'' tind the ~le l1u111;in 11ature. Even tl1osc \vho atten1pt co
deny thl" bear \Vitnc."'" to lt-t trut11, for \vhat :Jrc they cryi11g to tlo
by dcr1)'1ng it. if not to undcrsu11d tlte life of these souls. \Vhich
the\· cb1rn 1s ~ different fi'ont our O\vn? This 01tte1npt i$ doon1C'd
co faal unless 11 H ackno\\ lcdgro chac che <pmiu.U hfe of ch«c
pnnutl\'C\ 111, uJtimJ.tely 1Jcnt1al \Vlth ot1rs. We .ire Jed to con·
rJud(' th~t ~ll 111en sh-arc a con1n1on nature: \Vhctl1cr \\IC srudy the
varitl\l' c;11egorics or 111cn di1lrib11tcd at t11e present time all over
Litt globe, or ftlO\IC bJCk,\vard along the lule orhu1nan develOf'I·
tnent tO rnn11t:J\·e llUll. \\'C' flnd thc-5amC Spt'ClficaJly hunun type".
1dennc.ll in boch Oli('nt.tl a11d ph)"Slcal char.a4.'.Ccn\.Ucs.
Rt11Cl4ltio11's 1cs1i111011)1: Or(qi11trl si,, '"''' '"''""'' unity
73 -rhu.s science ~ieen1' to confinn tht truth or
the Old and
Ne"· Te<.tanlCnt·s tcachu1g ~rd1ng the unit)· of the human nee .
No one '"''ho pr-ofcun the Chnsw.n faith can doubt due the ac
count of 111.;in's creaaon 1n Hol}• Scripttirc tc:ach~ the unity of
tl1c hu111JJl nee. \Ve 11111~t ;iffirn1 this single. unifying Strc;in1 of
bodily life-the blood «tt>m. as it is c.11led that God sci 111
1nove111cnt 1n the \\•orld. ind an \"\lhich .all n1cn are plungtd, iJ
such a po"•crfu.J age111 of un1ty--c,·cn though 1t .acu nor by 1Mlf
but b) \·1rcue of 3 fonn.JI decree of God-clut \\·ere I[ not for
thi~ ~lrt.111l of life the mcllncholy heritage of origin.al tin would
00( l>l' r~~cl do,vn tl1rough 'he gener:it101•\. Tltu.s every O lllt.'
 rut: lllt•OE~ £Nf'.'VC:-llC:t\1 (If' PIU\
P<lft"llt:s. even thO"c' \Vbo p<,~"C""
s:ir1ctif}ring: gr.ice. cxcrci'ic Lheir
11oly 1UnttJ()J) ()f a\...·aktning 11e-v..• hfe. SJ.Jtce rl1e-\.· a.re chcniselvcs
bearer; Qf thi~ strt-~111 <.lf Iii~·, thl~ir Vt!f)' :a«t inevitibly c:11<l<1\Yit th~
..:hild \\ti.tit 111e111ber.1.hip ut a co1m11u1tll)' subjecr co supcnJ.an1ral
d~ath. Fotrunatcl}'. bo,vc-vcr, chi" ¢1te of df::.ath can =i.nd 1nust be
pron1pcly replaced by a tle\\' srare of dtvit1e lLfc, through holy
bapti\tn. in v.•ho~c '"'<~ten \Ve ate b<-,n) :t11c\11,
( inl/}lr~ ur0rk •!/.rite R1,d£1tu1>tio1t
74, ~tore.ovc,r, by virtue of the sa111c divine decree. deJ1\•cr.JnC1:
&on1 the bor'lds of orig]lla] sill could be ac::co1nplished otllj' alter
tl1c l\.cdccn1er. Jesus Christ, in the \\•0111.b of J1is blessed /\-10,hct:,
h.'.ld hirnself shart'd io thi~ blood stre.'.l.o\ Lhrougl1 \Yhich ..tll ll:)etl
co111e it1to being. a11d bcco1ue .. liki: 011e of us, and in alJ th.i11gs
~tve $in." A:< the f.1thers of du.~ Cburc:h ,:ud, ... \'(lh:.t \vas not
assl1n1ed b)• H1111 \Vas noc J1e-.aled." Tltat 1s. llun1a1t.icy· has bee11
redeemed c>nly btt:nu.~e rhc <>CC<)nd Per"(.'ITI ilf th<! 1-lt,ly Trinity
cook t)t~, 1hrougb tlte J1yposcac1c u 11io1.1 J.tld rhcougl1 ~1al')1's rn1e
hu111:i.n mothethood, <I g(.'nt1inc h\1luan n.1n1re.
.\fysrery ef 1he bfoo1l
75. And this is the uue ''n1ysref')' of che blood." Tltat is v.1h)1
and how blood and bloQd rclJtionihip underlie the rcali1')' of the
co1n1rtulliry of 1.nen, "the gre:it huntara E~r11t1y that e-xter1ds beyorld
the bordi:rs of all rJC('f and cou11tries.. ·•1 and \\•hich links aU n1cn
by that 'vh1ch is deepest in the1n. n<i1nely by cheir rel.ttio1uhip (0
Cod. It L, sad to obser\"e that cod.:iy d l l:'re are t'lteu ""ho 'till \v:t.11t
(O be Chriscia11s. a' least i11 uai11c. \vJ10 do nor ad11tit this Jll)'Stel)'
<>f tht.! blt>e)<.I, \vhit:h j.., ru.,ncthele$"i t>r•c t>t' ch~ fo11nc:l.1ci<)t1~ of our
Chnsna11 religion. Such 1t\~11 gT\Y.isly ex:tggerJ.lt: cht! rt-,le <:>f acci-
dcrlto.ll :lnd in any case \'Cry superficial accidc11cs of blood at1d
~I
blood rel:;acionsl1ips i1J the forntario11 of social groups larg<.·r chan
che fa1l1il}f· Artd th<'}' do so ro rhe poi11t that. ill opp0Sitio11 lO all
experience. a11d still 1norc in opposition ro the teacl1ing of our
Calholic faith, they absolutely reject rhe u11iry of the hu111.in r:tce
and seek to C(CCt i11$un110\Ult~ble barriers bdC\vec11 tlte different
co111n1u11ities of blood and ~ce. Tl1ey even go so f.lr as to for-
1111date che proposition that hun1a11 ruccs. because of their nacural.
i1nn1urable cl1aracterisrics, are so different one &o1n :'lnotl\er that
the 111ost inferior race is 111ore re1note front the 111osr developed
than fro11l the. l1jgl\est anin1aJ species.
:\1eu t1rt ''uited by t/1eir life 011 tl1e eartl1
76. The hu1nan race i~ united not only by a con1111on nature,
but also by the necessary. t\\•ofold force tltat accou11ts for the
extension and cvolt1tion ofhun1.-11 life. chat is. by sp.-cc and ti111e.
l)0ti11't uniry also rest1lt front our life side by side 011 the S3J11e
canh, O\'Cr \vh.ich all men of all rin1es go as pilgrinu tO\\r:ird their
eternal destiny, and over \Vhich passes the endJe.ss "carava11" of
\Vhich Sain' Augtistinc speaks~ Man's joys and sorrO\VS, his suc-
ccssc:s and defeat$, arc aJ,vays bon1e by the .s.a.111e earth: it co11-
scandy offers n1atcrial e11crgies ro 'he nc'v generation and receives
the dead; on it rest and \viii al,wys rest rr1en's houses and ho111es:
i11 its O\Vll 'vay, it .sc.a11lps the deepest recesses of1ncn·s so11ls \\•ith
its O\VD bcncflci~I sbbility, \Vhich, as people s:Ly, ··attaches the111
to the soil''; it binds 111e11 together through tlteir se11sc of bciog
neigltbon a11d throt1gh their con1nlo11 love of their 11ative llod,
and makes theni lo11g for che place \Vhere they \Vere bom even
\Vhe11 dtey arc far a\vay. All 111cn evCf)'\\•here sho''' tl1e infl11cnce
of having llvcd $ide by side in space. on the sa111e e.anl1. May \VC
nol fiJld tl\erei11 t11c basis of a genuine unity in \vhich all n1cn
can \111derstand each other?
~rh.:it is \Yhat all nten of all t:init.'"S feel \Vitl1 regard to the c.arth
 THf HIJlf>fl'. l"lt''t( l l f*AL OF PlliS "<I
1hJ1 OcJf\ u' .aJI. T11.Jt t\ \vhy ev<!"r)'"'Ju:re c>n the c.uth. 1u .iccord
mth • h<>l'I' cus<<>m tlu1 cann0< b.- ''?" h1¢tly n:comm<ndcd. 1hey
plant t.he 'r,n\. the '1gt1 of die 11K~ 111tu1a..cc c.or1u11w1tt)·; for tJ~
sa.111t rt>.1"°n. the Church bas ~·.i)'"S ,;ind t\'trY\\·hcrt> blC''SSCd. '"irh
3ncient. UJh h 1'1J.!l'<l fi>rmula.~. the c:anh <)n \Vl11t.lt hunt.atUt)· I.iv~.
the earth th,1t the- first and second Adan1 btith trocl
,\ftJr unijirtl b)' ti"u~
77. V/c hJvr JU)f S('C'n ho"'' >pace-. irl \iittuc of a1cn li"ing side
b)• \1.;k, IC'Ml\ to union .imong them. Thc '-'Mlc ,.. true of ame.
"h1._·h .ti"° ~t' to uni cc a>en and riurh c.·.ac h of thcrn v.;tb a seal
of un1tv. \.1C'n·, b'-es. wccccding <'Kh ochcr, IO'·c n""(" to mdinon;
Jn._I throu)!'h th~a11 hi~rory coolfi into brut~ M.tn) people k't"
prcc1\cly 111 this relation through untc the very relSon for v.•bac
i..; c.1llcd (hi: n.1t1011 or n~1tlun.:i.J Cc>hc-.ic1n.
111e (~!Jttrrl1 '1 sc11se tJj llist<>f)'
7' ThC' C"ht1rch ls p~tticulir1~1 .l,,,.arr 01 tllt: important rol<"
tu11e pl.1)"1. 111 u111UJ1g tlk'n • .J.11d of tl1c \()(.'.I.ii ctl1c..•cy <Jf md.uon
•nd hiuorr in !he hfc oi bunurury Tht Church u m flct roor<d
111 tile ccn1rc.>r.al. prcc1'\ely beau\C of her J1\.,r1c-, 'PlntuJI clement.
G<x-t bt.·c.1111c n•.l.11, not ac a rando1t\ 1~1011•tnt 111 ha«OC)'. but :it J.
VC'r)' ~rcciht. 111011\cnt: ''whcn i;:hc fu lln l·'l~ l)f c1111c- \vas realized."
When hu1n,111 ht\COI)' h:id rl!~thc.-d eh1t po1n1, then ( ;od, through
d1c ioca1n,ui,>11 uf His Son. e1ltcr~d t,1Ur 111:.lOf')'. t,'lltcred t.11..-
tcn1por.-il hfc: of n1c11 Hving togc-chcr, 11or AS ,l, str41ngcr. but as a
1ucn1lH.:r <,f tl1~ 1J11uly.
79- A" J rnuJt. Hts Jcaoo. a sourct of life .tnd gn,e, perpc-
t11:ac4"d b) .ind 1n the Church. an acoon rh.11 I\ 'llbJC(C co che la\\'S
of lu,cO')'. h.1< continued ~JO('<" ch.it 11111e, n1.J1nr.tining the con ..
\tn1ct1,·c "1CU\1t)' of rndinon .JuJ u111t)· Thus the Church, ''"h.lt-
c,·cr l1cr very $p«aal n;aturc nu\· Oto. tluds herself hcrt" 1n xcotd
'' 1tl1 .aJJ other C)'Pd of soc1e()-. \lllC(' b)· their \'C'')" nature thev Jl't'
Jll rlX>ted 1n history. in tr.id1c1on. 111 the ten1poral1ry of our soc1.al
hfc; J1u:l che san1e ca11 be 5l1d of the (~hutt'h's accord, both 1n-
tcrn.1llr .111tl p0$iti, ely. \vlth naltons. lftl1c«· .art• state..svsten\s th.ll
1
(';\II thc111sclves Carholic l>e('lu~l' they Jl'l' based 011 :a dyn.t~ly or
;i cm\vn ~1101ntcd by tl1c ChurC'h, th1.. 1~ the result of a h1~tonc.;1J
enCO\lnlcr \\'Ith tht: Cl1urch th<tt \\'J\ noc u1erel)• l J>Oiitlvc r.1ct,
J..\ 1n tl1c- C.1.."C: of other 1uno1ls. but .ilso ~ rc:ligjous fact. If th1\
enrouncer took place 1n h1"0~·. th..tc t~ b«ausr in the \"IC\\ ot
tht Church .ind of these sutfi h1\tory \\".ts J.nd is abo\•t .ill~ sancC'
che 1ncJm.110011 of the Son of (;od, thC' h1\t0f)' of God and of thC'
\VOrk of His gr.ace. And \VhJt l 111.aw11t'1cc111. profo\1nd . .;ind fnnt·
t\11 unity could spring &0111 chat! ()u the other h:ind. '''h;ic ;a
l.1n1cnt.1blc dccl.Jne ccsuhed tM111 the 1111.suse or \V<t.Stc of special
gr.l("l'~ glvcn to the (On1n1u111t)'• \Vhcn thi< consciousnc~ on 1hc
~lltc's pan evaporated. and the stJtc'' C.llholicisn1 becan1e n1erclv
• pohunl fom1ub used b)' 1hr nil<n
For lb pm. thC' Church ,f;JVC"\ .t ~cn:d ch.tracta to thC' un11.\1ng
\'J)uc hurrun lire possc<t<oes 111 ,·1nuc.- o( thr- 6ct tlut it i~ re.il1zcJ
10 urne. 1Bt:lf dn'ving .a J>C'l'PelUll renc,,·.&) of life from cha\ \'J.luc
.ill dunnH lb 1rurch through h1~tory. lt1 .tdd1t1on. 1n every age <lnd
for C\'Cr")' generatton, the Church h.a\ ;acted .u a mae ntorher. She
1\, t() use Saint A\1gt1stinc's cxprc,~1<lll, "fl cl11ld to chc children.
fir111 \Vith che young, and good ;ind tender to d1e old. " 7
~. The development of thl\ hu1tUll 11.<llUtt COTl1mQ1l to JJI
c.akC'\ pl.a<"c not onl)• tn 1:p.ace .Jtld c1n1e. but <t.lso m conneruon
With 01U the external clement\ C.lf our ,,·orlJ. Considering the l.it-
tcr, \\'C percttve :another uuport.ant tJttor of uni[)' an1ong n1e11_
 An1ong chc.· rights of thl• hun1an J>C"On is the natural rigl1t tt) use
the extcn1oal good\ or the ea.rtl\. J( <?rder and pc.i.cc are to reign
1n con1111un.1;J life. no doubt the e~cmse of rhi\ nght n1u-..t be
co1utr.i1ncc.f b)· the 1n ..c1tuc1on of pnvate- propcn)·. but 1t do(') not
follo\v thar It is rhcr<·IOrc. 1n it.~clf and ;as st1ch, rejected or Jbol-
U.hcd; 011 the contrary, 1t acqu1rf!'\ l broad function ~ an agc11t
of urut') 1111ong n1en fron1 dus nght p<>SSC\~d b)· ~ den\·~ the
dury-evcn 1n a wc1;i.I '<)'1te1n or private property-to tJ,1licate
:as 1nucl1 J~ p<>Miblc the 111utual exchange a11d circul;i.cion of ~)rod­
uctS and p<no1u. Ap.1;n fro1n hu11u11 naru~·\ profound tc11denC')'
to sociabtl11y. tlus gcn<ru nght to th< use of llood> .iso <ni.ih 10
tl1eory that peoples h;ivc Jn obhg;iuoo co G.c1ht.ate the exch;ingc
of people .ind goods even .icross their fronuen, 111 boc11 d1rC"ct1ons:
.i.nd in ;i.n)· C".)\.C to avoid \)""Stt:nunc.i.11~· hindenng ~uch exchJ.nlte.
~Vastiug ,ec-.,ds J1ar1ns fdn1ilits
81 . The l(C'ncral Oftht to gooch \\'1th1n J. gl\'C'D S)"\(C'lll of
USC
property 1i JJI the 111orc Justified bcc.•use che permanent pur-
pose of the goods of lhe ea.nit i\ co guatli11ce tlte lift-'-tct1riry
nctCSSU)' for .ill 1ndi,·1du.al~. md <nil n1ore. for a.IJ the f.a1111hC"\ of
hurnanJty. lka.u.\e 1t Jon not scn·e this end. rn.us,i\.·e \\"J~tc o(
these good .. 1\ conrrary to lhe- 11aturJI order. evc11 1f 1c docs 11ot
111 .lny \\r<ly 111fringe 11pon the right tO pri\''1tC f'ropcrcy. We \a\\'
this kU><I of \\'.aste dunng <he d1qscrous four-~·e.ar-Jong World
War. \\'hen 1n1measurablc 11u.ccri:aJ ,,·c.l.lth \\':to\ ~t1;andered. Wh)·
then shotiltl \YC be 'iUrpri11cd ch:ic thl( terrible outr.-.gc con11111ttcd
111 C01runo11 ;tgatO.Sl \\·hac \Uppons Ifie bfc of fa1n1b~ h.u, ~UJI 110l
been rcpa1n-J'
'/11c Hute •!f uur
82. We lit f:accd b)· the thre;;ic of .anocher \\'.It, \Yhich \vould
bnng Ol'i :1 i.lr 111ore 111:,~s1ve '''~Src of 1n;iteri;al goods-a \YJStc
th.lt ha\ alrc.1d}· begun through t"\pcndicurc:' tor .i.nn:a111ent... We
\\•ill no1 :irgue here 1l1J1 \uth .1 \\'JI' '''ould no1 l:k! econo 1111c;i.lly
hcnetic1.il lo ~n~r o( tho~ ,,·ho l'Jn1c1patC'tl 111 11. bec.1U\l' tfi~
purel} ut1lit.Jnan po111t of .,,,C\\ I\ no1 ;a couclu:si,·c J.J).'\Jntenc
.lg;u1111t \\,lt. R.athcr, We. '''<i.nr (() JlNl~t 1111' 11np<.·i1dini.; \VJr. 111
tJ1e 11311\C of U1jlliOI\\ c.')f (an11ht.''\. tJ1r()ughOUI the.• \VOrld :tnd in
\Olicbn~· \\'1th lhe111; for b)• ft"\tncu11g soil ftlOrt' narrO\\ 1,. 1lu-
t"tfecc1\'e CXCtt1$C of the n.itural nght o( J]f to 111.ikc tl~t· 0 f ,h1s
\vorld·s ftt)<l<l~. \V.1r 1ncv11Jbly dt.'\troys che vc.•ry foundano11 of t];e
0
llOll)' of hu11unil)' i pl1y-:1cal life' <''wbli11hed I'>)' tl1c- Crc.Jtor \Ve
fi1nhcr rrotN thC' \\Jr 10 tht IUlllC of alJ 111('11, J.ttd ntUrt" pJ.r-
CIC\tlarly 111 tht" na111t of the: 111any tJ.thcrs Jnc.t 111others \\·ho .lre
alrc:id)' ~o l'Jurdcned \Y1th heavy c;arc~. and \\'It() .111 over chc \Vorld
J.rt' Pr.IYllllt J.nd rt'"f>('J.t1ug 1n C'\' C'f")' 1.1nl-.'\J.agc. and ~bo,·c JU Jl the
Hol)· ~<:'ntice of 1h~ .\t.JM. Our F.lthcr"s n-quc..t. "Gi\•c u-.. coW.\•
our <la1ly br~.td. ·· •
83. Mc:n 11e11hcr \Vant nor oui:cht co ''~gi.• ,,. Jr; they \VJ11t to
\\"Ork. aod '>hould do \.(). Thi~ VO{dllOH lO \\"Ork C'OU4il1tutc~ a
furthtr clct11eont 10 their unit)". 1n \\ h1c h ~u mt'11 come t<>gc."thcr.
Bccaust" of their sa111enN of nac11re, che1r sp1ntu;al Jnd rltoral Je-
vclop1n\'111. a~ \Vt:ll ;i\ cJ1c1r ph)"'ilCal i111prov"•nlt·11t. :ire hukt.•d.
.ll11K>ng "'· \\'Ith \\•orL, 111 tlie pn"'.cnt order of tl11ngs. .lticr the
lex.\ of ch.;ac happ}' order of thin~ tt1Jt pn:."'Ced<\I ongirul 4i111, the
11.itural V()4.;Jt1011 to \\'Ork \Yas. co11fim1ed b)' (;od's cou1n1.i.nd:
"You ~hall l'..im your brc.1d h)· 1hc ''vc.1t of Y'lur bro,,· .. (~011-
\.t"\'IUCnt}y. the obhgatio11 to \\'OtL. 1\ fil"Sl of .tll c\·ery nu11', per-
\Qn.;a) duty, .1 dt1t)' thll 1\ tmbod1e(I. 111 a nC\\ and speci.11 ,,.,1y,
in actu:il pa1t'n11ry ;111d 111 tl1e prcp.1rat1on for the honor of bt•iug
th< fach<r of• fam1I)'
"'"· A\ ;a rnult. the obhgat1011 t<> ,,·ork ....., We 110taJ JI the
bcg11111111g <lf Our Letter, IS not Jlnn1anly rhc cxcrci\C of J
 lkt ll ll)OEN l.l'C~C.LICAL U I J'lll •I
fWl(tlOfl IJllpo\C•.I b\. "1001< authOrit\'- a $btC, n•tlOll. r.a(1.J.I
group. or 111dlvu_tu.1l 1rwn: 1t 1~ 1110\pl)" a direct oblig;.it1011 Jtb.._h ..
mg to ptr'\On.1ht). and 'htrrfurc n1ik~ c:hc sum o( ;a.ll fncn an .ill
;inc.I n"t:lt)f1\ J \'.1\l ctHnu1un1~ of ~orlt:rs. The 11l't'.~ ot
b.Jllt.'S
soc1cn• rcqu1rt' ctu1 pt'"\'tn.~1ons be ddfercnu.ucd; c.bunbu1cJ
n•1011b, U1\:t11. ''"-"" ..-.url to~t.·lhcr. clcb Oll('. in lib place. ~l a
comn100 ~(11,,f'\·: '°"'('-u.·ort ~"i le.tders or tcxhcNo othc-n l.abor
under tl1e1r c.ht1."'IHll
85. When J.\l\Or l\ C".-mcd OUt 10 this w~y, \\.-,thin JO ()('Cur~·
lJ(>u.J fr--.unc\\.Or ~. tt 1... t.:.1p;il>I~ t>f buld.iug \\'ork~h lOb'"\.'"lht:r Lii J.
gcntuoc co11m1t1111t)' o( hfC'. which c...10 extend beyond the lu1t1t'(
u( \p,u.:C, lllll~, 3 11(! J1fTcr~l1t.t!~ or age. ()11Cf., \\'lletl t!\·Cr)·tl1111~
'''•1s not so nJrro,vly rejttll:ircd by the st<atc, there v.·c[c pcrir.id~ in
, ... hit h tl•t>~ \Vlit> \\'llrk(<l ;it thi.:: <1:1.111t tr.1Ji.:: t'..(.llJJ.IJ(>r.1.ted gre;.1tly
to thcLr 111un1aJ .tdvanrJg:t". und<"tcrrcd by diftCtcncC's 1n livu"I~
Cf>nd1tH>ll\ t>( lltllC'll,hlf'l. rh~y the: gcnt:ral t>f>h._;.1ll(HI l')
Q\lo' ln
\\'Ork .i call to c.&m· our rh~ ..1pus Ott, ro acco11iphsh .at1d p(rt~l"<t.
Ill the '\,;IJTtC' 'r1nt. 're 1t1on Ill all il' hnC't. tOr the glory .ind hi>11<1r
oflhe Crc'".&tor A11d \\ht'1\ all th~ com_p2.tlloru. in labor throu;;h
out the ,,ortJ g.1thcrcd. under dlc pronxtion ofdlC' WtlC' h<".1'•
e-nh' p.1uon\. on che CXcJuon of certatn ft."lib... at th~ foot of che
;llw to ''1t11t"\\ thC' Hnlv Sacrihcr, this v.•as not mcrt..·I'" J p1ot1\
cc:tt-nlony C'.lmcd (lUl Oy ;a r2ndo1n group. but rather the un1(')n
of aJJ p.tnu.:1~'it1ut; 111 till' S.:accu'ice of CJ1n,r. Tl11..")' k111.:\\ th4l
Chn~t. tht" am*>i\11 of our rcdc111prion. had thercb~· supcro;1.n1r<llly
ele1,.;.1lt.'<l :i.11 fi1r111' \li luuu.u1 L1hor, l1:1<l ra1;,eJ ~t11<l t!"Whl1\hl'tt ,111
the parnal act1v1t1cs of 111cu 111 a si11tllc opu.s Dft. ·'ThrousJ1 111111,
\V1th I hut, ;111d 111 I lirn '" tlut• to Yclu, (~od. Aln1ighty F.1rhrr. in
Un1011 "·1th tltt.' I loly Sp1nt, all ho1!0r and glory." I h.1t l\ why
011r h(;art\- Sil tlUt to chi: co11nclN Catholic occupatio1aal a\SOCI
;itlc>ll'.' th.1t .1rc 1n•:tC'""'lll~)' rc:;ah7tng, 1n funn, OltY.pt<'d 1\l t'>ur
u11tc\. the true \1f11(\ of tht> L11brrlom of v.-ork. U\ ordtr ro he-JI
the 'Chl\111 hc-1"'1\.'('Cn cW~ JOd rhl"' dim.rut")· :llllOOg prot\.~\IOll\
'/11e .fi1tt1ily a11d lite stalt: 1111ij}'it~~ .fi-1,tc1N
S6. The nchncs.s of hunun life', \·.incl), \\·h1'h characctnz~
.1nd suppons hunwUt")- as .i \\'hole:. 1\ not l1111itcd 10 rhc un1_1),ng
clt1ncntl .iln:-.Jd)• sn- fonh. It 111,JuJ<" .._, \\:ell t\\'O other un1f)i.11g
fJ(lOrs ''Tluch. as durable: .10d ~ubJt 11ltt1tut1011\. (unhcr contribute
to the unit}· of bunu.nt()· 111("\.(' \OCUI org.an1'm'· ''hi ch .att at
the: ume time living soetet1e1o• .are the fJ111dy ;inJ thC' sutc. In ;lll)'
penod. ,,·hcrc,·cr , ...c sec t11c ~p1ntu.al .;inti ph)·,tcal hfe of n1a.i1
Aot1n\l1tng. \\1e al\\'a~ find tl1e f111111lv .1nd tilt' "t.-iu:; they proceed
fron1 hunt:tJl nature itself. \vh1ch \\'.J) crc.atc<I J\ bolh 1ip1r1lual and
l.:Ol'J>Oteal. Dy internal, naturJI 11ct:l'~'+1ty l11t-•y are 1nd11ipCnS4:ble for
hu111anity, \V]ticl1 n1t1s1. in order to fulfill 11.. *1piritu;'ll and religious
t-;0.11. co1tst.1ntly :.dd nc\v 111c11tbcl"\ \Vc11 prepared to pla}' cl1c1r
role• .;uid estibb.sh .a stable order \Y1th111 ati con1111u1ul)' of lift>
and \VOrk.
Rtl(~io1u draraarr of tlrr family a11J tlit '"'"
M-7. 13y th~1r ongJ•l. bcc.Ju\t' lht)' procttd from the JUNrc
con1n10n to .ill men .u 11 ,.,.~ cr('.itcd by God. l.nd b)' rhc1r in-
htrc-nt goaJ of .1Ch1ci.-1ng the unit)' ofhu11u111t)• \\·h1ch the Cre.ttor
ilro uttended for His honor ai11d glory. tht•'(c: f\\'O ~1ccic:s. the
f;:an11ly .ind the sutc. l1a\"c al\\•.ay-. ,,·on1 tJ1e h;ilo of a religious
con"ic:crarion. As for the f01n11ly. 111 1'.-r.ldl\.C \\'C already see ir irl
it~ 1nitial sr.itc of happinc$.'; fro111 tha1 t1111t· on, 1n;amaf.tc ,,·;ii; the
fou11d1rio11 of the f.a111ily. and had the cl1ar.1etcr t.)f :t religious pace.
Even ;among p::i.ga1a, the n1cn1c)ry l)f thi~ h;i_~ bce11 prescn•ed in
vJnOLL~ fom1s: \Vhen Cltri.st our Lord c.1111c he r.i111ed tl\e 11t.1mige
concr.tct bet\vecn nun 311d \V0111.1n cu the <lll(lllry of .1 s..1cr.a1ncnt.
The nt.ltnmoni.Jl co1n1nun1ty $ loft)' on~1t1al'o1"olnct1ti~, the f.tnt-
0
tl)· ~ocieq·. into which. n1orcovc:r. tl1c MJn·God hunsclf con-
\CnrcJ to enter dunng hB ~JOUm hctt b<lo" ...le e\·cn 111ubnuttC'd
 .::.:.: HI HID0l' I"" "• llC- ' ' •I Pll'\ :l
l(> the \Jt·red )10 kt· ,,f
.luthor1ty \\•1thn1 tit..: t:111uly, lit .tuthority
procet."dJnH fro111 G0ci... the hu\bJn<J being thl· he;ad o( the: fJn1ily
.and the \\ 1te the he.in • By h1... cu.111ple. Hc both ennobftJ .ind
confin11c.~c.I 1hc d11cy ol olxd1cncc tQ parcncs, a clury in \\'h1th .an
original la\v of l1u11,an u.1ture i' cxprei.sed, 01 IJ\Y the Cre~tor has
uucrihl-d ''·1thln n1tn'' he.ans.
~is. S1n1d.irly. the tthgJOU$ ctul".lctcr of the c.u.tc rt..")ult, fro1n
chc fact ch.it 1cs authon()• ;also procccru fro111 G0<I. and that pcrso11
\ \ ho hoJJ1, that atathonry 1s act111~ .,, a ··.-.cr\'.lUt of Cod."
1
htr-
thcn110~. chis &ct .ll'IO 'ho,..'S tlut the organ1ZJt1on of n1c11 into
\t.ilte,;, con,1dert!d indcpcn<l~ndy of ,>ngaru) \tn, LS J ncce-o...ary con-
sequence of h111nan n.1turc as 1t \V,t\ co1uatu1ed by the C rc<itor.
Bci11g .i c1n1en of a "l.1t<:: fundJ111cnuUr i111plae\ a rt:1ig:iou\ duty
1.11d a ttl1~ous dzgn1r')· S.O...caJJni pnnua'e ~pl(') ftWn .i du11
C011$ClQU'il1C\\ o( th1-s; ,OJe111n CCrt'UIOrtl<.'$ n1.1rk. the IOltlJtlOO of
you11g p<."c)p)c 111co the tribt:. ,,.J1ich 1s like an e111bryonic OfJ.t.lnized
<Ute. Among 1hc m°'' highly dcvdopcd P•!?<'n pcopJ.,, we .USO
find ,·;inou .. nu.n1fe\r.1t101u of chi~ rt>hgtous ch.1nctcr r«"b'Tlized
in cl1c co111111unjcy of the !ti-ate. It i~ rhcrefore neuhcr co tlte honor
nor to chc Jtlva11ra~e of the r11odcr11 ~L1te in ~ c:hri~tian countrv
"id ir as nl1u...U)• also not 1hc fauh of the Chun:h. if the nUJOn~:
of p~11t""'-l.ty st3CC"> r.1rely or never ;tgttc to rccogniu overtl}·
chc re1ig1ot1\ cl1ar.1ctt.~r of the \ tate') conscitut1on, or even t'Olll-
plctdy deny n.
'f r ue src>Jlt' c!{ t/r(.' uo1io11 t?f the.fa,,u'f)'
He). Aficr cl1is expl.lnJt101't of the 1r11pora.ncc of the fa11ul\· .ind
the state tilr 1he unit\ of hunun1(). 11 \\'lll be c.ud,· ~en ch.it
.1bsolutely cvcry,vhcrc llll'n arc :l\\'Jrc that \Vhl'n tl1e •fa111tly .u1d
the state <'cJ111c under .1ttJck. the very found.1t1on of their life 111
corr1n10n ,, thrc~tcnnf. In (xi. in our O\\"ll arne. th( fan11h·• .i~ .a
P"'Y(hologu;;if. 1und1cJI• .;ind ccono11uc unity. ,, ~(T)" gr.t\"(ly ,1(-
ICcted. as c:.111 be cleatly .,ccn fro111 111any pl\i.li.ti.." 111 O t1r Lt.•tter.
223
If in sp1tt of C\•cryth111g chc fa1·111I)• ~tdl appean to ht! th.: c;(ll inost
capable of tt~i$ting the social body. that i1 the proof th.Jt it a.s
rooted to the \'(I")" h(.tn. of ht111u.n ruhJrc. ()f couN.", bu 11un
n.lturc ntu\t be undcl"'+tood htr<" .-s con1plt'tely 1nvolveJ 111 th(
111tern:il unU)' of 1~ 'p1ntuAl-corp<1re.'tl life: i<>r 1t 1$ only ,vhe11 it
t'i uodcl"'+tood in tht.S \\ .1)' chat tt i\ 1hc root of the f..wllly, and 11ot
1
'\\hen 11 I.) uncltrtrc>Od .a.s iimply J c~1n \Outte of ph~....,1co­
organ1c c.·hJr.11c1crisnr'I, co1isidered 1n then1\clvcs and 1ntlcpen-
dendy. ()nly becau'e It as the intcru;il unif)• of a life ch.n ,, botl1
"Plntual lnJ corport"ll 1; hunun nJ.tutt the root of the f.anu)y-
,,.h1ch 1hould hcnctt'Orth be con,C'1vcd is the "'p1ritull \\Oinb·'
111 \vh1ch hun1an soc1ct)• takes fonn, The fanuly Ln fact pro\•ides
all the t'lcn1cnu ncct"\Qry for l1un1ln life in ~icf}'. all the for-
1:nari\'t':. O('t..'C'Ss.ll')' tnflucncts. \\1th regard to both the soul .i11d the
body. All cons1derr:J, th1 ... .i1nou11t\ to S<a}'m.8 th.1t the mcmbc~ of
.1 social co111111un1ty i:.rc \\•hac tltc1r f:i111ilie11 arc. The 11tlJ)(lrt.1nce
of the cart' ,,.c ought to h.a"c for the fmtily 111 it-" full a11d true
scope folio\\') front C'\ Cl)'thmg '" c Ju,·C' Jlbt \,ljd. On the othtt
hoind. dc."Sp1tc the gnncl10~ \vord\ u~d. a fJl\c conception of this
care for the fu11tily 1~ dr;i,,•o &0111 tl1e c:rro11eou\ proposnion that
.. It is fro1n the blood. the SC'.lt of racial charJttcnstics .t11d therr
pnnapal source. th.it procttd 111 11u..n 's 1ntellC"ctu.al J11d r11or.il
qualities.*' 1-fcre, 1n contrndiction t() the teaching of the C.ttholic
f~1th. sound philosophy. a11d experic11ce as \velJ. hu111ao n.iture,
the fanuJy, ~nd of COUf'\.C mo nurrugc att C'OU\ldcrcd solely 1n
their corport':.11 .tspect Con~UC'tttly. this \\'.1)" of concc::1ving cJrc
for the fanuly leads tO\V,trd a disastrous rt...-stilt :in,I dss;istrous n1ct1•U
of achieving 1t that are \.01nerimC\ lnd ttt son1e \\'.l)'S \\iholl)• s.c.in-
cUJow \\ich ttg;a.rd co r11or.&1![)·.
Sidmess of tilt srat1·
90. le 11 not only th11 <k\•clop111cnt of the f.anul)• lhat \\•omcs
1nen lod.;ay: tl1c devclop111t•nt of tl1c st:itc is an cqu.ally grc:ai cJu\e
 1111 llllllllf'O INCVI 111 Jll 01 PIU\ )(I
for co11ccm. In rh1s dc\1elop111cnt \Vt' .ltt' 111 f:tc.·1 Jt•~t1tlcd 111 ~ct•111g
;a thre.lt to the found.1t1011 of hu111o•n \OC1t•cy .incl 1t~ unity. In the
first p41n of Our Letter We h.01vc Cs1>l<l1ned the wurcc of the
1l1oden1 \late' .. s1ck1lt."(\; the IJttcr c<>ll\1\t~ 111 the f.a{t th.it the stJ.tC'
1s 111 so1nc ' ''.t)'S too ~n1all, .lnd 1n otltcr \VJ)'\ t<lO gr'C.lt: the 1u-
thonry of the \Ute 1\ pta\hed too f.ar 1n \Ontc rc~rd}, .lnd de-
S:tro}'ed an others. In .ldd1no11. if C'nergtt1r 111eJ\urc\ 1re not ukcn.
the sute f.aces a ttmb1c '"'''· a cn\I\ 1n the vcl')· 1deJ1 of the
~tc, Jnd 011c ,,·hich ,,,u rnd up bean~ tl1e true ro\t\ of hu1n.ln
.ocw hf<.
EsSt"J1n,1l mntdy fllr rl1t s1.11r
91. As ttglnh the donu1n of the \Ute'., Jct1\it). q;J\.'.tt1or1 ntu..t
flf"R be "SOught in rht~ d1ttc..r1011: 1hc Chtarch ntu\C retun1 to hrr
C$$CJlaJ.l fi1nct101is. Uy Jo1ng w, ~he \\1ll c11\t1rc the proper dc-
velopntent of the \OCIJI orpn1lJUOU\ tlut ;i.rc con,.11tutcd.
founded on rhc con1n1on .1ppuncnJ.ncc of 111cn to J plJce Jnd J
pt0f$1Qn; Organiz;ihOn\ \vhu:h, J1 ll.ll\lr.11 thouith llOt ct$C'l1llJJ
socieacs of lift in co1n111on. h1ve an pnnc.:1plc ;i.n inherent right.
not dc:n,•cd fro1n the st.1tc, 10 govcnt thc1n~lvc'\, ;and 11onn.tll}'
n1ust be ttcogi11zed by public l.1\\'. When th.:it hJppc.•11s. the ~1.1tc
is relieved of a burdt"n, ;inJ 1l1c <lcvclop111cnt of 111cn 111 their
natural cap;iciry for life 1\ tUnhcrc<I ;it 1ntcrn1cd1.atc <t..lKt'~; tl11s
pt>nnits 1hen1 10 shape J unified \QC1,1l \VIII \\'1tl1out .u1y1l1111g un-
reasonable being required of inchvicluJI~.
Rrla1io11.s "'"01~~ states
92. R.elat1<>n~ a111ong ~1:.itt·~ .1rc currc111ly <ICtl·nor:i.c1n1t .1.. \Yell.
We have expr~d Our '''t'\V 011 th1' \CVeral 1111\('1" c.•:arhtr ut thl'.'
first part of this Lf.'tter. We..· ltavc cf1,tovercd .a very prcCJ\t' cJusc
for th1\ dctcnorar1on. 11a111tly a <lyn;i.n11<111 ~<uh:ir to t11c n1oden1
state. This dynan1isn1 consrant1y Jt~lcks rhc Jll'eady r.itlter \VC,1k
hnks bet\,•ecn sbtc.."l>, and threatens to break d1c1ll alco~c1hcr. thu\
con1plctely descroying the uniry of the hun1a11 f.i1111ly thJt 1ntluc.t~.,
1JJ n1cn and all peoples. We. '''ho throt1gh Our GoJ·gi\.'c..•n oflicc
arc che father of aJJ 1nen. do 001 \\;~h a11d n1u\t nQt JIJo''' t111'
to l1.appe11. For all peoples are brothel"' 111 ju\t1cr and IO\'c, not
only by \'1.nue of their 11arure-th1s n1uch, to tl1c \hJr11c of t>ur
prcscnt-<by Cl,;11z.ation. ,,-as ackno,,·IC"dgcd t'\'rn b)• p.i~n\ 1+ul·h
as the Sco1cs-but also. CSpt"ciall)., :and f.:ar n1orc: prot"oundly, 1n
th<ir broth<rhood through lhe Rcd«m<r of th< "orld .
C"'" ofj1uritt
93. Thls fratc:mal UDIC}' of JW'Oplc-s nlUSt be gJ\'m \'1<1ble CX•
prC"SS1on by dbblishing :a. Coun ofJu$nce- ,,,rh 1r.. 0\\11 J\1thont)'•
in .11pproprUtc c.ises. O\'et all pcoplc."S. In thr c\'ent of confl1ct'
~n,·ttn people$, thtS Court ofJu<>ncc: \VOtalJ h.J\"C: the po\\.Cr 10
sumn1on them before 1cs bar for a tl.ir tri.21, or to 111Jlt krl()\\ n
its op1n1on. Jnd if nec<s..~1)-. to rcn<IC'r a <.fcc1\1on b1nd111~ on Jll
p.2rt1cs to c.ues under its arbitr:at1on. E.n11nent Churl'.h J«ton
~uch :as Saint Augtisrinc. S:iint Thonl.:.iS Aqu1n;i.,,, 01nd Saint Jl.obcn
BeUannine, a11d grc-ar cheologi.a1b ~uch a~ Fraoci\ of V11on.l and
Fr.1J1cis Suarc-z. have set forth the princ1pl«:1 of 1111cn1Jnon.tl ta\v:
thC)' una.11u11ously :affirn1 1hat bec:.iuse the wc1al nart1rc of n1.1n 1'
capable of constant in1proven1ent, it r<qtnrc.; fron1 \V\th1n <>ucl1 J
co111n1on i11stirution an1ong states. If S<>vcrc.."ig11ty '' properly un-
derstood, no infringen1ent of the wvcrcignty <>f 1nclividual \(,It<.''
\viii r<.'$ult fro111 sucl1 an institution.
Undoubtedly, tl1is u1s111t1cion presupposes that all 111l'n ~h.1rc: the
s.;an1c spiritual ;ittitudr:. a11d chis i$ clc;)r fro111 the f;1ilurc of chc
efTom tl1at have already been n1adc. TJ1i~ atcit11dc ('ltl takc rO(>t
011ly in Christian re.aching. '''h1ch inc:ludc.--; tn1c nattir.11 lJ\V, and
of '''hich tl1e ChuKh 1nust be recogi111ed a11 tl1e dc:1)()~1tory and
 TUl H I DOk:-0 El'C:YC!lt:lll OJ t'IU1 JC !
distributor. continutng in the role that sl1e h.as .already so ofct-n
fulfilled in J1cr nllis.ioo of peace.
II. 711c P/11mlily of H11111a11ity
94. Thus huol:tnicy. because: or t110 st1pen1atwal ai1d naruraJ
princjpJcs on \vhich it is f(lunded, co11stirut~ a ge-nuint' unir')•
\1:J11ch is ui-..'e!lt~J v.ricb tbe Holy Spiril, t11e spiric of Order a11d
LO\'C', Jn t-hc kingdo m or this- spirit on (,lUr c:irth. "<:itizen~ Jr~
unitt'.d \\•ich clci2e11s, peoplt>s \V11J1 peoples. a11d u1 sw11. all n1cn
.ir<:' uo1ted i11 cbc: 111c11lory· of their fltst p;,1rents, not only b)• .;i
b<>nd c.>f S4.>Crabihty, but also by a bood of fr.ite11)iC}r," as SatJlt
Augustiuc spkndidly put it.•
Hence Christians n1usc not alJo\v che111Sclvcs co full into the-
kind of hu1nanit;1ri:.t11i~n1 fo tu1d in ~11 th~ p<.)'i'iibJc forms c..>f an
iorernauotulisn1 d1ac uli><:es ai1d co11fuses all sorts of l11Uigs. and
peoples. Tbc ccason is that hon1anity assu.rcdly constirutcs <1. gcn-
Ullle uni[}', but a tLntcy \V11]11n a \\.'ell-ordered plur.tliry. And tOr
the sa111c reason, it ~ppcars that hun1anjty tiJ1ds its origin and
mode of de\'elc.>prnent 1n rht' spiric, ;ind tirst of all, in rhe I Joi}'
SpiriL, v.•hicll caJu1oc produce. approvt?-, and sanc1ify a social life
111 \\•hic:h there is iteither order nor unit)' in pl\1talicy, And the
sa111c (1cht:r <->f tl1t: Cl1urch. SaJnt Augu$tiuc, nses up in opp<>'i1ti1>n
(0 precise)}' this scat(!! of nllttd, "''hich lllLXts at1d confuses every-
ti1il>g ;11Jsolut.ely iruf~.;rrin1innt.ely, :lntl C'(ln~dr.;rs only the f.lbsol\l[C
ch.atac<er ofbe111g ~ 1na11. (.)11ce aga.10, Saint Augu\11ne <::i11" upon
(hr Holy Spirit (0 establish the fou1tdarion of rclatioi-1,sl1ips \Virh-
u1 hun1an1ty. {lr11c.>11g pc~ons and ;among groups. Speaking of
the cerrescrial rettln1 of <lte spint, Jte exclaims: ''it 1!t ~err.i in ch-:it
\\IC arc not obliged to provide a.IJ things 10 evef}'Olle. but \Ve
227
~re oblig"-'<1 to love everyone. :JJ1d irtjtuticc tO\\'<l.fd anyone is
uuaccept:ible. '"}
111c faC1 af p/11ralitJ'
95. If \Ve absrt:\ct &on1 per>on! :u\d fa111ilic$ a..~ constituting rhc
prin1:1ry. i11rangiblc, original. and stab It.· elc111enc of social life. pllt-
ralit)• u1 J1u111an1ry ls n1a11ifcstcd tl1rougl1 tl>I.' fom1atlo11 of count-
less groups. W(; arc concerned here onl)' \vith groups that fom1
011e body \oJlth l1u111a11 11atlttt and the t111foldi11g of its lift. The
fonnarion of Stich gro11ps is dcpendenr upon che co111111011 cl1ar-
acterist.ics of 111an's phY1-lcal or spiritual attribt1tct; it ta11 :ilso be
dependent upon cenain general condirio11s char result fro111111an·s
life i11 ~pace and ri111c. 111 ;idditlo11. the bas.is for tht co11stitt1rio11
of grot1ps is pro,rided by being involved togetl1er for a long tin1e
in the sa1ne sort of \\!Ork. a11d also by h;ivi11g t11e san1e COn(litio1lS
of life on the ccono1nic a11d socia1 level. Fun:.her, l1un1aJ1 narure,
by iu es.wntial, irresistible disposition to Jj,1e i11 $tarts, provides
the occasion and inner in1pulses for fon1U11g various social u11ities.
Finilly. by Oi\'ine decrc:..:, C hrist, '"the con1e~to1'le the builders
reJecccd," is Hu1uelf at chc origi11 of tl1e fon1tacio11 of a sociC.t)'.
This n1ulciplicity of gt"Ot1ps, ,,,hich moreover interst:ct each other
in various \\lays. conc<..-als 'vi chin it, by the diversiC)' of che interests
i11vol,•cd. tl1c d!lngc..·r of fraccio11::. :i11d conBicu. But a11yone \vl10
coil.Siders the lllt1cy of all 111e:n, first of all in hu111an.ity, and rllen
i11 the Holy Spirit. the Spirit or true order :l11d of love. n1usr be
prepared to give. not cvel)rt.hing to C\'Cryonc. to be s11rc. bur to
each his 0\\111, ;i.nd tl1ereby help avoid tJ1e ti:angc:r We 1ncnti01'1c.,-d.
T1te forr11rt1io11 of St/Mtate gro11ps
96. ln the very fOn11ario11 of groups ~ proc<.."SS of parciculariz,"l-
tion, separation, differe1ltiatio11 occtLrs. But \Ve tl1ust ;a)\V3)'S insist
 THI HICfO'' t .. t!YCll(,\I Of .. ll'\: !ti
thJc th.ts is ne\'cr Jnyth1ng ht.it .l p.irncubrism l4'fth1t1 tire ovn12/I
l1111nt11t unity; un,11dl'd reason decl.1rc~ tt and Chr1\t1an revel.ar1on
rtachc.-s it \'Cry lin11ly• .is We have alrc~dy repeated.I)• ~110,vn. Thi~
b<ttlg the case, it I\ .ipptopn.atc, 1n d1scmsi11g th1~ p.lrncularism 1n
connccoon \\1th 1t' 1nun:aate anJ nCCC'S.SV}' rcbnonJuP" to hu-
m~n1ry .t$ :a \vholc. to (1,ttbJ15h 1n vcr)" general ttn1u .1 fe,,· doc·
rnn.--1 points. both negative and pos1t1vc.
TI1ru mteria of tlrr .fd/si1y of a l111ma11 -~"'"Pi•~e
97. Let us r:ake fint the neg;it1Yt" po1na:. Tht"Se .lll denvc from
ch~ propositioo th;it nc> group. no p;irt1cul:ir social organi$rn. can
COll\tltuce a genuine hu111an u111ry unJcs.s it is co11nected \vtth the
general unity of hunun1t)•. Within th1$ funda111ent;il propo$irion
.lf"(' included. 1f \\C .11'W)"ZC it. thtte cnteria or \·.atuc JUdgm~nB.
The fint as this; A ltfO''P \\•hich. b)· rhc \V:I)' it 1s estJb11~hcd and
tt:s 111cn1bcrs bonde<l. 1upprmes <&r1<l dc.~rroy5 the 111v1ol;ible source
of l111111aniry itself. 11.t111cly. the llltern;al unit)' and liberty of the
hum:an ptrson a11J che 1ntema1 unity of the fam.il}'• ti. 1~lf 1mrk~
\\rtlh the sign of 1nherenc &ls1C)' 01nJ non.-\.-i!Ue The J«<»id: A
group \vhich, bc<;au1c of IC$ O\VO SOClJI t)"PC· pUl"\UC\ goals and
proc:lainlS values rhat concradict objective goals :.'Ind val11es con-
st1n1r1ng the inner t1111cy ofhun1an1ry. 1s also rnarked '''1th the sign
or UlhCttll[ fa.Wt)• ;anJ non-\-alue. 1he1JurJ: A group tlut c-lainu.
tOr lb O\\'D adv.anuge, .m cxrens1\·e tot.iliC)'. th.at 1\, 011e \\·bich,
bcc:auJe of iu O\Vll go.11 and the vJluc 1t attributes to 1t:ielf. s.«ks
to dctcn1tine tl1e content of all other goals. all otl1cr v'11ues of
soc1..tl life. niak('s a 111ockery of the funda111ental stn1ct11rc of hu-
nun1cy. \\·1th 1cs ;anc1e11t unil)• 1n 1t\ .1uthcnuc pJ11nb~·; such 01
group once agai11 nurks itself \Vlth the sign of inherent fili1t)' and
11on-v;aluc.
229
1111tt ''''""" ef a j11S1iji.1blc tn111p
98. I lere no''' JTC the po'i.1t1vc doct:n11al 11u111ts. These all derive
fro111 tile proposition tl1al CV~r')' group. every particular wc1ct)'. 1(
at•~ m.aly .a hu11un un1l)·. \\JU bear fruit for hunurul)· con\1dcttd
as a \\·hole This propo...1uc>n cl.11 also b< .1n.Jl\Lnl 1nto thrtt cn-
ccn.a or value 1udgn1c11K. 1·hc .firr1 LS: The tCct1nd1ry of a woup 1s
~h0\\'11 l>y a ccrt;lin c11ar.1rter1~r1c vigor. \vh1rh 11> :t source of l'On-
~istency .ind \Ohd1l)'. l.nd \vh1ch the gi-ou11 11ro,;des for the fi11i-
1h~ 11 bnnl-'\ togt"lher 1 ht uvoud: The "pc<"UI k-no\\·-ho'-' with
v.·hich the lri.'TOUp gr.asps .111d ~.ahzes che littncral. objectl\'e go.Jls
of hun1.in1ty t:nhance' hun1.ln1ty's pul"u1t .111d :1chicvc111ent of
these vahu.•\ .and goals. l'hl· tliird: Every A.roup. sinlply l>y li\•1ng
1n accorJ \\·1th 1t.-. O\v11 C'-Sence and all 1r~ de11u11ds., and by b<-1ng
10 th.it ''.lY "111 rntf'tl\I\'(' rouhc:y. ,uppom .md gi\'n hf(' to
the 1ntcm.lt edifice of hu1n.1.n1t}·. nln1cl)· 1u genuine unit)' 111 ab
gcn111ne plurality.
0.1~ lat4'.fi.'r all
99. It na.1y hap~n th.it, 111 the case of .1 p.;inicubr group, a
given goal 1~ SQ1nc.:times clc,1r.ablc a1Jd \Vith111 re.1(11; it can happen
tl1at :t given 111eans is u~erul for achicv1n~ 1t: hue 10 th.at c:i).C, the
goal d~ 11ot constitute ) tt.tl Good i( at c.111 br :atau1cd only b)•
sacritic1n~ the on:kT ofJU\t1c:e .ind lo\·t rh~t ought to ~•git 10 this
\\."Otld. The ~1c pnnc1plc: .lnd the three cnrcria set fonh lbove
1n the.: 11ct-t:at1ve propo~1t1on' rernain rhe 1>n111ary rule, 21,,·;a~ Jnd
1n all Citt'UlllSt)nCCS, just J\ CJ\crc i~ no ~pec:1:&J n1oraJ Ja\V for ~l'l'lt
gcnill$C\, ~ the-rt' i~ 110 'J"C'c1.al ruJe of pnvJtf' n1or.als fOr All)'
peoplt. \\ h.1tevcr Its dcgrtt of dcvelopmtnt. re~ OT tnugant.J. Or
for any other group. I fence 1t L\ c1c:ar thac the negative pr<>posi-
tions for111ulated above uh1111.1tcly include ~ positive tntth that
repels .lny \ubterfi1gc. na11H:ly. that evt:I")' rt\ult proceeding frortl
2]0 lHI llllHlll'I l"tl'<C:llC.-.1 Of I'll:~
llllrl. \\-'hi.tllrr ~ conuubsion nr om1,,1~u1, 111t1 ..1, 10 order to C\-
ur11 ..h 11\ fi1u) \·.alue, be ma.~_rcJ ~)' lhl\ Nie lJt>b It put GoJ'\
'\Umr '!ol1ll n1orc J"·c-pJ.) on thC' \\ortJ. ch"·~ unp of the God ol
JU'in~c ~nJ ,.,\,,.c? I~ lt nuk~ u1ll t.:kJ.rcr. to the rtlc!'tl \\·ho .a.re
1t.cu1~, chc1r f\.:~c111bL1nc(' co God?
WhC"n th11, l'I not the ca.~e'. 1t lll.tl~ fl() d1tTcri:oce ho\\- U'>t'fu)
111d 'llt\l.!\.'lul thl' r~suJcs arl.': cht.•tr 1c,1l1JJl1011 nYkcs no direct
:iddiri<>n co th<·tr actu.ll v;iluc.-, .lnd 11 I" 1hcrtiOre blaspht!1n1.>u1
v.·hcu 111 'lu.h l.L\~~ peoples and t11c11 lc.1.dl.'J\ lL1u11 tl1ac tbC'U' sue
C~'.iC"~ ;tr(' rroof <it J)1v1ne benedic:nnn, ,1\ j( \ut'"C'e'>\ \\.ert: :t '>l!-,'11
"'( t'.. n1c.ul.u f.t\or.
100. Thnc" then ;itt the ~!ocmnU J'O'I"''· bf,th neg.iri,·c .;ind
ptn1U .. C'. th.at c..ata ui "'&<e:n~ral \\.&) bi;- c.01n.1Ji:1ni u1 rebooo co
(oc1al rtrt1<"\1!.:in•u1l.S oaod p;1rti.n1l;ar ~ll~ \\'C' hJ\'(.' been ron-
c~rncJ to Jclcr11ur1e tbe 1t1utu..d rel.ic1011,J11p,, .ut1otlg tl\ese group,,
a.Jld cc.1 "ICU,lt(' th('111 v.rithin the gt'TIC-r.:il hi( nfhu111an1t)·. HO\\.'C"vcr,
bt"<.:aU-\C: ,>f 1;;urre1tt c1n::u1n~wncei., i.;erl.1111 )>J>ct.1.11 p()lllt\ dt:-n1anJ
S<'paratl' <'"(.1n1i11,1tion
1. T71r irate: 11S proper f1111<1io11
101 F1no1 of .tll. rcg;a.rdulg th"• '>t.tlc Ar1cr lhe UnuJ:v. rh~ ~1~
ts ch<' nlO\t 1n1portml of thC" p<1n1cu!1r ~)(1C't1.,... of oarural rocial
lite. 111 .at(orJ \\1th 1~ onb'l.f1 .1r1<l nJtltn:, 1t tnu\t be .an organt-
zanon chJt trc.-.1tcs order to s.afegu~trd l.l\\ in"I huJnJ.n \Vt>U-be1ns
in 1,oc·i1:ry It fo llO\\"I rhat it i-s the vcr,• t'~<"llCC' of the st.ice to
rt?'l:t)gn1tt' Lh;,il A.JI ILS Ult-111),(!r:-,, Wlllh>UL i.:x<.~pl1t.1U. Jia\'t: a nght
co t'qual ~'r'tltc-ttion of the- Ja"" And rl1C' l<I\\' tll.lt ic 1s called i1po11
10 ,.a1(~u.1nl c.'.111 Jcnve fTon1 nt1 \C>un t.' 4>1hl·r Ih.111 tht• <.">nr tron1
"'luch d'lt >t.lte den,·es. chat t.S~ froJll tlt.... 01der th.it is u1or.U.
t111i\('f\..ll, lntl ,-.11id tc.1r aU mm. inclt1din~ rt,.lur.11 (a,,. du.l is {he
~uprcriu:· Nie lc.tding the sr:.ite- to Qf~JrJ I.a"". ThJ'i do...""lrint: ~
valiLi in a!l c1rLu11lSUDccs.. e,·e.n "h~11 chc ,uic l'> l'01t1posed ~lt!-l~
XI :11
by 111C'lt1bcrs, or .. single r.acc-.l C.l'\C.' th.at IS h.trdl)· 1maf.:11l1bl(', It
the "l.ll(' 1s co tt-rn2.111 J genuine 'lJtc • ..111d fuU' n:~zc its("lf in '''
11..ltunJ funcuo11. that u.. Jc\'clor J11 1ncc11sa,·c cotab[). then the
tOU0\\1ng proposition n1u" Ix Jln.olutcly rejected as &~· ··The."
pn111Jr)" \OllrtC and supn-n1e n1lc ol J.11 leg.U ord~r 1) r.1c1.1I u1 ~
o,11ncc." le gOd '"'1thout 'IJ.Ylll~ thlt the \o1111c \vouJd be crue \Y11h
rcK.1rd to any given rtat1oual 111-;1111.:t.
10: In ..lit~· case. the ge11enl re ·~''"~kcnu1g of the ~cc'\ l,,·irc-
n<"'' of 1t' uue roit'., Ill the (.('11~ o( .a li1111t on 1~ dircct 1nten:cn·
t1on. ''"ouJd le.id 1t to m1n~1te the J\11.i11u,1n of the nK><lem \t..ttc-.
.1p1no;t \\h1ch people .ire n-b<Jhn~ .1.nd ,,·h1ch ic. nun1tC-..ceJ
\v1th111 the su.ce .u \\·elJ J'i ut 1ntcn1Jt1onal rclaoo11:s. Th1'l ,\·oultf
t:1l1htlte the oqpniiation of <htli:rcnt \t.1tcs into a rcl.aovcly tt'
ft-tt1vc. unified syste111 ba'ied on 1111"·n1Jt1011;1J la''' · and th1f; \V<>uld
1n tul'n n1;1kc 1t po~siblc for 1nc.hv1tlu;1) ,1.1tc'i \(> '''ork rogcfhcr to
\Ct ll!' IJ.rger tcooo1111c u1t1t1c,, In .1dtht1011, by reduclng lhe d)·
11l1111\lll ur the i.ute 10 this \\';ly. the.' (011\111011, peoaceful, oa11d pro--
JllCU\'(' bfc of \'ari.ous group,. '' hethc-r 11.at1on.a.I or nC'lal. \\'lth1n
J <1nglc.' c.Ute cntlt'\' \\'Ould be t:,c1htJtC'd In &et. c~cntcd dir«t
J(C:1v1f\ of the state. ~1.lll"t· Ill the .lttJ of sp1ntual bfe. h..J.\ no
tloubt nude ntorc acute chc J(p)orJ.hlc ci1rrcnt problc1n of '°""
l'.lllclt 1111nonn~ 1nd different 11.a11c1n.iJ grou~• .and chis h1otfcn;
the pUl'\llll or S.CtltC Un1ry, tO the C'Xll'llt th.It l)tc )41tter is lt:gtlllll:ltc.•,
Wl1cn thi: st-att=, conductinf; If'\ life 111 accord \vich its proper
fu11ct1on. has fi11ally succeeded an ~r.'ldu.ally bringi11g b~ck 10 hfe
.111 3\\:.l~ne\s of n1or.1J an<I ~p1n1u:al Jlnnc1plC"s a111ong mtrltbt'~ of
11~ co111n1un1l)'. then 1t ,,,11 dt"'tn·c tn be chc object o( 'he dUt)'
.lnd v1rtur \Ve all p;amons1n. :a11J "·h1ch ·~ ttqu1ttd by the n1on.J
orJcr >nd b)· God.
lJl JHI llllltllN l"'f'rtlfAI flt l'lti\ XI
2. ..ftrritc>ric1/ 11c1tio11ality
103 It l't'nu1ns co U) somethu1g ;i'bouc '' h.it I\ ten11Cd the un1~'
of the people or •UOCiJ.oon in ) \Ingle cou1111t1n1f)· It 1s c1nr th:1c
JU'< ..., 111 the c.l~ of narure or race, \\:hen cvcryd.iy lJJ1guage crie~
co detinl' 1h1\ kind of grouping. 1t doe" not .11,,·J}"\ t1~e the s.1mc:
ten11,,, lly the tcnn "temtonal 11at1011.1l1ty" (tH'ttpft, (/c>lk, f/olk·
stllflt} \Ve.• 111,1y refer to an association cJf 111c11 111orc or less co11-
sc:1ou\ <>f ''·l1J1 they lta\'e 111 co11ln1on. 111\of.1r Jnd 111as1nucl1 as
they were bon1 on the sainc soil Jnd ;ire CC;>ll\("(jUtnt:I)' pcn1u-
ncntly 111.1rkcd b,· the .same perS0111) ch.1rJctcnst10.
10-1 Suell J <emtori;al naaon:ahty. t.1ke11 1n Jnd of 1t:K"lf. has no
direct relJt1on to che esse11c1ally poh11rJI .u:h1l'\'C111cnt constituted
b)1 the stJte. It \vould therefore be f.1l4'c to t'011s1dcr 1n adva11cc .-.~
un11.;icural the fact that l1u11l.a11 grou1)\ belonwng to differe11t ler-
ntonal 11Jt1011.1lit.1t-s 11uy be brought togt"thrr 1n one st01tt:, or that
11'e111bt" of the \;ttt1e tcrriton.;r.I 111t1011al1t)' 111..;iv live in difl'Crent
\Ute:"\ It \\'Ould be equ.all)• falst' to cl..;i1111 thJ.t such .i group ha4i
any J~lutt nJtur.l nght or n:arur.il ducy to "C'ek pol1cic~ union
''1th .l 't.att: 1n \\·h1ch 11 15 r~pr'C".\Cntcd by .l \lLlhle minonl) of
c1t1zt11s. AnJ 1t '"'ouJd be cqu....U>· fJ]~ tOr th.it ~..;ite to cb.i111 an~
l111d of \OVC'l't'li-,'ll PQ\Vt''r, no n1.1rtcr hO\\ ..;ind und<r '''h:&tC\'Cr
pretext, over .i g:rol1p of it$ Q\Y11 ccmtor1JI 11;a11on<l.hry belongin~
10 another ~t.1tc.
1trritorit1I 11at1C11111li1y i11 j'1reig11 lauds
ros The tJ.h.ary of $UCh a cb1n1 .tho dcM\C'\ tro111 the &ct th~t
It \\'OulJ be ,)Jl lllC'.X:hJ.ustiblt- SOllfCC' of (011CC01 1n thr \\'Orld. .md
fron1 J pol1t1c.1J point of "it"\\. ''oultl 11uke Jll('1t1bc."N of thJt
I lu,•1<J11, GrNrns ( ·,nt.rs
co11u11un1f)· ~wpect throt1~hout the ,,·orld, and gJ\'t other \l.111~
lt·glt111ut(' rc~n to dC"f('11J tltt·n1-.cl\·C"\ ..;i.ga1f1S( them ,,,th Jll 1hC"
111.,·.1n~ Jr their dispos;at ThJt '" '"hY tt •~ J.11 the mort cle:arl\ the
Jut)· of .11 temtori..11 runonJ.ht\ th..it h..i~ 111c1111x-rs dispc~ bt-yonJ
It\ n..;it1\·e \Otl. or \vhich \(nf.b thc11110 tJkc lap n::ssdencc 1n (or('awt
I.ind,, to J1nut 1tsel( to not IOqtetc111g thc111. to helping the111 1n
u111c of need. and as for th<' l'f.'\t. hc111g prouJ to p.an1c1p.1ti: 1n .1
niaJor '''.1)' 111 the life of hu111.1111t)' lly providi11g \'aluab1e n1cn
'''h<> h.1ve been shapccl l>y their t'tl1i11t•C"ti<>11 , ....;111 the ho11·1cland.
It I\ n.:itur.illy u1evitablt th.at the llC\\ l.11nd '''here the c1111grJllt\
hJ\C ukcn up resjden((' \hould hc~n co exercise on thcr11 the
ton1ua,·c- ~ial po,,."11 e'er(l\C\ 011 ~ thosr \Vho bvc- tht'rc
t~cther. ~d 1t \\'Ould not c\·c11 b<- lew1111utc to seek to prt',·cnt
thl\ But the- ntott' the n101hcr (OUOtl)"S gJft of its children 1\
lh\111tc.•rt"\tC'd. the 1norc it '" 111 rt'l'<'IV<' 111 return &om thcn1 111 t1n1c
of llt'cd.. Man)' people:\ of the <>Id ''·orld l1ave had this expcneu(c
111 r<.·ccnt years.
.l· 711e 11111io11
106. Our teJ.c:h1ng on tl1c ttl..;iunn J111ong men in the body of
the rl.lt1011 1s s1m1br to Our ccJchJntt on ttmtorial 1Ut101ul1ry
U1d1kc the btter. tht n.at1on t'11ll"TSC'\ &on1 the ctKUIJlS(.<inccs of
l'Orll111on life. not so n1uch 111 che ~111c plJ.Ct" is 1rt the u111c:- tul,t'.
rhc nJt1on as a luge Js.soc1.1t1on of nu:n '''ho ha\'c cor11111on
n1c111or1<.-s a11d \vhoJ11 ,1 conunon tr.1tltt1011. pan:icularly \Y1th rc-
Kllrd to sp1ntuaJ cu]curc, ha\ 4>hJJ)cd .and contii1ucs to sh,1pe. L1kt'
tc:rntonaJ naoonahty. th1~ bone.I 111 tile body of the 11at1011 l1a\ J
pc)\Verful fon11:iti\•e influc1h.:c Clll the thought. \vill. and st·nsibihry
ot llldJ\,dU.lls J:Dd (~1111IJ('S., .lnd thl\ C011\0hd.ltt'S thC body <>f the
n.a11on rt'\Clf. 1t sttn1ubt~ J.nd ttl''e\ hfc to hu1uan1ty's ovtrall c-tTon
to ..chtc-\·e general goals, to rcJJ11c the \'.t.lu~ ~1gncd to 11u.n.
Tl1.ac it. "''·h~· c\·cry c1uzcn, cxen-1 ..111tt the- \m\Jr of pacey, lu<s the

