PTC 12 2 1998

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ANSI/ASME PTC 12.2-1 9(
PTC 12.2-1 998
(REVISION OF
ASME
Condensers
Test Code on
Performance
Steam Surface
Date of Issuance: September 18, 1998
This document will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of the next
edition. There will be no addenda issued to ASMEPTC 12.2-1998.
Please Note: ASMEissues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of
technical aspects of this document. The interpretations are not part of the document.
PTC 12.2-1 998 is being issued with an automatic subscription service to the interpre-
tations that will be issued to it up to the publication of the next edition.
ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American
National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced toassure
that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The
proposedcodeor standard was made available for public review and comment which provides an
opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-
at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of anypatent rights asserted in connection
with any items mentioned i n this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing astandard
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the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
Participation by.federaIagency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to beinterpre-
ted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard.
ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations issued in accordarlce with governing ASME
procedures and policies which preclude.the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers.
N o part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright 0 1998 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All RightsReserved
Printed in U.S.A.
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FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of ASME PTC 12.2-1998.)
When the work of revising the ASME Power Test Codes of 1915 was undertaken it was
decided to include a Committee to develop three separate test codes on Condensing
Apparatus, Feedwater Heaters, and Water Cooling Equipment. The resulting Test Code for
Steam-CondensingApparatus, after passing through the preliminary stagesin the procedure
prescribed by the Main committee, was printed in tentative form in the May 1924 issue
of Mechanical Engineering and was presented to the Society for discussion at a public
hearing held during the Spring Meeting in Cleveland in May 1924. At the December 1924
meeting of the PTC Supervisory Committee (now known as the Board on Performance
Codes), it was approved in its final revised formand on October 5, 1925, it was approved
and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society.
Early in 1933 Committee No. 12 decided to completely revise the Test Code for Steam-
Condensing Apparatus. At the April 4, 1938, meeting of the PTC Supervisory committee,
this second version of the Code was approved and on July 15, 1938, it superseded the
previous one and was adopted as a standard practice of the Society by the Council.
With the reorganization ofPTC Committee No. 12 on Condensers, Feedwater Heaters,
and Deaerators in 1948, the main Power Test Codes Committee requested that the Test
Code for Steam-Condensing Apparatus be brought up to date. This third edition of the
Code wasapproved at the December 4,1953, meeting of the Power TestCodes Committee
and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society on March 9, 1954.
In January 1970 the PTC Supervisory Committee requested the Test Code for Steam-
Condensing Apparatus be reviewed and updated. That fourth version of the Code was
approved by the Board on Performance Test Codes on May 7 2, 1981, and it became an
American National Standard in January 1983.
The Board on Performance Test Codes in 1988 directed the Code again be reviewed
to be certain it reflected current engineering practices. A new Code Committee was
organized in early 1989 containing members from a wide geographical area. It comprised
about equal numbers of manufacturing, user, and generalinterest members to ensure
balanced committee actions. The 1989 Committee was organized into four Subcommit-
tees - Guiding Principles, Test Procedures, Instruments and Methods, and Computation
of Results - to be sure each section of the Code revision would get attention, and the
work would be accomplished effectively.
Based on experience with the two previous versions of the Condenser Code, the reorga-
nized Committee determined to make this Code modern, accurate, practical, useful, and
cost effective. It also identified the objective of extending the Code to include performance
monitoring, because of the relatively large effectof operating condensers on plant genera-
tion and efficiency.
These ambitious 1989 goals translated into extensive revisions which triggered an almost
complete rewrite. The major areas were revised and the revision rationale of this latest
Code follow:
Instruments: To take advantage of the recent significantadvances in the field, instrumen-
tation recommendations were modernized.
Heat transfer: TO enlarge the condenser test schedule "window" while maintaining
accurate test results,the separate heat-transfer resistance method withthe latest correlations
was adopted.
Implementation: To clarify the Code rules and produce a virtually self-contained docu-
ment, techniques and instrumentation descriptions were written in an explicit and detailed
manner.
Uncertainty determinations:To ensure proper applications of uncertainty analysis, all
the particulars of this somewhat daunting estimate (a very impofitant and now necessary
aspect of every test) are presented.
Data acquisition:To improve the condensertesteffectiveness, computerized data acqui- I
sition for the testing and data reduction is suggested; however, the Code is written so that ,
I
this approach is not necessary.

Cleanliness testing:To be certain the condenserperformance results arenot predestined,
a mandatory cleanliness test i s now required by this Code. It i!j important to explain,
though, that the entire previous cleanlinesstest section was replacedwith a neh, pragmatic,
fouling test procedure.
Lastly, this expanded fifth edition of the Code was re-titled Steam Surface Condensers.
This Code was approved by the PTC 12.2 Committee on January 20, 1996. It was then
I
approved and adopted by the Council as a Standard practice of the Society by action of I
the BPTC on December 20, 1996. This Performance Test Code was also approved as an
American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on February 20,
I
1998.
iv
PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST COMMITTEE NO. 12.2
ON STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of thisCode.)
OFFICERS
J. M. Burns, Chair
C. W. Almquist,Ph.D., Vice Chair
J. H. Karian, Secretary
COMMITTEEPERSONNEL
Charles W. Almquist,Ph.D., Principia ResearchCorp.
Frank S. Ambrogi, EcolaireCorp.
Larry J. Beal, PSI Energy
Robert J. Bell, HeatExchangerSystems,Inc.
John M. Burns, Stone & WebsterEngineeringCorp.
Roland L. Coit, Consultant
EugeneHernandez, Community Energy Alternatives
Jack H. Karian, ASME International
PhilipMarks, Graham Manufacturing Company,Inc.
Edward C. Saxon, Conco Systems,Inc.
James W. Thornton, Virginia Power
John L. Tsou, ElectricPower Research Institute
John G. Yost, ResourceManagementInternational,Inc.
V
BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES
OFFICERS
D. R. Keyser, Chair
P. M. Gerhart, Vice Chair
W. 0. Hays, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
R. P. Allen R. S. Hecklinger R. R. Priestiey
C. W. Almquist R. W. Henry C. 6. Scharp
R. L. Bannister S. J. Korellis J. Siegmund
D. S. Beachler T. H. McCloskey J. A. Silvaggio
B. Bornstein J. W. Milton R. E. Sommerlad
J. M. Burns C. H. Mittendorf W. C. Steele
J. R. Friedman S. P. Nuspl J. C. Westcott
G. J. Gerber R. P. Perkins J. G. Yost
A. L. Plumley
vi
CONTENTS
...
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill
CommitteeRoster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
Section
0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Objectandscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Definitions
and
Description of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Superscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Uncertainty Analysis Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Guiding Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Purpose and Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 TestPlanRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Test Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4 Allowable Deviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Method of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 Preparation for Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.7 Condenser Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.8 Non-Condensible Gas Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.9 Tubeside Blockage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 0 Tubeside Fouling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.11 DissolvedOxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 2 Preliminary Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 3 Constancy of Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.14 Duration of Test Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 5 Test Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 6 Performance Test Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Instrumentsand
Methods of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1 Purpose and Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Location of Test Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Instrumentation and Methods of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 Computation of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Basic Heat Transfer Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 Condenser Pressure Deviation Results Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3 Deviation of Results Calculations for other Parameters . . . . . . . . . 32
5.4 UncertaintyAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 Report of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.1 Composition of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 Report of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
vii
Figures
Location of Condenser Test Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1 16
4.2
Basket Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.3 Guide Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Recommended Velocity Traverse Locations........................ 21
5.1 Multishell Multipressure Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 Single-Shell Multipressure Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tables
3.1 Allowable Deviations from Specified Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Non-Condensible GasLoad (Air In-leakage) Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1 Student's t. Table for the 95% Confidence Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Nonmandatory Appendices
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A Guideline: Flowcharts/Checklists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
B Guideline: Automatic Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
C Guideline: Performance Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
D Guideline: Example Calculations ............................. 53
E Detail: Uncertainty Analysis for Condensing Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
F Detail: Geothermal Surface Condensers ....................... 73
G Diagnostic: Air Binding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
H Diagnostic: Non-Condensible Removal Equipment ............... 77
I Diagnostic: Tube Fouling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1
Properties Physical of Seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
K References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
I
I
viii
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STEAMSURFACECONDENSERS ASMEPTC 12.2-1998
CODE FOR
STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS
SECTION 0 - INTRODUCTION
0.1 INTRODUCTION (e) Instrumentation and Methods of Measurement

to determine the hardware that must exist or be in-
This Code describes instruments, test procedures,
stalled in thecondenser to determinethe recom-
and methods of testdataanalysis to beused to
mended measurements.
determine and monitor the performance of steam-
surfacecondensers. It provides explicit test proce- 0.1.3 Thoseinterested in performance monitoring
dures which will yield results of the highest level of should review Appendix C, then the Test Plan and
accuracy consistentwith the best current engineering Flowcharts before reviewing CodeSectiondetails.
practicesand knowledge in this field. The Code is When this Code is to be used to determine fulfill-
not intended to be used for tests of condensers ment of contractual obligations, the contracting par-
or heatexchangers operating aboveatmospheric tiesshallagree in advance on the test procedures,
pressure or air-cooled condensers. uncertainty estimates and implications, and methods
To aid in an overall study of the Code, the of presentationof data and presentationof results.
following review sequencesaresuggested. Considerable efforts were made to write this con-
denser Code so that all the related technology was
0.1.1 A quick survey of the Code can be obtained contained within the documentitself;however, in
by reading the introductions to each Sectionfollowed all instances this was not possible. In thesecases
by the TestProcedures Flow Charts and TestPlan andunlessotherwisespecified, all references to
Appendix. other codes refer to ASME Performance Test Codes.
Anyterms not defined herein arelisted in PTC 2
0.1.2 At the plant design, contractual agreement, Definitions and Values. 141 Descriptions of instru-
or specification stage, it is advisable to review in ments, apparatus, and the general basis of the uncer-
order: tainty analysisbeyond that specified in this Code
(a) Achievable test uncertainty stated in Objectand may be found in theSupplements on Instruments
Scope; and Apparatus, ASMEPTC 19.1. [4] A careful study
(b) Test Procedures or alternatively the particular should be made of all the referenced codes, but in
special test from Appendix A; theeventofdiscrepanciesbetweenthe specific
(c) Test Plan and Flowcharts; directions contained herein and those Codes incor-
(dl Guiding Principles; porated by reference,PTC 12.2 shallgovern.
1
STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS ASMEPTC 12.2-1998
SECTION 1 - OBJECT AND SCOPE
1.1 OBJECT 1.1.2 Test methods for determining the tube bundle
performance factor and degree of tube fouling, ex-
This Code provides standard directions and rules pressed as a cleanliness factor or fouling resistance,
for conductingandreportingperformancetests of are described.
water-cooled, steamsurfacecondensers,hereafter
referred to as condensers. The Code provides explicit
testprocedurestoyieldresults of the highestlevel 1.2 SCOPE
of accuracyconsistentwiththebestengineering
knowledge and practicecurrentlyavailable.The Therulesandinstructionsincluded in this Code
main purpose of this Code is toproviderulesfor areforthecondenserproper. If the scope of the
performingcondenser acceptance tests. TheCode testincludesanyorall of theauxiliaryapparatus
also provides guidelines for the routine performance associated with the condenser, it will be necessary
evaluation of condensers. torefertoother ASME PerformanceTestCodes.
The acceptance testcanbeusedtodetermine 1.2.1 The determination of special data or verifica-
compliance with contractual obligations and can be tion of guaranteeswhich are outside the scope of
incorporatedintocommercialagreements.Thetest this Codeshallbemadeonlywith the written
shall be considered an ASME Code Test only if the agreement of the parties to the test, especially regard-
test procedures comply with those detailed recom- ing methods of measurementandcomputation,
mendations in this Codeandthepretest and post whichshallbecompletelydescribed in thetest
test uncertainty analysis complies with Subsections report.
1.3 and 5.4.
1.3
UNCERTAINTY
1.1.1 This Codeprovidesrulesfordeterminingthe Theuncertainty of the projecteddesignpoint
performance of a condenserwithregardtothe pressure from the acceptance test, using the recom-
following: mended procedures and instrumentation,is expected
(a) the absolute pressure maintained by the con- tobelessthan0.1 in. Hg. A posttestuncertainty
denser, orits projected design pressure with an uncer- analysis is required. Due to the variety of methods
tainty of 20.12 in. Hg; and instruments, the test uncertainty for routine heat
(b) the extent of condensate subcooling withan transferperformancetests must beestimated by a
uncertainty of 20.2"F; specific uncertainty analysis, described in Subsection
(c) the amount of dissolved oxygen in the conden- 5.4, and the resulting uncertainty shall be less than
sate, with an uncertainty of 2 1 .O ppm; and 0.12 in. Hg in order to be considered a Code Test.
(d) the tubeside pressure drop, with an uncertainty The other test objective parameter uncertainties are
of ?2%. more directly measured and defined in para. 1.1 . l .
3
STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS ASME PTC 12.2-1998
SECTION 2 '- DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION

OF TERMS
2.1 SYMBOLS
The following symbolsare to be usedunless otherwise defined in thetext.
Units
us.
Symbol Term Description Customary SI
A Effective
outside Total active external area of ft2 m2
tube
surface area all tubes in condenser, in-
cluding external air cooler if
used. Active area excludes
any
tubes that may be
plugged at time of test.
Cf Cleanliness
thermal
factor
Ratio
of
transrnit-
tance of usedtubes to that
of new or cleaned (to a like-
new state)tubes operating
under identical conditions.
=P Specific heat Specific

heat of cooling Btu/lb"F YgK
water ataverage temperature
and for salinity measured
during test.
d Tube diameter Outer con-

diameter
of in.
denser tube.
D Tube diameter Outer con-

diameter
of -
denser tube.
DO Dissolved oxygen Amount of oxygen

dissolved PPm
in condensate.
F Fluorescence Measure of the presence of -

an indicating dye in percent
of solution for use in de-
termining flow rate in large
conduits (percent).
Acceleration of Constant
used in Nusselt ft/sec2 m/S
gravity equation.
5
ASMEPTC 12.2-1998 STEAMSURFACECONDENSERS
Units
U.S.
I
h Heatcoef-
transfer Rate of heat transfer perunit Btulhr-ft2- W/m2K 1
ficient of surface areaand tempera- "F

ture difference. Thisquantity
is the fundamental measure
of condenser
the per-
formance.
AH Differential Differential pressureacross in. cm

pressure the orifice plate in water
gauge
i Variable Summation
k Thermal conduc- Rate of heat transfer perunit Btu/hr-ft- Wlm-K

tivity of distance within a material "F
L Length Condenser tube length ft m ,
LMTD Log mean tempera- Computed logarithmic mean "F "C I

I
ture difference temperature difference be- I
tween steam and cooling I

water (see Section 5)
In Natural logarithm
I
m Molecular weight Formula mass Ibllb-mol kg/kg- I
mol
N Quantity Number of condenser tubes
NTU Number of heat

transfer units
n Quantity Number of condenser tube

passes
P Pressure Absolute fluid pressure psia or kPa ,

in. Hga
Pr Prandtl number Ratio of momentum diffusiv- - I

I
ity
to thermal diffusivity
I
(c P,4
I
AP Pressure drop Loss of pressure due to fric- psi kPa I
tion in fluid system between

two points
0 Condenser heat Rate atwhich heat in steam is Btulh r W

load transferred to cooling water.
This is usuallyconsidered
the independent variable in
any condenser test.
6
Units
us.
SCFM Air in-leakage Measured rate of standard air scf m -
(at 14.7 psiaand60°F) in-
leakage into condenser as
discharged from air-removal
system
Re Reynolds number Ratio of inertial reaction per

unit volume of fluid to vis-
cous force per unit volume
of fluid. (pdjv/p)
R Shellside resistance Heat transfer resistanceout- hr-ft2-OF/ m2WW

side of the condenser tubes Btu
T Temperature Temperature of cooling "F "C

water, steam, or condensate.
AT Temperature differ- Difference in fluid tempera- "F "C

ential ture between two points.
U Heat transfer coef- Rate of heat transfer per unit Btulhr-ft2- W/m2K
ficient of surface areaand tempera- "F
ture difference. This quantity
is the fundamental measure
condenser
the
of per-
formance.
V Cooling-water ve- Average

water velocity ft/sec rn/s
locity through tubes. For multipass
condensers with an unequal
number oftubes in the differ-
ent passes, the average of the
average velocities for all pas-
ses shall be used.
W Flow rate Quantity of cooling water Ib/hr

passing throughcondenser
per unit of time.
ws Steam flow rate Quantity of steam entering Iblhr

condenser per unit of time.
A Differential Difference between two

measured values.
P Viscosity Intensity of viscous shear I blhr-ft kg/s-m

within a fluid.
P Density Ratio of mass to volume of a Ib/ft3 kg/m3

fluid or solid.
7
2.2 SUBSCRIPTS 2.4 UNCERTAINVYANALYSISNOMENCLATURE
Symbol Term Symbol Description

B Bulk Unp, The overall uncertainty in thetest-adjusted
C Clean steam pressure at a 95% coverage.
DO Dissolved oxygen Undpw The overall uncertainty in thetest-adjusted
F Film tubeside pressure drop at a 95% coverage.
f Fouling factor Bj Thebias limitfor parameter j .
G Gas (non-condensible) F Recurring subset partial derivative within
I Inside tube sensitivity factor equations.
m Metal SI The precision index for parameter j.
0 Outside tube tv TheStudent’st-statistic, determinedfrom tab-
X Low-pressure section ular data for the degrees of freedom, v, and ’
Y Intermediate pressure a 95% coverage, per Table D5.1.
section The degreesof freedom for parameter j, used
z High-pressure section in evaluating the precision errorestimate. I
s Shell or steam 0, Thesensitivity factor for parameter j .
sat Saturation
T Total
T Tubeside
V Vapor
W Wall of tube
7 Inlet
2 Outlet
3 Condensate
A Differential
2.3 SUPERSCRIPTS
Svmbol Descriotion
*
I
Value derived from the design
reference.
+ Measured value or calculated value at the
test conditions.
Test value corrected to the design reference
I
0
conditions.
8
SECTION 3 - GUIDING PRINCIPLES
3.1 PURPOSE AND INTENT 3.2.2SpecificScopeand Objective. The applica-

tion ofthisCode will vary with location, environ-
Theparties to thetest shallreachagreement as
ment, equipment, and specific agreements made by
to its specific purpose. When the condenser is part
the participants. A site-specific scope and objective
of a contract with other major equipment of the plant
should be agreed upon and incorporated as part of
or when the condenser contract includes auxiliary
thetest plan. This should include thedesignation
equipment which can affect the condenser perform-
of a chief-of-test who will direct the test and exercise
ance, all partiesmustagree whetherthetesting is
authority over all test personnel.This individual
to be performed on each piece of equipment sepa-
should have the required experience to conduct this
rately or on the systemas a whole,
type of test.
If each apparatus is tested separately, the observa-
tion and test of each apparatus shall be conducted
3.2.3
OperationalRequirements. The
test plan
according to the applicable ASME Code or, if none
should include all specifications regarding the opera-
exists, a method must be agreed upon in advance
tional requirements for the condenser and any ancil-
of the test. Wherever a special method of testing is
lary system that may affect its performance. A listing
used, that is, any method not explicitly covered in
of all values for the operational and performance
the Code, it shall beagreed upon in advance of
parametersshould be contained in thissection in-
thetest by all partiesandshallbe fully described
cluding any specific operational changesnecessary
in the test report.
to perform the test. These can include specific cycle-
It is important to structure a specific test plan for
isolation considerations and the verification of any
all testing that is to take place. The plan should
items which can be considered deviations from the
follow the guidelines and recommendationsgiven
Code,reasons for their occurrence,andany other
in this Section. In doing so, inconsistencies associ-
item which can possibly impact on the operation
ated with test execution, communications, procedure
and performanceof the condensing apparatus. (Refer
adherence, and test schedule can be greatly dimin-
to Table 3.1 for limits.)
ished. Appendix A containsseveralelementsof a
test plan i.e., flowcharts and checklists.
3.2.4TestAcceptance Criteria. This section of the
plan will include an explanation of the test accept-
ance criteria and a description of how theresults
will be used in the evaluation of any contractual
commitments or guarantees associated with the per-
3.2
TEST
PLAN
REQUIREMENTS
formanceof the condenser. A pretest uncertainty
3.2.1TestPlanintroduction. In an effort to have analysis is highly recommended as part of this sec-
a mutual agreement between the testing parties, it tion. Any other items not mentioned or specifically
is strongly recommended that a test plan be devel- identified as items of mutual agreement should be
oped that will address all items of possible disagree- discussed in thissection.
ment. In order to accomplish this, a document should
be written to definethis test plan and identify 3.2.5Instrumentation list. A list includingall test
all designatedparties having the responsibility to parameters,instrumentsused, expectedaccuracy,
perform, witness, or approve any test deviation from calibrations thereof, installation location, and antici-
thisCode or anyother mutually agreed-upon test patedvaluesshould be included as part of this
plan o r procedure. This document should also serve section. This will help clarify any misunderstandings
as a guide for those performing or interpreting the that can occur during the instrumentation selection
results of thespecific test. It should include, but process and serve as an aid for instrument diagnosis.
not be limited to,the following sections. (Refer to Appendix A for guidance.)
9
ASME PTC 12.2-1998 SURFACE STEAM CONDENSERS
TABLE 3.1
ALLOWABLE DEVIATIONS FROM SPECIFIEDTEST CONDITIONS
Deviation
from Constancy
Specified Test of
Testing Parameter Conditions* Conditions
inlet-water temperature 210°F 22°F
heat load 25% 22%
cooling-water flow I 25% I 22%
*Refer to Subsection 3.1 3.
3.2.6 TestPreparationChecklist. In order to help 3.5 METHOD 01:OPERATION

thoseadministering,witnessing, or responsible for
Agreement shall be reached concerning the gen-
the test, it is important that a checklist be constructed
eral method of operating thecondenser and the
in which all teststepsare depicted in a clear and
prime-mover during the test. This includes stabilizing
chronological order. The list should haveenough
,
~
the initial steam cclndition, prime-mover power out-

information to give the user an understanding of
put,andthe cooling-water flow rate.
what is necessary to prepare, conduct, and organize
the test. The amount of information should be care-
fully selected since this section will not be used in I
substitution or enhancement of any other portion 3.6 PREPARATIONFOR TEST

of the test plan. (Refer to Appendix A for guidance.) Prior to the test,. the parties to the test shall be I
3.2.7 TestPlan Flowchart. A flowchart highlighting given an opportunity to examine and familiarize ~
all the important events of this section should be themselves withall the apparatus connected with I
included in order to help the user follow the signifi- the condenser, and all piping involved. The instru- I
cant details associated with test preparation, organi- ments to be used and the methods to be employed i
zation, and execution. (Refer to Appendix A for in calibrating and checking instrumentsshall also I
guidance.) be agreed upon in1 advance of the test. All parties 1
to the test shall certify that the condensingequipment ~
is in satisfactory condition forthetest.

3.3 TEST
SCHEDULE
This Code does not limit the time after installation 3.7 CONDENSER ISOLATION
in which the acceptance test shall be conducted
because the required cooling-water temperature can A method of diverting ormeasuringextraneous I
only be obtained at certain times of the year. How- drainsshall be agreed upon priorto testing. Any
ever,the acceptance test shall be conducted as pertinent circuits, including makeupwater, that can ~
soon as the desired test conditions are obtainable. jeopardize theresults of the test, shall be isolated. i
I
Performance degradation that is not inherent to the
design or the fabrication of the condenser should
I
be noted, such as normal wear, abnormal operation, 3.8 NON-CONDENSIBLE GAS LOAD I
or inadequatepreservationprocedures. I
Excessive air in-leakage oftendegrades the con- I
denser performance and increases the concentration ~
of dissolved oxygen in thecondensate. Although

3.4 ALLOWABLE DEVIATIONS
~
the air-removal ratledoes not enter directly into the 1
Testingshall be performed under conditions of computation of the condenser heat transfer capabil-
constant inlet-water temperature,
heat
load, and ity, it must be within the limits set in Table 3.2. This
cooling-water flowwithin the limits specified in will ensure that the performance of the condenser
Table 3.1. has not been impaired and thedissolvedoxygen
10
STEAMSURFACECONDENSERS ASME PTC 12.2-1998
TABLE3.2
NON-CONDENSIBLE GAS LOAD (AIRIN-LEAKAGE) LIMITS
Total
Non-condensible
Steam
Exhaust
Number of Flow to Condenser
Gas load limit
Shells Condenser (Ib/hr) (SCFM)
One u p to 1,000,000 1.o

One 100,000-250,000 2.0
One 250,000-500,000 2.5
One 500,000-1,000,000 3.0
One 1,000,000-2,000,000 3.75
One 2,000,000-3,000,000 4.5
One 3,000,000-4,000,000 5.0
Two 200,000-500,000 3.5
Two 500,000-1,000,000 4.0
Two 1,000,000-2,000,000 6.0
Two 2,000,0004,000,000 7.5
Two 4,000,000-6,000,000 8.5
Two 6,000,000-8,000,000 10.0
Three 750,000-3,000,000 7.5
Three 3,000,000-6,000,000 9.0
Three 6,000,000-9,000,000 11.0
Three 9,000,000-1 2,000,000 13.0
concentration in the condensate has not been ex- 3.11

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
ceeded. Prior to any performance. testing, the non-
3.11.1 MakeupWater. The total water introduced
condensible gas load shall be measured to assure
into the condenser shell at a temperature lower than
adherence to the guideline in Table 3.2. Techniques
the inlet steam temperature shall not be more than
for measuring non-condensible gas load aregiven
5% of the steam being condensed for 14 ,@I dis-
in Fluid Meters [7] and PTC19.5 [4] and the use
solved oxygen concentration, or more than 3% for
of contemporary instrumentation is highly recom-
7 ,ug/l dissolved oxygen concentration. Special con-
mended. It is important to verify that all air-removal
siderations must be made when testing systems
equipment is functioning properly prior to the per-
where excessive makeup is the norm. The dissolved
formance test.
oxygen concentration in thecondensate of such
systems can be difficult to measure.
TUBESIDE
3.9
Sample
BLOCKAGE
1.2 3.1 Method. Agreement shall be made
The accumulation of debris on the inlet tubesheet on thesample location and method of analysis if
is common in surfacecondensers and mayeveneither is different from those described in para. 4.3.9.
occur where the cooling water is carefully screened.
Such accumulation results in totally orpartially
plugging some ofthe tubes,thereby reducing the
active surface
area of the
condenser. It is highly 3.12PRELIMINARY TESTING
recommended that a visual inspection for tubesieet
A preliminary run shallbe conducted for the
blockage be conducted before andaftertesting.
.purposes
. of:
(a) checking all instrumentation
(b) training personnel
3.10 TUBESIDE FOULING
(c) making minor adjustments which were not evi-
Condensertubesshall be thoroughly cleaned justdent during the test preparation as outlinedin the
prior to the test. For the method of determining the test plan
quantitative effect of tubeside fouling see Section 4. (d) checking adequacy of equipment isolation
11
(e) determining thatthevariousparameters are may be useful for diagnostic purposes, are given in
within the limits in Table 3.1 Appendices F through I.
If mutually agreed upon, the preliminary run may Before conducting a condensertest, careful consid-
be declared an acceptance run, provided that it has eration must be @veri to the specific areas covered
complied with all therequirements of this Code. in this Section. Prior to testing, the parties involved
shall agree to:
(a) a test plan as; specified in Subsection 3.2;
3.13CONSTANCY OF TEST CONDITIONS (b) the plant operating conditions, including plant
load and cooling-,water flow rate, which must be
Any condition whose variation may affect the test
steady for the duration of the test;
results shall be made as constant as possible before
(c) the necessary condenser isolations, perSubsec-
the test run begins and shall be maintained through-
tion 3.7. This is important to assure that the condenser
out the run. It is desirable to observe and record
is handling only th'e flow for which it was designed;
all readings for a briefperiod afterthe unit has
(d) the inlet cooling-water temperature at which
attained steady-state conditions but before the formal
the test is to be conducted,this factor maylimit testing
readings are taken (see Table 3.1).
to only certain times of the year;
If inconsistencies are observed for a test run, the
(e) other operating principles as specified in this
run shall be rejected in whole or in part, and shall
Section;
be repeated if necessary to attain the object of
(f) the other types of instruments to be used, their
the test.
locations, and the methods of measuring those instru-
ments. Acceptable instrumentation practices are cov-
ered in Section 4.
3.14 DURATION O F TEST
RUNS
After steady-state conditions are achieved, a 1-hr 3.1 6.2 Heat Transfer Test. The purpose of the heat
data retrieval period is sufficient for a single test run. transfer test is to determine the overall heat transfer
Readings shall be taken at intervals not exceeding 5 coefficient (OHTC) of the condenser at test, design,
min. For a 1-hr test, the minimum number of readings guarantee, or otherspecifiedconditions; from the
for a particular parameter would be thirteen. OHTC,theabsolute pressure of thecondenserat
thedesign or other conditions can be established.
It will usually be impossible to conduct the tests at
3.15 TEST
SEQUENCE the exact conditions called for in the design, guaran-
tee, or other specified conditions.
Each test run should be conducted in accordance
Provided the deviations from nominal conditions
with a predetermined test plan. Such aschedule
are within the guid,elines given in Table 3.1, a Code
should provide sufficient time for conditions to be
condenser heattransfertest can still be performed.
stabilized between runs.
In this situation, the resultsfrom the test arecorrected
to design conditions using the procedures described
in Section 5. These corrections determine the ability
3.16PERFORMANCETESTOVERVIEW
of the apparatus to condense the required amount
3.16.1Introduction. The following items provide of steam and to maintain the nominal condenser
an overview of the four types of tests prescribed by pressureatdesign,guarantee, or other specified
this Code, including the general procedures which conditions. For aCodetestthese corrections are
shall be followed in conducting aCode-typecon- required to be properly applied and so certain param-
denser test, and the measurements required for each eters shall be carefully measured. Determining any
test. Frequent reference is made to relevant Sections two of thethree following conditions - cooling-
in this Code, particularly Section 4. water flow, condensertemperature rise, and con-
There are four types of test described by this denser heat load -- allows calculation of the third.
Code: (1) heat transfer test; (2) dissolved oxygen test; This would meet the requirements necessary to per-
(3) condensate subcooling test; and (4) condenser form a complete heat balance on the apparatus and
hydraulic pressure drop test. Any or all of these ultimately serve as the foundation for calculating an
tests may comprise a condenser test under this Code. OHTC.
Otherauxiliary tests, which are not considered to The corrections described in Section 5 arebased
be a part of the Code test program butwhich on a rational analysis of the governing heat transfer
12
RFACE STEAM CONDENSERS ASME PTC 12.2-1998
mechanisms, using a log-meantemperature differ- specified by PTC 6. [4] In this case, the cooling-
ence (LMTD) approach to determine an overall heat water flow rate is not required for the determination
transfer coefficient. Consequently, the following of heat load.
quantities must be measured for the heat transfer test. The cooling-water flow rate is also specified in
thedesign or guarantee conditions,and must be
held within the operational guidelines specified in
3.1
6.2.1
CondenserShellside
Pressure. The con- Table3.1.
denser shellside pressure is typically the basis for
the designorguarantee point. Condenserpressure 3.16.2.4CondenserFouling. The degree of foul-
is therefore a key measurement. The shellside satura- ing on the cooling-water side of the tubes (the
tion temperature, used in determination of the fouling factor) must be determined to correct the
OHTC, is determined from the condenser shellside measured results to design or guarantee conditions.
pressure. Acceptable instrumentation for the mea- A methodof determining the fouling factor based
surement of condenser pressure is described in para. on determination of the relative heat transfer coeffi-
4.3.1. cientsofcleanandas-found tube pairs distributed
throughout the tube bundle is described in para.
4.3.12.
3.16.2.2Cooling-Water inlet and Outlet Tem- 3.16.3Dissolved