dt1t)' to be grateful co )us 11auo11. to be anachcd co it, (or it is
;:ih<>ve nll chi;: Q~1tic>n th:1t 1n,1int:tJHS t.l1c- <'<>rn111tu1 Lradiuo1t$, alld
1r is the 11ac1011 6·0111 \V]1ich h<.' proceeds and on \vhich hjs litC i-.
ch•p(,'flde.nr :ir :all riJTil'...
107. But ju-.t ;1-. in fhc.:. c~~ of territorial n;ition:ility, and for the
srulte reJso1u. tl1is boJtd \\'ithtu a national body dot•s not in itscJf
giv<-' U'> the direct right co CQlttludc th,1t lxlonginK" to ;i 11at1on
itllphes belooE,"lllS 10 J give11 state. Belo11ging co a gi'' L'll srJtc is
in and of iGclf distinct t'Con1 belo1Jg:i11g to a. n:at1011. The opposite
vl!!\V. \\•l11ch L-t \\11despre.:1.d. denves tl-01n .1. n1ore or Jess artificial
idea of the i1arion that relics far too mtich on a sl1arc<l laJtg\t-age.
and Llke~ f.tr too little :lCCOUJ'lt of Ll-e boncl-\Ybit}l i_;,, tll..111ethel™
of capital u11portan,e-bct\veen a nario11aJ group -4ll.d its collcc
tl\'I.'.' hi~t•~ri,·a! tT.1<lJri<.ln, :and ultin1:1tely indic.1reoi: l~s .1 n;1ti<.>n tb;in
a SClte 'hat lS fot111ded or to be fotu1ded 011 the basis of a Sh.aced
l.a11gi1agli'.'. \Ve h:i\'<' pt"rs0n:tlly f'Xp<·rienc<"d thi~. For the S<)h1ric)n
~)r tllf 'ttc,111a.i1 qucst101, .. v..a.~ n1a<l~ l>Os:,1ble only by ab.i.11Jtn1111g
this f~lsc icic;.l of chc L-i.1tion. \\-·hi<:h 'voulci nc.·c(,·ssariJ}' have cnrJilcd
Llit.' 1na111tt.>11ant:c c>fthc:-iutc:gnty <>fthe ~t:ttl.'.', :.11d rc-turn1ng tu tht:
t:ntc ide:a of the sracc. \Vhich is l'ascd 011 h.tscon·.
108. Co11sC>que11tly, <tll tht' conclusions at \v}1ich '\I.le h:Lvc ar-
nvcd \vitl1 reg.ard to tht' relatlons \\•Ith the Stal<' a11d \\ltLll otl1er
st:.1tcs ~pply equally '''ell to territorial t1atio11ality .1.nd to rl1e uarion.
"I he nattou hJ .. t11.: righl Lt) fuJly Jc-vclc>r it'I <>\\•n 11.atu~e. th:1t i-..
to Ix iutensi,•ely 1otalitaria11. bur Jt does 1\oc by 1r,;eJf h.i\'e Ll1e
cx<·lu,.ive rib.fit en <"oncrol th<' legal order or the state. and still less
tile <:hLLrch: IL Joes JhJt h.tvc Ll1e right t<'> b~ t:xtc-nsi,,.et)' tot:lli-
:?JS
lariai1. For in that c.i.se \Ve \vould have 11atio11alisn1. We arc a\varc
of the dis.agreeable overt.Ont.~ th.is \\'Ord h:is >llready acquired i11
11t..1.ny langt_1ages. 111 it. a gc11\1inc pervenion of tl1c spirit is ex·
pres~ed. It is n gr.'lvC crimi11:tl <>ffc11sc to urge n1en, and especi!!.lly
adole-sccnts, to 111ove in this direction, using every 111ea.11s at hand;
:;111d it is all the.:. n1ore c;rin1inal becnu.sc ir pervert.~ the noble in1-
pulses of the soo] that tl1e 11atioo and territorial 11acio11ality a\vake11
in every 111an of sou11d 111ind an<i body. These in1pul$CS arc pro-
f.t11cd by being u1tjustly pur 10 the service of politics and i~ goal
o( g<.tining po\\'Cr.
D111ies 10 1/1e ua1i<>11
109. \Vhcn 011the other hand 1ncn. <'n<l cspec;it1Uy yo11ng peo-
ple, seek assiduou:sly a11d faichf\1lly to fulfill tl1eir e11tirc duty '''ith
r(.•gard to their nation. chcy ~re acting in the rig.11t \V:&y. and ful-
filling their oblibrario11s to d1e di\•i11e 111oral order. and ii1 pan:icular
to nan1ral la\''· Our Lord JcsllS Chri~t hi111$clf did thi$ 'vhe1t 11e
taught the people or dte 01d Tesran1cnt~ it ca1sscd cite Mcssias to
\ \1Cep over Jcrusa!en1: jt is in pcifett 3c;cord \V'ith the feelin&$ of
the Cl1urch \vhiclt. :as a visible, 11isrorical socicl)'. cannot avoid
encountenng nations i11 a positive 111anner Oil the tt•rrni11 of
hLStory.
Po.<Sibility ef a seco11d fatlterlami
11o. Let us ndd 1his: Men can really give the111selves anotl1cr
fatherl,a11d, they an really incorpor.itc thcrnselves into a second
tcrritoriCll n<1tionaJity; si111.ilarly, through n1ajor events. it is possjb)c
for che1n to be grad\1ally incorpor.tted. \Vithout being forced ro
do so. into another complex of tl'3ditio1ts, into a11od1er 1i:trio11al
soticry. To de11y tl1is \VOUld be to $¢C n13n'$ life in (;0111111011 3~
having a rigidity \vhich, bi:c:.'luse of its dcvclopn1ent ht ci111e and
 THE KIDD£!< E.NCYCltCAl Of" P"l 1:'J Jtl
space. it ab~oJutcly cannot h;tvc. Morl.!<.l\'cr, 1( 1t wcr~ ngid 1n tlus
way, 11one of rhe eXistu1g J1atio1l." ":,.ould C\1Ct have bc-c-n ablc.- to
~t;ibli\h th~n1<>elvc$.
4. Race a11d racism
J 1L, W11cn \VC arnve at the issue of rncc. \Ye find :i -itrik1ng
exa1nplt> of c.he hann c:i.L1sed by d1e ful~e. senci111c11taJ. ai1d almosc
a1ystical \Vay of speaking ctuic hilS been applied to che ideas of
11aLior1. people, a11d staL...-. There 1s so lict1c agrct111euL, wherl1er
in scicutif'ic tcr11ili1ology or U1 coo1n1on us.age. ''rith rc~rcl to che
rt1e:1.nU-1g- of t11~ L<'nltS "'race" t)r .. r.aciaJ link" tlwt ,.,...e find rl1e111
\tsed today-a11d still r11or(: in the past-solely to designate a na-
tiot1 o r .J pt:-<->ple. In a<lditi<>n, tilt cxprt!i.\il1n ••raci.i.Llink" usually
sigiufics. in i11odern scic-nrif1c vocabulary, ccnaio definite phy·sical
ch:ir:u;teristic.':'i. \vhidt are p~n11;1nt:nt ~nd c:t>n1nH>T1 tc, a grc)up c>f
J1iwWl be111gs. 1J1 relarior1 \Vitl1 rl1e phy"Sic.al cotlit1rur1011. wluch
1., ir:)elf marked by tht:Sc h«>dily t1<1ir~. \\'C: cc.>n~t:lntly ol-,~el"\'C: cer-
tain 111enral cllaracrerisucs. lf cite Ler111 "race.. is used ro refer 01l1y
to these obvious fucts, and it~ the irtdi,•idl1al r.lcial charact<'risti<.~s
a.re not assu111ed to re111alt'l const.ao1 t)ver too lo11g :i tune, then
chc usC" of this ccn11 K1nai1lS \\ithh1 lb<" linties of \•crifiablc ob-
serv.arion.
J 12.Due th<." ter1n .. rJ.(lS111" is used co refer to a greaLdeal 111ore
th;1n rh.1t. Then r.he 'vord c-0ntr.1dic..1'S the oeg3civc conclusions
already es;rablished i11 LJ1i!. Lt!tlt:'r, ,.vhich arc b:i.\l!d tln the tc-.t<:hinbH>
of the Faich, on the.· rc.-sri1nony of philosophy a11d ocher brancl1es
t1fk110V\•letlg1;:, ;ind <>n experience a~ '\'Cll. It conr:radice<. thcnt \\•ith
regard to the .aucheut1c dtvis101is \\'lthi11 l1w1l.1.0 St>etal htC.. It con-
rradicts in both theory and practice chr prii1cipl~ that -caccgones
237
or gen11inely h111nan lines <.>f separation C<lnnot be ad11Utced 11nless
tl1ey thc1115clv<.>$ parcicipaie in \\' h3t fon11s tlte co111111on bond of
hu111:\nity. For the theory :i11d pr3crice of rncisn1. \\•ith tlteir dis--
tincrio11 bet\vee11 superior and i11ferior races. igltore rlte \utifying
bond ,,·l1osc exii>tencc is de11101umtcd by the three kinds of res..
tin1011y 111enrioned above. or ac le:isc chey depri,1e it of a11y pr3c-
tical $COpe. One has a right to be Sltrprised chat, confronted by
cl1ese facts, chcre are still people \Vito clai111 chat the doctri11e and
practice of r.J:Cisrn l1ave nothing to do \Vith C:itholic teaching on
faith and rnorals, 11orhing co do \\rith philosophy, and chac chey
rc111ai11 a purely politic.·al iss11e.
1''cga1,.01t of l111rua11 /X!rso1utli1y
1 13. Our $urprise 3t thi$ incon1prchcnsion increases \vhe11 the
three- criteria proposed to reinforce c11ese negative conclusions are
applied to racis111. The fint e-rit¢rion sho,vcd that (he i11ncr unity
and free \vill of tile hu111an person \Vere oecessary co11ditio1l.S for
fot1ndi11g any genuine l1u111an. soci¢ty. Bur if the racial comn1unity
is co be rite source of all otlter fonns of society. rhe hu11u.n per-
son'$ inner unity and free \Vil.I h<1vc to be gi1ar.inteed. ll..acj~n1
does 11or accord rhe hu111a11 person ilS rigltts a11d its i111pol'Clnce
ht the fom1ari.on of society. It dain1s th-at the fact chat individuals
have cite .sa111e blood iTrC"sistibly i11volves cl1en1 in a si11gle current
of physical and psychological characteristics. Any other cxp1a-
nati<.>n n1akes it i111possible ro u11del'$tand the l1opeless posicion
racis111 assiwu to the races it co11sidcrs inferior. A11y other inter-
pretation fuils co account co1npletely for che 111ecl1ani,snl of racist
legislation that judges aU individ11aJs of ;a given r.lCC by ntean.s of
the san1e eth11ic fonnula.
114. Ho'" can \Ve reconcile cl1ese ''iC\VS: \vit-h the basic person-
ality. \vitl1 the physic.ii. special, psycltological unity rc:-presenccd
by each individual? HO\V ca11 t11cy be reconciled 'vith the n1ultiplc
111ff ut:ncC\ (lr the 1~1tcn:il aud \p1r1tuo1l cnv1ro1uncnt? 1"'01 ouly
rc1\de1)c1es and norl'l1nG n1or<" ca1\ he 1nhC'nt<.·d throu~ll th<.• hlood.
n o l defin1t1ve, 2lrt"ldy forn1cJ quJl1t~t"\. AnJ tl1c dcvclop111cnt o f
c)u.racccr--lc1\·ing asjdc the P<''~il,lc.• c.· rfc('t\ of n'l~r1', fn-r \viii
1~ iff'ectcd b)• tbe r:n,•1ronnlr:n,. ;i11d t"Jl«141l)' .t.\ t'C'tt.&rJs upbru1g-
ing. at lcasr 111S0far a~ rllt l'~<-hologtc:~I rc.·1l<l4..·n,,t.... th:.t <lcprnd
on the rh}-s,i.,;:011 org;i11~1n are concr:nlc-d .
115. Thoe tt1t1lTl~ suffice.~ 10 \he.'" th.11 nu11\ of the pn111ord1al
doctnn~ o( C;athohc (;a1~h 2nd nlOnl\ h.ivr: bcc-11 11'tJ'K>~ b\· r•c-
1.illl; fur u\i.Unce. thr dot.mu\:~ co1l~cr1111tt: tile hunu11 pt:f'\On,
&cc ,,.._u, rhc unit\' of wul ;ind bod,·, .ind 611.lll\' ds\.,nc' ll"";acr.
"'1ch rt·g.A.td 0()( onJ, 10 it' c.tlic.:.ac.\ hu1 .al\O 111 ''' n~ o( op·
cnoon R tetm\ .atso conmd1cn m:.ny cruth~ .lffinnc-d b'" rh1ICK-
opliy ll1d tltoc.krtt '\ol'.lt:llt.t.", \o\l11c.lt tile (:l1urc;l1 c;Jllt>Ut .ar1J l'llJ rlOl
ignore.
J''tgJtiou of 1lrt lntt i·.rl11n o_f ,,,,,,.,,,,y 1111J r«I(~'~'"
116. The s.a.t11r clost rel;at1onsh1p \\·1th cht" doctnncs of f.uth.
TTl<.lr:al-.., lnd 'IC"i~nre .1pp<:.an "'hen rat ''"' '' ~uhJt"t tt'tl ttl thr ~'-·c­
ond cr1cenou Wt! est:ibhshed e:irl1er 111 d1~u~s111~ thtt uodt111Jblc
unity of thr hunto.n rare. Wt..• ~.1id 111 p;1rri\.·ul.1r il•JI '' h<.·11 <~ group"s
social consntutso n :iffin tt..\ gt_)Jl1 .aud v;1)Uc\ 1n oppl>\1t1t)l1 tt> tht>'e
that objrcUVl'I) ~c;'t'\'(' thr l' Olld ~ll hUlll:llllt)1• I( bl'l l'J)''i by this
Vc:'I). t3ct JtS inner n1c."nda.;1ty .ind povr:rt)'. ll u1 1'4lt!ln1 dc1Ul'1, pr;ae-
tically lf oor theorertc:~lly, ch.l e 111\'tt.• .lro ~)l'IJ~l.:livt• }-tll:il" .1t1d v.alu~~
con1111on to hn11i.1n1l)' as a ,,·J1olc.
J 17. L('!t t L'\ c.x:u11i11t• r.u,:i\l1l
0
tc.1rh11>g. \Vhf>\(' «<.\c·nti.1)
\ 1ll tlr;l1
t hesis We llave recenll~r bec11 obli"cJ t'> \:t>n<l..:11111 ." I ht! ,trcugll1
<>f tht" r.1cc :in<l rhc puriry nf it'I blood 111u\t l"IC' pr.:sc:n-·cd .ind
J'~\cn·e<l: .1ny n1c.a11\ th;i~ ....:r\>C\ Liu\ l'lltl l'i, l(>r tl1.-i rc-;a\<)11 ;11011<'.
good and lt-gin111art." That I\ chc rule- of r.li.;1~t 111or.1.IJt\'. We llll :
l>o<."'ln·, 'iuch J princ-ipl(· d~nv lhl"' C""\i\tc.~ 11< l" o t 211ci l~1 t·ct1\·(.•111oral
order vaJid fot all n1en and alt nines? J)o.:~n't n ;ih;indon th.at
ordt•r to the ;irbicrat)' \\ii.U and 11\Scu1cl of 1>:in1cul:ir rac~....?
1 18 . Nevt·rtl1eless. cvc11 tl1c p;ag;i11s .ack110\\·l~dgt>d tllc.' c.'Xl\tf'llf('
of Wis u1uversa1 111or.a1 order \\·hen the)' ~'" 1r' on~n 1n a c,h\'1nc
and $.lltlple principle. Anstolle obscl"\·~; 1 ' "I-le \vho .atk' tl1.it lol\\'
l,'O\'Cnl is askii1g clut God at1d rt"a:son alo11e ~\"c.-n1." (:1('eru \.t)''
the u111<.". 11 Ainong the Chri.~uan-t. S;11n1Jcro111C' Qy-.: 'J "()nt l.l\\,
\\ntten in our beam. CXt<'n<h to all 11ano1l\, a11d no 11u11 I\ \Ill ..
a\\·.tn: of this la\\·:· Ftn.ill)•. Siant Augu«111e: "There 1\ no \Oul
c.tp.ible of rcason.tb!e thought 10 \\h1ch C<'kl dOt"'\ nc.lt 111.alc h1\
b'' he.t.rd... ,,
119. In a..D) case. chC' rxi'>ttnce of a tUtunl 111onl IJ\\, "l11("h
~ n1cn C<llT)" in lhetr h~~m• .md \\'h1ch L< \\'l1ttcn b) thr CrtJtor,
•~ u.ui;:ht b~ Holy Scnptu:rc-. "' Hence the: r.ac.:1'\t rule ct 111onht} ''
once- .tpin tn conftict '\\ith C.tthohc tr.ich1n{t 111 nutll!'N of fJtth
.a1td 1nor.als. It con"tltut~ 1n ;add1no11 J pcm1~11cn1 thrc;at co cl1c
\CCUO()' of public and pri\"Jtc life • .ind co C\'Cty Lind of pr.i.,·<' .tnd
ord<'r in th~ \\·orld. Th1.s \\·orld hi\ bccon1c J\\ an: of the ("n'l' 11
lS suffering. In the p;tSt, thtS crisis \\'<I> .llrcad) not pn111Jnly \O("t.il
;and cconon11c 1n n:arurr:, and under the u1flucn''-' of 1ll1i c.lt''\tOJc·
O\'e doccnne 1t has developed obJt"(ll\'t'l~ 111to a11 1111n1cl'l'\e ,r,,1 ..
of .UI monlny.
Religic>11 is uo1 s11bordi'1accd ro ra(t
120. Ou t rac1sn1 is not sat1sficd ' ''Ith <ll·nying the v.1luc of ,\
t1111vCl""\:'ll moral order as a l')lcl>'>i11g th~t uo1tc\ hu111,1nkintl; 11 fi1r-
tl\cr denies th.11 cs~ncial values have an equal :ind gc111:rJI roll· to
pla)' in chc. donuins of ccono111y, l rt, K:1c11cL". .ind Jl>(>vc .lll. re
l1b'IOll. It n1ainc.1JJlS. fo r instance. t11at c<icl1 ract' ~houl<I h.lvc.· 1t"
O\.Vll SCICllCC. \Vhic.h is to h;,ive notlung 111 ('0111111011 \\'Ith the
\C"1ence of anotller race, especially jf that r.lcc lllppt~111i co be in·
fcnor. Although the u1Ut)1 of the \\')lolc orhun1:in culttlrt' I\
 IJllJ tiJUl.>1:.i.. l."I 'r( ll(,AI UI 11 1L\ >.I
u11po1 uoL LO C.ltbolic U..1th .aind to 111onlJ.l)·, let U\ li1t11t our1,elv('1,
here 1c• C'(l0,1ttcn11K c.-11ly the rel•t101~\ bt-t\\.ttll r.tlc .aud rLlt~·u•n.
Co1lCt'nU1•g th1s cowiccuo11. \VC ha\'C ceccntl~· dr.l'''" .anc-nn<'n
10 th..- i:.I\(" ~,,, U.c..1' th.al .u~ru thu ··R.t:l1gso11 f\ ,ul~rJu1.,1.\cd
to rht Lt" o£ the r.ai(t .md U1l1Sl be- adapccd [0 th.it b,,. •· In thnr
tt'\C.lr\ h, l'ttltcJ \( ICUtl'b llJ.'-l" C:Olllp:.l~ \mow. people'." .!llil ~
cht dtffenn~ if.l~C'S of dc,·elopmcnt of peoples tll.('n 1nd1\1du.1Uy
Tht:~ h.a"'<' t.lc~ I 1rc<l ch.tt t.l1t'Tt' '' nc> <l1rc:ct t.:l1n1k'Lt1011 ~t~ec:n
rac~ and religion· the result of rl>cir sn1dit'S is, on the ronrr.:iry,
co ch:nun 1 ~tr.atc tJ1~ rcllgiuu~ unity c)r hu1n.an1ty.
121. A~ ~on a~ .1 plul~phy succeeds i.tt clarifying the r~•<:nrinl
cl¢rr1('nt~ c1i reh~u111, cl1c .tbliurd tt..lntradict.it1n tl1.1t unplilt' 1h.11
religso11 co1tld ~vcr be L11e re~ttlc of a pttrel}' l1ui11an ac.p1t:'ition
cxpl0<tt"s. 1 hi1, 1\, h'''''cver. the tl1C"S1s th~l racism j'\ IORed lt.,
deft'nd. On tht t:OntrJrv, tt'bgion is based 011 c1te rebc1011 bel\\.cen
che l1un1ln P<"N'>ll aJ1d a J-'Cf\Oru.I .Ocing disnnct tfo1n nu11, :i.nd
on wh1th 1nJn «(>t1lly dt:'pC'nds.
122. Abov< .111. our C.ttbohc Uith te-achcs us~ a tU1ld.l1nc1•u.I
m.ith :h.J.' there l\ onC' Ciod fOT .d men ~nd t(>!- 30 f.JC("(, ''the
l"-a1hcr of our LorJ )l')tn Chtbt" fEphe1ans 1.3). The <~l1r1 ..l1.ar1
religion. chr only cnt<" R"li~on. JS thett"b}· fund.im<nulh· Jd.:tptrd
to ~I .111J ,,rJ.1u1c.:J ft>r .all t.l<t:'\. Anyunt: \\·lttl c.kntc\ lh1 .. cn11l1
contr.1d1cts Jn tsir11tL~ 1u.uut(s101non of thl' Church's hr't, '"ilh:h
''• 111\lf(•\)\.\:t, c:ii;rrt''\Ctl 1n the un1\·t:f'i.tl mi..'ilt)n \\"ltt1 , .. hi,·h ,tu•
\"\'l! e11tru~ted by hc:r l"'Ounder:. ''All po''-'er o\•er hea,~eu :ind e.1nJi
'-~·:i~ givt·n to 111(•. (~t•. cht•rtt•1rc, ;and n1<1kc disciple~ of 1111 n:l1h1n\,
blpt1i.111K 111cu1 111 cht' 11.uue t )f the Fatl1~•. and of the Son, 1'11\l
of rht Hol>' Gho..t. lt.';lchins chcn1 ro obstrve 1U rh:tc I h.:ive l'c,;11u-
111ikndcd )'OU" {."1;a1thc-v.• :8:J9-10).
Ill~ ccn1duc:·t elf il1e Church. 1n!t.Ofur 35 ir 1\ rhe C'(lnt1nu:ino11
of che hfe of<. 'hi''' ,,·ho. ~ tlli: f\..tai1-\JOJ. ,, '111~ulu11t•c,u,J}' tn1t•
God and mic .\.i>n. " prccisdy .md occcss.uily adlpt.-d to lll
autl1<!11t1,- hur11Jr1 1"l>nJ1tKln' a11J .111 ht~lrk~I. ll"ginm.lte' \t("""\C"I•
I l11!fl.vt1 Cmrn"t L~ut.i1
opn1cnts of peoples and group~. Jc put' no J>eopll' or group ur1der
Olli)' C'Or"rr.tint in ordtT to 1111po~ 011 11 .1nvth1ng rontr.11)' co its
1ruc 1u.turc. But no one C'.tn tttct\'t' the Chn~J.n rc-11gion m .any
\\"~y other tlun as ;a pure gncc .ind Jinti, J.\ .Jn obh~t1on bid upon
h11t1 by God. Conseque-ntl). he c3nnm ch.Jll~'C' it 1n ar\y ~'2)'.
othen,·~ it ce~ to be: th<" Chn\n.ln tth~'lOt\ Indeed. the loss
of I~ ObJCCO\·e .tnd obliptOI)" chlr.1<ter '-\OUld C'1U~ ttLgion to
lmt> (Omplerely 1u, <:hanctcn ...nc of un1vcn.ality
Rdc;.s111 tfes1rays 1J1e s1rJtr111rc• ,~,. .ftJt'i(·ty
123. Sir11ple r<.-spcct for reality.,,~ 111.1n1f,•<11ccl in ir$ con~1.sten<.-y,
in tl1e light of di\•tne tcvcl:tt1on. 111~11}' 11c:1c11cc?i, Ju<l experience.
d01:'i not :allo'-'' the Catl101ic to rc.•n\Ju1 \llt.·ut \Vl1c11 confronted by
r;ac11;n1. For as a Catttolic. re..pect for '''It.at 1~ 1•1tt\t aJ\,•ay' be bis
C..'"'1tc11t1a.l tr2.1r. Th<"refore ll n1u1;1 be rcpt·,ated th~l r.ac1"111 can1lot
1,und up to the tat of rhe rh1rJ nc~ll\'t cn1cno11 altt'ady ~ub­
fa,hcd. According to thti mrmo11, .111)' itfOup tha.1 c:b1nu ;a.n c.x-
tCJ\\1\"t' touli[)-. tlut I!., '' h1ch Jtic.tlt~ the content of all ocha
plt~ and \·.aluts from the .,1andpo1nc of tt:\ O\\ n purpose .ind
tUnd..tmcntal sale of' ,·J]ue1;, d~tf())' ch<" bJ,t(' \lructurt' on \\·h1ch
hu1lun1ty depends m order to .1t"h1e\"c tn1c unit)· 111 authentic
pl11n1lir)'· Thereby 1t rt\"cJI:\ ''"'inner tJl\lt)' ;ind lb po\ierty. No,,·.
thl\ is prec"isel}' \\•hac racisn1 doc\, tither 111 11:\ theory or in ics
prJcticc. It n1akc.s t.hc f.1ct of rac1.al ~>up111~ «> centr.al to its
;;y:c.ten1, as.si(;11S it such a11 exclu'\1vc \11,'lllfic.:ancc .111d efficacy. that
1n co1npanson all other :>ocial bone!~ .u1tt grc:l11pings nc> longl.'r 11:.ve
a d1~t111ct. relanvely 1ndepende111 1nd1viduality or foundatio1l in
IJi\\'. l'hrough an abu~ivc cxtcn'i"1on of r1c..·1.1I V;tluc1;, the entire Jifc
of \OCltty is reduced t<> a tot.alit)1 '"''h<.l\t' unit)' ic. '''l1olly 111eclw1-
1cal. It as deprived of precisely 1J11t font1 ch.11 tl1c \pint l::?\'C it:
crue untt)' 111 rca.J plur.ihry.
124. Whe11 ncial '~U<" •~ O\'Cf'1n11~hhC'J Jind 111~c ccnrnl md
 Tiil 1111\01 N I°'' 'tt I If ~I Cll I'll.\ <t<I
ext lu ..1\'t.', ll Ltll.lfi.b.._~
.i.nd obl1lr:r4:lc'I .111 ')thcr IJ(.lUOOS. Througlt
llS IO<lht.ln.in C~t(115l()O, It ltliil.CS .l rfr< of ~let)· th.it cxxtly
rt:"~111!>L:, 1.l1c Ullt.:nuuo1ulc.t MXl.:l). 1.IJ..1t """'"11 cl~11ts to OPJ>OK"
.ln..i rh.1r \\"e Q\1('5('1,·cs .i.rc comb..1nn~ IR cnncc:pt c>f the world
1:-.. ((Kl \llUJllt.', pr-unJl1vl!'f~ )1Juplt:.
Yot1n~ rcopl(' exposed ro rhe'ie t<lc I\ .lhout the \\'Orld be-come
f.trl.1t11,;,1I \\'hc:11 Lhey a1..c~pl theni, 3ucl 11111111,lh. \V)1en tl1ey re1ecl
chrr>1 Iloch oitnnadc.s <lT1.' possible if ht"am .ind n1ind~ h.:ivc bc<"on1c
111t.:;ipJbJl! c.>f .1ppte<.1J.ll11g Lht 11L1.111folJ 11chc1 of Lite 'I i-ue aJld tl1e
Good, nrhc~ '"·h1<"h. in their brOJd ("\i<"llf and u11ity. can only be
the hcnu~c llf .tu .1uth~ntac "ptntu.d l1fe:.
1!S \'(y'rct4..lic:J youth, \\.Tt:tcheJ p;i.rcnt'• ''retched ceachen, to
v. ho1t1 tltc tl1nJ.i1nt'11tal la\v of racist ('<-fUL.,1t1on offers no \iC\\'-
po1111 orhcr tJtiln t3naticis111 or 111h1h$1U~ Le~ U" Jay bcfOre the
v.•l1c.,lc.• \Vtlrl<l th1! illJrll1.-'-ful edu(\1Lio1t1I 11nnc.,1rle. \V}\1cJ1 V./e r e-
CC'ntl~ sr1p.iu.1uzcd as talse: "The goal of eJULJllon 1s co dev(."lop
the r.ic:c"\ rl)Jr.Lt"tcn\tlC'\ ;inJ to inA.11Tk" tile 111u1d \lo·1th .in .trdcnt
lo\.c fi.>r I(\ U"'11 f.A(~t cons.ldcrn-1 b the \U}'lcll)c b-uod." Foi- th..:
)'OU?lg J'C'Or)C" "·hon1 tuCb a doctrine thtt:t.t('n~ to k;id into spt.r
ttu.J JC"t1tutu,11.1.1kl <lii:t:.i.). \\~ w11n,•t pr.l) 1,i.c, tl:nt'Tltly tu Him
,.,.ho lS the 4.-l1vm(' Teacher. the one "''ho i11 Hu O\\.--U Person of
t~rt"tl =i fl'-·rtt·r1 111.,xlel c.l1:a.t u11ir.,,.,J, \V1th int (1n1p.1r=ibl~· brt"adth an<l
r'lllft1\1tudt. tl1e n.icuraJ a11d the supen1a1ur.1l 111 l11e1r tota11C)•. Wr;
'ih.lll Jlr.t)' rn l-fin1 "'·ho SJ.id: "I can1e rh.11 thL•y 11tay ba,1e life and
hav1: II lllt)I C' ;i\')und;,intly" (John 10:10).
1 ::6. \t,~J t11.u tile' \.l.orkl \\·err tn:'c tlf 1h1.. 1r1i\Ukt'n .;an..I
h.mtttul rJc1~n1 th.lt ('re-cts ogid bam~n btC\\"CC'tt 'u.ptnor. tnft'nor,
.ind 111J1t_..'t"nou~ r.ace5 . .and .t\\u111c' 111,·.an.able Jiffe-ttncc:<; 111 t"l<X>d!
(·t'nlu1ly tht'rc cxiu loda:y ntorc or IC\.' perfect. mort or I('<;\ de·
vclop<d r.acts. 1f they an! ntt".:a\urcJ by che OUC\.\"Ud 1ru.111fnt:lC1c.-.n'
tlf their cultur.iJ life. Out th~ ddTC"rencn Jrc detimnincd by the
cnv1ro11111e-nc. 1n 1ht ~11~ lhlt. \t.'lt1nt:: .u1de the cff<.'Cb o( che
t''.<t'T(lll' of free \vill. onlr 1hrou~h 1l1c 111tlt1cnc.:c of the cnv1ro11
n1cnt coul<_t fuod:i1t1t>1ttal r.1ciJ) ch.1r.1etcn\t1~ develop ii1 one or
<lnc>thcr nl:11111cr. :ind concinuc to ctc..·vclop. E\•e11 if \VC' gr.1111 1h.1t
tJ1c..-..c l-"rin1.1ry rtndtnc1c~. (tr tho,c.• chat l.atct tJ"11erge on J('('(>unt
tlf t.ll"c. \Ct the direction J11d cv<.·n the hn11ts of chis dcvclop111c11t
.i11J th<' 111ftutncc of tilt' c:11\·1ron111cut. th~· do nor proV1de the
b.t-..1, for ~'iCnml dJfTcrcnc~ th.at 1111g.l1c m.sc m-iong pamrullr
.....,.C\ \\1lh rqµrd to ~liJ.tlnUl, 1110r.ll • .and cultunl life. 1h1\ 1ruch
c111cqtC\ fron1 chc 1~ch1ng '' c dcn,·c from rcvel.;a.aon .o '"ell J~
ti-0111 ph1Jcxoph)· and other hran,hc."'\ of kno,vlcdge.
1:.7. ·r11 .~
. (t:acl11n~"\ tend t<> dc1uon'tr.1lt"' d1e origa111J and C)·
'C.'llt1.1J t1n1C)' ofche hun1a11 r.a<c. ,'\Ion~ '''1th lhc f:aict thac it~ fl111-
d.Jme11t:1J tendencies J.re not due to pn1tUll\'t d1ffC'renc~ o( blood
t'-t1t 1.0lcly to che influence of tht' t11v1ronn1cn1. mcludu1g chc
'r1ncu.al e11,,r<>nmt'nt. So111e liq.'{', l)()Utcd human grouJK h)vt
b<-c:n \UbJ«tcd to such .ln 1nf1ul·n.,·t' o,·cr fong pcnods of 11111c.
In th.1t rC""ipec-t cl1e ~1c1ve Jcv.,-lop111cnt of \'.tnous r.ac1al tcnc.lc11-
c1c,, rhrough the divers.it)· of r.art1cul.1r r.aces. occurs in e~.lctl)·
ch<." ,,101t.' \V:1y M chc dcvelop111cn1 of otlicr t'lc111e11rs sl1:tp111.,; hu-
111.111 co1nutt111ities. These 1end ..·11c-ic-.. 11ut 011 the \VhoJc chc cl~ar
\ta1np of~ v1ul indt\•iduJlil)1, ,111<.t cnnl"ll the bfe of hu111:1111ry "'
.l \\')lole. Tlte onl)• influence 1n 1h1' fcn1lc and posiU\'(' dr\'f'I·
opn1cnt of d.Ul'ercnt r.icC1 111 chr \\"C>rid tochy-Jg2.1n, :ainn fmnl
lh<' 1nflurntt of hunun f«'t'.'lo111-1s 1n dte &\·or.tblt or u11fJ. ..
\ On.ble dJ\p<)<ICOn of the p.l\C Of rrC'\C."nt rnVlrunmcnt~
 T ii i 11101 ~ ' ' " ' 'r( 11( .\I 1)1
111\ Luga(all)·. tht·n. me cxisct.'Tk:t~ or r11or«.' tlf jt_"'-S dn·cJopcd
r.ict'1- 1mrhC"I rtQ JXll" qunuon. \\•het:hcr \\'it" 1.:orl!JJit"r at tiom the
llLltl.'"lpu1u1 of l'llll"b~ or of cheolo~ i11 th1.· ~..-11-...- of divine clcc-
non '1r l't'JeCt1on h1 pnnaple and 1n rr.1,c.1ce. the 1nJ.tter corttes
dov.. 11 ti-, t11..: 111flue11cc of the <'llv1runn1cut. Ii Lhc c0Jo1uz1ng
n<ir1011~. Ufltc:d <>n by pohtic3J a1nhiri<tn\ :incl 1he thine fi)r n1:1teri:.J
boa1n, neB)c"t their duty ro raise the cuJ1u1J.l Jc1,·l·I of ccn.iin bunta11
gro11P" b)• 111eJnit of heneficent pc1hnc.:il~ \()('i.t.I• .&.nd c:-conomic
lllt."4loUJ\.°\, .1~1J Ul th.ac \\,3}' fat.I lO Ull!t;ll(' tl1e COllil.JJll exawpJe
of' rhc Churrh 10 ha nutSiomry ,,·orl, lnd rf 10 ccn.ain a..qoos
d"tt\· ~\en lc.:p tl1e c:o1otu.2:td ptopl~ at thn 1ntCr1or le1,·el. the11
th<}· art' Y1<>L1nng thC' elcmcnr.-.1)• prinnpln of Chmn~n monliry
:.u1d tlJtur.tJ la'"· l'ht>Se pru1c1pl~ cotic.crnJrlb the: ttspttts\e
right'i or tht' rolon1zcrs ~nd th<" indig<"JlOU\ r<-orlc" '''ere. morc-
<>vc:-r, 'l(t l'Ortl1 b)' tilt'. C:hurcl1 \hOrtly J(tt'f tJ1e J1<;1.:l)Vt'.I). of th<
N<'w World In sp1tt• of the frc<JU<"nr. d1.•rlor:iblc offenses 111c11
<lnven h)' JV;tt'lct J.nd p<>lit1cal a111b1t1<>t1 Lhe11 Clnnn1itt<d ag.ain\t
t1t('SC pri111.:11,J~. c.hr latter ncvcrthc](',\ lrti' thci.r in1print. Thus
codly \Ve- ~ thit th~· ha,·c;: been ~opted .l1no11g the proud.
P"" <rful p«>pl<> of Sourh Am<-n<~. "ho hJ,., • bn,;bt future.
~ '';} hv111~ proof. lC( us noct". of thl" l"\fi\llJOtl of d1\anc plans
1n thc:- J1\.ct'\Jty J.rad nu.xture of r-Jcn. 011 tht" mhtr fund. tA·h.ir
\\'Ottld h;t\C been the rcsuJc lud rac1,111 ('\1.:r"-'"""d tl( Je--crucuv~
p(l\\'CT' \\1rho11t eon<1tr:t1nr in the colon11ilt1()11 of these regions?
Nl) <l<tl1bt 't>tltc.:thu1g au .Jogou!I l t> wh,1t \\t1ul<l hJvc.: liar>pt:1tt"<1
to the IC'11d111F rolt' of £uropca11 ~'eoples-rhc11uclvc:s a uu.~tLt.l'e
c1f <livt"l' rJrc-' l1a<l tl1ey heen ;.purihrd" hy r.:iri\111.
1!9 Altl1ou~1 llOl based on 1ts 1nore recent ~SW11pttOJlS. racL1,in
Ion~ C"\t"Tc:ll.t"J I" pcmicioU'\ infflll'»Ct" 01\ certain pam of the
Amcnc;:.1n c;:()f\bnent. lbc~. the tde.;a ot ~ lixeJ J.i,11nrnon bc:'-
ru·C'Cn 1ntcn<lr .111<1 .superior Dl:ts tus bt.·(n lcpc: .&Ii\ e nor so much
I'll;'. !Ct
l~y tl1c surrounding c1rcun1\1.111rc\ ~ .. by tl1e an:1fici.al nunun11t; ot
prt"JUdtcn. And the ;applic.ioo11 of 1h1\ adc.a u <:arricd out by un·
le.1,h1ng the bases< hunun 111\tllllU 1n the so-called i)"ll<h b" .
AnJ 1t u \tall C\11cknf 1n tho\.C' \\ho .1rc .md '"-uh to be br.ant:he\
ofChn,,t. n1en1b<ors ofH1, u1,,t1.:o&I UoJ.,-• .a_r1d yet \\ho ,i., 2 ntJtlcr
of pr1nc1plc or prac:ncc arc not '" 1lhng to ac;kno,vlcdgc th.lt the
I lou,c of God is open to all nee,. :111(1 is tl1e visible ex-pre-s~1011 ()f
tl1cir l'rt>thcrhood in Christ.
J JO.11u1 is ,,·hy 1ncn of good \\111 J:touki do c\·crytb1ng thc1,·
c.an to put a.n end to alt unnu,,uhbl\· dc&nu.tOI)' and dtiCn1111-
nJtOr)' J1mnct1ons 1n public 111~. \0 th.1t rebuons among soc1.a.J
tu'QUP\ nlJ)' be regul.:.ted 'IOlel)- by antc:mnal JUStlCr :and chant}'
Btat no one \vill reasonably con,tdcr ,l\ discn11t1nacory such d1f
fcrcncc\ an<-1 ~oc-ial ~pant10111, ,,., brotlterly love and prudence lll-'Y
C0\11\\CI to the advan~ge of all tltc <Ii fl\: rent races i11 vic\v of tl1e1r
.tltU.11 c1rcu1taSta1tcC'$. ju~t .:a< there .ire Ull\\ rittcn 1n.1tnn1on1:al 1111-
1
pedu11cnts .10\Utg from d1ffercnc~ of .age. education. social co11-
d1t1ons .and ong:m. and C\'tn rron1 bodd'" co11dttio1u. ,vh1ch the
pnrdencc o( ~rencs. thC' "1sdo1n of ch~ 1mn1edUtcl}· concerned.
.and .ln cxpenm(ed JXblOr.al ~1tb11'e luvc a..l"''a)"'S bttn "·ont to
con,1Jcr, '° there are abo 4<UCh Jc.tu.ii. c\·cn tf n<>t uncNngc;ablc
;and n~1dl)• nomu.n\·~. on:u111\t.1n'c-. 1n the ttlanons of the rnccs
fhc ract.'l \VilJ obser"c thcnt 111 their O\Yn 1ntcrcst, U1 accord.anc:e
\\
1
1th the oft-quoted \YOrd~ <>f 5.l111t At1gttSti11e: "\ve :ire not
obliged to provide aU thin~ to everyone, but \VC are obliged ro
love C\'tryone, and i1tiu\t.1Cc to,,·ard a1l)'Ooe is unaccept:ablc." 1 ~
Thc\C 011\vntten matnnlon1;al u11pcd1111cnts bct\veen r.ac~ itt
J'l~(Cr..lbJc (0 \\·ritten 0111."\, p~RJCUl.ar}\• If \Vnlttr'I llllpedilll('tll\
\\.OU)d atuck the persorul nght' of inJ1vadlWs .md the 1nq1runo11
o( 11utnmony u ~ Sxnn1cnt 1n\.f.1tuted by Chn:st 2nd cxclu,1vtl)
 1fll !llfllll"' 11'<1 V! ''''I t 01 "IP• 'fl