Oxygen. The dissolved oxygen
peratures. Inlet and outlet cooling-water tempera- concentration in the condensate is often a guarantee
tures are used to determine the OHTC of the con- itemfortheacceptanceof a condenser.The test
denser. Since inlet cooling-water temperature is also method for determination of dissolvedoxygen is
specified in thedesign or guarantee conditions for given in para.4.3.9. It is generally desirable to
the condenser, it is important that the inlet cooling- conduct the test fordissolvedoxygen at the same
watertemperature during the tests be within the time as thecondenser tests, to ensure that all op-
guidelines specified in Subsections 3.3 and3.13. erating requirementsaremet.
Because outlet temperature stratification often oc- It is especially important that the air-removal
curs in condensers, particular attention must be paid equipmentbeoperating properly and that air in-
to the determination of outlet temperature.Careful leakage be held to acceptable limits during the tests.
consideration of therequirementsofpara. 4.3.3 Non-condensible gas load is discussed in Subsection
and the physical characteristicsofthecondenser 3.8. Furtherguidance on theassessment of the
installation should precede any decision on the best operation of the air-removalequipment can befound
means of measuring the outlet temperature. in Appendix H.
3.16.4CondensateSubcooling. Condensatesub-
3.1 6.2.3 Cooling-Water Flow. The cooling-water cooling (condensatedepression) is the degree to
flow is required for several phases of theanalysis. which the condensate has been cooledbelow the
Unless a turbine test per PTC 6 [4] is performed saturationtemperature corresponding to themea-
concurrently, measurement of the cooling-water flow sured condenser shellside pressure. Condensate sub-
rate, together with the inlet and outlet temperatures, cooling must be measured if it is a design or guaran-
is the preferred method of determining the heat load tee point for the condenser, or if it i s of interest for
on thecondenser, which is required to determine general performance calculations. The condensate
the OHTC. Several methods for accurately determin- temperature is determined atthesame time as the
ing the cooling-water flow ratearegiven in para. heattransfer test, usingthe method given in para.
4.3.4. Choice ofan appropriate methodcan only 4.3.1 0.
be made after considering both the requirements of
the individual methods and thecharacteristics of 3.16.5Cooling-Water Pressure Drop. Toensure
the particular installation being tested. adequate performance of thecooling-water pumping
It is extremely important that an appropriate system, the pressure drop across the condenser
'method of condenser cooling-water flow measure- should be within design values. The condenser pres-
ment is chosen.Theheat load mayalso be deter- sure drop is measured from the inlet flange to the
minedby a full steam cycle energybalance,per- outlet flange of thecondenser. It i s recommended
formed in conjunction with a full turbine testas thatthepressure drop measurements be madeat
13
the same time as thecondensertest. Methods for

measuring the condenser pressuredrop can be found
in para. 4.3.8. The pressure drop across the con-
denser is corrected from actual to nominal flow
usingthe procedure described in Section 5.
14
SECTION 4 - INSTRUMENTSANDMETHODS
OF MEASUREMENT
4.1 PURPOSE AND INTENT required by this Code may be included for reference
purposes by mutual agreement between the parties
ThisSectiondescribestheinstruments and the
to the test.
methods for their application which are required for
the condenserperformance test described in this
4.2.2 Single-Pressure
Surface
Condenser. Figure
Code.Referenceismade to existing standards and
4.1 shows the location of the test points in the
procedures although major requirements and consid-
condenser neck that are needed to obtain the per-
erations which are of particular relevance to con-
formance data required for a single-passsingle-
denser performance testing are summarized where
appropriate. Not all instruments or techniquesde- pressure surface condenser. The final location of all
scribed in this Section are applicable to every con- test points should be determined by mutual
denser test program. Consult the procedural descrip- agreement, taking into account the internal design
tions given in Section 3 to determine which of the condenser and external piping configuration,
instruments and methods are applicable. Where this both of which may result in stratification atthe
Code refers to NlST (National Institute of Standards measurementpoints. Test points with instruments
and Technology) standards and calibrations,those internal to the condenser,such as baskettipsand
of other equivalent national standards laboratories thermowells, should be located to avoid interference
maybe usedas appropriate forthe locale of the from condenser internal structural bracing and com-
testing. ponents. All waterbox test connections should be
Before proceeding to select, construct, install, cali- shop installed if the internal surfaces the of
brate, or operate instruments, relevant Sections of waterboxes require a protective coating or lining.
the PTC 19 Series of supplements on Instruments Field-installed test connections require field repair
and Apparatus 141, ASME MFC3M (to be superceded of the coating or lining.
by ASMEPTC 19.5 when it is published) [ l l ] , or
ASME Fluid Meters 171 should beconsulted for 4.2.3 MultipressureSurfaceCondenser. The per-
detailed instructions. formance test pointsand test point locations for
Achievement of the required accuracy for each multipass and multipressure surface condensers will
parametermeasured is the single most important be similar to those illustrated in Fig. 4.1 except for
criterion in selectionof an appropriate method of the following considerations:
measurement.ThisCodeshall not be construed as Single-shell multipressure condensers require addi-
preventing the use ofadvancedtechnologies or tional condenserpressuretest points above each
methods of measurement not described herein, pro- tube bundle in each of the multipressure condensing
vided that the accuracyrequirements of Appendix zones. The performanceof each zone can be closely
D are achieved by the alternative method. estimated by measuring the final outlet temperature
It is highly recommended that provisions for con- in accordance with para. 4.3.3 and proportioning
denser testing be incorporated into thedesignof the temperature rise of each zone using procedures
the facility at which the condenser is located. Back- described in Section 5.
fitting an existing system for the required measure- Multishell multipressurecondensers require addi-
mentscan be veryexpensive and time-consuming tional pressure and temperature test points to mea-
at best, and virtually impossible atworst. sure the inlet and outlet cooling-water pressure and
temperature for each of the multipressure condenser
shells. Stratification canpersist in theshortlength
4.2 LOCATION OF TEST POINTS
of the cooling-water crossover piping between multi-
4.2.1 General. Figure 4.1 illustrates the
general pressurecondensershells.Therefore,theaverage
location of the test points. Additional test points not temperature of the inlet cooling water to the interme-
15
ASMEPTC 12.2-1998 STEAMSURFACECONDENSERS ,
Condensate
level7
I
F = Flow measurement
T = Temperature
measurement 0 Perf.connection
test
W = Water
level
measurement DO = Dissolved
oxygen
measurement 0 Supplemental
test
connection
P = Pressure
measurement S = Salinity
measurement
FIG. 4.1 LOCATION OF CONDENSER TEST POINTS
16
diate or high-pressureshellsshall be measured in directions given in para.4.3.1.1.Thebasket tips

accordance with procedures describedin para. 4.3.3. shall be constructed as shown in Fig. 4.2, and shall
be installed atanangle between 30 and 60 deg.
4.2.4
Two-PassSurface
Condensers. Test points
to themean flow direction. Alternatively,the con-
shall be generally the sameasthose for the single-
struction shownfor turbine exhaustpressures in
pressure condenser. No measurementsare required
ASMEPTC 6 (41 can be used. Guide platesshall
at the return waterbox except for the inlet tempera-
be constructed as shown in Fig. 4.3, and should
ture required for the tube bundle fouling test of
be oriented so that the steam flow is parallel to the
tubes in the second pass.
guide plates, as shown in the figure. Pressure sensing
piping for the pressure measurement shall conform
to thegeneralrequirementsofSubsection 4.3 of
4.3 INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS OF
PTC 19.2. [4] In particular, careshould be taken
MEASUREMENT
to ensurethat all piping and connectionsare air-
4.3.1
Condenser
Pressure and steam tight, connected by the most direct practi-
calroute,and pitch continuously downward from
4.3.1.1
Measurement
locations. Condenser
the primary sensing element to the pressure measure-
pressureshall be measuredatleast 1 ft and no
mentdevice. Air bleedsshall be incorporated to
more than 3 ft above each tube bundle. A tube
allow for purging any water pocketsfrom the piping.
bundle is considered to be all tubes connected to
The gauges shall be mounted so as to be free from
a single-inlet waterbox. For single-shell and multiple-
excessive vibration.
shell condensers,thereshall be atleastthreemea-
Each pressure measurement point may be provided
surement points per tube bundle in eachshell.For
with a dedicated pressuremeasurementdevice, or
single-shell multipressure condensers, there shall be
manifolds may be used to switch a single pressure
at least two pressure measurementpoints per bundle
measurement device to several measurement points.
in each compartment. If tube bundles are arranged
Caremust be taken to ensurethatthe manifold
one on top oftheother,measurement points need
providesvacuum-tight isolation of eachmeasure-
only be provided for the uppermost bundle. Where
ment point, and that it is also purged of any water
three measurement points per bundle are required,
pockets. Manifolds shall not be used as a means
they shall be locatedlengthwise near thequarter-
to averagepressurereadings by connecting several
points of the tube bundle as shown in Fig. 4.1.
measuring points to the same pressure measurement
Where two measurement points per bundle are
device simultaneously.
required, they shall be located lengthwise near the
third-points ofthe tube bundle. In either case, the 4.3.1.3
PressureMeasurement. Pressure
mea-
lateral position of the measurement points shall be surement shall
have a maximum uncertainty of
as close to the lateral midpoint of the bundle as is 20.01 in. Hg. Mercury manometersare not recom-
practical. Care should betaken to avoid locating mended for use in this Code, due to the environmen-
the measurement points in areas which may be tal and operation hazards they present in case of
influenced by unusually high steam velocities or by an accidental spill of the mercury. Electronic absolute
local separation zones formed by obstructions in pressuretransducersarerecommended, provided
the condenserneck. they are calibrated before and after the test program
4.3.1.2PrimaryPressureSensingElements. For usingNIST-traceablestandards in accordance with
conduits where the walls are parallel to the direction thegeneralprocedures given in Section 2 of PTC
of flow, wall static pressure taps may be located in 19.2. [4]
the conduit, following therecommendations given
4.3.2Cooling-Water inlet Temperature
above for lengthwise placement. The static pressure
taps shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 4.3.2.1 location of Measurement Points. Be-
4.1 of PTC19.2. 141 In particular, caremust be cause the cooling water at the condenser inlet is
taken to ensure that no obstructionsexist in the generally well mixed, only one temperature measur-
vicinityof the taps, andthat thetapsthemselves ing device is usually necessary in each cooling-
are smooth and free of burrs. water inlet conduit. At an installation where there
Where wall staticpressuretapscannot be used, is concern about adequate inlet cooling-water mix-
basket tips or guide plates should be located in the ing, the multiple-point measurement procedure de-
interior of the conduit according to thegeneral scribed in para. 4.3.3 should be followed. Measure-
17
ASME PTC 12.2-1998 STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS ~
Flow
314 in. extra heavy pipe

(stainless steel)
- Screen (stainless steel:)

No. 6 or No. 7 mesh wire
FIG. 4.2 BASKET TIP
t---12 in.-
7
> 0
I I
I 1
I I
12 in.
1
t
6 in.
6 in. --+
4-
) 0
I
FIG. 4.3 GUIDE PLATE
18
mentsmay be taken by inserting a temperature 4.3.2.3 Calibration. All temperaturemeasuring

measuring device directly into the flow or from a devices shall be calibrated towithin 2 1 "F using
thermowell which extends atleast 6 in.into the NIST-traceable standards following the general pro-
flow (but no farther than the midpoint if the pipe cedures given in PTC 19.3. [4] If either thermocou-
diameter is less than 12 in.). If a well is used, it plesor three-wire RTDsareused, calibration must
should be clean and filledwith a suitable heat include the lead wires.A minimum of five calibration
transfer liquid, such as glycol,and packing should points covering the expected range of temperatures
be used around the probe to minimize heat exchange shall be taken.
with the environment.
If a single point measurement is used, the measure-
4.3.3 Cooling-WaterOutletTemperature
ment may be made either at the inletpipe or in
the inlet waterbox. 4.3.3.1location of Measurement Points. The
measurement of outlet temperature is more difficult
4.3.2.2 Instruments. Inlet temperature measure- than inlet temperature because of the possibility of
ments shall be made with instruments having an non-uniform temperatures in the outlet pipe arising
accuracyofatleast +O.l"F. Several instruments from uneven heat transfer rates in the tube bundle.
capable of achieving this accuracy are suitable for If possible, measurement of the discharge tempera-
use in condenser testing, such as resistance-temperature should be made far downstream from the con-
ture devices(RTDs),thermocouples (TCs), thermis- denser wherethedischarge is well mixed and the
tors, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. Mercury ther- temperature is uniform. This location is acceptable
mometersare not recommendedbecauseofthe if the cooling-water discharge from the unit under
potential environmental hazardsposed by the mer- testdoes not mix with any other significant flows,
cury in case of breakage.Thegeneralprocedures and if it can be shown that the heat loss from the
given in PTC 19.3 [4] should be followed. discharge pipe to the environment is less than 0.2%
Thermometers, if used, should be ofthe total of the condenser duty, and if it can be determined
immersion type with etched stems. Thermometers that no stratification exists. Thelatter requirement
should have clearly readablegraduations of 0.1"F. can be met by making atleast five temperature
If the thermometer was calibrated for total immer- measurements along single vertical traverse, and
sion, an emergent stem correction factor as described verifying thattherearenotemperaturedifferences
in PTC 19.3 141 should be applied. The thermometer greater than 0.2"F or 1% of the average temperature
should be isolated from heatsources, and be well rise across the condenser, whichever is greater. The
illuminated. Thethermometershould be inspected temperaturemeasurementfortestingcanbemade
before and after the tests to ensure that it is in good byeitherinserting a probe directly into the flow,
physical condition, with no breaks, cracks, or liquid or by using a thermowell as described in para.
separation. 4.3.2.
Type E thermocouples are recommended for the If an acceptable, well-mixed downstream location
temperaturerange usually encountered at normal cannot be found,then the outlet temperaturecan
cooling-water temperatures. Continuous leads from be determined from an array of temperature measure-
the measuring tip to the thermocouple readout must mentsateach outlet pipe at a suitably convenient
be provided to avoid errors due to thermally induced location. One temperaturemeasurementshall be
EMF at splice junctions. made for every 1.5 sq ft of conduit flow area
One hundred-ohm platinum RTDs are also recom- providing themeasurement grid consists of atleast
mended. Any thermistor with a nominal impedance six points, and no more than 18 points are required.
of greater than 1000 ohmsat 32°F is acceptable. These points shall be takenat the centers of equal
For RTDs and thermistors, eithera three- or four-wire areas and shall be averagedarithmetically with equal
measurement is acceptable. The four-wire method is weight. In the case of a circular conduit, measure-
recommended, although the three-wire method may ments shallbe along atleastthree full-diameter,
be used providing that the required measurement equally spacedtraverses, with measurementsmade
uncertainty can be achieved. If the three-wire method at concentric circles satisfying the equalarea require-
is used, all RTD leads must be continuous back to ment. In a rectangular conduit, any suitable equal-
the measuring device to avoid errors due to unequal area positioning scheme may be used. The tempera-
splice resistance. This is not a requirement with the turesmay be taken either by traverseor by means
four-wire method or with thermistors. of a fixed array of temperature probes. Thermowells
19
will not provide sufficient spatial resolution to meet frequency standard shall be conducted both before
the requirements of thisparagraph. and after the testing program.
Differential pressure measuringdevices used for
4.3.4 Cooling-Water Flow. Cooling-water flow de-
Pitot-statictypemeasurements shall be calibrated
termination is required for interpretation of waterside
before and after thll test to an accuracy of atleast
pressure drop data, for computation of tubewater
50.25% of the maximum differential pressure ex-
velocity, and for determination of the heat load on
pected. Mechanical gauges, manometers, and elec-
the condenser (condenserduty) by the direct method.
tronic differential pressuretransducersareaccept-
The following methods of cooling-water flow mea-
able, so long as thestated accuracy requirements
surement in the large conduits typically found in
aremet.
a central generatingstation steamcondenserare
The velocity probe should be inspectedfor damage
acceptable for the purposes of this Codeand are
periodicallyduring testing. If anydamage to the
capable of providing an uncertainty of +1-2% when
probe is noted, all measurementsmadesincethe
properly implemented:
previous inspection shall be retaken with another
(a) velocity traverse;
calibrated probe. For this reason, it is recommended
(b) tracer dilution;
that atleast two calibrated probes be available for
(c) differential producer;
testing.
(d) ultrasonic time-of-travel;
A velocity probe may experience vibration under
(e) energy balance.
certain flow conditions. For non-LDV type probes,
Considerations concerning the application of these
if such vibration is detected,the cause of the vibration
methods to steamcondensers arecovered in this
shall be corrected. For non-LDV probes,measure-
Section. The cooling-water flow determination
ments takenunder conditions of significant probe
should be made concurrently with the heattrans-
vibration shall be considered invalid. Indicators of
fer test.
probe vibration include a sharpchange (usually a
4.3.4.1 VelocityTraverseMethods. Velocity tra- rise) in the probe differential when the probe position
verse methods are generally most applicable to the is changed slightly, physical vibration of exposed
measurement of flow in large conduits in which the part of the probe, or a relatively suddenonset of
size of the probe will not affect the measured flow. a high level of periodic pressurepulsations.
Fluid Meters, Chapter 1-7, describesthegeneral At least 10 diameters of straight,unobstructed
considerations for acceptable velocity traverse meth- piping shall exist upstream and 5 diameters down-
ods. [7] For the
purposes of PTC 12.2 [4], the stream of themeasuringstation.Traverseshall be
Fechheimer and KeiI Pitot-static type probes and the taken along at least three equally spaced diameters.
insertion-type fiber-optic laser Doppler velocimeter Thetraverse locations shall follow theChebyshef
(LDV) are explicitly recommended, although other weighing scheme described in Chapter 1-7 of Nuid
instruments which meet uncertainty requirements Meters 171, with a minimum often points along
may be used. If theFechheimer probe is used, it eachdiameter.An example of acceptable traverse
is recommended that thedirectional-sensing capabil- points is shown in Fig. 4.4.
ities of the probe beused to determine the local
flow angle, and that this flow angle be incorporated 4.3.4.2 TracerDilutionMethods. Tracer dilution
into the flow determination. If the LDV probe is methods are particularly applicable to the measure-
used, it should be oriented so that it picks up the ment of flow in large conduits. Although no formal
component of flow parallel to the pipe axis. standard on their use currently exists, the method
Pitot-static and other non-LDV type probesshall is discussed in Chapter 1-9 of Nuid Meters [7] under
be inspected and calibrated before and after the test the heading Methodof Mixtures. If this technique
by a hydraulic laboratory to an uncertainty of +1% is used, theparties to the test shall agree upon
using standards traceable to the NIST. The post-test the details of implementation, provided thatthe
calibration requirement may be waived if inspection guidelines outlined hereare followed.
reveals no damage to the probe. A deviation of A key requirement of the tracer is that it exhibit
more than 1% betweenthepretest and post-test minimal tendency to adsorb onto organic and inor-
calibrations shall be cause for investigation. Calibra- ganic surfaces. Recent applications of this technique
tions shall cover therangeofReynoldsnumbers havemostoftenused Rhodamine WT fluorescing
(based on probe diameter) expected in the velocity dye as the tracer,;althoughany dye which can be
measurements. For an LDV probe, calibration of the shown to be conservative (not subject to adsorption
LDV processingelectronics against an NIST-traceable or other loss mechanisms) is acceptable.The dye
20
STEAMSURFACECONDENSERS ASMEPTC 12.2-1 998
I
Chebyshef
Distribution
I Relative radius I
I (a)0.2891 I
I (b) 0.5592 I
I (c) 0.7071
I
I (d) 0.8290
I
I (e) 0.9572
I
All points weighed equally
FIG. 4.4 RECOMMENDEDVELOCITY TRAVERSE LOCATIONS
concentration is measured using a calibrated preci- into the flow before the sampling point should be
sion fluorometer. General considerations relating to shut off before the test. In the case of a closed-
the application of Rhodamine WT or similar tracers cycle system, a prolonged period of no treatment
may be found in Flow Measurements in Sanitary may be required to purge the cooling system of
Sewers. [8]In addition to the general considerations treatmentchemicals.Chlorine, in particular, may
outlined in Fluid Meters 171 and Flow Measurements affect Rhodamine dyes.
in Sanitary Sewers [8]the precautions discussed Complete mixing of the tracer with the flow must
below should beobserved. be achieved for an accurate flow measurement. As
The flow should be free of any chemicals or silt a general guideline, atleast 100 diameters of pipe
concentrations which may affect the detectability of shouldexist between the injection and sampling
the tracer. Chemical treatment which is introduced points, although this distance may be substantially
21
reduced by the presence of flow disturbances such pling temperatures and correcting the readings to a
as pumps, elbows, valves, or orifices. The presence common temperature. For Rhodamine WT dye, the
of complete mixing atthe sampling cross-section temperaturecorrectionsmay be found from the
shall be determined by traverse before testing by following equation (Smart and Laidlaw [9]):
withdrawing samplesat nine equally spaced points
along 1 diameter at the sampling cross-section and c$, = , C ~ - O . O Z ~ ( T ~T- )
verifying that the concentrations at all points agree
to within 21Y0.This verification shall be conducted
within 225% of the flow at which the condenser where f, = fluorescenceatstandardtemperature
tests are to be run. T , and FB is the measured fluorescence at tempera-
Injection ofdyemaybe through a manifold or ture T.
at a single point in the flow, so long as complete The tracer injection apparatus shall be calibrated
mixing of the dye at the sampling point is verified for injection flow tlefore and after the test program.
as describedabove. The uncertainty of the injection rate shall be 20.5%
The dye concentration must reach steady state at or better.
the sampling point before data to be used in the The fluorometer (or other concentration measure-
flow determination aretaken. This determination ment instrument) shall be calibrated before and after
shall be made by continuously monitoring the tracer the test program. Calibrations shall be performed at
concentration at the sampling cross-section. a minimum ofthree concentrations bracketing the
Caremust be taken to ensure that no flow is expected dye concentration. Instrument uncertainty
introduced or removed between the injection and shall be no more than 2 1 Yo.
sampling stations. It is not sufficient to simply ac- Periodic field calibration of the tracer injection
count for these flows, since a small inflow or outflow apparatus and thefluorometer during testing is highly
can lead to a large measurement error. An exception recommended to ensuredata integrity.
is that any outflows between the section at which 4.3.4.3 DifferentialProducers. Differential pro-
complete mixing has been verified and the sampling ducers which are accepted by this Code include
station will not affect the measured flow. the orifice plate,the flow nozzle, and the venturi
Precautions must be taken if the possibility exists meter.Thesedevices will be most applicable to
that the injected dye may recirculate to the injection smaller condensers, i.e., those with inlet piping less
site. In the case of a time-varying flow, such as a than about 3 ft in diameter.
tidally influenced estuary, it is necessary to demon- The installation ofthe differential producer shall
strate, by measurement before the start of the test, follow the requirements of fluid Meters [7] or ASME
that no dye recirculation exists. In the case of MFC-3M [ l l ] particularly with regard to the length
a closed-cycle cooling system, it is necessary to of upstreamanddownstream piping, construction
demonstrate, by measurement, that any previously and finish ofthe flow element, and location and
injected dye is thoroughly mixed throughout the finish of thepiezometer taps. The flow element
cooling-water system before a testcan begin. As a together with any flow conditioning devices immedi-
rule, about five cycle-recirculation times are required ately upstreamofthe element shall be calibrated
for complete mixingto be achieved (the cycle- as a unit before and after the testingby an hydraulic
recirculation time is the total volume of water in laboratory to an uncertainty of 5 1YO or better using
the cooling-water system divided by the cooling- NIST-traceablemethods.Thepost-test calibration
water flow). requirement may be waived if a post-test inspection
It is desirable for bothtracer injection and sampling reveals no damage or deposits that would affect
to be on either the inlet-water or the outlet-water flow meter accuracy. A deviation of more than 1%
side of the condenser. In this case, either continuous between the pretest and post-test calibrations shall
sampling or grab samples are acceptable. If injection be cause for investigation.
and sampling occur on opposite sides of the con-
denser, extreme care must be taken to account for 4.3.4.4 Ultrasonic Time-of-Travel. Inall con-
temperature effects. Grab samplesmay be brought duits, particularly large ones, flow may be measured
to a common temperature before analysis.This is using the multiple-path, time-of-travel type ultrasonic
the preferred method. In the case of a continuous flow measurement method. The provisions given in
sampling system, temperature compensation can be PTC 18 141 underthe heading Acoustic Method
accomplished by measuring the injection and sam- shall govern the application of this method. Several
22
significant features are summarized here. A minimum suregauge is of the proper diameter and is sloped
of four parallel chordal paths shall be provided, continuously downward from the gauge to the ori-
regardless of the size of the conduit. The metering fice, to avoid accumulation of water. Gaugepressure
sectionshall be preceded by atleast 10 diameters and temperature of the discharge shall be measured
and followed by atleast 3 diametersofstraight either upstream or downstream of the orifice plate.
pipe. The time-of-travel instrumentation shall be The differential pressure instrument, static pressure
tested at zero flow before and after thetest to ensure gauge, and the temperature measuring device shall
proper and accurate operation. be calibrated before and after the tests. The differen-
Because this method may be adverselyaffected tial pressure instrument attached to the orifice shall
by the presence of silt and other particulates or air be calibrated to an uncertainty of +1% of the
bubbles in the flow, it should be verified thatthe expected orifice differential. The static pressure de-
sourcewater is suitably clean before the metering vice shall be calibrated to an uncertainty of 2 1 psi.
system is installed. The temperature measuring device shall becalibrated
Since ultrasonic time-of-travel systemsare rela- to an uncertainty of 2 1 OF.
tively difficult and expensive to install, it is recom- The flow shall be determined according to the
mended that provision for its installation in the equations for gas flow through an orifice as given
cooling-water piping be made during designand in Part 11-111 of PTC 19.5 [4] or ASME MFC-3M.
construction of the cooling system. [l 11 Gas properties,such as theexpansionfactor,
density, and viscosity, shall be determined assuming
4.3.4.5EnergyBalanceMethods. In the energy
thatthe orifice flow consists of saturated air. For
balance method, an energy balance on the turbine-
convenience, simplified equations yielding sufficient
generator cycle is performed in order to determine
accuracy for purposes of thisparagraph are given
the rate at which heat is rejected to the condenser
in Appendix H.
(condenser duty) in the low-pressure exhaust steam.
As described in para. 3.16.2, cooling-water flow 4.3.6 Hotwell Level. Thecondenser hotwell shall
can then be determined from the condenserduty be provided with a sight glass, graduated in at least
and thedifferencebetween the inlet and outlet 1-in. increments. The level of water in the hotwell
waterbox temperatures. One advantage of this shall be monitored and remain within design limits
method is thatthecondenser duty is determined for the duration of the test.
directly.
Determination of the condenser duty by the energy 4.3.7 Waterbox Level. Waterbox level shallbe-
balance methodshallbe performed according the monitored throughoutthe tests to ensure that all
applicable sections of PTC 6 [41 for thetesting of waterboxes are kept full. A means for verifying that
steamturbines.Because of the complexity of this the condenser waterboxes are full of water should
test, it i s recommended that the condenser be tested be used during thetest period.
at the same time as the steam turbine. The overall 4.3.8Waterbox Differential Pressures. Differential
uncertainty of the condenser duty measurement will pressuregaugesshall be provided to measurethe
have to be determined for eachcasebased on the pressure drop between the inlet and outlet waterbox
cycles,procedures, and instrumentation used. nozzles. There shall beat least one differential gauge
4.3.5
Non-condensible Flow. Non-condensible for each parallel water circuit in the condenser. The
flow shall be measured by methods that have been gauges shall be calibrated before and after the test
shown to be accurate.This Code recommendsthe to +1% of the maximum expected differential. Me-
use of an orifice plate located ator near the discharge chanical gaugesor electronic differential pressure
of the evacuating apparatus. The orifice plate shall gauges are acceptable. Mercury manometers are not
meet the specifications described in ASME-MFC3M recommended due to the operational and environ-
[ l l ] (see alsoSubsection4.1) or PTC 19.5. [4] mental hazards posed should the mercury be inad-
Provided that all specified installation criteria are vertently blown from themanometer.
followed, no calibration of the orifice meter is re-
4.3.9
Dissolved
Oxygen
quired. Particular attention should be paid to ensur-
ing that adequate lengths of straight pipe upstream 4.3.9.1General. This method describesthemea-
and downstream of the orifice areavailable,that surement of the dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration
the pressure taps are properly located and finished, of the condensate. Prior to conducting the measure-
and that the pressure piping to the differential pres- ments described in this Section, the conditions for
23
testing in accordance with Subsection3.1 1 ofthis 4.3.1 0 Condensate Temperature. Condensate tem-
Code must be achieved. perature measurements shall be made in accordance
with the general procedures described in para. 4.3.2.
4.3.9.2SampleExtraction. Sampling of the con- The thermowells slhould be located upstream of the
densate for DO shall be performed by extracting condensatepump.
condensate from thecondensate outlet piping as
close as possible to the hotwellbut prior to the 4.3.1 1 Saline/Bra!ckish Water Concentration. Sa-
condensatepump, and priorto addition of any linity measurements shall be made by using Method !
oxygen scavenging chemicals (see Fig. 4.1). Extrac- 2520 for “Salinity” from Standard Methods for the I
tion shall be made using a pump. Caremust be Examination of Water and Wastewater. [61
I
taken to avoid any airingress in thesample line
Tube
4.3.1
Bundle
2 Fouling
(Cleanliness) I
from the hotwell outlet piping to the pump. Samples
shall be measured in each hotwell outlet which is 4.3.12.1Introdluction. ThisCoderequiresade- I
in use. termination of thecondenser tube bundle fouling. ’
The sample nozzle should extend into the conden- Themeasurement is necessary in order to adjust
sate outletpiping 4 in. or 25% of the pipe diameter, thecondenser overall heattransfer coefficient test ,
whichever is less. Metal tubing shallbe used to results to design or guarantee conditions. The fouling
connect the sample nozzle to the DO probe, and test consists of a measurement of the outlet tempera- ~
to connect the DO probe to thesampling pump. tures of sets of two adjacent tubes. One of the tubes
The pump effluent may be routed back to the of each set remain!; in the as-found fouled condition
condenser under vacuum, in order to reducethe while the neighboring tube has either been cleaned
pump head pressure. orreplaced with a new tube. As required, the
condenserhas justhadageneral cleaning. Other-
4.3.9.3SampleConditioning. Samples for con- wise, the tube pair experience identical heat transfer
tinuous flow oxygen analyzersshould be at flow rates
conditions, i.e.,steampressures, cooling-water flow
and temperatures recommended by theinstrument rates, and velocities. The outlet temperature measure-
manufacturers. Flow and temperature shall be held ments provide a comparison of the heat transfer
constant during the tests.
rates of the tube pairs, and, consequently, the bundle
If sample tubing is used to transport the sample fouling resistance.
to aremote location, the tubing shall be sized to I
maintain a minimum velocity of 5 to 6 ft/sec. 4.3.12.2