~ubje-t., tel th< ( hurch_ Al1d nghtly \0, rOr 1.\l\.11 a ll:.arful ubulc co
41.rJcc a1>d ''lilt a &.·gradauon of hu1n2111n· 1\ ctm11nittcd \_\·hro
m.tm.tj.::t" hct\\ «n che n~bc:-n o.i J1tft>n:-nt rM..'1.11 grou~ IS S)').-
cc:nut1t.alJy prvh1b1tcd )-ct DOD<' uk:c otlcmc- .it unla,,ful ~~I
inrc-rctlU1't' ht-t\\ l"<'O n1en~n of Jiff~rt.:nt tu'>•IP''
.l.\ tr.;alto". a11d rhe children of th\he \\·ho Lt1d dO\\'TI their hvt·'
lit tht'lf C'OUlltT)..S tx:tu.lf lTC br.1nc.irJ .... outb\\."S by the \'Cf) llt.'l
01 thc:1r p.tttnt.tg('. The \•JluC\ of pltnot1\nt. ~ loudly 1nvokc:d
tOr thl" benefit of ont cbss of c1n1C'n ... .ire nd1culed ,,tftc:n 1n\'okrJ
tOr otJ1crs \\·ho co1t1e under the r.1,1.1l b.1.1t
In lite ca.,c of the Jc,,·s. tl11" tt.ittr-.int Jcn1.il of hu111..-in nght\
...<·nd~ 111any cltousands of ht'lp1c. ptN>n~ out over tht. f.1c:e of the
0