Measurement locations. The number
Prior to the tests, sample lines and instrumentation of pairs of tubesselected for the fouling test shall
shall be flushed for a sufficient time to ensure that beone per 2000 tubes per tube bundle, butnot
lines are free from air bubbles or pockets. fewerthan four pairs or more than 16 pairs per
bundle. The pairs shallbe located at the approximate
4.3.9.4 Oxygen Analysis. Portable or in-line oxy- centroidsofequal tube sectors within the tube
gen analyzers using membrane-covered galvanic or bundle pattern. However, it is not recommended to
polarographic oxygen sensors are the recommended place pairs within three tube rows of the bundle
method of analysis. The instrument used shall have
~
periphery due to the atypical conditions there. The

a detection limit of less than 1.O ppm, with a number of pairs per number of tubes shall be the
maximum error of 21.0 ppm. same regardless of whether the condenseris a single-
The instrument shall be calibrated before and after pass,two-pass, or multipressuretype.
the test. If calibration is performed using atmospheric
oxygen, the analyzer shall be given sufficient time 4.3.12.3 Test Conditions andMeasurements. ,
to reach equilibrium with the condensate DO level. Thetest shall be conducted immediately before,
It is recommended that the instrumentanalysis during, or after the condenser heat transfer test,as I
be verified by a wet chemistry technique prior to is convenient. Besides the outlet temperature, the
running the tests per PTC12.3. [41 cooling-water flow, inlet temperatures, and con-
If the oxygen sensor fouls from condensate con- denserpressures shallbe measured. The measure-
taminants, the titrimetric method shallbecome the ment, calibration, test conditions, and limitations of
recommended method of analysis. The sample shall theseparametersshall comply in all respects to all
be removed in the same manner as described in therelatedrequirements listed in this Section and
para. 4.3.9.2, with the sample being collected at Table3.1. A minimum of four sets of readings
the discharge of the extraction pump. spanning 30 min shall constitute atest.
24
4.3.1 2.4 Outlet Temperature Installation. A tem- (c) Attachment of asuitable minimal blockage fix-
perature sensorshall be installed attheoutletsof ture into the tube interior that holds the sensor is also
each of the tubes in a mannerthatensures tube permitted if it can be demonstrated the total added
blockage is minimized and an accuratedischarge blockage is less than 5% of theinternal tube flow area.
temperature is measured.The installation shall be 4.3.1 2.5 Tube Temperature Rises. Tube tempera-
sufficiently rugged and suitably waterproofed to with- ture rises for the fouling tests shall be measured in
stand the hydraulic forces and temperatures of the general accordance with theproceduresdescribed
discharged cooling water.Thetemperaturesensor in this section. RTDs or thermocouples may be used,
lead wirefrom thesampledtubesshallberouted provided that the uncertainty of thetemperature
and secured between thetubeholes on the outlet measurement systemis at most 50.1 O F . If thermocou-
tube sheet.Theyshall be bundled andfed out plesare
used, it is recommended thata direct
through a new or existing waterbox penetration to differential temperature measurementsetup be used.
thereadout. If RTDsareused, it is highly recommendedthat
In the case of two-pass or multipressure condensers the pairs of RTDs which will be used on the moni-
in separateshells, tube pairs located in the bundle tored tubes be calibrated together, in order to mini-
subsequent to the first shall have an inlet temperature mize the effect of any bias errors in the calibration
on the determination of the temperature difference
measurement similar to that described for the outlet
between thepaired RTDs. Provision shall be made for
sensor.
calibration of the temperature measurement devices
Since the variety of installation situations will be
before and after the fouling test, over the expected
numerous, only generalguidanceon affixing the range of temperature differences and within 5°F of
sensor to the tube sheet can be provided, as follows. the expected inlet-water temperature. Following the
(a) If an outlet tube stub exists, plastic collars can fouling test, all instrumented tubes shall be inspected
be utilized as shown in Appendix G. to ensure that theyare clear and have not been
(b) Direct attachment to the tubesheet is permissi- influenced by blockageorany other factor (other
ble as long as the sensor extends into the flow. thantube fouling) which mayaffectthe results.
25
STEAM SURFACE .CONDENSERS ASMEPTC 12.2-1998
SECTION 5 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS
5.1
BASIC
HEAT
TRANSFER RELATIONS 5.1.3
Tubewall
Resistance.
This Section defines all the computations required
to obtain results from the various types of condenser (5.1.4)
testsaddressed in theCode. For both single-pass
and two-passcondensers,these include the heat
transfercoefficients,adjustments to design condi- and
tions, fouling resistance, subcooling, condensate dis-
solved oxygen, tubeside pressure drop, non-conden-
(5.1.5)
sible gas flow, and measurementuncertainty. Though
thebasicequationsare the same, multipressure
condenser performance assessments are slightly dif- for metric units.
ferent as is described in para. 5.2.8. Note that when
5.1.4TubesideResistance. The tubesidethermal
the complete equationsare given, U.S. Customary
resistance calculation is taken from Rabas and
Units areassumed.
Crane. [ I ]
5.1.1 Condenser Heat Load. Thecondenserheat
load shall be computed according to the following
equation: [
R; = .0158
k+
-'
- (Re+).835(Pr+).462
D;
] (5.1.6)
where Re is the Reynolds number pvD3600/p and

Q+ = W + * C i * ( T t - T;) (5.1.1) Pr is the Prandtlnumber c&k. This equation is
simplified for calculation in U.S. CustomaryUnits:
5.1.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient. The over- R' = 0.0451 ( k + 0.538
p+ 0.373
* ,,+0.835 * c+0.482
P
) (5.1.7)
all heattransfer coefficient at thetest conditions

shall be computed as follows: *- dP.'65
"+ 0.835
u+ = Q+ (5.1.2) where
A, * LMTD+
W+
v+ = (5.1.8)
where
Circulating water fluid properties are evaluated at

the average bulk watertemperature, TB, which is
defined as
T i = 0.5 * (Tf + Ti) (5.1.9)

Thesaturatedsteamtemperature T,? corresponding
to pressure P,? is determined from the ASME Steam 5.1.5FoulingResistance. The fouling resistance is
Tables. [2] determined from the comparison of adjacent tube
27
method. For j pairs of tubes, the fouling resistance,

Rh is determined by:
5.2.2 TubesideResistance. Thetubeside thermal

(5.1 .lo) resistance is calculated at the design conditions as
follows:
where the fouling resistance for each tube pair is

determined from:
This equation is simplified for calculation in U.S.

CustomaryUnits:
RT = (5.2.3)
1 1
p~ 0.373
0.045 1 p0.538 * p* 0.835 * 'c+P 0.482
where
5.1.6 ShellsideResistance. The shellside resistance
at the test conditions is determined by difference
as follows:
1
R: = -- R;- R;($) - R; (5.1.1 2) Circulating water fluid propertiesareevaluatedat ,
U+
the bulk water temperature, TB, which is defined as
5.2 CONDENSER PRESSURE DEVIATION

RESULTS CALCULATIONS
It is unlikely that the conditions during a perform-
5.2.3
FoulingResistance. Themanufacturer'sde- '
sign data usually express the fouling resistance i n
ance test will ever exactly match the design condi-
~
terms of a cleanliness factor. If the design reference

tions. As a result, comparison of the measured con- condenserpressure i s based on a cleanliness factor ,
densershell pressure to the design value is not of 1 .O, the.design fouling resistance, R f , is equal
meaningful. Instead, it is first necessary to adjust to zero. Forany othervalue of cleanliness factor,
the test results from the test conditions to the design the resulting fouling resistance is determined as
reference conditions. The correction procedures follows:
which follow are based on adjusting the test calcu-
lated heat transfer resistancesfor differences between
the test and design conditions. Thesevaluesare (5.2.6)
then used to compute the adjusted overall heat
transfer coefficient and the test-adjusted condenser
steampressure at the designreference conditions. where
The designreference conditions aredetermined
from manufacturer's data. Calculated values, not
includedwith the data, are computed usingthe u* =: o* (5.2.7)
A, * LMTD*
sameprocedures as developed in Subsection 5.1,
but substituting the design values for the test values.
5.2.1TubewallResistance. The tubewall resistance
is a constant which is dependent only on the tube-
wall thickness and material. Accordingly,
28
Thesaturation steam temperature corresponding

to pressure pS is determined from the ASME Steam
Tables. [21
If thetest condition steam flow rate, W:, is not
5.2.4 ShellsideResistance. Theshellsidecondens-
ing heattransfer is themostcomplex component
available, the expression W:/wmay be substituted
with Q+/Q*. The liquid properties are evaluated at
in the evaluation of a steamsurfacecondenser.
the bulk average temperature of the condensatefilm.
Numerous correlations of the Nusselt equation have
Thistemperaturecanbe approximated as follows:
been developed for the film coefficient for various
condensing situations. These correlations are based
on specific condensing conditions requiring a de- Tf = - 0.2 * LMTD* (5.2.1 3)
tailed knowledge of the shell and tube nest geome-
tries and the condensing conditions and resulting and
in significantly different prediction values of the heat
transfer coefficient. As a result, the test value of the T; = T: - 0.2 * LMTD+ (5.2.14)
shellsideresistance is determined in para. 5.1.6
based on the difference between the test calculated
5.2.5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient. The over-
overall heattransfer coefficient and sum of the
all heat transfercoefficient (OHTC), which is adjusted
calculated values for the other heattransferresist-
to thedesignconditions, is as follows:
ances.
In order to adjustthe testshellsideresistance
(5)+
1
value to the design condition, some formulation is uo = (5.2.15)
necessary to correct for the difference in condensate R& + R: RF + RP
film temperature between design condition and test
condition. Because this requires an adjustment over
a limited range of conditions, rather thana prediction 5.2.6
Adjusted
Test
CondenserSteamPressure.
of an absolute value of the shellside resistance, very The test condenser steam pressure, which is adjusted
precise predictions are not required.TheNusselt to thedesignreference conditions, i s determined
equation used herein provides for film condensation using the following procedure:
on the outside of horizontal tube bundles,and i s
expressed as follows:
Uo * A*
NTUO = -
c,: * w*
(5.2.1 6)
I ,113
(5.2.9)
N
(5.2.1 7)
Noting that
Theadjustedsteampressure, f'z,
corresponding to
the saturation steam temperature, Tg, as calculated
fromthe above, is deteimined from ASME Steam
(5.2.1 0 )
Tables. [ 2 ]
5.2.7Evaluation of Results/Acceptance Criterion.
then The difference between the test adjusted and design
referencesteampressures is evaluated as follows:
h*
RP = R - j * L (5.2.1 1)
h:
Ifthe pressure difference is greater than or equal
to zero, the condenser performance is satisfactory
Combining equations 5.2.9 and 5.2.1 1, and considered acceptable. If the pressure difference
29
ASME PTC 12.2-1998 STEAMSURFACECONDENSERS
Tz2 TY 1
Turbine
- --(&
l-x1
FIG. 5.1 MULTISHELLMULTIPRESSURECONDENSER
FIG. 5.2 SINGLE-SHELLMULTIPRESSURECONDENSER
i s less than zero,thecondenser performance is pump turbine, then thatestimated value shallbe I
worse than design and is considered unacceptable. added to the compartment heat load. I
For multipressure condensers the cooling-water I
5.2.8 Multipressure
Condensers. Multipressure
temperature between compartments cannot be mea- I
condenser performance is assessed separately for
sureddue to temperature stratification or inaccessi- !
each pressure compartment. There are two types of
bility. The temperature canbe estimated by assuming ;
multipressure condensers: the multishell multipres-
sure condenser (Fig. 5.1) and the single-shell multi-
that the temperature rise is proportional to the heat i
load in eachcompartment.The calculation proce-
pressurecondenser(Fig. 5.2).
~
dure is as follows: I
5.2.8.1 Condenser Heat Load. The turbine ex- ~
hauststeam flows shallbeassumed to be equally