5. }<'lllS .rud 1mri-St111irism (religio11s s1·1u1r<1tit>11)

\\

c;irch \v1thout a11y resourcc."S. \Vr.11<.lcr111g fron1 fro11t1er to fro11t1t'r.

IJ' T hi1\t• \Vht• h:1ve plated f.J~t" illt:~ I it11.1lCI)• OU ... ~d~L.tl thC)' .ire .t burden to l1t1111an1ty and 1<> thc111~el\'e\.
havt> rc-n«.1tttd 11wlktnd a dissC'rv1CC'. ror thC)' h.lvC' dol\C' nothing
••• .td\.'.J11,1· ch,· u1111) Le> \\h1..:}1 hun1.Jn11~ lt·nJ., .. ,,J.._,r1ro. One
o.uurilly wondcn af dus end JS tmhiuU" pur<u<d bv m.mv of che
rrinr-ip.11 il\l"c"' -•t'-"" cK- .a '4">-nlleJ nt·i.il runty ,,r 1f tl1ar a1n1 i'
r JJ. Out ho,vcvcr unjust and p1t1Jr,"\, th1., cm1paign ~n\r the
oot nthcr to IO!l:t .i cle\·ier slogan to n10\:c the lll.lS.SCS to '-·m·
Jc\\.\. hl\ .it le.ut thu ad\·anu.,_oe, if C'lfl<' c.i11 put 1t $0. o ...-cr r.>.t:1.1I
ditfcrrnt <•n.,_I,. itu .. \tl<i(lit;on t;,.'Ttl\\.'i \\.hen <Hit" env1\3g"" ho·\v
\l"r1ti:-, thJt it recalls rhe true n.in11"C, the .iuthe11ric tnsis of the
111111y ~ttlx1Jv1$10ns of <t s111gle- cice are 1ud,i;ted _.Ji,i trt.lted dttTe-r-
«'ICt.11 "-Cpar.1r1on of che Jc\v\ fro111 chc rt"\t of11un1anity. Th1!i b.1\j,
cntl)' by fl u· '·"""' n 1t·n taf the ~alTil' lin1c·. le '' funh,·r incrc.11>cd
1\ <tirectly rcligioos in character. p,,c-1111.111)•. rhc so-called Jt'\\'1~11
\Vl1e-n i t bcco111ts clear th.:ic tl1e struggle- f'or r.ic1al pur1ry eJ1ds by
quc,uon 1~ not one of race, or n;iuon, or ttmtonal nat1on:ihty,
bciitg uniqt.1l·ly thl' ' trllf,rg)C' again~t che )l'\\-''i. S~1\·(' for ii:' S\~tc111-
.i.o r c.n11:lry, th1\ ,l1llg~t- tS no ditl~rc>nt 1n true nlQO\"d ind meth-
or C'ltliCltlh1p In chc state-. It IS l qtte-\ll On or
religion a11d. sinrc
the- con11nH of Chriu-, 2 quc,t1011 of c-hnlta.aru~·.
00.. fro11t pt;.·r"-'" ut1011' \.'\-C'l)'''hl"rl~ cJm-.-d ,,ut .i~in'l th..: je"\\s
fiO\\' Utterly 11usguid("() i\ <u'-·h .1 poJ1cy tO\V<lJd rhc jt'\"\"'-, hO\\'
sine~ ann•tl11n·. Th~ pc~cunon, ha\'(' hittr1 cr1uured O~- the
h.tn111UJ .ind 1ndf«nve tOr che ,.cl)· pu~ 1t \tt"ks to .1-Ccon1-
Hol) ~..: u11 111or\'. dw1 Olk:' occ~url. l>ut t."""-f"ll.JI) \\ lk"l.1 the\'
ph ..h. c.in only ~ seen ,,·hen \\(' contp.m: 1t \\"Ith \\'h.lt the
h.;a\•e- \vom th<' n1.1ntle of Chrisn;arnf)'.
(:hurch Ju\ C\·cr C4lught :and p~ctl(t<l Ill thl\ Connection. <ind \\•tth
the lc\so11s of history.

lJ.1. 1\~ _. J«.'sull of such perSecut1ou. 1u11l1011\ tJf :ire

pe1'-0n<i
A>siric>11 <!f rite C/111rc/1 with R~~ard 10 j11dais111
dl"privc·cl 4'f' thl" lllOSt clcn1cntJJ')' ri~ltr~ 2nd llnvdcgcs of citizeo.s
111 U1c \·~r\I l.anJ tlf 1l1e1r h1nh. l >cn1t'~I 1,·c."-I rrntect1011 ~no.;c
\ioJcnc.·'- .&1\J roNlC-n. ('Xpostd ro e\C" f~lnt\ of 1u,uJt and public
J(d1l11,~~s of Rnitla1io11
d~n. 1n110C,·11t pem>m ll<" lTl'2tt.·,t .., cr111111uJ, though lhe~ 1) .. If ,,.c
k>ok. upon the outtcr fi-.;>111 the hi'>tOric:al q,.uJdpo1nt.
h.t"\'e -.cn1rut.lU\f, ,>bc:-ycJ the Lt\\-" ofthc1r n.-nvt· l1nd. E'·cn chose: '' c find rh.it 1n the hwory of the hur1u11 nee onl}· one people
\\ho 111 t1111i: t>f \\J.r tOugltt br.avtl)' lt>r thl·tr t'\kanrry .1~ tr~te-d h" h;J ; c:alhng. properly <o nll<J llm " chc J"'"'h !'<'Opie,
 I 111;. illlihl '-I I/\( VI I JI A (J! rtl\ ' '
\Vho \VCrc choc:("n hv Alnllj!.hrv (~od to rrt"p:irt' the v.•.1y 1n h1 ..tOI")'
fur c}1i.: l11i..1n1:1r1on <>f H1~ <>ul>-li~~<,.ttl'n ~,111 "\l;lho ;tJC cJ1c
T<r;i("htes, \vho h:i\'C' rht ;ld<lrnon l\ '1011.,, .·11.,d tht' ~t)ry and cht'.'
1..-U\ l'll.ltll" ~u)<l Liie lt:e,rJ ..IJllOJI JUJ tl11; \\'01-..h1~i Jud tJ')(' prol1U'f\;
"·ho h~\·(" the' f;irhtf'\, :i11d tron1 \\ ho1t1 1' thC" Chn.. 1 1r(·ord1nl' t<>
0 1n;i.t1011 and g<lin. the 1..,r:iclites lo"l ,,·J1a1 thC',. chcn\\(•lve\ h.ad
cl1t- tlc"h .• ?" fllcl111..in, .a •.a-~).
135 The' \'<X;tOOn Of fh(" jc-\\1-.h rrof')t" n1hn1nlf<"d in :a \\hf>Jl\i
un1-.iuc and u11rrnnk11tt."J ll1,tur1c;J '~"-ur1.:11(.l'.' th.it 111tc11U.J-'ltd
~nd rr.instOn1K'd rhe h1<to')· oi rhC' "orlc.t Af o1 cktintl<" n"W>n1cn1
1n llllll'.', 111 .a .kfi111te !0i..~1l"\, 111 one uf t11C' tnlln of tJ1c jc\\Uh
people. through rh< opcr.irion ol rh< I loly ~r1n1 , th<!'<""""""
hul bttn 3ltnour1ccJ .inJ ~\\J.JtcJ try tl1C" pr,>pl1cb of l'-r.\el fiJr
(t'nruriN \\'lS bom tion1 J Jc.·\, t<h n1och<·r J~u~ C"hn'r H1' ml'•
<10n •nd h1\ tcJ.ch1ng \\ere lh<' ~c,n1ple11,111 (\f tllC' lu,lt)nc.: 1111~'1011
and ce-J.ching oi l<ra-.-1. H1') blnh. latt-'. 'l&ifi:nn..,". d-.-Jth. and rc.'l
urrcct1on from the dc-~d '"crc 1h<" f\1lt1llJnc11t ,,t 1.. r.1C"r., t')·pc:"\ .1nd
prophe<.1~- £.,tr-lonl1J1~1n. .\., '' l\ th1' °''-
urn.:r1c.:<', it \\6 Jinked
\\;th .morh..:-r no IC\"i cxrr;iordin.11') .tnJ .i.l'\O unprc\C:'\.l~ntcd lJI tu\·
tOI)'· The S.1v1c.1r. \\'hOlll (;,..,J 11.a<I ~Cllt t() 111 .. ch,~c.:n rcorte Jftcr
th-e>• hJd pta)'ed and long~d ti.lr H111\ t\:>r thou\.~nJ, ol )"'-'<Ir,, ''-'.b
re:Jet·red h)· th.at pec.>plc, \'1nlcnrly rcr11t.l1.1tc'-I• :inti c.·t1n<lemnc'-l a\
1 ..:nnuo~-tl b>· thi.: h 1g-l\c"1l cr1bu11.tls t>f the Jt:\\l'ih u.1lU)t1, u1 i.:c.>l·
lusion ,.,,;ch th(' pJµan .luthorinc~ \\'ho htld rhc .JC\\'i<h people m
b cn1<l:igc. Ult1111.11cl)'. the ~.i\'IC>T \\,I\ j)Ul l() J\'.llh.
Through tJ1<.> stUfe-rings .111d dcat11 of tl1e S.1v1or. tJ1t \VOrk of
th<" ll('<lt·n1ptic)n \V.•~ ,,.r,•ut~l1r fl1r .111 htu11.u111)': lh« ~in' c)I th(•
\Vorld '''er~ t1keu l\\lly; the doon oi 11(,\vtu \\ot.'re (>peued~ 1t1.a11
\Y<l"' rl'...torl.'d b}' thr Second 1\d llll f {'I thi." pr1\'i1CW-'' fi·o111 ,yJ1ich
h\! h.1d been excluded lly the \Jn of h1i. lir,1 l"J' <.·nts, .-n...{ th<.·
,p1n1ual k111~'-lll1n u ( Chri\l \\:J\ c.•,t:t1)h,hc.·...l fi1r erL•n111y. Thc-
Redt'ntpriou «.1penrd thl~ dot>~ of SJlvJl 1011 t(l ch'"· 1t11t1r...· hun1.u1
r.lcc~ ir cst<thli')hC'd <i unJ\'C'"J) Ku1p,doi11, 1n \\.·hiC'l1 there '''ot1ld
I>.: no d1sti11c.;t1<nl ,,(Jt'\\ <)f { :cnt1I~. ( :n«:l cir ll.irll.1ri.111. rl\t· , t•f)·
I''"""''., Ct11rn1 ( '111t.u
.ac:t b)' \Vhich tl1c- Jct\ti')h people put to dC";11)1 th1.:1r S.1v1\1r .111tl
King \\'as. 111 the srro11g la.t1guage of S.1101 Paul. 1hc ,,,1\'.tt1<u1 c1i
the ,,·orld.
1J6. On the other hand. bli11ded b)' a \'1'>1011 t1f 111:itt•n.1I 1.l<l111..
soughL A ft''' chose-11 souls• .tt11ong \\hoi11 \\Ctt the J1\C1111,... .1n«.t
foUo,,·cn of Our Lord. the early Jt\\1\h Chn,.t1;Jn\, .a11d, tl1rouW.
the ce-orunes. a fc\V 1nc111berS of the: jc:\\:1\h pc'<>plc. \\Cf(' .1n C'' •
cq>ao11 to this gcncnl rule. 6)· thc-1r Jl('Ct'pQrlC<' c>fChn\t "i 1c.·.1ch-
0
1ng and their u1rorporat1011 111to lia\ Chun:h. clu:' \lllr('J 111 the
1nhent<tncc of Hu glo~·. but th~· rtnu1nf:d .aitd \tlll ttnu1n .111
cxctpnon. ··\Vb.at lsr.itl ,,.~ ~ling .1ftcr. tlut 11 h .., not ()b.
u1ncd: but the chosen tu,·c obuinni 11 • .tnd chc rt"'t h.i\t' been
bli11<kd" (Ro1nans- 11:'7). Sl1n[ P.Jul .Jc.lck: "Uuc h\ their ofTt"n\('."
th;Jt 15. through the jf\"""°S. f'CJCCUOO of the i\-10..l.a~. "...il\'JllOll h.1\
co11te co the Gentiles·· ( flonun~ 11:t 1).
~torrot·cr. b}' a mys1enous Pro,1de1tce of God. tll1\ tnthJpp)
people. desuoyen of their 0\\11 n.Jt1on, ,,·J1(h(' 1111.,,._,u...tcJ l'"•Jdt."n
h.1d called do'"'' upon their Ot\11 heJds .-. D1v1ne 111Jlec.l1c.:t1011.
doo1ned. ;as 1t \Vere. to pcrpctu.:ill~· \\'ln(icr O\'t.'r 1l1c tj,c <lf tht
eanh. tvere nonetheless ne,•er allo,,·ed to pcn')h, but h.1\·e bec11
preserved through the ages i11to ot1r O\'-'n 11111c. No 11Jt\1r-.1I Tl'.l\<lll
appears [O be fo~hco11u11g ro c.>.'<pl3in d11') Jge~long Jlt'~i\tt'll<:t".
th1" 1ndcstrucc1blc coherence of tl1c jc\Vl'lll people.
137. Addressing the Gcncalc'>, S.1int J'>;1ul <."l\.'Jrly 1n<tirJtC\ thl'
apparent contr:'ldiction behveen the.~ unbelief of th<-· ]C\V'i .an<t the:
providential pan that God's f>rov1dcnce has r1en111ttcd thc111 to
pl~y 1n the \\'Orld·s u l,·:ation. But J1e got'\ fi.1rlht•r \Lill, .and pc)ull,
out thac tlt('re is no reason co dc-spair of J,.r.ic1'" ...1lvac1011 • .,1nrc
the llcde111ption acco1nplishcd throug.)1 cl1~ n:JC(t•<>n <lf the
 1 Ill fflOPIN I >.:j ~ 11 c \I •>•
fi..lv1t.1r .11)J I It" JcJt.11 extends 1~ fru11, 11t11 to th..: Gc11Lilcs alone.
bul al..o to lht' ,.c~ people ,,.ho R']~t~ I 11111, on the ~le con-
J11101l th.11 thl\ reupk ft'pt"rit ai1J Jtt.'Cl"l Hut•~ lh1:1r Redecn1cr.
··So tlw,· l<l\> h.J\'C: not DO'\\" bchcved b)· lt.l\Qn of the mcrq•
.,},,,""" )'<)U. tl1.1t the}' too niay obtJul nlL'ri.:>·'" ( £lonuns 11:311.
13X Altho\1~1 the: Gentile ,,,orfd, 1n '\O t:1r a\ 1r 1'1 con,rcned
lt) chc: tc.11.-·li111~ c>f <:hrntt no\\. :-h.1r'"' iu 1li.: lru1L' of d 1t.ne pron1-
1scs \Vl11clt '''etc rcJcctcd b)• rl1c IC'\\'S. fhc Cc:1lti1~ are not ro
bc1,1\t 111 .t 'tnk111g 1111twplu>r, S:tutt 1•.1ul t<lfllj\<l.fc' Lhc people of
lsraC'l ro a11 ohvc tree. onto ,,·hach hJ\'C' bec11 jU.litC"d bru1cht'S
frtt111 A \\iJJ oll\'e (l{o11un' J J:J(t-14) f'h.: nW.)t ctf tftl\ lT~, thl"
p•much• of the Old t.w. is ho!).~ •nd IO, ., k.,t through tbcu
<)n.,rgl \'tlC".ar11>n. ln:' •b hr.anrhn. <·nuJn tw.ar1t·l1a. hc1\\.C'\·a
chr u11b<ht,·1ng jC":-s-ha\·t- &lle11 &0111 the tttr. lu contrJ;SC co
thi'i, br.1nt hl"' ()I y.-ill1 tJlive ·the p.l~1n, h tVC' hce11 c11grirtcd
ltpo1\ tltt JtlC\tr.tl OIJ\•e. T116e, ]\oWe\·er. tvt'n .ill.tr t1\e-1r conver-
i;jon t<' tht• ltuc t 1ith and th<.·ir JncoriwmcJt)n it1to chc Church of
Chra'it, ,1rt;: to tt1t1~1ubc.'r thre..- thin&\- fi~l, lh.11 th..-y possess tl11\
su1)e-n1a1t11.1J hi\· \01.:ly thanks to chc ro11c ind ~JP of t])e 1urur.ll
olive; '\cL·ond. thoi.t they. the non-jc,\11.h Chn.,ttiJ1.,, do not cam'
the f\)O(, t-.ut tl1c rool um~ dte-n\. chJ.t ,, t4' ~~. JuJea Joe,, not
r«C'l\.'c: s.a.l\·;inon trom the Gc:nalts. bul nthrr the oppog.te rs uue;
tf~arJ. lh.-t tile (;enllle. thcrn.<..ef\ ~. 1f che\ .1r'\o\l.lh7C fTo:n the
faith of Chra~t • .lnd lave w presu111pllOU .111d b1111J ~lf-cotlfiden<.'...-.
c.1n p<"ri(·c·rly \\-1·11 ,h;irc: the tinhapp)' lot of the t:illcn branchC"S
'"I lit:}' w~rc hr,1ke11 <>IT bccatL\C (•f unheh,·1. \\' h crc.t\ thou b)• f;u1}1
st.1ndc~c ll<.· not hig11 111i11dcd. bur t'i?:u"' (Ron1:ins 11:20).
l '9· ~;1111t J>,1ul. hov.·~''C't, is nor rontt."ll( \\'ith \Van1ing d1c
Gentsle!i Ji,tJ.lla\1 ui~due liitlf~onfid..-nce. I le~<)<"\ further. :ind holds
out s11ll tht.• l""°'\1l11hty of ~·aaon co tl'lc Jc\\'\, 01Kc they ~re
('onvcncd ri-on1 thr1r sins. ind f'C't\lrn to th<' 'Plntu.tl tn-dJtio11 of
f\l"~J. \.\hl(h I\ rmpn-iy thc."in b~· rhcar h110ronC' r~r .lod aJhng.
bttt 1n v.·h1..:h the Gec1ules. throug-11 gr.11.<. Ii.a"< bceta 1n..hk p;ar-
P i t 1' XI
t1r11'-lnn. If at1d \\·hen th1, IU11l' ,,f tl1e1r rt'fun1 occur\. '''hrcl1rr
tn lht' c;i\.C' of mdJ,idtuls-<k' h.a~ .tl\\'.l~") luppc:r1cd lhroujth the
(C'fltunn .u1d cont1nu~ to h-'pp<11 111 our O\\ n umcc;-or 111 1l1t
1.:.t1.c- of the Je,,"ish pcoplC' ,., .t \\·hole. thUSC' '''ho con1e bJt.·k to
("hn\t tind thcntS<."lvd \\•holly .11 h<'1t1c Ill their O\vn hotisc. 111t1re
ch.111 "">' other pl"<>plc 111 the \Vt1rld
C\·en 111 S:t1nt P:t11t•._ O\v11 dJy, ,t( .at .ill ri1ncs. rherc \VJ~ a
"rcn111:a111 s..1vcd." Rrliqui111• .f11l1'tli' .f.rtt1U' s11111 (l-l..011t.1.l1\ 11 :)). So.
'''uh prurhc.•t1c \"oicc. th~ Apol1le 1'c>1n1 .. tu the fi1n1rc. to thL'
(Oll\'Cr.1on of d1e Gencil~ -'' chc lorcru111ler of the cor1ve~101\ ot
the Jc''' .t11d thar return to thr1r f.a:tl1cr'~ hou\t: all lu--Jcl, 011uus
1,,.,<1, noc .as 111t"an1ng each 1nd1\"1tlt1.l1. buc thC' je\\'is.h peoplto .a;, ,;a
\\·holi:.
140, Ji,r.itt lus u1<'.urrcd the ''r.ith of (;OO. b«aw(' 1t h1-. re-
JC<:tcJ the Gospel. Yc:t e\·en chc:rc:by 11 h.t\ h;i_i;tcncd the C\.'Jn~l-
12~1c1on .ind, ;is a r~sult. tl1e {'()11vcr.1on of the Genules. J~rael
rc111,111t\ chc chosen people, for ''' t.•lec:t1<>n has never bct.:n re ..
vokcd. Tltrough the inefT3bJe 111<.·rcy oi God. Israel also n1ay .;hare
111 tht• rcdc111pcion \\•hich lsra<·I'( O\\'ll r('jernon his made <J\•:t1l.1blc
to t11r Gc>null"S, ,,·ho had Lhe111'i.Cl\'C'\ been unbelaevtrs. ''for Cod
hJ., .,hut up ..all 1n unbehrt: tit.it ht' 111.av h.a;vc 1ncr0• upon .a;IJ"
(l\.c.11n.in" 11 :32)...Oh 1hc dccpth of the nchcs of the \\'1sdo111 .a;nc.i
of the lnowlcdgc of God1" (Rom.in' 11.JJ).
f/1.<1,irit.1/ res11/1s of 1/rc ji11/ of ''""''
141 . Out 'his profol1nd paradox, cx1\t1ng 111 111c invisible, purl•ly
'iUpcn1.itur.1l ord~r. h:a-t \VOrkcd 11,elf out 111 the 111cvitable occ."t1r·
rcnt:e\ o( lultory. As a rt•i;u}1 o( th<" 1r;cct1on of the Messia' by
I It\ O\\n people. lnd of H1\ ,-<.,rrc.,,i>ondt11g J.ccepunce by the
(;cnule \\·orld. \\'hich had not \h~red 1n 1hc i;pcciJJ pro1nbC"\ dC'-
11\·C"rcd to the Jc:'""· ,,.c
find .1 h1,tonc cn1•11~· of thc Je-,,.,.4 people
to <:hn,tun1t)·. creaung .i. perpett1.1l tcn,1011 bef\,•een Jc\\ Joe.I
 1111 HIDOIN •NCV(llCAl Of' J'f\lS XI
Gc1111lc.- \\ l\1ch the ~s~g.: of an1c 111\ nc:vcr d11111n1shcd.. even
thou~ fro11\ l1me lo umc its nun1f~1::a11011s hi\·c been nuaga1ro.
I .fl. rhe lofty concept the Church hJ\ rorevcr held relative 10
rhe vocJ11on (>r 1he Jc,vish people .as ~en fro111 their p.i.'>t history,
:ind her Olrdi:111 hopes for their c.•ven1ual \alv.llion jn the fun1tt,
do 1101 bhod her to the sp1riru2l dangcN to \Vh1ch contac;t ,,rith
Je,,-., can expose souls. or nuke her un.l\\'<l.rc of thC' need 10 saft-
gu.irJ ht'r children .igairut spinrua] conugaon. Nor lS this need
d11111111,hcJ 1n our O\\'ll nmc. As Ion~ .i~ the unbelief of the jC'\\"ls.h
people prr.1\l'\• .l'> long .u there as .tCO\'C' hO\tthty to the Chrisnan
rchgic>n. JU't ..o long must the Church U\C every effort to sec that
the efTC'<:t\ of chu unbelief and hostility .ire 1101 to redound to the
ru111 of the ll1tlt Jud rnorals of l1er O\\'n n1e111ben. Where. 1norr:-
ovc.>r, ~hi: lin<I~ chat hatred of the: Christ1a11 religion has driv~n
111isgtndcd «>ul<c, \vhethl'r of thc Je\\~'1.h ilc..'Ople or of other orig1n,
10 :tll)' tl1t.•111\clvcs \Vlth, or actlvely to pron\otc rcvolucio11:ary
1110,·c111c:11t.. tl1.it a1n1 to destroy socitcy :.nd to obhtc-ratc &om che
n11nc.h ot 111c11 thl" kno"·IC'dge. rc-\'crcncc • .ind IO\'C' of God. she
n\U.{I \\'Jnt hC'r childttn apinst such n\O\'C'lt1C'llll. expose the rusn
;and fl.lbc.:1C"\ of thtar lc-.ulers.. and find Jg;lln,.t thc111 ;approprUtc
s.1fe)tll:&n.f\.
We tind th,1t tn her history the Chur4.:h h;1.s never failed to
\VJnt hrr c.:h1ldtt11 against tht: teaching of the jc\\'S. \Vhen such
teaching l1••~ been (lirccted again~c the F.uth. ~fhi: Churcl1 h:ts
ncver sou~llt tu 1111111nuzc the terrific for<'c of the reproaches ad-
dte'>wd by thc- pro10111:artyr S:a1nt Stc1>he11 .;tga1nst thOSt or che
Jc\Vl~h people \vl10 knov.ringly ttS1,1tJ the c~ of gr;acC': "Snff-
11cckcJ .inJ u11c1rt'u111('ised in hean .ind C'.lr ..... {Acts 7:51). The
Church h.a\ \\.ln1ed. like\\bC ~111~ 4111 O\'Cr-f.a.nula;anC)· \\"Ith the
Je\\1,h COllllllUIUC)" th.it mighc l~d to CUUOlll) .i.nd \\'.li~"S of rh11ik-
1n~ contnl)• to the su1ld:&rd1; of Cl1n~tloa11 bfr:. The- un\'1cltf1ni:.
CllC''}..~·. :at ont time, •nd thc 1l11IJn~'• .at .l11ot.hcr. of such \\'.lnl
111~ .and ntC'.lSUttS of self-proCC'•:t1on ..:om:'l.ponJ not to .trt\ 111tc-
nor ch.an~~ 1n the Church'\ pohc, tO\v.lrd the je'\\s, ,,·h1ch
rc111.l.1ns un~tered. hl1C to .i.ltcrcJ {lr\.·u1ll"t.l.nces and co v.1n.1t1<lll\
of Jtt1tudc upon lheir p01n The polu.:}' of the Church hcriclf u1
tlus nl~ttcr is 1101 co be conftJ1111(f\•d \V1th the policy of 1nt'r\.!
i11d1vidu~ls. It is to bt: dctcn1111tc<t by lhl· cond\1ct of her bi~l1op~
tJkcn .u .l \\•hole, hC't couocils,, C"Pl'tl.tlly the ccu111c11ical co11n1,;1!1o,
.lnd 111ost p.articulir1y by tltJ.t of hc:r Suprc111c Ponnffi.
143 While. hO\\'C\'er, the 1c.ach1n~ of the Church co11crmu1lt
che rt'l.ltlon of the Jc,,-ash ,·0111n1un1f\· \\lth tfK- Chnsa.in co111~
111un1n,'. .n ''·ell .as thC' Chun;-h'\ pr.tcoc..ll attitude in the l~c of
the proble1115 encountered clC'lrl) drn1oru.cnce the need tOr ..-n
er~ct1c 1ne:asurC'S co prC'~t'f'.'C both che f:t1th and moral) of her
n1t.•111bers and soct<.:ty itself agJ111,t the corrupt111g i11Hue11cc of er·
ror. thc1e sa1ne doctrine" hkt\\'J>:e ~hO\V the uttt:r uufitne-.s ,1ntl
h1cOic;1cy of ;anti...Se11Uris1n a~ a 111c.111\ of.acl1itv111g tl1at en(t, 1"hc.·y
\ho..v .1J'lt1-Se1nitisn1 not only J\ p1r1fully 1n:.1dequ:icc, biit ~l\O ,).,
Jc:(c-;at1ng Its O\\.'D purpose, 1nJ rrcxlul'111p; Ill the end on))' grcatt"r
o~uc1~ 10 cope: \\'1th.
c,,,,Jm111a1ior1 of "'''i. St'Jnitisttf
• t4 Th:at such pcnccutOI)' rnctli~b arc tot.tll}' 11 \"an:ince \v1th
the true spine of the C<ltholic Chur\·h 1....1io,v-11 b)' the dt>crcc llf
the S<lcr<:<I Co1tgrcgation of 1hi: I ltll)• ()llit:c tOr March 15, 192t':
"l'he Catholic Church habitually 11r>ly.. for the Jc,vish pc:oplc ,vJ10
\Vtrc tl1c bc~ren of thr: l)1vinc rt•vclJtlon up to tlle t1111e c>f (:hn,t;
tha,, d~p1tt', indeed. on account ol. their \p1nrual blindnm. Ac
lulled br llm love. the Apo<10lll !>cc lu' pro1«:1cd 1h" pcoplr
.&g.a1n~ Ur\JUst opp~on .ind. JU"I "" C\'t:t}· kmd of crt\')' Jnd JCll·
OU\)' .a.111ong the- n.aaon) n1u\C be J1\olrpnl\'td of. $0 1n ;111 C1:p«1oaJ
 Ifft. llltllllN 1._I VI ll1..Al OF PllS J.:I
1112nncr n'ltl't be th;i~ hatrl""d "'htch I\ JitCller.ally 1tnned mti-
S..•11ull,111"" (;l.,6' .-Ip. Sc.JU, .!O~ 1918!.
b./,•)tJ•" tJti1Pt ( :11tli~.J"-i1 pt.> P"J!f'lo _/MJ.w, '/"; d11;r.11t11tff 11squc ad
./~UfH C.:l:n;11u11 JWVllJJSSl•)ffUltl de'p<titt.:nuf f,11t, Utlrl nli<toJnlr <Uh«•Jtlf'Ht"
tju; (1l1tdl' Jli11nt',
inr1n.v l111ju;, ip:.iul- ubt.1t'tdfi(tt1is (dtiSIJ, seruptt or,rrt•
(lllJ~lltJ 1ir Qu11 ( •fff/dl(' /'f'fllt1JIJ ,4,,\)Jtn/1r.1 'ief/t, ('Uuulru; p1•pu/u11J .-011-
rr.1 111U1111,1.1 ''1 ,\11ti1>,,t·;, 11rutc.\tl, er qu,·111(u/1u.>tl11111 l'Ulllt'.) 1'111-ftltal <ll
s111111lr.1tr$ nurr l'"l'u/,15 rrprol1.11, 11.1 l'fl 111+t\11nt• dJ'""•Jt odiutn nr1ur"
j//ucl, qut.J 1'11(1.~· "'a•1ti.>c:mitihuj" 11n111rttl' uuiu 111.,~tt!fi'-"'" l-t\lrr.
1.i~.
l ll~l()n:', li.>ng: expcner1cc h.i.' rc-P"'.ltcJI, ~h<J\"'' tl1at peT-
scc:urio11, 1U\tc:JJ of obliteraang or 1~,1.·ni11g cht.• hamui..JI or
antl-\~i.11 Cf.lit\ tJ( .1 penec;utcd woup. n1crc:ly ttltc:n.\itie<; the tcn-
dl'nC1c11 th.it g.1v1.• rise ro c.hent. \Vl\Jf 11rcviou,ly \\'J.S bur a lllod-
c-ratcl)' c11·c(11vc Jnd in<:hoate tcndcni..:y o( 1nd1\•1du01ls or sn1all
~"TOUf)\ 111 '(>hd1.fied by perserucion uttti J ~~n.:rJJ1zed. vehe-11tendv
acc<-11ruarcd 'nd pcnistcnt co111plrx or rra1l'\ th.it thn,·r upon op-
rO\lat.>n ·rhc \'k.'"tlJm. of pt:nt'<'Ub<>n hcllC\C they fi11J t"~rnJ.I
-
JUSllh\'.JUotl tOr llla.lufestt1~ such U.1111 1n th(' \'1,.'1' IUe-asuf~ of
rcp~'ll<ln lntl pcr.cru::ion dur \\'\"TC" \'1~t ro rurc them.
. AttLlc'ks 011 rrligio11
146. Th<.• t(.•rribh.· conscque11c<'S ch.1c ha\'C bcLillen societ)• si11ct
tho,t· '''t1rd~ v.•i.·r,~ 'r<>kc:n. c::nniiC:"qutnrl~ r('\Ult111g fron1 th<.' un·
w1UinJ.,'1lt'"\\ of tl1e \\'Orld'!. rulc"rs to 11\tt'n c<> t.l1C" \'1c.1.r <1f Chnst·s
pit•' tc1r a11d peace. ha\.<' a:tllJ\I\ Jl n1011"1lt.1trd the eJ.:ie
t·11.1r\1\'
\\1th ''•h1ch JC"\truc:-uve ideologic-\ lrc 1n1rbntcd 1n the- minds of
pt:oplc' ..1r1,U"l.-J 10 f~ b~ pt""l'k..:ut1011 I h''W \\ho '1.lifer tnju.uice
chcnuC"l\.'t'i not wficqueotl}- bi.:-c:-011lC" chc J(vot«s of 1tlJlbl.1ct.
Their bittc.'r resennncnt aga1n'l their U\\·n pitaoiblc condnio11 lc.tJ'li
thC'nt co \\Teak or attC'ntpt to \\'tt.lk 1h('1r ,·tngeanc~ upon th<l"<
,,·ho .appc;ir to enjoy J more tOn\111.itc pc.l'\ltlon. So ,,.e find ch.11
chc p<n«utcd ;and oppre-.~ of C'\'cl')· n.at1on or d2» r~<hl)· IC"nJ
cJr to those \vbo \\'Ould prof1c b)- th1! rcscnm1cn1. and ''·oulc.l
\tlr up ~oc1al or 1ntern;ir1on.1I hath.·d~ u1 the-1r hcam. A nat\lr".11
rc,cntn1cnc against pohf1cal, ~oc;1.tl. or ccono1111c opprciSOl'i lx·
t'C)tncc.. Ull<lt.•r the f.1c:ilc n11rt11r<.· of 111odt.·r11 in!trun1ent~ for thl·
'-ptcJd o( idtas atl-d the TlL1111J)Ul.1t1(>l1 ()(public opinion, ;t fen Ill'
\c.•t'd·b'found for the 1110~1 c:ll'\lTUc11vc 1de.i', '''hose .Jdvo<:Jte'•
lh<.)U~h professing the 1110\t \1olen• .1l1ll.bl'()n1<n1 to one .1notl1cr•
.ttt un1ted 1n thea.r con1mon h..itttJ for th~ Chriw.an 6i1th.
Such .1. sp1nt. ho,vn·cr. c:Jnnot be: protit.1.bl}· DlCl b\· l ~1n11l~r
dc111011\tr.Jtlon of hatted. \\·h1'h \\·ould onl}· pour 011 on chc
tt.1111t'). Nor c.1.n it be protiubly 111.:t by .1 reck.les.s d1.sse11unJt1on
of t1l~ho<Xh .tnd c.alt1111n1e\, Though Chnsr our Lord <.utTcrc<l
l<>nncnts .1nd death at tlte h;utd\ or tJ1c.· \\'ICked Pl1:arisees. I-I<." c.lid
JlOC bid f-lis (ollo\\'Cl'l to borro\v tht• \\lc,1po11~ of olu1n11y, hafrcd,
.lllc.l pride fro1n the pe~cutol'. 111 order to deal ,,'1r.J1 those- un·
ff>rtun.1tc people \Vhon1 the l)h.ln\.Cc\ h.id n11\IM.
'-'"· Zc<ll ;,igainst the un tt.Jdd)' bcco1t1t"\ ze:al against the 'Inner~
but lc.1.I .against the <.inner \Q<ln thro'""~ off its mask 2nd iho''"'
1t'4:1f for \VhJt it really ii;:, a11 Jii~Jult, unclcr the prctcnSI."' <)f JlfO·
tCC'l111g SQC1cty fTo111 3 Single )()(i,11 l\fOUp, Upon t)te \'Cry b,\ljlS Of
\(>c:1cty• .an c\tocatio11 of l111111lc<' hatred. :& lic:c11se (or CVCI')' for111
of v1olcncc, rapacit)•, a11d di\.Ordcr. ;and J.n engan" against reh~1on
mdf
1"hu) ,,.c find llut .inu-~1n111,111 bc-con1es an ncu~ (or .it·
cJckantt t.he sacttd P~non of tht." \.,v1or H11nscl( '''ho .as~u1ned
hu1nJin tlc:sh ~s the Son of~ Jc\\1\h n1.udcn: at beconle\ l \\"lr
 1 HI II 11111 N I II.I 'o't_ I 11 '\l (II
lg-.J1n"'t (.hr1ru4111l\'. Jt:s tcttl11ngs. pr1.CU(C~• .IJ)d 1n~uruoons.. .."1!t1
Xm1n,111 ~ftt·111p1' lo t'T11Nrn" the: ('hurt h h\• ~ri\·1ng h~r the:
i.J1m1.:.t1,·< C"athf-r to JOlll '''Uh tht> ~n S<-11ut~ Ul :.heir 1ou.I tt'
0
p11t111n111l 1~1 .lll). N<."('m or r~nl h1r Jlt\lh1ng jn\·1...h, .and
rht'rt'b\· to .a)YX.1.ate bt>rself \\1th the .1nr1 !><nutc:s in their c.m1
rr11f!1'' ill v1htir.111n n ;and hatrc-ti; ctr cl'<" l<> l"111b.1rr;1~\ tl1t! ( :hurLl1
by 111vol\·111g her in the 1uacl1ii1ac101l\ Jud ~trugWes of profa11C'
polic1c'• ,111 11hu1 111~ c::1nhly and political nhldVt.'' tc> hc·r fegJ t:irr1ate
def?rl\.C of lhc Christian pn11cipl~ or ju~ucr and ht1u1a11icy.
L1kc- cht' ,-,.,Jlrul t"l11ldrc-o ~ken ot b\ (:hn,1 tlur ~v1or. these
\O\\c:n ol dJ,\c:tlllon (0111pbin of the Spou4.' ol Chrut: .. To \\'hlt
thc-n 'lt1ll I bk~n thC' n1ro ot dtt\ feC'?lcr.10011? And ,,·fwt .arc they
L.Le; 'T ll<'\ .1.-.: bk(' cbJdttt1 s::rtnn~ 1n the." 11t.1rlcc. plac~. allu~ to
01w .:11u.>ch":r .illJ qywg. We ha\.·e p1pl·J tQ )OU . .i11d )'OU h.i\'('
nu1 J.1n4'C4.J: \\.e h.1.\-e \ung cb~e~. anti )'t.)U h 1ve not \vept"
(Luk< 7. 1:-n).
l .C8. 14.) Ih1' <11..Jlenge tl•e .an\\\'c;r 1>f the ( hurt 11 '' unequ ivocal
0
Jnd unch.a1l~g Her .UlS\Vet is dtftn1u11cd b\· no t.ln:hl~· poh~·
bt•l r.a1ll,·r b)- lwT hdc:h~· fO th<" mith .. llt",Jllt".1llll"\I to her cu'?:od,•
b't her l)1\1r1(' tvunJer• .lr'ld ptrs<"n·nl 1n th('ar onganal punty 1n
h1..·r bo"'->111 ll)· thf' personal a.'\Sb(JflCl'. of chc Holy Gh(N. truth'.'>
th;lt rcv<'.ll \\ h.1t hun1.an rea.son of itself (i\ll ne,·c:r .1tutn, \vb1le
lh<-'\ rc.dllr1u ,u1d pcrf~ct c11t kt10\\•Je,l1-t"'' of those lruchs \\·l1ich
n1a11'5 rc;ison. devoid of passion and ~ch 111tcrcst ca11 bope 10
rc~1c:h nt' it\ 4,t\.\'n JcC<>r<l. 1-lcr t<lru·cm 1~ "'" \\'irh 11oliti("..1l ,;ctorics
aud ts 1u11 1J'h ... oot "'1111 tbt! .1.hg1u11.:11to; t>f 't"t1..'\ .u1J Liu! <lt:vice-.
o( pohnr1.ln~; hrtlC<' she is in no '"1.S(' conccn1rd '''lch the prob-
le111 .. l '•Ile c-n1111l! cht" JC""-,-..h JXOpli: 1h1l Ji,· '' 11h111 thor,,c: ptrrcly
protJ.11!!' t-phc.-IT". I lt0n.luglily .t\\·.ar~ ch:at ill<' iuc:.1t di\-C'Nt)" of ~r-
01nm.in, l°' ln '"h1,h Jc:..,--s ot ditfcTl'llt t.'t)\lrltnl~ ti.1id thl'1ns~J\cs
fll. \ JI.I
.,_-i,·c, n~to Ver)• d1fTcre111 J>roltlt"lll' ut the pr.acnc~I order, 1hc
('hun:-h le.aves to the po"c-" .;onccn1cd the soJuao11 o( tht'I<
problcnu. Sht ms15b ont)- th.ai n<, \(')lutaon " the true soh.1c-101l 1f
11 (Ofltr.ad1c~ the \'Cr) dc11und111t: I.a\\\ o(Jusuce a11d rlunl) Her
wle l'Jtt' t~ tlut th~ cu~t<>dy ,,ftn11h con11111t1cd to her c;arc ~
pr~·rvcd 1nl<l.ct and thJt her 1.:h1ltlrcn be prl~rved :ag.:1111,1 errc.1r
.111d '111; th.it che principlci of htl- 1.111~ht by her S;a\"le>r be c;iml•tl
ou1 111 their 1n1cgricy: anJ tl13l through her l>cncfice111 acr1on upon
c.:irth :a' 111any so11I~ ii. p(~\1l>ll' 111.l)' be brought to rhc1r ctcrn.11
ht)1nc 111 l-lca,·c11. As has l~ei1 ,,.l'll ~id. "Men a111b1t-.on " tl1ou-
und tl1111g".; the Church dft\1rc' hut ont", the sil\"4:Uon of ~ul'"
(I: Rodoc>rudu. 11ir H.>ly Su •11J tlrr Jn•>).
i49 Tbe pos..irio11 of the Jc'' 1.. ll pcoi>ll' 1!> u111qut'.". a1\(l occtlJllC\
.1 .;111i;ul.1r and p.1jnful pl:ac,• 1n th\• v,1\t \cncs of these J1istot1c.1I
dcvclop111cnrt . It offers the p;imthlx t>fl~1ng rhc object of a 'J>Cci;il
1>rc.)v1dc11cc rescn'ed co 1r.•ll)()vr Jll J>eoples 1n the \\•orld: or
h.a\•uig rej('Cted tltat Prov1ckncc, tlt<.'1tby 1r~('ct1ng a «u111bhng-
bl0<:l. of conmdiction into tltr h1,to"· of ~I ocher ,J-\('OplC"\: )'Ct
bc1n~ '\llll the object of ~ 111y..tC'n<.lll\ r~·,)tJQn b)· the qn1e
f>ro\·1dcncr of God.
rh(' bitterness '\\oith \\'h1ch (:hn\tl.lO C011\CIOUSl11:'.\~ h.i" pcn-
oJl(J.IJ)' reproached the je\\ t'ih Jl(Oplc.· tOr their rt.'Jttrion of the
ceach1ngo. J11d 1>\.·rson of Chr1\t, a\ \Vt•ll .'I~ fo r their attin1dc to\v,1rtl
Chn~t1.1nity. and the like b11tcr11c.~<. \\'1lh \Vh1ch rhc Je,-..·i~h 11eoplc
ha" rc\J>ondcd to these rcpro;irhc,, \hO\V by their very acutl'n<.•<.\
th.11 the co11Aict 2nd the l'i'>U\.'\ ((lUt:cnied :are ideolowr:tl, .ind
cu11ccn1 11u.tcri.tl goods 1~, 1h2n 'P1ntu.1I \•.Uucs. TJ1e vcl)' '\]1.arr·
Ill"(' of ~uch repro,)chC'( t<'C1llC"' CC) the l1tO\\ lrdgt- s1u:ttd by 111
111,·ol\·cd that 1nan·s supttrn.r ,·.a.luC'\ he 111 1J1e fie-Id ofhbt'tt)·. \\11h
11, concl~nvc of rnonl n.""\J-l()ll\1b1hty tOr good or for evil. thereby
 flt( UtUl>E:-:' l!NCV'Ct l CAL OF PIU.!i XI
offering a clear. if pain.f\11, tcstin1ony to the suprcn1acy of spiritu.al
over 111aterial ideals as the nJeasurin~ rod of hl11t1an 'vonh. The
lc::s.<ons dr;t\vn fron1 chi$ tcsti1nony de111on:i.trnt~ likc'.!\vis(! ltO\V ut-
terly i11capab!C' any pltilosophy th;it ra11ges n1erely \Vitltin a bodily
or 1111tc:rial sphc:rc is of rcacl1in.g n solution to such .1 <:011flict.
Doth sotutd reaoon a11d CJ1riscia11 fajth bid us look co spiritlLal
111cans. not co violence, fo rce, or bnitaUy coercive n1easures.
Co111ttrsio11 of tlit Jews
150. The hour and lll.1.11ncr of tlte rett\nl of Lhc Je,vish people:
a$ a \\1ho1e ro their F:ttl1er's house io the Cl1urch of Christ te111ains
coo•s sccrec. \Vhcre s11ch a ren1rn occurs U1 rhe case of individ-
ual~. it ~hould Corne a'\ the re.~ult nor of indiscreet proselyrisn1,
and noc front 111otivt"s chat inc11r eve11 a shadO\V of \vorldJy ex-
pt."'<1i<,\11c;y or 111atcaal gain. b-.1t fron1 a con,•iction arising out of
refteccivc study and freely fon11ed jn a spirit of hu11iility and self-
sacrificc. AD)' other strpposit:ion on the part ofCllristians is con·
trlry ro the express precept..; of the CJ1urc)1; any other 1netl1od
on the pan of tl1ose \vho etnbrace the Cach.olic Faic]1 leads 011ly
to e\•ils gr.1ver th;1n those that arise .;vcn front a11 opc11 pcl'\ista1ce
i11 refu.si11g to 3ccept Catholic teachings. since it \VOuld give rise-
only to hypocrisy.
Call 10 prayer
151. Ottr fuich. 110\vever. bids us ever look fonvard to tlte
day \vhc11 Jgain Je\v :u1d Gentile \vill be u1Urcd U1 their f:ac11cr's
hou~e. and to pray c::ln1cstly for the h:istc11iag of its co111ing.
Pan:ict1larly do \\1e seek tl1e all·po,verful intercession of tl1e Holy
Mother of God. l1crsclf a dat1ghtcr of Israel. that thereb)'. in tl1e
\VOrds of t.lte petition prest:ntcd ro the f.'lthcrs of the Varica11
Cotutcil and sigi1ed by 570 of rheir 111ut1bcr, 1t1:t)' b~ fi.11t111ed tl1e
259
supre1)1c :ispirntio11~ of her O\v11 sublin1c ''*nticle; "He l1as gi''e11
h~lp to Israel. his kl'\':lllt, 111i11dfiJI of his 1oercy-cvt·n :tS he
spoke to our £1thel"$-tO Abr.1ha111 aild to his postcnty forever"
(Luke 1:54-55).
152. It is clearly ottr dut)·. likt\\•isc, so to live as to f.:ic-llirate
tl1at retun1 JS f:1r :ts i1, h\1n1;inJy possible. This \VC sl1-aU do by the
pr.1ctice of r11c rruth i11 pn1dencc jnd ii1 suicc justice. as \Vell as
in .1bund.1nt chztril)'. In the c3usc of m1«h. let us cncQur.ige such
\vorks :is spread ki10,vledge :i11d do a\vay '''icl1 calum111C$, lies, :i11d
baseless rcccinu11:irio11s. In the c:.au.sc of jt1stirc and cti.'lrit)•. the
present t1111e pre-se11ts such oppomutittcs as \Vould have sect1\ed
11npan1llclcd in the \vorid's history. Defense of the natural right;;
of individuals and of fantilics; tare of rhc 111iserable \Yho appe:al
for chant)• and n1ercy; a ,·igoro11<:; condc111nation of a11ri-Scnlicis111
atld racls111 \Vher~vcr these doctrines lift their J1t-:tds: and coop-
eration for the sake of public order '''ith 111e11 of good \viii \vho
fro1t1 their hearts reject tl'lc gross errors of 111ateriaJis111-fot tht:se
e11ds le' us n1ake t1sc of our opponunirics.
PAI\. T T l-lll\.I) : ·rHE CHU ll\.H'S AC:TION ON 13Efl1\LF
OF THI! UNITY OF MAN'S TEM l>OR.AL LIPE
153. As We co11clude this long retrospect .111d survey of the
good and evil devclopn1ent:s of 111an's so~i-11 11atl1re i11 011r day.
We car1 only repeat 011cc 1nore: "The sp1ric giveth life." Tl1e spirit
alone can sh;ipe utan's 111anifold c-:ip:tcitit'S into a loving 11nit} in1
~Jiving diversity. Thu! \\'ilJ rhe social llfc ofn1a11 reHe<.'.t ics Divine
protorype: •·That all 111~~y be one. even a<:; thou, r"athcr. in n1c and
I in tl1ce'' (John 17:21).
 1 Mt 1tJIJIJI ~ \"C 'l'I 111 • l l)I l'lt:I II.I
. I $6. C~tl1olic UIUVCNlty CdUClltOll I\ Ull1quc a1ul th~llllCtive
154. f(oin v.•hJl We have altL"J,_dy v.rattc11. JC'' clear that che
hfC' nf andi\it~ll.11' .1\ ,,·c-11 ;i\ the 1itC" c,f rht! v.1nc)U\ hu1n.an b'TUUJ"
"Je<pl) w•oheJ ua the cowl~ 1<1.ioonslups of10CLll !if< Y<t
rh<"'<' rcl1rion,hiJ" 1·.1nnot b<" tntl) undt:T\tO.kf 11 \\'e;- ltN: ..,,bi1t c)f
tl1e !-1gtuficai1c!! of .uJ }1u111a11 acc1\ icy u1 tts relac1onsh1p \\ith God,
1ll.u1·11 (~r~tor .111cl llc..·clct·n1rr. a 'iw1ifi.,.<1nrc rhaf dc:riv("':i frc11n flit:
U11(11.2tlg1Jlft pl1u or the Redt-nlJ.'tton. the w1chanp;111g n1oral or
1lrr. 1nci their :tprh• arion ro ~ch 1ncfi,id~I"< cor -<·1<'11rc. It t< ch<"
"'~ .wd dury o( the Chun:h. rhe <ilgnuy •nd "''P"""brht)· of the
(~hic..·f Shcpbcrd a111.1 of His bro1hC"r ch1.·phcr<l11 \Vl10111 chc Hol>·
(Jhost l'las plact'd co rule t}1e ( "hurclt of God, to \)1ow oianku1d
ch\' troc "T;ay co he follo"·cd tll(' ck"mal divine ord('r in ch('
clu.npng orcunl\.t.tnc:n of the t1nlC'\.
1 SS·In fullillml( tlu, ..,;k. rh< i..chm~ offi« of rh< Chult"h
t:t)uuc_.. on the \UJ'f"O" of the 11n11"Cnila> l1tttt.m1rn. of tl1t- at...
KiC'nC'cs. <ind IC'CtC'rs bou1td co~ethcr bv .an innC't u1uc·i· in order
Lil trcaL 'I<> i::tu uplir.1lt:J .l ,\ uhj\'<_.t .I\ i'i de:tlt \Villi 1t1 this Letlt'f
111 tl1c con1prel1e1U1\'C 3Jld cons.t~tcnt 1na:.111er it dtsef\'es. It is
,,·1t.l1 det"p mml\.lo . th('rcfurc. th.1t thr (.~hi1r(h '<"<'\ th(' diQ<.tC'r
tlut 1n 1tu.oy countnes h.as ov!!rt.:al.:-n that 11lSt1tur1un1 "-h.it:h :tl'O\<
frn111 the- very hc.lrt of' die- t1nity (')f Wc-srcrn ci\•ih:z.ition. Ho"
CVt'I', 1n th<Ke countnd v.•hcrt' It ·~ ia1ll PO\\ible, :anti \vhcre 110
'l'~li.iJ circUlll\flllt\') hu1der Jr,. dl'\il'Jopmellt 11l the krvice o(