divided between each of the multipressure compart-
ments. If other major steam loads are present in a
particular compartment,
such as from a boiler feed At(rneasured1 = AT, + ATy + AT, (5.2.1 9)
I
I
30
where Q = 0%+ Qy + Qz
AT, = (At)(%);
Atti (measured) = ATtx,; + ATtY,; + ATt,,,;
NOTE: A three-compartment condenser i s used for

illustration here, but the procedure also applies to
two-compartment multipressure condensers.
5.2.8.2 Overall Heat TransferCoefficient. The

overall heat transfer coefficient at the test condition
for each compartment is calculated using themethod
outlined in para. 5.1.2.
5.2.8.3 Tubewall Resistance. The tubewall resist-
ance is calculated the sameas in para. 5.1.3.
5.2.8.4TubesideResistance. The tubeside resist-
ance is calculated the same as in para. 5.1.4.
Atc,; (measured) = AT,,,,; + ATc,y,i + ATc,z,;
= (At,,;)(%)
or in a multishell multipressure condenser, the cool- Tc,z,; = tl + AT,,,;

ing-water outlet temperatures from each compart-
ment can be measured and will used be in the Tc,3,; = tc,z,;+ ATc,y,;
calculation of the fouling resistance.Forsingle-
shellmultipressure condensers,the cooling-water Tc,4,i = t,,,,; + AT,,,,;
temperature between compartments cannot be mea-
sured. These temperatures will instead be estimated
using the same procedure as outlined in para.wherethesubscript 4 corresponds to the outlet of
5.2.8.1. compartment. high-pressure the
31
Rr,x,i = -
( Ts,x - Tl
Ts,x - %2,i
1
) - In ( Ts,x-T1
T,X - Tc,2,i
j If the calculated coindensate subcooling at test condi- 1
tion is less than or equal to design value, this aspect i
of the condenser performance is satisfactoryand 1
considered acceptable. If it is greater than the design I
value, the condenser performance is worsethan
designand is consideredunacceptable.
Rf,y,i (
(A)[ (
= wcp In TS,Y - Tt2,;)-1 In TS,” - T c , 2 , j j 5.3.3 DissolvedOxygenCalculationsAcceptance
Criterion. The dissolved oxygen test result shall be
T,, - %3,i T,, - TC,3,i determined by averaging the measureddissolved I
oxygenresultsat the specified time intervalsfor
eachcondenser outlet pipe. If the averagedresult
is greater than the design value for any condensate
outlet dissolved oxygen measurement, the condenser ,
performance i s worse than design and is considered ,
unacceptable.
I
5.2.8.6ShellsideResistance. The shellside resist-

ance for each compartment is calculated the same 5.4 UNCERTAINN ANALYSIS I
as in para.5.1.6.
To determine if a test conducted in accordance i
5.2.8.7
Condenser
Pressure Deviation Results with this Code meets the uncertainty criteria specified ~
Calculation. The condenserpressure deviation results in Subsection 1.3,an estimate of the uncertainty ~
calculation for each compartment is the same as in the testresults attributable to testmeasurement j
the single pressure condenser,as outlined in Subsec- uncertainties must be performed as part of the test i
tion 5.2. The cooling-water temperaturebetween calculations. Thisluncertaintyanalysis shall beper- !
compartments shall be estimatedusing the same formed in accordance with ASME PTC 19.1. [41
method as outlined in para.5.2.8.1. The purpose of this Subsection is to provide the
procedures to be used in propagating the individual
test measurement uncertainty terms into a test result I
5.3 DEVIATION O F RESULTS CALCULATIONS uncertainty. I
FOR OTHERPARAMETERS
5.4.1 Uncertainty in TestAdjustedSteamPressure.
5.3.1TubesidePressure Drop DeviationCalcula- An estimate of the uncertainty in the teststeam
tions Acceptance Criterion. The test measured tube- pressure, adjusted to the design reference conditions,
side pressuredrop is adjusted for differences between is calculated as follows:
the test and designreference water-flow rates as
follows:
1 .a
A e = APT($) (5.3.1)
If the calculated tubeside pressure drop is less than

or equal to thedesignvalue, this aspect of the
condenser performance i s satisfactoryand consid-
ered acceptable. If it i s greater than the design value,
this aspect of the condenser performance is worse
than thedesign and i s consideredunacceptable.
5.3.2CondensateSubcoolingResultsCalculations
and
32
RFACE STEAM 12.2-1998
TABLE 5.1
STUDENT’S f, TABLE FOR THE 95% CONFIDENCE LEVEL
Degrees Degrees Degrees
of of of
Freedom f Freedom f Freedom t
1 12.706 11 2.201 21 2.080
4.303 2 12 2.1 79 22 2.074
3.1 3 82 13 2.1 60 23 2.069
4 2.776 14 45 2.1 24 2.064
2.571 5 15 2.131 25 2.060
2.447 6 16 2.1 20 26 2.056
2.365 7 17 2.1 10 27 2.052
2.306 8 18 2.1 01 28 2.048
2.262 9 19 2.093 29 2.045
10 2.228 20 2.086 30 or 2.000
more
GENERAL NOTE:
Table gives values of t such that from -t to + t the area included is 95%.
SF$ = (OqSq:)’ + (0&L+)’ + ( 0 q S q Y input test parameters. The final result referred to in
the preceding sentence is the Codetest objective
being considered, i.e., the designreference steam
+ (@TtsJ$)2
+ (@J;sT;)2 + (@J;,&;,r)’ (5.4.3) pressure, subcooling, dissolved oxygen, or tubeside
pressure drop. The ratio of the change in the per-
+ (@rt,SJQ2 + (@T;,cSr~,c)2
+ (@r~,,Sr~,,)’ turbed parameter to the change in the output is the
sensitivity factor for that particular parameter.
The methodology and procedures for estimating the Sensitivity factors can also be obtainedanalytically
bias limits and calculating the precision indices for by partial differentiation of theequations used in
each of the independent measurementparameters computing the results. The equations to be used in
are provided in ASME PTC 19.1 [41 and are therefore the computation of each of thesensitivityfactors
not repeatedhere.Alsonote that correlated bias follow. In deriving these sensitivity factor equations,
analysis is beyondthe scope of thecurrentCode. it is assumed thatthe error in the calculated fluid
Student’s t factor, t,,, is defined in PTC 19.1 141 and steam properties (heat capacity, density, viscos-
and i s a function of the degrees offreedom (i.e., ity, etc.) due to errors in the measurement parameters
one less than the number of observations taken for aresmall, when compared to theeffect of these
a given measuredparameter). A table of t factors measurement parameters on the overall test uncer-
is given in Table 5.1. If the number of observations tainty. Accordingly, these sensitivity factors neglect
is greater than 30, the t factor can be taken as 2.0. fluid property erroreffects.
The t factor is used to convert standard deviations Sensitivity Factor for Steam Flow Rate:
to 95% confidence intervals.
5.4.2 Sensitivity Factors. The sensitivity factors (01,
used in the above, can be determined by either of
the following techniques.
The central difference method can be employed
with separate perturbations of the individual instru- (5.4.4)
ment uncertainties. That is, using the data reduction
proceduresandequationsgiven previously in this
Section, compute the averagetestresult from the
averagetestdata.Then,usingthesameequations,
systematically compute the change in the final test
resultcaused by a smallchange in each of the where
33
ASMEPTC 12.2-1998 STEAMSURFACE CONDENSERS
xi LMTDt; - xi
LMTD;,;
* i= 1 i = l
where
Sensitivity Factor for Circulating- Water Flow Rate:
(5.4.7) Sensitivity Factor fcr Cleanliness Factor Fouled Tube

Inlet Temperature:
+ 0.835 * R; (5) +Rl]

W+
Sensitivity Factor for Inlet- Water Temperature:
(5.4.8)
1 R: 1 Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness Factor Fouled Tube

Outlet Temperature:
~
Sensitivity Factor for Outlet-Water Temperature:
(5.4.9) *i
i = l
Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness Factor Clean Tube

Inlet Temperature:
Sensitivity factor for SteamPressure:
Fl * F2 * R,O * A, Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness Factor Clean Tube

(5.4.1 0)
F3 * R: + W+ * C: * (Tt - T;) Outlet Temperature:
34
A DO
(5.4.1 9)
(5.4.20)
5.4.4 Uncertainty in CondensateSubcooling. This

estimate follows:
5.4.3 Uncertaintyin TubesidePressure Drop. An
estimate of the uncertainty in the test tubeside pres- (5.4.21)
sure drop, adjusted to the designreference condi-
tions, i s calculated as follows: where b, t, and S have the definitions of Subsection
2.2, and
with the sensitivity factors

where
@TI; and @Jc = 1 .O
where Tc = temperature of condensate

5.4.5 Uncertainty in Dissolved Oxygen in Conden-
and sate. This estimate follows:
where B, t,, and S have the definitions of Subsection

2.4 and are determined directly from the dissolved
The sensitivity factors are as follows: oxygen instrument andnumber of readings.
35
SECTION 6 - REPORT OF RESULTS
6.1 COMPOSITION OF REPORT (n) Inside

diameter or wall thickness of tubes
(0)Tube material(s)
Thegeneral organization of thereportof testis
(p) Number of tubes plugged during tests
given in this Section. Specific data requirements are
(q) Diagram of the tubesheet layout
summarized in Subsection 6.2.
(r) System configuration (once-through or closed)
6.1.1 Objective of the Test. This Section
shall (s) Source of cooling water
explain why the test was conducted, and what was (t) Description of circulating water pumps
to be accomplished by the test. (u) Description of condensate pumps
(v) Overall description of cooling system
6.1.2 Conclusions. This Section shall be a statement
of the conclusions derived from the test, including 6.1.5Description of TestingSetup. ThisSection
whether or not the equipment met expected perform- shalldescribethe overall testsetup in sufficient
ance,and an assessment of the overall quality of detail toallow for interpretation of the testdata.
the test as determined from the uncertainty analysis. Sketches, photographs, and drawings should be in-
cluded where appropriate.
6.1.3 Identification of the EquipmentTested. This (a) Condenser pressure measurement locations
Sectionshall clearly identify the particular piece (b) Condenser pressure primary devices
of condensing equipment which wastested.The (c) Inlet temperature measurement points
following information should be included. (d) Discharge temperature measurement points
(a) Plant where the equipment is installed (e) Circulating water-flow measurement methods,
(b) Owner of the condenser details, and equipment
(c) Unit served by the condenser (0 Description of non-condensible flow mea-
(d) Manufacturer of the condenser surement
(e) Serial number (g) Method of hotwell level measurement
6.1.4-Description of EquipmentTested. ThisSec- (h) Method of waterbox level measurement
tion shall describe the equipment in sufficient detail (i) Locations of waterbox differential pressure taps
to allow the reader of the test report to duplicate 0) Location and method of condensate dissolved
all analyses and to form independentjudgmentof oxygen measurement
the testresults.The following information should (k) Locations of tubes for fouling measurements
be included. 6.1.6
Discussion. ThisSection should include a
(a) Type of condenser discussion of background information relevant to
(b) Number of passes the tests, including the following:
(c) Dimensioned drawings of condenser (a) History of operation of the equipment, includ-
(d) Special features ing any unusual operation incidents, repairs, or modi-
(e) Effective surface area fications to it.
(0 Distance from exhaust flange orprime mover to (b) Agreements made prior to or after the testing
inlet flange of condenser which affect the execution of the test or the analysis
(g) Area of steam inlet to condenser of the results.
(h) Elapsed time sincecondenser was placed in (c) A detailed description of all pretest inspections
service
and the conclusions reached from those inspections.
(i) Elapsed time since last cleaning
0) Method used for cleaning 6.1.7 Test Data at Operating Conditions. This Sec-
(k) Number of tubes in each pass tion shall include a listing ofthe reduced data
(I) Active length of tubes (instrumentreadings with calibrations and correc-
(m) Outside diameter of tubes tionsapplied,averagedoverthe test period and
37
expressed in engineering units). It shall also include 6.2

REPORT OF DATA
a summary of calculated resultsatthe operating
The reduced test data for each run shall be listed
conditions.
in the report. The list given below is a guide to the
6.1.8
Test Data Adjusted to DesignConditions. information that should be included. All information
This Section shall list test results as specified in this relevant to the test, required for analysis of the data,
Code to guarantee conditions. Where appropriate, or pertinent to the interpretation of the testresults
it should also include a table containing the test shall be included.
results along with the manufacturer’s performance 6.2.1 GeneralInformation
curves. (a) Run number
6.1.9 Uncertainty Analysis. The report shall in- (b) Date
clude the uncertainty analysis for eachrun. (c) Time
6.2.2
Condenser Pressure. Pressures recorded at I
6.1.10 Appendices. The following appendices shall
each point for each tube bundle.
be included in the test report.
(a) Sample calculation. Thesample calculation 6.2.3 Circulating Water Salinity andChemistry ~
shall be included using the data from one run. The

calculation shall be presented in sufficient detail that 6.2.4 Inlet Temperature. Temperaturesrecordedat I
the reader can repeat the calculations for the other each inlet-water measuring point. ~
test runs. 6.2.5 Outlet Temperature. Temperature measure- 1
(b) List of Instrumentation. This list shall include ments made ateach point in each circulating-water j
all instruments used in the tests, and shall include: conduit.
(7) manufacturer
(2) model number 6.2.6CondensateTemperature. Temperaturemea- i
(3) serial number surements made at eachpoint in each active conden-
(4) operating settings sate outlet conduit.
(5) claimed accuracy 6.2.7
Cooling-Walter Flow
(6) calibration coefficients
(a) Velocity traverse I
(c) List of personnel. All personnel who substan-
Velocities measured at each point in the velocity tra-
tively participated in the planning, execution, analy- verse. I
sis, or reporting of the test shall be listed along with (b) Acoustic I
their organizational affiliations and functionin the Individual path velocities 1
testing. Average flow velocity I
(d) Uncertainty analysis sample computation. This (c) Dye dilution I
sample calculation should be included for one run,
water
sample Temperature
of 1
and shall be presented in sufficient detail thatthe Background fluorescence
reader can repeat the calculations for the other test Fluorescence of standard
runs. Fluorescence of circulating water
6.1.11Distribution of Data. The following infor- (d) Differential producer
mation shall be made available to all parties to the Differential pressurle across meter I
testas soon as possibleafter the completion of (e) Energy balance I
the test: All datarequired by PTC 6 [41 to evaluatethe ,
(a) Daily log of test events. energy delivered to the condenser