( :tlholirum. Wt" rr.1y that Cacholic\ ,,11J 11ukC" .,.('I)" ctTon .tlld
\r~r~ themiC'}\'~ fl() Y.Cnfic~ 10 'll"lkr to pn>\'lc-lc JJc:,1wtC $Up-
J10rt J11d ach1c\;~ tull <lcvt".lorn1~t1l Jor the rea11.1JtH.1111.1ftl1c (-~11 1 -
olic 1111;1,yrsi'ras brtf'f(1no11. l11 do111g so. thC)' \\'tll be laywg rile
f(1u11e.Lt1<,r1 fi>r true C:l1nMJ211 lt".ulcrd11p. contl•rTin~ .:i \uprc-ntC'
>61
good 011 hun:wtl[)', .1nJ fulfilling J.n .ipoccohc ~n-1((' for the
Church .
bee.tll\C' of its fulln~~: It cn1br.ices T rutl1 .t\ a '\vholt" Jrt<l c.ini101
b<- sa.11,hcd ,,;m h;a.lf hc.incd parttetp.Jc1on or ,,"lth ;any J1,.1,1on
of th'1t \\'hole. C'1thobc· cduarion I), O<lt .1 111erc mlh1lU\.\IOn of
1nfon11.1t1011: it 1s a '' J)· ol ht'C. It 1<> a 111J1ufc..t.ltion of th(' C~hurch
of Chrio;t, ;1nd thuli Jl'1tt1C1)')3tCS Ul 11<> Ulllt)' .ind UJllVtl'\,1hty. It
pan1c1p.itt.."4i lit tht' Chur<'l1'o;. uni~· l>t't:.ausc C:itltolic cdue3t10n
(01u.1dC'n .tll p:utUI cruth1. an char tt1111on to Him ,,·110 ts the
hYlng Truth. ;and thu.. r1u.k~ :i livu1~ \\hole- o( e'·el') objttt it
sn1d1c1: lilor.il life. rchg1ous oncnt.:inon, 1ntclligcncc. \CU\lll\'lt)'.
ai1d 111i..1wn;icio11. evcu phy,1cal streni:;tch .u1d abiliry. Catholic ed-
uc;aoon ll\Q p~ciplll"S 111 tl1c un.i\·c:-rsJlir)• of the Chur\'.h, bcc.iuse
JikC' the (:hurch It JJdfl:'\~ hWtU.111[\' ~\ .& \\·hole. IQ tllllC Jnd 10
Sp<1Ce. fn l() Q\\>'TJ \\'.l). It I\ .t g¢nUIOl" 'p1nr\W CIC)- Of 'Ollb
111 tl1c sp1ntual '"'hole th.1r lS C1thollc t11l1vers1ty e<tucat1o11. ,vi:
find :a l1ar111011ious t1111011 bct\veen l\VO deep trench. 111 hu111an
develop111cnt. On one h111d. cuJrural <lt\'c)op1nent: the unfolding
of int~lhl('C'r1cc .anJ 1nu~ll.luon ''1ch1n thl" hunwt pen.on, p.utic-
1p;ir1on 1n the hC"nt.1~c- of thC' past. cnnt'h1t1C'nt of th1, t1cnugc
through nc'v <ind origin.ti research; on rhc olher han<I. the de-
velc>p111e111 of Chr1st1an <.:h.1r.acter. Thi..><c t\Vt> trends noun~h. e.1ch
in 11'\ O\Vfl ''';ay. the hfr of the Chri(;n111 c1~·· Thus thl" <~.Jthohc
sc-hobr \\ho <k\.-otC\nun,- ye:ars o( h1\ J1tC to ~hol;arl\· \\c)rl in
libr:anC1 or l.ibor.atonc4', cxpecnng ne11}1cr c.·mhl)' tt\""'.lnls nor
earthly h<1non. rs 111:1k1ng .an tS*11t1-'I and 1nv.1lu.:ible C<lncr1huhon
to the overall life of tile Church, and cono.cqucntly, 10 ll1c lllllry
of hun1.an1C)·
1 S7 With respect to th LS uruty of the hu11:wl ract \\.·h1ch is
dc-s1ttd by God :ind '<> b.:attered b}• n1(n. he''"' ''''tee It 1~ re> \Olvor
tl1c bc.1uty of tlte Chi1rrh 111 its ad1111ral)ll' un1ry and v.1r1ccy-a
pnnc1ple of unity C\'Cll l0r the te:n1poraJ life of 11atio11s illU.l r.2c;es.
 !6! T !lr fllf!DI N j "'' ' r I• .\1 f'
\V<" \V0\1l1i like to con"der here clne ~\rt'.'c.1 t)f tht'. Cl1un:l1 to
'' h1...h \\.'t• .ilt..k:h gree1t unpoiu.ncc C;11hobc Acbou. .is .l.11 ex·
pm.cw-" ''"' l'"'"1plr ~ utti1y 111 th; nthl) Jr.t'l'\.t.'. hf~ of u,t'.
<:hur1.l1. ;u1J Ibo .u .t pnnc1pk- of unit)' 1n the ccmporal life of
pcop1C'\, t'.l\"t°", .ind ott.:tCC">.
Catholic Aaimt: E>.7Jre>sfo11 mul l'ri11ri1>le of llttit.)'
1 ~R '> 11.,tun-, c:~thc-,lir Ac:tic)n t\lld\ l(l\V,1rd uniry. he(,":tU\t:
11 l$ I n1tli .111d l..tfe. Its counrleu CJsU, ~nJ 1ts .1cov1ues. v..'bJ.ch
•lTC d1\'<"N"' ~1rl1 bc-c.-..u"<' of the- circun'l\t.lll( ".' 1n which the)· :are
cJ.mcJ out .11.J b«.a.u~ of th~ chJ.r.)<.tcr of the ~pie \\'ho J:tt
in,·ol\\·ci 111 lh<.-nt• .a.ll conuibt1tc lO th<" hu1lding of the- \.1)·,:rical
Bod\ of (~hn\l in tlus ....·orld. JU~ '" th~ 1nJ1\·1Ju.d uiem.bt>n of
the- hun1.,n lx>t.J}· aU \\"Ork together. CJ(h Ill ll\ OWTI \V<ly, tO\\'<'lf\i
the n'l.1rvc-lot1.. unity of the \vhole.
71re pcno11 ~f 1/1< priest
I S9 ( >\tl\Cll1c Actio11 finds its first .l1td nl()o;t C'"iSC'nt1<ll ~nifC's
UlltJon u• lhc 4.0ll.1bor.ilJOll bt.-t\\ee11 t 1crb') <111J Lut~. for b) 1t'
....C'f\. ruruK C.tthohc Action is th< .a.id ~'''" ~'' dtc bi()· ro the
.1pc._,..1,,l.11C' 1•I tl1e t It'~. A\ a ~t1l1. il1c t lct).'\. f1.1~ 'ay rn:n\C
obl!~non~. i111cC' 1r lS from the b1sho~ .ind pncsts tlur the laity
nltl'iC \<."<.'k c11h~~ht('nn1enr ~ntl b"n~Lan<.·<.· in c->1'\lc·r t<, C-lrty O\I[ lts
ap<>~t01Jtt llu,cesstl 1lly. Persollally, .:a pr1c:~t doing p.t.,tt)t:il \VQrk
ntll'if b(.' ,, n\nn '''ho~c- inner life d<.·cply \Ullftto hint \vlrh C l1rist
l)ur 1-orJ, f,,,. ll 1~ through his ex:1n11'lt< ;ind the- intlucncc of ;i
pric-scly liCl· ch.at he tdn J1ope to co1111'11u111c;lt1: CJ1n.i.c's hfe to his
pcopl(' A rnN'> p<XltlOO as-copiritu.U ~ldl" ~nd (0W1'Clor r\."qu1res
h111l tc) ~ .a nu1t of lem1ing. \"CT\.("J 1n chc ~ 'l'it'nccs. dc--
\OCt.'<i to a lltt: of 'tu~. and a.p.abll." oi culJ~ r'-".WlJ11t) tl1~ ul~nt'
God h.1( Jtl"'<"O him. 1-lcl'Kc thC' tund.:ao1('11t.il 1n1pon..mcC". for tbt>
r l' l l:'I 11)
\\t>rl of Drholic Act1011. of \tt1d1t"~ th.;at enable the- youn~ cltr
t--"'llWl lO .adapt rhe te~c:hnt}!'S of th(' (;~pcJ to the p.amc."ul.a.r c:on4
J1uon.. 1n ,,·ft.ich be rs cJ.lled to \\'Ork
l'hw .a ,·oung pncu \\"hCKt' \c.')uch ,,.'" p.is.scd in .a: cnnqud .tnJ
p1ou ... e11..-1.ron.ment Oil)" have to b<._,'11t h14i pncstly 11unl5tl)' 111 J
(0111J11tx 111J.ustnahzcd con1111u1111y ch.it J\ deeply troubled by cl.~\\
\tnlC and hosalc co Chn,t1.1111tv. Au(,tlter, bro\1gJ1t up 1n :. c1cy,
Ut.ly h.1ve to '''Ork in J n1rJI p.ar1<;h, \Vlth a population \V)u-,,.c
111terc.,..ts JJld occup3t1011~ .1~ '01nrlttcly unf.11nili;ir 10 h1111. ()r
h1' u111u~try ~y be camcc.i ou1 .1111<.lnt-t peoplt of a different 11a-
t1on.il or racW ong;a11. '"·11h ,,·J10\(" P'"<lwlogial problenu ht' h.1\
110 l"~pcnence. Confronted by \U( h '1twoo1ts. the \'Ou11i;t pnN
\\ill rc<.·.1.IJ that souls att noc 'l.l\eJ 1n thl'.' .:abstract~ but an \rJc..C"
.i1W time-. in the pto\'1c.knt1JI c:ondlt1on-; 1n \\·hich God h.i.\ pf..,cd
thC'lll. l\ccordingl)". he '"·111 ;ippJ\" huu\Clf to ;a S)'Stenu.ct' \nld)
uf chc concrete li\'lng contlit1on' of f.anuli<.~ entrusted ro h1~ c;,1rc.
tltc..• vJr1ol1\ !.!COnon1ic an(l ''><'tJI .1nJ Jc~I 1nsr1turions 1l1ac alTctt
their 'Pintual .tnd teniporaJ \\'elf.ire. tltc ntentalit)• of tho\c \vho
;1ti1tuni\tcr tlt~e insntutiOn\, the l">~t oppom1niucs for cJ1e )'Ot1ng
co find congenial and u'4:'.'ful «c.:up.1t1on . .lnd othC'r ~uclt n1.1tcen
\\·h1ch, though tcn1por.al 1n thc;1r n.aturt'. ;arc 1nnmacel)• connt'Ct<"d
\\Ith the qj\·aoon of <OU}\. r,nJIJ)". the chsordtted state of \OCICt)·
r~-qu1rn on the ~rt of the pnl°'t ~ tln11 ground.mg in the ro-calleJ
\C.X:l.ll ~1cnc~. so th.:at he c.in ~nctr.1tc benea.th the ~urikc of the
111ult1tud1nou" \0Cl;1I phc;non1cn.1 he encountcf"i in hu \vork. un•
<.ICf\L\nd tltetr cau~.... anJ, \() t.1r J'i J1<>\,1blc, devise efTcC't1vc rc..'111-
c..•d1c~ tOr the disease.
1<-0. In truth. the exte111 ;nu.I tl10it·ulty of the i;;tn1ggle J~un~c
\UCh evils dcrnands no s11ull f()Ut.11tt• If C'..a.tholic Acrio11 require~
.,uch courage 1n the l.11ty, ho\\' 111uch 111ore i~ at to be expcctcJ
111 the pn('(t. to "'·hom the I-fol\ ~pint tu.... cntnl."tcd the Ct"al h1n~
.Jnd c~rc of souls! Jn rq.,'IOO' ,,.ht'tt the: F.l1th C'OJO~"S con1~r.an,·e
trttdom JJld Catholic~ Jtt nu111crol1~ .ind lend gcfll'.'"rous \l1pport
 lilt HIUUl'S • i . t \ l l l C \ l or
to th<' \\l\tcn.\ncc ind ~cti,-ioes of tht1r n-hgic:,n. pa\lOf"I nuy ~
..tronJ.:f\ ccnlptcd 10 folio'' the lu1e of le.1...1 fC"l\UJlCC. in ). sp1nt
ot opponun1.. 111• .ind clO\< thcar ('}'.; 10 the 11yu..ucei. :ind un-
ch.ant.ahlc: pr.ac.._cit-o of people ,,.hO\e fjvor 111.1.lC" their b\•es easier.
JU'nt)·u1i::: their t111ud1ty b)' .lppcal1ng tc:> t:1J,c pn1Je11uJI lll3;Xl111s.
M1r1h..:n11orc. (~Jthohc Actio11 rtqu1rc' th.1t <i pncsc be t.l.CttUI
:1nc:t 1no<ll't.1te. H1\ \<:n~ of 1T1odcrac1on kl'l"P' h1111 fron1 c1nb<tlrk-
1ng upc.,11 futill' .'Ind uureaJizJble «:ht'l11l'\; c.acc put\ h1111 ou b'Ualtl
:ag;i111\t the n.act1r.ll hu111;,a11 tcndcnC)' to \V;1111 tu co11trol ¢\'Cl)·~
tb111~ R;icher th.tu furthen11g the j(<X>d. Jon1111.it1011 01tly snfl~
tffon\ to n.-Jihzc 1t. 1t subsatutcs an 111d1\·1tiu.11'' p<'f\On.21 '''lU for
th<." gencrou' ;and 'po11UnC"OUS coll:ibor.111011 thJ.t J.Jone promotn
the K1n~Jo111 of God. A prieu \\·ho rx(r~ che hn1its of ch<
.1.uthonty th.it tu, tU11c;-aorl$ confer on h1n1. \\'ho repr~~ his
pcNlnJf op1111011~ as cl1e Church's ccachu1~ Jnd offic1.U dtsc1phne.
\Vho COll\l(IC.'N tile latt)' .is docile: 1n~tTUUll'U(\ tOr ac111cvi11g his
O\\fU l'n<I'-. 11141y be very zcaJou< :iud \vell ..111tt•11r1011ed. bur hi~
attintdt' produrt~. ;1111ong uia11y dcplor.1l>lc..• n.·,ult\, .1 false co11ccp·
t1011 of the: Churt:h .1s 210 1nore th;in .i V.l\t or~1117.Jt1on in , .. J11ch
the 1nd1\'1du~ l~y111m councs for littl<". 111\tC'.:id of~ living body u1
\\·h1ch C'J.ch C'hn,tl.1n is a li,;n~ ccU.
The IJ.\k of the 'Ptntw.1 dttpht-rd of wuJ., '' n<>t to produ,:f'
JOCJft- \C'.'r.·.ant,, but nthcr to slu.pe couraJ$OU\ 111c11 of miwn\'f"
deep!\· .l\\.J~ of their ~p1nnul r~pons1b1ht1c,. The n1orc obsuclcs
sr.a11d 1n the '""'Y of .tl"h1eving his 1n1t- tJ\k, tlu: 1uore his zeal .a11d
his JlOVll)' 111crc.1itc.
L'11i11t·nal 111111i>I')' c?f tlrc rlcrgy
161 Wl1de tit<' pnN must be able 10 undct't.ind the n1c111bc:rs
ofh1\ Rock '''ho belong ro anothu nJnon or rJlC, 1t t\ 11onetheJC'\,
d~1r.ahlc. 111 order to CllSUtt lhc \'C'r')' c\1\tt'n(c of lhe Church
and It'\ t"'\Clll1.aJ c.k\'clopment. th~t no f,Jl'}!.t.' KJOUp of the b..ithful
rte:~ 'Cl
b4.· JX'MtUJtendy de-pn\'ec:l <lf thl' u11n1,tnf101lS of priC'StS belon~'10J.:
l<' their O\\.-n people. \\'c hJ.,.C' rcJ'C'J.U:JJ\· cxpf'CS;kJ Otar op1n1on
cl11 th1\ nutrtt. not 0111\' 1n ()ur d1\t'"ot11"\CS. but~ 10 ;an t"Ve11
ttt<'lrc.- etTcco,·~ 01.1.nner. b\· <"llt·our.i~ng c\'C'l)'\\·here U1c t:r.i1n1n~
c1f .an 1nd1gcnou.' cleq..-.y. an1o.l by elc. \'.1t1ng co the lofi)· d1gn1l)· ut
0
the cp1~c:opJtc pn~ts dt.l\\'n frcu11 thl' t.111ks of people.' ,,.h<1 h.ivc
<>nly rere11tly bee11 \von tt'> 1hc r.11th. g_lving t:hcn1 fuJJ ep1\c.·op.tl
J11ri\(hct1011 a11d <'luchority. S<l 111.11 .111 h'TI)ups antons.t 011r <:hn~tian
l't'Ople 1111y b~ tllu~ pr<>\'1c.lc.·c.I. 111c. lu(h11g grot1ps of different r.:ac1j)
or nJt1onal origin li,,1ng \\·11h1n .a l.;ir~cr 1t.a11<.>r1. 1t 1s 111J1,pcn~blt'
tit.at c.1nd1JJ1cs for the pn<"'lht\<xl. 110 nuttc."r '''hat etltn1r brroup
th("'y bclo11g lO. llU)' frC't."I\' CllJC:l\' chc.- .td\"J.O~-.es of .a (:.1thohc
eJt11o.'.2.t1011 throughout 1hc-1r ITJ1111n.,::. tTo111 ch-eJT earlieit \'eJ.f"\ to
their <heological <rudi"'.
·17,,. slrdpi"..~ of co11sflt•1tt•~s
111~. We have .alre:'ldy l'n1pha,11t•d lhe net~\ity of cft•arly .1nd
co1111,,t'tc.'ntl\' teaching rht- pc<lplt .il.,out the Church's soc1JI doc
cnnt, the pn11ople o( true \01,:i.1l u1l1ty In order that tile clrl).'Y
1114y c.tn~• out ,,,th tht' dt"'\1n:d co111pctt"ncc its role of te:ic:h1n~
the pnnoplcs of Chn..o;an t.l1th Jnd 111orah. 1t is grcatl)' to be
JC\1f'CJ ch.at the proble111 of r~l.1uo113' ;an1ong \'.tnou,, hu11un
WOUp\ be ;iidcqmtely dc;a_Jt \\'Ith In (Ollnes md tCXtbook\ 00
1n(>r.aJ theology. Thi .. 1n cun1 111c.111~ thJt Catholic theolot-.'1,.U\
~l1ould <;tt1dy chis problc111 very Jttcnuvcly. an the hght of
C:hr1'll1:lll truth, re:'l~C.)11. an(I i.'Xpcr1cnrc. [( COnSc.ienccS are lO be
tn•I>· c11lighccned. it i.$ 1nlperJt1\'c tJ1.11 ~11 ra11ks a11d degree.~ of'
1n1t.-lhgcncc among tht f.111hful be.· Jn11c.-1o.I \v1th cle.ar idea' rc:g.1rtl
111~ ntcn 'i; n1urual r~poni.1l~1l1tu:' Jt1d proper ''"')~ of tUltill1n~
thc111. The CXJ\tc11cc .;tnd on..,1'111 c.>f n.1t11r-.il ngl1t), the qul"'aon., c.)f
JU'\11cc.- .a1td chanC)· ttur enter into rcl.attotl!. .among r.tc1al .Jnd 1u-
c1or1.U groupi;. the v~ue of che hu111_.n pcr.on.;tl1t)· .j\J)d th<" 'p1n1uJI
 1111 lllOUIN t"'( •i'lll":lt.l Of- ~ll'\
un1l'\ of 1ltC' l\u11un race .arc nor nun(.·l'\ 1hAr c .tn bf;" }('It to ;3 ~elect
(cw; the)· n1u ..t l:'C m.a.cl.e kno\\TI tO -!1J Chn\U.&.IU_
1l1r ('t'>iJU ,, tire /Jy111Jn
16J. I( \\'C" (Ono;1der the mult:in1de ;an,i vanct)· of hu11un oc-
cupaluu1 ... '""-' LIUi1.,ldy see tJ1ac each of 1h~1t\ ollCI"). ia one way
or a11orher. 11111ncr<.lUS oppom1nic1cl\ fi1r fi1rthcnng unity art10tlft
111cn, w... h.t\-c ob~erved \\'tlh Lit<.> gr1..·.ac1,:~t ~.tt1!ifacuon. o\rcr tltc
p<1st t~''' \-'C"iil'C the c.-re:ition of ;1 ~IU)• of i.rtt1..al1Te<i ,uoup~ thJt
bn11g 111c1, lt1g...-tl1r:r .md nuke 11 P'°''1l)lc tOr Chnscw1 hfe co
ftO\lndi 1ft thC' most dJvcrsc c:1l\iTOnmtnR Ot Jt,:'C", '-CX. rrofcW(lO,
<>r tnJr:. \\.'.: lt.a..·c fullu"·ed \v1t11 tltc grt:J(\."\l uitctt"Sl the d~\>el­
opm<'nt of the«" .Jssoci;inons aa1on~ the \'Outh "t both sexes, .lnJ
We hJvc;: llOtt..J tl1e1r prt)f(>und 1nfluc:ni..(' L>rl th(' !tptntwl regt-n-
ttrarion of the Chnstian con"nuniry
Spen'ali:t'd nJCll'('UICrt/.$
164. le 1\ cl~.ar th.at rht'rt' are 1lunun h'TOUps for \\'h1ch the
pr.KTK< ol Chn-uan religion poses pam,ul;ar problem; dut =·
no< be odcqu.idy molvcd <hrough <he <!Tom <'f mru"du>I
Chn"-l.111.. H-.:11(~ the nec~l) of co11'-t:rtl-J -.:lfofb to ma.le the
"·.;il\1t" of Chn\rt"'n hfc '1s1ble to thcs(' v~nou~ jtl'Oups. In ctus \\.~}·
aJI tlht\l' \!llBJ~·LI ltl tht! SJ111t: Ott:up.tlU)TI {Jn pt1..1tit fnut) their
.:0111111011 C'.ll:pcr1c11cc, coutu.cl each 01l1cr, 1mkc l\'.ulable che
(:UOlllU)U nu·.111' •>f :u·l1ievinj!; c-on11nc111 ~~l.1l,, .uul enjtly rhr bt-11-
etic~ of rhe ~pec1.tltzed direcuo11 of \p1r1tu~I g:Ludt~ c..ap.lble vf
rlcarlv .lll~I fCllll)..("t('ntJy appl)''i11g {0 l11eir rarriculJr Sl[\latioJl chc
pn11'1J-.lt" ch;1.t '-ht-,uld 1n,.r1re their 1nJ1v1Ju.al ..rt1v1ry.
XI
16~. Thm ;a grc;it \"JOC() of o~n1uuons ha\'"e bttn rnrullcJ
under the Nnner of Ca1holu. Act1on. c.ach of ,,·h1ch devot~ 1t-
4
\l•lf td a p:imculu ph;asc or the .tpllStolate of the la1ry. Hovvtvt'r,
1t \hotLld be noted that 1t '' l''-Wnr1.1I to the concept of c:a1hohc
Ae11on tl1at in CVCf)' case thL· OrgJnizJt1011 is only -a11 11lstn1n1ent
for Jid111g and co111plctin~ the 1ndi,•1duJI .u;rion of 1tS n1c111bL·~.
Tht.• '-trcngtl1 of an 1ndividu.11') .1t:t1on n1us1 be 111 d1e valtte of In\
.tc:t1on 1boelf. the r<1dianon of 111\ O\Vn pt'rw11al cxm1pJe a11d 1nRu·
C"Jtcc. 11ot 111 che screngt:h i:up~JI\' ett.actJ b)· the 'iln1plc JU\..
Upc.l\ltlOll of a b~ nun1bcr of 1nd1\·1du,Us.
The"\C' nt0\'ements nu~· h«o111c \".Ht. tmposi.ng organ1ut10n\
\\Ith hund~ of thotLS.ltl~ of n1e1t1bcl"\. ~nd their splendid de111 •
on~r.Jt101\S 11tay arolll(' che grcJCC."\t cnthus1:asn14 It re11131n~ nc\·
crcheJe,~ true that the .r;ecret of 1J1c .1po$tohc .ichievc111en1 tO\\'.trd
\vli1cl1 these "arious orbra11ii.1t1on' art.• \vorkins ren1aini: th~· ,u ..
pcn1atur:il ch:iracttr of the 111d1,1idual actiou of c."ach of their
111c111l>cl'\,
166. But. 11may be a.i:leJ. donn't the Chnm:an boJ, xq,ur('
.l i:pcc1.1I bc-'1Ul)' and po\\'Cr fro11- rhc vcr;- n1ulrirude of th()\('
\vho co1npose it? No doubt 11 d<>e\, but at 1$ not by puttan~ va~t
11tult1tudes llllO the fnlllC\\'Ork of honl(Jgcnous groups tllat tht•
<:hr1~t1.1n bo(ly sho,vs it.~ sp1n1uJI vn:iht)'. The vie'v that the I;()..
r;1llcd po,vcr of tl1e n1a~~c."~ .1nd rollcctive pressure ;are ~igt1~ of
iip1ntu~I v1ul1ty is ahe11 to Chr1\t1a1ury. No le.~ (orc1~ri1 to
\hnst1;in thought is the Vtt'\V, ''·hich reflects n1C'chanl\t1c:
~ron11<-t1c 1dc.as. that the anda,idu~J <knv~ his sp1ntwJ dyn.lnu~n
ti'o111 the sample fact of be1n(t 1ntqtntcd 111co li collecnvrl)· nude
up of nun1crous ind.i\'ldwl'\ '"ho th1nl .ind ~ct -1$ he dOC$. On ch<
co11trJC)'. thl' Cl1n..tu1l collcco\.)£)'. as \~"c h1\·c.· .aJr('ady said. d:ra\\.-S
tu. rc-cuh.ir beaut\' lkX from the nui_nbcr 01 111d1\'1d.u.lls or tTom
their \unple j\IXtapo-.1tto1i. bu£ fro1n 1hc 'li!f''"' chanctcr of i£S
con1pcx1r1on. 111 \\.tuch dJ:d'crenl 1ndi,1Ji.1.il' .ind v.1nou\ group:'>
t:J.c.h fin,f lht."lr rfi)~t pf:.CC-: "·of llJ 11.l[H.UI' ,utJ trll)l,'.\ and pcopl1.'S
•nd ton~u«" (ApoulYP"' 7:9).
1fl?. 'I.le thcrcf(1rc coo,i<lt>r 11 of priul11rJ1.1I 11uporlJnt;c LO prc-
scl'\.-·<' the j)\IChcnnc st01111p of Catholic Acc-1011 on .all tl1csc ''.lriOtlS
tlr~1nl'.at1<u1,: I( 111u~1 be clear U1:1.l the uri:t:'lllt.lllOJt, UI its. con-
snrunon ~nd tn the dchnu!<ltio11 of its field of aC'"t&\'lt'\'. 111 its rules
.inJ 1n.:tl1<,J, t>f "c•rl. 111 1b ~n·tc.c:-. .inJ puliht.tl1011\. tn 1b le!J-
C'nlup usd •dnwwtr.lnon. is onl}· .ln 1mm11ncnt md me.ms o(
.;aiding lhc 1nJ.i"1Jwl, .Jic,~,ng h11n ''' tu.JI~ rc.al1J'C' lu" ~tobtc
•• • ~n-0n •nd • m<mber of the Chur<h of Chrut Thus• .ii
th•>utth the ilr~!.1111/'cJ rnt>\•c:n1cnt "•,II r~(.t'IVe, •>bi:Jn:ndy. JOY-
ousl}', a11d (11thfully. ;ill che dJrecaves of the l11tnrcl1y, \vhose
d~irci and d1tc.•c1ivC'\ it \viii 1<.ck to h1ltill, .11111 .1lth\u.1gll in ad-
d1rjo11 Ir.. \'Cl) nature as a.tl orga1U2t-d 111ove111e11t 111ake-s 11 sub3e-ct
ir in a 'P<"fi.11 \\JY tc..l the appro,ral ot ccch:,1;1\Clc..tl \UJ)C'OOI"\. none·
th~l~ thO\t 'vho bt:long to the- org;in1z.tt1011 .tnJ the ~upenof'\
\Vbo -.1n1.0llll ll '''''\l: llC'\"Cr Jose sigJ1t of''' 1,:),.,:1lUM role.
ord1,:t 1t1
ro prnc-"·c '" '\.ront.t0C1r.· .lnd thC' wpcr.tbund.ant ,,t.1btr of 1r:s
1t1t'."nlbc:h. :111J to 11u.l1'" of theo1 .1 ~p11..J.I 1ll~tr.tl10«l of C.:.tJ'l-Olr~
A coon
S1n'r1t1111l ro1tlr1'l1u1tl)t1.) to tl1e~ft•r11111tio11 0..1· t11:ilit1ltiou~
168 I he- \\Ol'l of llC>C1a1 rege11er.tl10n unJ~n.alen by c:~tholil­
Arrion 111u11r n<lt bl' Luuitcd to cph<'Jll<-'t.ll 1111111fc,oc101l.'. Its cask
K tn bu1IJ .1 'Jl1n1u..I C'lt)', :.i.nd 1J1erc~ tfl 1n.:1l1.· ;1 'Ol1d lnd lifC'·
gt\·uig 'r1ncw.I co11cnbuoon to cht- fomuh\ltl or r1w11ten.mcc of
~,.-u 1tt•t1t11ft•>tl'J b-.i'Cd on JUSO.cc- <llld Cbn,tt.u1 t"l1.tnl'} H»to!)
1~.:ac~ th.It (he ,.ublnt md mOSt riu1rli1I h\11n.1n lD'Oronons ha,....
dr.t\\ 11 their eXISce11ce fro111 the hfC' of tlte- Church. the n1othtr
of .ill c1v1l1urion, a.s nun1t~c<I 1n 1l1C' 1ndJ\•1dual li\'t'S of her
'h1ldrcn.
169. ~1.1Lu1g hrs sp1n1u.;1.I anffucn..:c tClt on the- fomu.r1011 or
rn:,c.·n.·.i.0011 of thcsc 1n'1:1tut1on' \t"Vcttly tnu evef)' Chn~t1.tn"\
111orJ) cour.tge :ind peno11al 1n1u.1t1vc. Sclf... u1tcrest, personal a111
b11101u, Jnd hopes for 11taten.1I f.!:·•111 lllll\l be n·lentlessly ~:.acriftrctl
to the contn16n good. Ill order tt> lilx-:ratc ;is fttUy as possible 1n
C;lt:h 1nd1v1du.aJ the entrg1~ thJI c.111 be devoted to building the
1op1ntu.-il city. Thus ,,·hdc lht' 1n<hv1du.1l's pan:icipaao11 throuizh
ha\ inner life and sacran1enul t1111on \1,•1th Chri$t comuu1cc the
~unul(i:. point and source of C',.,ltholrc Acuon, 'be rcalwcion of
the Chrut1m spirit an the!' \OC10-pol1uc.tl .and economic u1~ulu­
(1011\ o( hum.in ~et}· IS 1lS cu)n11nlt1011: 1ruaruuons lh3l r'C'\lC)rc
co hun1~n sociCt)' 1rs oqpnu.: ch~r.•c:tcr.
lilo11c1,,,;, ius1i1u1io11s
170. 111 Our Letrers Quadr.1;\VJ.11110 ,1,,,,11 and Di11i11; R,J,,,1111,1n·r.
Wt .ilrC".1dy n1cntioned tl1e 1n1pott~ncc of providing soc1ecy \Vlth
'°u1ld C'Co1101ruc 1nst1rut1on~ tOIT'C"po11dJng to tht' ,·anou-. \\l)'~
n:ononuc Jilc in1p1nges 011 hunun actt\·1ncs.. Only m a soc-1c1)·
\\·h~ ttononuc uructurc tnil) corrnponds to ttaJ hunun n<c~
c.an chc f.a111tly n1ore r~dd)· be ticc.-d tfo1T1 h'mg condir1oru 1h.:at
\\.'OUttd the dlb'lllC)' Of 1he hunlJll pcnor1: Ori)}• 1n $UCh a SOCICC)'
t:i11 the Christian achieve 111~ ult11natc 80.11 Jt the $a111e cu11e tl101t
he .1cJ11e\lc~ J1is earthly d~t-1ny. '"rhi' econor11ic regeneration 111ay
lt"Jd to the Creation of ne\Y ~oc1al bodies or corporacio11~ 1l1a1
\\'Ould group toge-ther all tho'e \\·)10. 1n \Yh:ttevcr \v~y. ~\ pro~
\1dcn of c.ap1tal, as 1tuJ1.age~. or .1~ \\·orkcrs. depend 011 tht> UJll('
anJu,rry. 1t may also hn11t 11\Clf I<> cft"~t1ng ne\\· boncb o( «<>-
no1111c coo~oo11 arnong the'.' \'J.now orgaruz.aoons that alr<'.aJy
ttpr<"cnc ''ork.crs. nu..n..igcn1enc, .11h:I con~umcn. Bt1t the ~o;il
 1111 !l l l•l•I .., fNt l f ' I .. I U• ' l l ' t 1(1
;ilv."Jy'> r('ITIJ11lS rhc \..l lllC" I() l'lllt UU1f)' .lnt.i f"'C3<. l.'.(\ll <..'OllJlXlrJllOll
u1 th..: ~"" lCl' of the {0111111011 gO-Od, vvhtlc .1l tJ1c \.lJ11e tune ..,.,_
1!\f)'lng 1r1di\'ldu.1I 1ntere\t:". :t \ n1ut·h ;;11 1'°'"'1011.' ("1,IJJlx>r.1t1011
Lh:J) kind t:lcarl)'. crul'· ..en.·t's 'IOCIC't\i .tnd 1nd1\'1d1,.1;i.J~ only to the
extent rhar ir 1~ h;i\ed on rhc 1uthcnnc· rt..,1hty <,f tn.Je liu11w11
1leeds, tltOl.l' of dte f11111Jv.
171. f\.10Jt'O\'t'f. lh~ pu1el\' CCOOOllUC OrftWJZ.lhOru lllUS(
~ C"<~n'1d~1:I in th<" lif!ht ot lhC" rnn,,rk \'\'l• 111\"ttl:cJ e.arl1cr
Ul spelhtlg of C3:thohc Acc1on. l:.\t11 "'h~n on.I\' an.a.ten.ti ~d
<eonomic int("~t'\ .l\Y iO\'O'\'('\I. II fllU'I be n•Jtl('ftlhr-rni tlut
the Or£il"'"''on b onl~ .i nlt";UlS. art 1nWUJ.11tn1 put .1.t ch~ da
_poq.I ot if\ ml"mbc.·n The" o~ni1111t'>n tl(l("Oo 11oc l"'"\:1'1 111 onlrr
to rtplxe, through thr 11~( of .a ti~tl\ (' 'oll«tl\'(' pet10n4kltl'\'.
the iniriarivc. \\ill, ;;ind 1nteUigcnr<" ot l".l\ h or 1c~ n1\'.'n1bcr;. 1t
rxi..,ts tQr ach of i ts n1i:1T1~"• 1n ur,kr 10 .a.!Jo,, cJ.ch to con-
tribute as n1uch :as he ran to th\' ,·on11tlt)fl b"\)()J, th.111k"' to Lh\'.'
.ld\.'<tnr.i~cs of 111\ltu.;ll aid, con~u]tJnon, C"0111pt'tcnt twicl:incr,
a.-id I.he co111111011 \L\C' of 11L1tcn.ll 1111:.111' \>r 111tcll\'lluaJ Jl)il1tit..".
Olli}· the 111ost l1n1C'nt<'lblc d1iappou1t1tlClltl, cvc11 fro111 thC'
staru.lpo1nt of purt>ly 111:ateri 11 \Vt.•lf.1~, i\ln ht• 11r(>(.IUt'e...I b>· ,1
contrary phiJosoph)' ot <."cono11uc org.in1i11c1011 l'lu' l1oas bcc1t
'>hn\\'Tl hy t}u: n·pe:itt."d h1il11ft6\, in r<'rt'nt yra~. of \•.;i~r ('lltrrpn'-4.·~
of LOLlecl1v1l..lt10t1 by \Vl11t:l1 .t ~)VCl'lllllClll gu1JeJ b)' 1111ltlJlil
afhcis111 ha.s rrit·d ro rc1'1.1cc.· chc 01c>r.1I anti ~piriru .tl dcticicncic.•s of
it'> 111i:n1bc:n \\•ith th~ i.upp(>,t"d elli< lt'tll')' 1,1 the 1>n)lc.·1.1r1,11J
nusses.
lt i\ 1lot for thr: Church I<) dttc.•rn)IUl"' ch1.· lt,r1n .1lit.1n ,111J type
o( ~u ch ~conon\1C ur~ni~nts, I ler rolt' here J11 to I.av dO\\'n the
prJJlClJ.llt"!. thlC )ht>uld tll rl't.l lltt:lll, 1-iC)\Vl'VlT. 'ht.• \lrt.lll}o.~Y tl~t'...
cbc f,ljthful co sn1dy th('s.c c-oncrC't<" prob1ctll.$, 11ot bccaui,.c 01 the
n1:.itt:rial gailt thC)' 11tlght denve fm111 doing so, llut llt'CJtl\C of
tl1e.1r oblig:ataon to retliz.c Chrisnar1 pnnc1ples 1n l1u111111 \OC1ct)r.
tif
Political i1tsti1111io11s
17.!. Catholic Acuo111s110( concemc-d \\'Ith pohtirs. HO\\'C\"c:r,
a; lc:gaunute and Vet)' natural concern le;id-. 1t to .l\k '' hetht•r the
polianl, JUridlc.l. ~nd a;dnunisma\"c 1nst1rut1on.. th:.tt 111,.an1.ttc
St.lt( po"'·t'r an ~nti:! \\'.ay respect the nght" of the hunun ptJ'\.On
(and ihc pnnciplc:s chat should go"<m hunun r<lluo1n). E.Kh
bt'bC\·er n1mt thettfOn! consrckr h1nl'"t'lfrnpon~blc, to the t"Xtent
dut be puriap.t(es. in their CTt"aoon .and func11on111~ tOr the co11~
fomury of these inuirutions \\'1th the n:qulrcmc1ll\ of nJtur.a.l u,, .
These 1nstiruoons include- the \'2nous Until~· :.i ..iL-.tlncc otlicn ;1nJ
prof~on.tl organi~non\ of 3.U It.ands: bbor union\. n'utu1I .aid
soocues. joint cotnnussions, ch.an1bt'n of co111n1crce, n\un1c1p.tl
1n$atunons.. school bouds artd educ.laorul comn11\\ton ... lc1\urc
org;a.n1zat1ons. he-afth bol.rds. 1ntcm1t1on;al co111n11~\1on,, colon1JI
adn11nutr.1rions-in short. all the public and prt\'.lte u1~t1tl1t10nJ
th.at affect the mor.a.I life of 1nd1\'ldual) Jnd (J11uhcs. Chn~a;in\
\\•ho participate in <111}' o( the-sc 1nst1rut101U have l \CnO\l\ obh
g.'\t1011 to always and evc'Y'vhcre testify, by 1l1e \\·ords .utd by
their lives. to tlte ceac)11ng of cite Master of 1ndef.1t1glblt• \vorlen
for the unity of hu11un society.
'/11< totality of Christia11 life
173. After surveying at such lengtl1 the 1noun1fi.1I f.1ctof'( hanlt·
ing conte1npor:ary M>tiety and tc:'lring 1t ~part, let u~ look for a
1110111ent on the be2.uty of thi' uniry 1t~elf.
Tlus unity 1s not ntcrcly the su111 of tJ1c 1n<h\'1dltJI ~J">l<n­
dors of each of Jts 1ne1nben. The K1rtgdon> of Cod dr:i'"" ~ plr·
cicular beau[)• fion1 lhc very union of ;a]J th1.--W 1nd1\•1dua1~ 111 .1
 ! I l l !llUl•J" f l \ ( Y• I l l .. >ii t l l l \
h.1nrt•HllOUi bod~. W'bcn rl~J.\.ll)t! tr.tits Jr(' 00( bo1111.t rot,·thC'r
1n a tt~rn1on1otn "'·ho1c, cllnr 'u11rlc coexi,tC'nc:c Joe., ttot ..ufficc-
[o pn>1.lu..:e J be-.1.uuful lOU11l(11.u1,c •
174 l"hl' \JJUt" un bl> ..... 1d ,,ftJ1, Jr1.bicc,ru1al ~ph:11J,lr ofthC'
jtTC'.at ll\00\UlK'tlts the r;a~ Ju\ h.anJc.d dQ'\'\"ll 10 U~ I.' f(".tllnon1~
to ll' t:..1tf1 .lttJ p1~l): C.tt..h \:klllt'.lll t.OJ1lnbutt."'> IL'i ~~Ul)l lO J
'-''h<'l(' thou tt11.nsccnds the t-i<";aun· .:ind pert.Cc-non of thc'c- <"lcmcnt'\.
c·~)U\tJt:t c.n1c t>f our t:.1tl1cc.lr.1I~; t:.tth lint" rt'e' 111tQ \pJl< .1~ 1f tl
had It~ o'"" Jjf<". thanks to th<" conJu11crio11 ot \fnnr;: C'<lfh ("I(
\\hit h h 1' iL, <>\\rn JlCrfr< 1u•t1 A ll1tJ\.1u· <>r sl:11ne~.l·~.1s-. \v111Jc.>\V
c.-xprc~se~ ;in un.agr ''·ho~r bcJul"\· j\Up.lsses the n1dJ,·1du.il l'<".1Ut'\"
ot rl, h Clt ii.--. r<lm. And Ill lll(" ( re.1!1\"e 1m:1g1n.:11tclu clt ht" .t11.l\t.
.ilrhoud> C";a(h elemenl tt"l.tul~ It) O'-'D \-alUC". the .u<hC'1. .llkt col-
un1n... th<' ' ult\ and n1\·l...,, rh'° '' in\lo''""· mCKJi'"-... ..... t1lrtC\.I por-
t.il-~ .inc.I c.apit.1.1:). tlie tO\Vt:r'> JnJ th~ steeples. J.ll .:0111(' tllgt"th~r
h:1r111•l111ou\ly in the rr.1nsc:~nd1..•1tcJ.f "Pl~ndor oi tht: \\.lu1h.·
I 7~. An..l yet this btnld111~ 1\ <)nlv .1 111;,tcrial tc\nt1101ly, \vntren
111 \\.C.)(iJ i11Kl 111"-'ul and ,cc.nit'. tl) .a. "tlll 111ort• 111;.1n·c.·)c1u' 'l'lntuaJ
rrJ.11l'\·· tl1c 1ncrcdJbk coJbN>rlt1on ol cound.:ss n11nd~ ..nd ,ot1Ju-
.
lt"\\ ,,,11, Ill tt.a.11LU~ th1\ a.,"li,:.tllllt:
. .
\\t'Ji... ThC\·
. hi\C t."CUllC l<1 lht.\
sp1t1tu.ll c1ry. \\·htch tile' 111.;arcrul tdlficC" mere), >\lll~hz.~j.. li0111
the.· t.-r C"l,rnt'r. ,>f tht.· c;irth'. .1r~·hit<"l'"t\, d~iwit·f'\. trulr<or; 1nd
J>lllltt'.'I\, 111.1..Un.\, cab111et 1n.1~cN. ,.,,,J cJrpentt.'f'\, \\'ltl1 ttlt'IT .ip-
)ll'('Jlfll:''<. ,111d d iS<iplcs Oft(.·n. th1.·y CJlll<." fro111 r:.,r .l\\1,1v: thC'y lt'ft
thl"1r h<>111t;l.111d:. :and trJV('"!C'd 1 lun~ 1in1(' 111 or(!~·r ll• cc>utnbut<"
rbC'1r 1'11 oflwJUt)' to Litt' 1nctT.al'lt' 4Jorat1on of (;oJ c~prt:"'~eJ h,
a 11\" 1("11l~lk' .'\II d:b4'<'"~ \lt ~'k.t\"t'\ \\·ere rt.-pt'\."'-l°ll(c.-..t rr\."l.ll.1."' .t1Ki
rn~1 ... monl\ •nd ~hot.if'\, Ltlllt\ 111<1 "it.Jt~mC'O, lflnu111cr;1blc-
t:lulJrt:n ~lflh<." rropft", ~TJ.ti\n\Cn, ,l-i~'k.°'l.ltlOO\.
lllCll. \'t.(11Jll'll, .Uld
Jud p1ou\ co11fr;atc-aur1~. all \\.·01 ~1ug t,)gether co -.:t\"1..t .1 ht1u:.e
of C~od '"'"'"hy of 1-11111.
XI l7J
, ...,•. It ,,..is noc ~ ~11fl1ng or n1uubong the J)("J"'l(}ft.Jl1t1es of the
Ctl·\\·orkcn dut tht\ '\1hbn1e h.ln11on..· ,,..lS xh1cvt"d, nor b)· sub.
n1crsing then1 1.n th~ Jno11v111ow colJtctlVlt)' or 1n che ide.u and
\\'111 of \Orne brilli.111t ~rchuc.:t \\'hon1 the ~ni~t\ ouly h.avc crhocd
111 .1 1o;c,•n•1le n1anner . ·r11,.,e '''.IY\ of procccd111g "'·'>'.1t ti"t :;ecn1
11rc.,clur11vc; in f.ict. tht•y lt'.1d to dt•:ath. This ls not hO\\' tht• 111ir0tclc
\\'J\ ac1.:on1pl.ul1ed, but r.11her through e:ich .int~•·, f'{"l'\Onal re-
'J\00'4" to 1he call of thc.- \r1nt of God. \••h1ch 111\'1tcd hin1 to
'olUbonte an the plerutt1Je o( h1i 1nd!\l"ldu:1J11eJ act1\1ty. Not
~·111g I~ 1n an 1nd1\c.·nnuu.1tc coll«0\11)'. t'.'Jc:h 11un could
(lr.1\\ fron1 rhe depth\ ot h1' pcnonaliry the 1110'\t pertC.Ct and
'IJl<lnt,1nco\1s e~-prc~~1on of the t.uk that tCLI to lun' through has
p;u·lll'Ul.lr \'OC:ttiOll. fhul, thn>ugh the n1ed1:ition of l11t•1r C<)ln-
Ul()U flCU\•icy. che)' could ufT'cr God a \vonhy te\t111ton}' of their
C.lll<°J1e11ce and Jo,·c b\" crcl ting .t tm1ple to ht- i J\\·elhng .in1ong
U\ tor the Euclun,oc: Chn\t. the etC"mal Obbt101l .iJ,,.1~"' present
on our .ilu:rs.
Thu, each m:in co11ltl \.dY of his partic1plr1011 1n this great
Ul.ln1tl'it.1t1on of collc<:l1Vc \Vor;l1ip: '"In ;all thing\ Wt' h:ivC'
µr<>ll'n," fo llo\vlng 1n th.tt \V,\)' Saint Paul's i1ijunct1011 "to pr:icticc
lite truth Jn lo''e. ;ind ~o gi'<)\\' up 1n all things 111 h1111 ''ho is the
11e.-.J. Chn\t" (Epht.-si.tn' 4: 15).
rhrough diC"ir 1nnc.·r dc.•\'OtlOn to Troth. a n:-ftc.-ttlOll of the
l:t«m.il Truth tht')' \O\lght to nukC" 11u.n1fl!'t 111 ct1c1r \\'Ork.
throu~h th~r oblarion ''' the 'P•nt of ch.irit)'. p<-MC:-c.·r1on. and rocil
<"<lllJ\lor.iuon co the \vork unc:lcrtaken for H1, '-1lt.". roulc.l tltt:SC
(~hn\U.Ul\ 11oc s.ay tltcy h.1d found the111selvcs 111 fi11<l1ng Chnsc?
ln 111111 ;and through I lint, 1hcy di~covcrcd '''hat die n1odem
\\'Ortd I'- ~ feveri.,.hly \c,1rch1ng for: the full c.lcvclop111cnt of
lht' (1'("1"\0n~il)· 'hat c.ich penon h.tS received J..\ ;a iZ11C from th~
<:r.:-JtOr. and the un11y 11l .tttt\'Jt)· \\:h~ttsn thC' l\1llnC"\.' of1nd&"1.d.
uJI life 111.i.y be xh1e...ed
l\-!fl'l1' atote ... eJt. "llf.' thotr perfect.·· W11h th1\ cJ.11 'o both
l.l1ty .lllll clergy \Vt cooc1uc.lc It i.s the cxhort.•11<>11 by '''h1th
 ftll ll lf• ll l 'rt • fl, VI I II "'I 11! , ! ll\ lt l

O or I r,l rd scir; n~
rn h.rc·cln1c <'n l•r•t<'t1r, <t •lll':&~<•u~. l't1rop ll'll'l) ~/1J( " "'' )' ef l11u11t111l1y ,·,, shr Hol)' ,\/n.<S
\i:lf- b11v111g. u1t1:g:tatcJ <.:h1lst1.lll!i. S1 >Jl l rlllf 1•11•1nu1s, Sf'll'flU r t 1u11•
hulruu1': " It "'e 11\'f' liy the ~pint h~ ·, h<· \('inl lcl U\ Jl\li \\ .alJ.." 179. And n 1.s hig_l1 cin1e ch;il We recogi11ze. n1ore li1Uy .in\l
( ( j.:Jall.lU!i ):)). 111ore tfficac-iously than before. the unuy ofhunlillltl)' 1n the I l<>ly
S.icrlfic< oflht Mass. It is 1n the Mass tltat. \1ncc the huly (:<>lllll'll
of Trent. the gt'C~t .lnd profound tradition h01s h«o1nC' th< Jctu;il
rcabC)' due urutC"S us .all. unites all 111e11: the t1111e ht•forc (~hn\t
co-.;c1 L'<;JO'l U'-:ITY A'-:ll Pr.<cr
,,·1th the <by of Golgoclu. chc nn1(' .ifi<r Chri~c \Vllh the.- rc.·r·
fRUJl~ (JI TJJL RLJ>l\tf.tltt>'-
speca,·e opmtd for all of us on the t-nd of t1111e :a11d tile con·
f'he pn1111.'1pln th.Ji prn.tJt ()\:C'f tllC' trut u111l\ oa1ad tfU(' di\'(DltV \CIOU~11Ci,S of the pretence ofChn\l ;Jt the hC".in ot thC' n10..c U'lt'-"llt