(b) Copies of all manually acquired data. 6.2.8 Waterbox Pressure Drop
(c) Hard copies of all reduced data.
(d) Daily log of test events. 6.2.9 Hotwell
ReadingLevel I
I
(e) Computer records; i
6.2.1 0 Waterbox level Reading I
(7) Data acquired by computer shall be made I
available in a format agreed to by all parties. Non-condensible
6.2.1 1 Flow Rate 1
(2) If the data are compressed for convenience (a) Orifice plate pressure drop I
I
in distribution, a copy of the decompression software (b) Fluid temperature I
shall be included with the data. (c) Fluid static pressure

!
38
,
I
I
STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS ASMEPTC 12.2-1998
6.2.1 2Fouling Assessment

(a) Tube locations
(b) Tube inlet temperature
(c) Tube outlet temperature
6.2.13DissolvedOxygenContent in Condensate
6.2.14
Subcooling
6.2.1 5 TubesidePressure Drop
6.2.16 Numerical Conclusions. This Sectionshall
include a comparison of measured performance to
requirements. The analysis of uncertainty of individ-
ual measurements and overall test uncertainty.
39
STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS ASMEPTC 12.2-1 998
FOREWORD TO NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
To provide more guidance for the Code user, the NONMANDATORYAPPENDICES

Committee has preparedAppendices A through K.
These Appendices are nonmandatory and are pro- A Guideline: FlowchartsKhecklists
vided for information. They complement and amplify B Guideline: Automatic Data Acquisition
the instruction of the main body of PTC 12.2. Their C Guideline: Performance Monitoring
review is important for a full appreciation ofthe D Guideline: Example Calculations
testmethods in current practice. E Detail: Uncertainty Analysis
for
Condensing
These Appendices are divided into threecatego- Pressure
ries. The first category provides guidelines for proper F Detail: Geothermal SurfaceCondensers
use of theCode and to help thetestengineer G Diagnostic: Air Binding
conduct thetest. The secondcategoryadds detail H Diagnostic: Non-Condensible Removal Equipment
to sections of the Code which require supporting I Diagnostic:Tube Fouling
documentation. The final category includes diagnos- J PhysicalProperties of Sea Water
tic tests to assess common classes of surface con- K References
denser problems.
41
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A - GUIDELINE:
FLOWCHARTSKHECKLISTS
(This Appendix is not apart of PTC 12.2 and is included for information purposesonly.)
In an effort to guide users of theCode in the

instrumentationselectionand preparation process,
the following flowcharts andchecklistshavebeen
created. These will help theuser properly plan all
necessary stages of the test. They should be general-
ized to fit the individual needs.Theseaids should
not be substituted for a site-specific test plan, instru-
mentation list, required calibration methods,orany
other mutually agreed-upontestingprocedure.
Under no circumstancesshouldtheseaids limit
or confine the user. If a more comprehensive testing
plan is necessary, it is up to thetestingparties to
produce a document that is mutually inclusive in
all the areas of importance. This Appendix can serve
as a starting point for suchan undertaking.
43
PTC 12.2 TEST PLAN INSTRUMENTATION LIST
44
FIG. A.l
TEST PLAN CHECKLIST (PTC 12.2)
Determine the overall scope of the test. Evaluate the specific parameters that need to be tested.
Select the most cost-effective instruments and/or methodsto measure all of the necessary param-
eters.
Perform a pretest uncertainty analysis regarding the parametersto be measured.
Install instruments in a sensible order. Begin with the pressureinstruments.Thesemust all be
calibrated at their respective locations to compensate for environmental changes.
All temperature instruments mustbe calibrated prior to installation, including any extension cable
associated with energized or voltage-producing sensors.
Install all temperature instruments in a logical order. Run extension wire or cable back to data-
logging device (where appropriate).
Check logging device for operation, including a continuity check on all the test parameters.
inspect installation and assure that no open circuits and/or faulty ground loops exist.
When all channels are properly working (data logger use only) begin pressure calibration.
At this point check all local instruments for proper operation;calibrate where appropriate (thermo-
couples, gages, transducers, etc.).
Make certain that all calibrations are clearly recorded and traceable to an accepted standard.
After calibrating, check for measurementfeasibilityby loggingall pressures, flows, and temperatures
at the operational conditions.
Correct any problems with instruments, loggers, and associated hardware.
Conduct a preliminary test as close to the agreed-upon operational requirements as possible. (1
hr max) Check all average values for feasibility.
If all equipment functions correctly prepare forthe performance test. Coordinate all efforts through
the operating department and the designated parties.
Make certain that any cycle isolation that needs doing is taken care of prior to starting.
If a separate cooling-water flow test is to be conducted simultaneously, coordinate with all testing
parties.
Consider any special cycle isolation necessary to conduct concurrent tests.
Prepare a test schedulewith alltestindoperating parties. Include start/stop times,unit load or steam
flow, operating requirements, and any other pertinent information regarding the operation of the
condenser. Incorporate these into a logical and achievable test schedule.
Follow the test schedule and begin testing.
Make any schedule changes necessary to meet the scope and objectives of the test. Keep a test
log to document any deviations from the test plan or the original testing schedule.
45
Evaluate the
apparatus being Meet with Agree on a
tested (review responsible site-specific
size, location, and parties; begin scope and
ease of instrument to prepare a ok.jective to
est conduct plan test installation)
I
I
I
Discuss and Determine the Investigate the
determine all test specific possibility of
used criteria operational using station
final the requirements
in instruments
evaluation
J. After agreement has

been reachedin
most cost- Make a list of previous areas,
effective the necessary prepare an
instruments instrumentation instnmentation
list as described
in the test plan
Calibrate and
instruments plant use site-specific
instrumentation checklistorder in the
given where in the for the test
appropriate test plan
Check all
Calibrate all Compose a instruments prior
instruments to the actual test
mutually
and field b by conducting a
agreed-upon
check all test schedule preliminary test
t
connections (1 hr ma).
"Afkr unit has
reached stability"
7
I
L
Prepare all necessary Verify that enough

data sheets for back personnel are
up or general available for
information (Control conducting and "Follow
room readings, assisting duringthe schedule in
station instruments, test (assure unit test plan"
etc.) 'Note any stability, follow
deviations fromthe test schedule) "Log
original test plan' any changes"
FIG. A.2 TEST PLAN FLOWCHART
46
Condenser cooling
water flow
determination
(instrumentshethods
of recommended
f
accuracy)
I
c
>
Is the
distance pipe size
from the pump
a long straight
v
to the waterbox
section of \ more than
Inside diameterof Straight

piping shouldbe as costly if a distance must
determination
smooth as possible permanent be equivalent
for testing
at the measuring installation to at least 10
r-
period only
section (measuring pipe diameters
t
section length should
be at least
10 pipe diameters)
f Outside Outside Cost is based

expertise is vendodengineer on the accuracy
expertise will and or
1
Expertise is usually
be necessary reliability
usually found
required
within the
organization
I
into a process
instrument?
No
The proper number
of sampling points Permanent when installed
must be determined access to installation in smaller pipe
(choose the condenser may require
appropriate waterbox or calibration
distribution for inlet pipe
.
sampling)
f (Differential
producer) square
Dilution Black box root extractionand
calculations computation direct reading linearization
i
must be needed forfinal device (certain needed for final
performed to determination inputs are interpretation in
determine flow engineering units
f
The appropriate
m e appropriate The appropriate
The appropriate choice forthis
choice for this choice for this
choice for this application is the
application is the
application is a permanent or application is the
dye dilution flow orifice or nozzle;
pitot tube traverse; portable ultrasonic
determination;
overall accuracy 'flow meter'; 'overall accuracy'
overall accuracy
"5% (of flow) overall accuracy +2% (of flow)
+3% (of flow)
t5% (of flow)
FIG. A.3 CONDENSER

INSTRUMENTATION
SELECTION
47
--
Condenser
pressure
instrumentation
~
A A
v
4
Recommended
accuracy
with local
Local indication
common, high-speed
I"
and remote data collection contained
indicators or difficult or not
loggers applicable power source) I
i
No
acquisition indication indication
only?
lNo
Adaptable to
process Can be
instrumentation
external power into a process
needed
/
CYB.
No extensive
experience is
Data collection
during testcan
\ available for
needed for only be done on
installation a manualbasis
c
Durable under
Is cost a contained
governing power source environmental
factor? not necessary test conditions
The appropriate
The appropriate choice for this
choice forthis application is
application is capillary fluid
transducerhransmitter; mechanical gauges;
vacuum gauges;
overall accuracy overall accuracy
overall accuracy
20.1% (range)
+0.25% (range)
FIG. A.4 CONDENSERINSTRUMENTATIONSELECTION
48
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX B - GUIDELINE:
AUTOMATICDATAACQUISITION
(This Appendix is notapart of PTC 12.2 and is included for information purposesonly.)
This Appendix is a guide for the implementation (b) Flexible network which can analyze sensor and
of an automatic Data Acquisition System (DAS). The acquisition faults.
DAS can enhance data collection and analysis. The (c) Flags and alarms for out-of-range values.
DAScan accomplish the following: (dl Graphics for data trending and results presen-
(a) Simultaneous reading and recording of all data tation.
points. (e) Mass data storage and ease of data retrieval.
(b) Provide data collection frequencyexceeding (0 Ease ofcalculation development and export data
that described in Section 3. for third-party thermodynamic model analysis.
(c) Provide data collection time measurements/ TheDAScan provide certain enhancements that
synchronization as described in Section 3. manual data collection cannot offer,such as:
(d) Provide data accuracy exceeding that described (a) Real time data at very high sampling frequency.
in Subsection 4.3. (b) Reduction in manual datacollection personnel.
A portable,computer-based DAS together with (c) Reduction in data recording errors.
state-of-art sensor technology and analog-to-digital (d) Quick test condition/results validation which
converter reliability can accomplish the aboveobjec- leads to prevention of retest and associated costs.
tives.ThisDAS could also fulfill the following: ASMEPTC 19.22 [4] deals with this subject in
(a) Portability and ease of configuration. detail.
49
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX C - GUIDELINE:
PERFORMANCE MONITORING
(This Appendix is not apart of PTC 12.2, and is included for information purposesonly.)
C.1 INTRODUCTION misemay be considered which balancestheone-

time high capital costs andmaintenancecost of
While the main body of theCode is written for
the continuous system's permanent instrumentation
thepurpose of acceptancetesting,thisAppendix
against the repetitive set-up costs and data collection
addresses techniques that permit trending and con-
of the periodic test. It should alsoberecognized
denser performance evaluations during operation.
that more complex and reliable levels of performance
Satisfactory performance monitoring can be achieved
monitoring will require increased quantities of instru-
without thestringentinstrumentaccuracy required
mentation.
for acceptance testing.Thatlack of necessity of
an absolute numerical level of testresults is what
distinguishes the monitoring test plan focus,set-up,
and data from acceptance testing. Relative measure-
ments and repeatability are critical. If the data prove
to be repeatable during the same operating condi-
tions, correction factors to absoluteperformance C.4
PARAMETERS TOMONITOR
levels can always bedeveloped from an analysis The following parametersarerecommended for
of those data sets. monitoring in a general order of importance, though
The following discussion describes the considera- the actual list is always dictated by the overall
tions of condenser performance monitoring tests. program's objectives.
(a) Condenser terminal temperature difference
(b) Condenser back-pressuredeviation from design
C.2
PERFORMANCE MONITORING TEST (c) Circulating-water flow or relative flow
STRUCTURE (d) Temperature rise of circulating water
(e) Tube-bundle hydraulic pressure drop relative to
Performance monitoring can range from periodic discharge waterbox-to-piping pressure loss
to real-time on-line testing. Implementation of a (0 Condenser tube bundle fouling
performance monitoring program will vary signifi- (g) Air in-leakage
cantly between plantsand will be based on local (hl Condensate subcooling
needs, economics, and resources including the con-
denser performance,instrumentation methods, and
methods of data collection and interpretation.
A decision which significantly characterizes a
condenser program is whether to monitor periodi-
cally, continuously, or both. The major benefitsof
C.5 MONITORING MEASUREMENTS
continuous condenserperformance monitoring are
the knowledge of when changes occur and what The main body ofCodedescribesrequirements
the related circumstances were in order to develop for acceptance test measurements.Thesecanbe
theearliest operational ormaintenance response; slightly relaxed and adapted for performance moni-
the ability to anticipate if there will be more severe toring as long as the sensor in question is still
changes from the initial indications; and the continu- sufficiently precise to reliably reflect the same relative
ousassessment of how thecondenserinfluences test value as conditions change. The following dis-
power generation and costs. Nonetheless, a compro- cussionand table apply.
51
Performance Monitoring Thisincludes circulating-water flow devices,feed-
Measurement Code Requirement Methods water flow device;, and plant stream venturis. A
Cooling- Dye Dilution, Pump CurvedTDH calibration of plant devices during an accuratetest is
Water Flow Traverse,
etc. correlations, heat necessary to monitor the flow properly. For example, II
balance, calibrated
flow instrument, outlet correlate pump TDH outlet waterbox pressure drop, I
waterbox DP or a Pitot-statictype center reading during a previous I
dye-dilution test. With regard to pressure and temper- i
Cooling-Water Traverse, full rake Thermowells, partial ature instruments, refer to the Sections in this Code !
Outlet rake, thermowells which address the choices for instrumentation. Some I
Temp. correlated to one time new instrumentatioln is likely required for a successful I
temperature traverse program. In addition, an automated quick purge of
the pressure measurement lines before reading and
Tube Adjacent Tube Differential waterbox some added temperature hardware at the outlet to
Measurements
Cleanliness and waterbox outlet
reflect the temperature profile more adequately than
pressures, expected
backpressure, outlet a few shallow existing thermowells will significantly
temperature profile, enhancethe monitoring results.
terminal temperature
difference
C.3 CA1CULATIC)NS
Pressure NlST Calibrated Existing locations near
Electronic bundle; calibration of Refer to Section 5, for the details of the computation I
Transducer at sensors required of parameters for trending. All variables are recom- !
Prescribed mended to be plotted with respect to time, inlet- !