ot~ human litc.' nlJ\' D•IC b..· '' t·ll T\'t t"l\C'll c·,·cn '' t1cn·. ttu1 lh<" .and ht-an-fc-lt aspiraoo1\S of all 1t1c.-11. 1l.l111ely the rcden1pc1011 o(
unity. ordtor, and J>CAc.:C o! hu1JU,nJt\' 1n1~ .a ittt~t bwdtn on our <bily ~ns by the Ho1)• ~1~s~ through thC' SJcnfl,e 011 tht"
us_ Its \\-cight COfTc.-..po1td~ to chl·' 1luc t)I rh~ Dtt~•n1 th<- v.orlc.t·~ Cro~•\. That lS ,,·h~· \\'C' ha\'c- 1n tht~ hol)' ucnfic.:c.- .an O\·crflu,v1ng

Ro.1.xn1er pJ.td \\'lth h1'\ b!,,.,,J on chc- ('l"O\\, cunlf"'C'tl\;lllrt)t ;a1 che
~li' cn1c onc-c ..tnJ h.M:' all for rlk: ''11~ ul pt1hc1C\ 111d th..~ culp-Jbk
'",obt:iom or' the pnnc-1pln 01 m•l" hunl.an unit)·. \\:C' ht-l1~·c- th.at
tl1a!i pt'!".K:.~. \•ol11th 1~ '4.> J..:~r to ()ur f1c.1n. h~' ,1 1irn' guar.J1llt't.' 111
th<" lo\"<" of the:- Cntrlfi<"d. ,,·ho 1:.1th('rt'd cogC'th<'r UI n1cn Y•1thout
c:xcc•poc>n ••1n<l rnt>Tc:C>\·t.'r, th.:it thl.. pt'.1rc t"'l'C' •'111)" 1u th1 .. 1,,\:~.
\Ourcc of gr.ice for unJt}" .uid suc11gth for pc.ace. In chc.- protOunJ
,,·onh of Sa.mt Leo. ,,·tuc-h tht- Church rtt.tlk on 1hc fc;iiu o( the
Ex.ilt;non of th< Holy Cr.,.s: '"No". coo, •U kmch of ~nhl'
:!J,mfiCes a~ at an c!'nd. Thtrt' renta1ns but th(' one oblJtl\)11 ur
your bod)· >nd blood. h fulfills >ll fomwr t)'p« of •icnficc. for
)'OU are chc tnte Ln11b ef C.od ui1d tukts auuy tlir s1u tf 1l1t 11\1r/J

1n .auy C3Se, 1t 1$ not t0-1.111d \\ htre 111.111·s tr\u: ,.J11,.1t ts noc: re\'. (John I :29). Thus you perfect ;a]J Ol)"Stcnc\. ;and JU\t ;a< one 4iJ('
o~i1ed Jn<f '' 'here, r11n'ic-q11<"ridy, no \t·ri11u' .1ccrntlfln 111 p.aicl tt1 nfice 110\\' replaces m.tn}' \•1ctanl4j, all na1101u are rc.'pl:11,:e<.l by ,..
lh~ tcmble ~ltlT~rin~ tl1.it \\ Jr 4:.tU\<'' 111 lhc: ltt."Jrt' of l tl(Jtltt'r\. single k1ngdon1. •• .'\ru1te rtiatt1, ca1uall1ot1 ~'cn_fi<ic>n11n 1\1tlrt1itc' tt"J·

\'\i v<.'s. a11d cl1ildr('n, o r co rh<-" ,.1crifit:1.:'\ ch.it 1t ~11t.1Us fo r thC' SdUlt', 0111nt$ d[/frrer111iu ltos1ian 1,,1 uua t<Jrp>ris ti Sllll.flllllliS 1111 111111't•t

<;;(unhat:tllt'i. obl111io: q110111a,,t tu es t't'rus .""1g1111s D<1, q•o tofl1£ 11('«11111 1111111d1: ft 1111
i11 tr u11i11trsa pt!fitiJ 111ysttria, til sin11 ,,,,.,,,, est 11r1l ..,,,,,,; 11irt111111 S1J(·
"1"""'·"'"
rljici111n, fltl u1111111 dt: 011111i gt'fltt: sit
T herefore let o ur lledecn1cr's blood ex1inituish the 1>.1~\1011~ <>(
i'- ce1l .fo r re1.'·''''1io11
1
hatred and an1bilion a111ong peoples. thos<.· fi rebrand~ <.lf c·n111icy,
17&. Abo,•c all ir 1s l1igh 11111e lO olfcr rcp.i.r~uon to oui so th<lt ln )13m1on y \vith the goal We Ourtt!lve~ propO\c<l .11 the:
l{ e.,leemt•r'i,; S:icr~·J I le:1n fclr tht• '1ll'i in r11hhC' lit(' ('()OllTIJfCC"d in beginning of Our pontificate. Christ's peace n1ay rt•1i;tn 11- Chr1'it'oi
relal1011~ :Uttl>11g \tat.:\, pcl1pl._:,, u.UUU)S, J lh 1 r.11.c·s. 'll tl1;it 1111: K111gdon1.
Divine '-'Tath docs 11ot s:tnk<" u1; \\ 1th J\l!;C ind lcrrsl,lt pu1\1\h
mC'rtt'i.
 •Jinn \.t llTW' MlttW. Cbtn ~. Andrt- \~•...._., ao.I \.I.ire \fturJ. '11' , • ot ,,, ••,,...,.to~ Pr" Ill " " "..... ' ~ 11~ f'""l"r' ..,.. ho "1J;. II;.,. Toc..1,•.,..
\1.n , h.te. ;. rl 4). fJ-.w. •to.· ' l~f tc llk itunt..uc1 ,,f d ... ~ "tlu nun..'n th..1 ii'\'. 10.-'l!(fl to ID" cu.o
.? lnuk Poal.lt. op ctt., 6~ b.J ,1n.J 1t1 rt~N ' l !Or thl!' -O~rt\i.nnm of the- En..-..·~11,Jl.. due th~ c..xJ.11~ l"'-vhl
».
I " I h~ IO\'C' fo r t)llt:'' C()\ll'tf)' ,•nd (Inc's r.l<C '"'~'.In lit1ol. wh1ch l,. ro...... Mfl,l\k outl <\I e 'tten•)on 1« nn1 .u ,11! ntu~d to rnd.iy', «M;,ifJc-d tot.11t.1run M.-1('\,
l"rfi.11 ''"*It
r of Ollll)' \.,l"lll r ~rlii .I\ U Of heroiltln \ \ 'h l"U 11 '" f;t)vemtd b )· ( • hr1.,tlll ' but b. t(l1111d lll~)rC Ot le"" i:~'''\'Whrrc. l()r (''(J,11\l'I(' ' " ruh'i,· ('ohu:aonn The-' ' '"
i..,\ flU•IC't.l:ic~ ~l~)~. ~JUI~('.,;.· IJW)>C"fvtrt 11\i1t>ttt,('• •UJ iintqu.itiC"i 1r. h 11 .... ;,non 01 tti' -...ord gi\·C-S thC" ("ho1lL Ul'"' \\1:..pu1t i1 lht' b.iu.k im C.n•Jo11 1 11(

.C LI.I(' ruin o(JUKkC" •nd I•·~ ' ~~ WttO 1~ n.ir11,....1,~ '

glf'\''· •nn , " r .1ncl dlC' fu."'lc'"' ut {. 1ni.ti.11 e4~~°'-"'
Pllh ''· (,ts ..f ...-:- !Jn. ..j (>ttl:n btr ly11, <JUC*d k \t_.,~ui-. op. ~t, 2.: •·11 Ii'"" JdT..:U:. tu 6c,J m \-...ct ''fn."f'M"W1, ""'~ uf <•t'TUUSI. :0~ iht- •'111".t•
_. ThK h..I altt:..d,. bc-M PM.~·, m.xto. -1m1.Mr.J1tt '"'''""" ,,. Oi.uM .. i\L\c1.u. I ~ •id I~ In Ft-~'.:h. -.J .. 1n"C"r.d uthn: nt<-.Jcm ....._-w,..--u. me: •cwJ
or \II :: ;~ J'C'llrl,. if'«•rit- f'~•i ~ l'IN t('("TTt lQ C"'Cr~ elk hf.- Wirf- qilnon'lt rrC"l I
.S Vun1.1.I ~ d1r <;1.ml' irgtunM'lt• lnn<rrrrnng 1hr u ttil)· •11,I d 1vl"mty n fhuu11n t\· Th: 1f1.,.1 Kbt•n betwec-n l l"tl'l tUt\dl 11.:1u1wul1tv ( I ,..Jl-1n..") ,,.,,I 11.1.uon prn£1'"Kf'•l l14'rr
art• fi1,1 Htl 1n L.iFJttst"·· Jr•tt-rr.i,1,11J 11)Ji11• h \ot'f)' \ll11!Uluttl)· al'-t'Jllc1I h) 11JoJt111 l•t!.thuii. .ilthuu~h 1114• t11p1l"">ikiu ·1~u1t.1 1i._I

6 . .:>e~ the lcu..-r from FJthN KillNn to Llht?~. :7 Oi.cob•:r 1113!!:: lbap. l. n ¥. n~ 11~\11,1 l11y' i ~ ptopt-r ro tht' I n1.}.,lit;1J

1 \\'t ~·r ~ m ch,p:-t s rfi.11 the- 05..Cfl"..a1.~•· '· •...i1111 ror 14- ·s J\;o\Tn1to.rr "JI I h..• tn.11J11~nt o f !11~ '!lK•ll011 of 1n~t"nn;1m;1~ ~t\\-.:l n 1ht"" fJt'<'\ ftoll't'I 11
IC,JI', In 11' ~ Pn •tfw. """' flN"MIC kgtW.tn"t" d(' 'Wlll0 C1•:1CnTII~ nun14'No' tnl.llf.d J'Olln1 of ~. -.1thc>ut laenruJ)!:' t})(" ~'~ •N-n"'°'
ol the huttun 1\-1....,,
~· k• &Al~ u.r
tac wn.r ~-.....1•111 ui1 w "1.rbc >f!M" .-r. dN- ~*""OT tN- ('t.,,... •n 1h1< ·tt'"..t. t_.o1 >'~ •1cJ,.-...·c aic~l"l@' llllC'"""'
'<: Juln 1..,~ L 'E11>~· ·1: J.- ""1"1" P;in:s F-.1\k&W-, 1~J .....~ ..,...ful ("flk"""U.-r\. ff'!'"""' kW' u( df'cnnct.,_"" tfut '"" k.cmd MU. Ii t~\l>I
Y ( ..1nlot1 Zahn " I h\: Unri.til1,h((f f:.n\l'C:hc.il An \ )Pf'Orturury ~trtk:d, olil"'lll' >f~~c.a.l bl'ot.11.lJ-"' "-ho lu\t Ji.:.,uc.:J )p~u.l .allto.UVll hJ ti.I.ft ;.ubint "
J\1111.•1t..if C.J.1'1111.11 RC'f"'rttr, IS l .h:1.-c111~r 107i., ~· '1 An 1ntcm..tl am.lym o( lh(' \Vntcnts .anJ liter.a.no' iol)'Jt,, h.i.nd.,~·nu'--n annot.1.uun1
10, 1 h.)t l~. r.tr,)f1lph~ ?! Y1 0 1 llu"•;J#J. °'""'"
l '111r.tc ~t- Pim XII, .. , r llrt .ind <klct1u1u. npi:iit. cu;., and :in c:xtc m .11 .in.1 h'·"~ 0 1 t~"\tunuriy by \q)C('1 .il1~u ,ind
b-,· (oundl.u:h'' coUJbor-.ll()1"i f~tllll•~n ( l!C.\ th~ tortC"f"°ClJcoce of the J ~:.1 11 l.1·
r"f}()'~J.1]114' ~1"Hfi f""'11!Ji,·it11., ~Ult r• 1 narcli~. rn11ut1, .ln;hfot~ll~ ('1 <1UllC"\
(ftJ:.n.i1tn rt1 P-ll t't 'omenu••Mm •Vft k S.~ "fk-.t>l.'fU"";· lO Octubn ,.., 41. rhN" l\ 1111.t>.11r ~hnadM d'().11"'<'· ""r°"" Ra\t".Ch('r ~'~lot~ C'...-.ihlMl) \co"
lb i. ~\Ii mLM.Jw .II:) {_C ..:0 Di.~-r 19J I •pp. iljl-..j. Thr- p.a..,. A-'4-A.si...1·-1.r Tl'D '""~
~ t.JalWf to~ m llw....,., {of"lmJ l-vot.l:f f;O lf(Jf!l J!.'fC" li~9 co~ f.:!1'1.:! ) \laf"' ll. <ip. ~rt... ·~ ')J
6 Sc<' the di!<..OIS$IOO of Cu~h·, )."tt\io~ "-"l'lOf.!.,">, (h;.p J
~ I ('ft1·r trt>n: I I fu1·h1, d.1trd 'l\1 1rc-h l<Ji'J, "' \<hw,1flt , who cite\ ii 1n l'u•
ih..c-n,111011. 7l't-79_
l'()llt!WClM{l rct Jt t'M-\HI t.1tNtPI'5 UNITl\.'l
II l\!IU"l.:ht"r. citni by liLllV.JI\(', ·11• Cit, 79,
t 111'tlt-,tt-J,.
ilv> l ra'1U.1 rr.t'""'l.thcm 11"1tO l.mll, ~ l-i\ I 1thn- I J('Jl'ft'M'h ll1<'1• 9 ll11u1lr", up n1 JJf1- 11
\..J Cb ""I .,. h "'"" ~ '1t..d .c1 II.a.." ~ 1-""'C1muny .Ml rn~ ("ft' ... \u.I 'C. up. at.. 1 lly .,,.,

'.._..,. eu '""" mml.111.l!c 4 ued. •• p~

l \h..:roc. o:.
J ' '" <1dd1t1on:1; no« ,,.,.~n In l CC'n<h .:tnd <YJ)('li ntt o 'C'p.tr.i.t~ she« ts 1,.,,_.;cd llt'.'rl/lf\I CC."iCRIS UNI TAS
.11 tht' \'tt)' r nd o f thi, "loog" l·u~l\h t'<""i()n ·
''1 I \''l 11.1\<\' <;.ro:au.~l. ttf 111\'•'ntcJ. ror the putp•N'. r ••,, rtrl!' r.\fff~WlfS T(fl ~· II\' I ·"'r111., dl( 1112r.·elous rov.·.,-1 uf dtt' Ch,1r4·h to Pl\•ll'• ' .un i 111.anu;un 1ht• 1 1~·tl
Qt (Xll ..)iPN. :.nd n:w1u•t,\I :0.11.rJ<l)llJ.IT'V. ~nd f'Ohtic.tl J1hutv oi pcnplt•ll h.11 .tl'"-~r' i,ha,,.u 1i1n.h Th ... b.J;<.bt<' .,lf n)(l1a., l1L...
...H\ 1ot~f\f ot ~ (IA C""ntnw -.':th :nftth.l..'P). •·e mt.an a\Ott o. I~ mic- tnr4tt1Jf'\r an:ioot,: r.v~. •.u tlN proda1.n)('d ~· j('~ c.:.hnsi; but hts ~·OtCC' "'~•

wkt1 1h.- f HY hfhc.r l<iM Jolff"j,,h· tndic-JIR'.'d 1n <fl""'t'"S of ot.~ T~1rcn n. horJ t-,. h~t f"t !'6 qMdn ""ho .Jtthr('d m. fhcTC" 1' • fW'I~~.- jna;- 'W'!f" (.>C"ffk,

:111 ''"'"·',. "'icil ~~1n... ~ T1w T.....Ji1r ef ~ ... ,.. ()Qf~ ,,... .ft.0 l"'Xr'""~ '
.!lti~ •··~•/. Tb..: MJ.k. for .!'JU111rl.:-, Y.1l14.h u .t toul1t'1' vi tr1~t1t1on fh<1. rc-rt~"\th
:tnJ con1plC't<lv tuitUb 10. duty .i.-. J \Ute, ul .:actwl1()' 1t tc 11.1Uy wh.at 1\ 1111u1 ht 01
;icrol\i \\'1th I~ n~rure The 1nc.1llt)' o l C'lt:tC'ns.on, o-n thr 01hc1 b.)nd. n d~c l'Klt'U'\1011
nor 11..rtMrun, nr. ~-.h:.an, lMu .al rl'r9 ~"' Nu.hrn 111 C t..... · lftJ XIJI. 1-.
.1. "°trtlttr \orwkuua-J pn·ptflt,IO•IC. XXXIX iii Lt:u XIII. Qi.1ruuw: ~Th.: , IJlr
~ d~ Ofl~ ll mJ SOUN'(' Of JO 1114'1:1;, ~njO~') " ni:;hr th.it " 110( (1[\"",lttb("tlht-d tt\·
.lll\' 111\11 ..
.100

l LC'O XIII. <Jo•·"' lpwM!••l, I Jl; "Tht Chutch COnsutltl·. lC-.Khc:t ( I ) * mu&-
nfl>\'k 1h1~ ..f"l'ltl.,..j,, rnrlil; 1rl~ '""""'I 11<•,.,.,,,., (
,(ur Im -.v ·~,,..'ff ._,J, Jel I~
tMt unt ,_. tsftlhij.1W ~ <•J
.a j!ISC • umc u IJct l.t..-r.dnn•. 1oJ..~ Ow Pc~-..~·, ... ucd. ..._,t J't'°'d
U\k' ..And m. rnbt,. J! 1111i1~ hum.an R"MOG Mooe~ ~c-<n pod .,J
c•;..t, tt.:..,d" ~ Jlontc .... ('Y'tf In pu:>lsc J:lhin.. .authoot\ ti di\ on.td
from the OV< .11L1d 1U111.11.ll ma< 1•le trom whh:.h d. &n,~ 1a. J"O"« to ~l\ lck fur
i:hr '~""' .;JOd I ('O XIII 1_.w.ai
Bibliography
'\no '"' ,._, 1'4\lllJ (; ,j •nrtt1gn bnm111p". dM- Clu:n:h i a '¥''"' th~1 II h
&wu H.Un dat ..ud1<111'J .1.uJ •~ u~1h .kn"''"' ..
_\ Cmtotc C.."iin!d,
6. Ik <.u;1,1rt l>n, I 13. XIX,~. 17.
7. Dt ,,.,,.,.;,.,,,. 1.. 1. 111" I, I' lO (f'Jl•·~'J.'•" l•.ellJl.1, \•t)) Jl. c. fJJ(>},
S. l)" ,,.,,n'/•11· f .,J. l 1h I, c \Q
9 IK "'""'i•u• f .,; , I !h I, ,. tQ
10, f\t/rflu )'1'1, IJ.I'. "
II , lJcl..Qr. 1;,l,(,4
o\l(.111\"•'lo
1J. 'r- ll, \I I' / \ XII, 1o::y
' -•· Ot '-'""'""' f)r•..,111.l "'"''*if, I. ,1,
J ,1f,1~. John ff,;M.Jnf Crfflon1 1 ·,.,,., i>n,I J""'"1~ic,I ,lni.11n1rntl. ,1 mJCrolllm rc-
' "" Ro11wn 11 I~ <=C'1\ed 1n Dcttmbc:t ,~.. from Prvl~ot fl'4.M1\.M u~hn. \I.ht. 1n..M.k" Ill 196-J
lj Qo "'"'l'~' I f.(.I. l.1b I.~ 1 v.h1k hr ""JS tmnltory'llltt 1hc Llf,lf}:lr j(~ht\'<'\ •t t O\nll \.rmitl.U'\ Ul Nev.
16 '°t.J.n.,;"b lfl>tlh ....J')C' _...,,... • ltlu. Ui-.... Yod. Clt'f
Gu:nJbch. CU'\t.n- .s.--t.a l - . '9 t\-prJ p.tttn. c~.., <".un.b-h ~hn"" x dx
K.xholbdtc ~~hr Ze111r~. ''~ Gnm.im

J..,:CYCllCAlS

P1u~ XI QwaJt~ .i"1ht. 1931, \r11 IJlrwtWM ·""'-""· •• f\4.11\"h 1937; °"'"'
RrJMpf•W, 19 \Urch 1937
Pntt XII s.,,...t 1Wi111i.rho, :o Oc1obct 19 JY I tC'lllh tnrhbuoe1, v.11h .1n~'t1dl
~bk- of t'OcHrnl$ .and con1nK'n~nn. l'.1•1' "il'I \, ••>)'I (on the ('O\"tr. ArtiL'Yf
('(Y*l~rr; on the A)·le.11(: \'1Jt1I ~,,.,,, (j llr--huq1.101,, \J, llttcn1b<-t 1939)

\4:hv..1"<'· Jafunnct. C111l.n• C.n1JA1<.J1. '\) (18~1-1¢11. R"l"•"tflf.llll MJ'lJ ln.ttrprrl

Jn k.td••.>1™1.rn S,;:~Jlld1R Pf ikY ;~t.t l\111' \II 11111.•n ,h,• /:1••rJ11MftR M14J Jyik'm.I·
h.Mfv !»fft"1111fl. Doccottl m.n... 1n thnl&oltCY, fkUlt) 1'4 ('.>100b\ Thcok>gy.
\tr~h('l1 W1lhdrm-Un1,·m1ut. ~\umtrt. t•r·•· i.....W-11111\"'" :NJ ~n.:D,.
'"'"· N \lidhdm Wdltt mi.I Antoo R.&l.l'M.hc-r, "'" •1 \1uni..h. P.1~. J.nd
Vll"NU Fmhn.and Schi>naftfdl. 1y;<
"'"'°" EJw.nl. SJ }<M ~1- I ..... - . , , If d. I ..,,,.... \fw.o <f d.