I
Locations water temperature, and generation. Normalize data I
with respect to design heat transfer coefficient, foul- I
I
Temperature
NlST calibrated Existing locations; ing, circulating-water flow, or air in-leakage.Plot ,
devices at calibration check the ratio of the bundle vs. the outlet box pressure I
prescribed required 1
drop to aid in diagnosis of fouling increases. Bench-
locations
mark significant conditions such as tube cleaning. I
Air In-leakage Flow Meter Same as code or

Data validity can be ensured by examining the ,
continuous meter type
statistical data variation and the degree of the compli-
ance with respect to inlet temperature, station gener- I
ation,or circulating-water flow. Thedata should I
Severalnotesare relevant to the above. Most be precise, consistent, and dependable.Suitable I
installed plant flow devices are not sufficiently accu- approximationscan be made depending on the
rate to serve as a primary flow measurement device. experienceofthepersonneland program goals.
I
i
52
i
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX D - GUIDELINE:
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
(This Appendix is not a part of PTC 12.2, and is included for information purposes only.)
This example is presentedtoillustrate a thermalperformancetest of a steamsurfacecondenser. The

example isbasedon a test of a single-passcondenserwhichprovidesheatrejectionandcondensation of
the turbine exhaust steam froman electric power- generating unit. Table D.l provides the design reference
datafor the condenser.Table D.2 summarizesthedatacollectedduringthetest.Table D.3 summarizes
the water and steam properties for the design and test conditions, which were determined using the ASME
Steam Tables. [2] Table D.4 summarizes the data and calculations for the cleanliness factor determination,
conducted in parallelwiththetest.
The example calculations follow the calculation procedures of Section 5.
D.l BASICHEATTRANSFERRELATIONS
D.l.l Condenser Heat Load. The condenserheatloadatthetestconditions is computedasfollows:
= 1.4687E + 0.8 * 0.998 * (90.7 - 74.9)
= 2.31 61 E + 09 Btu/hr (D.l.1)
where
w* = 294,410 (gpm) * 62.1 9 (Ib/ft3) * 8.0208 (min . ft3/hr . gal)
= 1.4687E + 08 lb/hr
u+ = 0
'
A, * LMTD+
- 2.31 61 E + 09
=Btu/hr-ft2-"F
564.1 3 (D.1.2)
239,476 * 17.14
53
TABLE D.l
CONDENSER DESIGN DATA
Condenser Description
Type Single Pressure

No. passes 1
No. tubes 216550
Tube material 90/10 CU/NI
k (Btu/hr . ft2 . OF) 26
Tube OD (in.) 0.875
Tube gage (BWC) 18
Tube wall (in.) 0.049
Effective length (ft) 39.375
Outside tube surface area (sq ft) 239476
CW flow area (sq ft) 87.42
Design Conditions
Inlet CS temp ("F) 65
CW Outlet temp ("F) 80.6
CW flow (gpm) 280000
CW flow (Ib/hr)
1.3989E + 08
Cleanliness factor (%) 85
Condenser
pressure (in. . HgA) 1 .50
0.74 (psia) pressure Condenser
Heat load
2.1(Btu/hr) 760E + 09
pressure
Tubeside drop14.5
(ft water)
222:2185 flow (Ib/hr)
Condensing
-
where
(D.1.3) '
I
and
T j = f {Pj} = 101.14"F
from ASME SteamTables. 121

D.1.3 Tubewall Resistance
RL = - 0.875
(D.1.4)
I
24 * k; 24 * 26.00
= 0.0001 6656 hr-ft*-"F/Btu
I
D.1.4 Tubeside Resistance. The tubeside heat transfer coefficient calculation is taken from Rabas and Cane. I1 I 1
54
I
I
TABLE D.2
TEST DATA
Measurement Average
Standard Number
Value Point Test Measurement Deviation
Inlet CW temp (OF) 1 75.0 60 0.1 50
74.9 2 4360 0.1
Average 74.9
Outlet C W temp (OF) 1 94.5 60 0.475

2 92.3 60 0.532
3 89.7 60 0.376
4 87.3 60 0.592
5 93.2 60 0.670
6 92.1 60 0.332
7 89.5 60 0.456
8 87.0 60 0.327
Average 90.7
CW flow (gpm) 29441 0 12 15* 21
Condenser pressure (psia) 1 0.992 60 0.051 1

2 0.987 60 0.0430
3 0.987 60 0.0371
4 0.982 60 0.0409
5 0.958 60 0.0542
6 0.958 60 0.0485
7 0.972 60 0.0381
8 0.982 60 0.041 9
9 0.987 60 0.0266
10 0.977 60 0.021 3
11 0.992 60 0.0329
12 0.982 60 0.0409
Average 0.982
Condensing flow (Ib/hr) 24083 14 5 18953

0.35 pressure drop (ft. water)
Tubeside 12 15.7
* The average water flow rate was based on one Pitot tube traverse. The standard deviation was based on twelve Pitot tube readings of the
pipe centerpoint.
0.373 dY.165
R: = 0.0451 k+0.538 * p+ 0.835 * c+0.462 v+0.835
P )*-
= 0.0451
= 0.00057987 hr-ft2-"F/Btu (D.1.5)
where
W+
v+ =
3600 * p+ * A;
- 1.4687 E + 08
= 7.50 ftlsec (D.1.6)
3600 * 62.19 * 87.42
55
TABLED.3
STEAM AND WATERPROPERTIES
Design Test
CONDENSER STEAM PROPERTIES
Condenser Pressure (in. Hga) 1.5 22.0
Condenser Sat. Temp. ( O F ) 91.72 101.14
Density (Ib/ft3)* 0.0022 0.0029
CIRCULATING WATER FLUID

PROPERTIES
Bulk Avg. CW Temp. ("F) 72.8 82.8
Specific Heat (Btu/lb-"F) 0.9986 0.9981
Thermal Cond (Btu/hr-ft-"F) 0.03489 0.3539
Viscosity (Ib/ft-hr) 2.275 2.005
Density (Ib/ft3) 62.28 62.19
* Steam density is based on saturation conditions. This is generally of sufficient accuracy foruse in the
adjusted steam side resistance calculation. If greater accuracy is required, the moisture content of the
steam can be determined from the steam enthalpy, where the steam enthalpy is determined from the
calculated heat duty and the measured condensing steam flow rate.
TABLE D.4
FOULING RESISTANCE DETERMINATION TEST
Tube Tl JZ Tf Tc RI
Set "F "F "F 'F hr . f t 2 . "FIBtu
______~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~
1 74.9 101.14
93.1 91.9 0.0001 83
74.9 2 93.7
101.14 92.3 0.000205
3 74.9 101.14
93.8 92.3 0.00021 8
74.9 4 93.4
101.14 91.9 0.000226
74.9 5 93.2
101.14 91.6 0.000247
.14 74.9 6 0.000266
74.9 7 101.14
93.9 92.6 0.0001 86
8101.14 74.9 92.8 94.0 0.0001 69
74.9 9 93.9
101.14 92.3 0.000232
10 74.9 101.14 92 .O 93.8 0.000266
11 74.9 101.14
93.2 91.5 0.000264
12 74.9 101.14
93.0 91.4 0.000252
13 74.9 101.14
93.2 91.5 0.000264
14 74.9 101.14
93.1 91.3 0.000283
Avg. 0.000233
56
D.1.5 FoulingResistance. The fouling resistance calculations, performed in accordance with para. 5.1.5,
are provided in Table D.4. The resulting fouling resistancewas:
1
Rt = -
l4
2 Rif; = 0.000233 hr-ft2-"F/Btu (D.1.7)
14 i = 1
D.1.6 ShellsideResistance. The shellside resistanceatthetest conditions is determined by difference as

follows:
Rf = -1-
U+
R+, - R: (%) - R?
=-- I
564.1 3
0.0001 6656 - 0.00057987 (i:;;;)
-- 0.0002330
= 0.00072 hr-ft2-"F/Btu (D.1.8)
0.2 CONDENSER PRESSURE DEVIATION RESULTS CALCULATIONS

D.2.1 TubewallResistance. The tubewall resistance is a constant which is dependent only on the tube
wall thicknessand material. Accordingly,
R% = R+, = 0.00016656 hr-ft2-OF/Btu (D.2.1)
D.2.2 TubesideResistance. Thetubesideheattransfer coefficient is calculated at thedesign conditions as

follows:
( *
2.275°.373 0.777°.'65
= 0.0451
0.3489°.538* 62.28°.835* 0.999°.462) 7.14°.835
= 0.000637 hr-ft*-"F/Btu (D.2.2)
where
W*
v* =
3600 * p* * Ai
(D.2.3)
D.2.3 FoulingResistance. Thedesign fouling factor is determined from the design cleanliness factor as
follows:
57
R f = - - (' - )' - (' - 0'85) = 0.00029379 hr-ft*-"F/Btu (D.2.4)
U* 51 0.56
where
(J* = Q*
A, * LMTD*
2.1 760E + 09
- (D.2.5)
239,476 * 17.80
= 51 0.56 Btu/hr-ft2-"F
- (80.6 - 65.0) = 17.8O"F (D.2.6)

(91.72 - 65.0)
91.72 80.6 -
and at the design condition
= f { p S ) = 91.72"F
from ASME Steam Tables. [2]

D.2.4 ShellsideResistance. The shellsideresistanceadjusted to the design conditions is determined as ,
follows:
1 . Calculatethecondensate film temperature atdesign condition as
= - 0.2 * LMTD*
= 91.72 - 0.2 * 17.8 (D.2.7)
I
= 88.16"F
2. Calculate the condensate film temperature atdesign condition as
T t = T: - 0.2 * LMTD+
= 101.14 - 0.2 * 17.1 (D.2.8)
= 97.72"F
3. Solve for theadjusted shellside resistance, where p, K, and p arethe physical properties atthedesign
and testtemperaturestaken from Appendix J.
58
= 0.00072 * (24083 14 )"*
22221 85
1.6956
(-)'I3*
1.8923
(-)
0.35908
0.36309
* (-)
62.138
62.026
2/3
= 0.000706 hr-ft2-OF/Btu (D.2.9)
D.2.5 OverallHeatTransfer Coefficient. The overall heattransfercoefficient,adjusted to thedesign

conditions, is equalto:
RP = R; = 0.000637 hr.-ft*-"F/Btu (D.2.10)
R? = RS = 0.00029379 hr-ft2-"F/Btu (D.2.11)
- 1
0.0001 6656 + 0.000637 + 0.00029379 + 0.000706
= 530.87 Btu/hr-ft2-"F (D.2.12)
D.2.6 Effectiveness - NTU Method of Evaluation. Thetestcondensersteampressure, adjusted to the

designreferenceconditions, is determined as follows:
UO*A,
NTUO =
$*w*
~
- 530.87 * 234,476
- = 0.89106 (D.2.13)
0.9986 * 1.3989E + 08
- 80.6
- - 65.0 e-0.89106 = 91.45"F (D.2.14)
1 - e-0.89106
59
P'j = f (Q} = 0.73 psia
from ASME SteamTables. [2]
D.2.7 Evaluation of Results. The difference between the test adjusted and design reference steampressures
are evaluated as follows:
APs = pf -e
= 0.74 - 0.73 = 0.01 (D.2.15)
Thus, the condenser is operating slightly better than thedesign level of performance.
D.3 TUBESIDEPRESSURE DROP DEVIATION RESULTSCALCULATION!S

The test measured tubeside pressure drop is adjusted for differences between the test and design reference '
water-flow ratesas follows:
= 5.7 (1.3989E + 08)'.8

(D.3.1) ,
1.4687E + 08 I
= 14.4 ft, water = 6.24 psi
Thus, the condensertubesidepressure drop is 0.1 ft. water less thanthe design value.
D.4 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

D.4.1Uncertainty in TestAdjustedSteamPressure
D.4.1.1 Sensitivity Factors. The sensitivity factors are computed by substituting the design and test values
into the equations provided in Subsection 5.4.
Sensitivity Factor for Steam Flow Rate:
I
(D.4.1)
where
F1 = 0.001 690e0.02736@
I
= 0.001 690 e0.02736 91.82
= 0.02084 psia/"F (D.4.2)
60
(D.4.3)
Sensitivity Factor for Circulating Water FlowRate:
= -1.2662E - 09 -
psia
(D.4.4)
I b/hr
Sensitivity Factor for Inlet Water Temperature:
= 0.01 141 psia/OF (D.4.5)
Sensitivity Factor for Outlet Water Temperature:
= -0.0330 psia/"F (D.4.6)
Sensitivity Factor for SteamPressure:
op;= FI F3* F*2R*: R,O
1
Tt - T;
U+* In(-) c-77 * (T: - T ; ) * ( T : -

c-q T;)
= 0.7901 psia/psia (D.4.7)
61
where
1
F3 =
0.001 690 ?'
(D.4.8)
= 37.1824 "F/psia
Sensitivity Factor for CleanlinessFactorFouled Tube Inlet Temperature:
R:
F1
*
*
W+
F2
*
*
C;
Rf * A, * -1*
* (Tt - Tt) j
x
;=
j
= 3.991 5 , 5 0 6 psia/"F (D.4.9)
Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness Factor Fouled Tube Outlet Temperature:
@T+2,f
FI * F? * R: * A, * -1*
i
i
i =1
= 3.5361506 psia/"F (D.4.10)
Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness

Clean
Factor Inlet
Tube Temperature: I
R: * W+ * C+P * ( T t - T t )
= 6.1345f-06 psia/"F (D.4.11)
Sensitivity Factor for CleanlinessFactorClean Tube Outlet Temperature:
= 4.91 36f-06 psia/"F (D.4.12)
D.4.1.2 Bias limits andPrecisionIndices. The bias limits andtheprecisionindicesforeach of the

measuredparameters are determined in accordance with the methodologyprescribed in ASME PTC 19.1. ,
62
(41 The values in Table D.5 are provided for example purposes only. Although these values are typical for
a test conducted in accordance withthis Code, actual values must be determined for a specific testand
will depend on the condenser design, the instrumentation used, and the operating conditions at the time
of the test. For this example, the biaslimits and precision indices are as follows:
D.4.1.3 Uncertainty in Result. An estimate of the uncertainty in the test steam pressure, adjusted to the
design reference conditions, is calculated as follows:
Bias f h i t :
(D.4.13)
BPp’ = (1.7942E-08 * 60,207)2 + (1.2662Of-09 * 5,140,450)2 + (0.7901 * 0.05)’
+ (0.0114 * 0.20)2 + (0.0330 * 0.50)2 + (3.9915E-06 * 0.20)2
+ (3.5361 E-06 * 0.75)2+ (6.1345E-06 * 0.20)2 + (4.914f-06 * 0.75)2

= 0.001847 psia2
and
Bpp = 20.043 psia
Precision Index:
(D.4.14)
S@ = (l.7942f-08 * 9.152)’ + (1.2662OE-09 * 558,106)2 + (0.7901 * 0.065)2
+ (0.01 14 * 0.021 2)’ + (0.0330 * 0.065)2+ (3.9915 5 0 6 * 0.021 )2
+ (3.5361f-06 * 0.0912 + (6.1345506 * 0.021)* + (4.9135E-06 * 0.0912
= 4.914605 psia’
and
63
S p = 20.0070 psia
Combined Uncertainty:
Based on the number of readings for each measurement parameter, as provided in Table D.2 for this sample
calculation, the pooled degrees of freedom was determined to be greater than 30; therefore,theStudent's
t-value from Table 5.1 is 2.00. The combined uncertainty is then determined as follows:
= 4 0.043' + (2 * 0.0070)2' (D.4.15)
= 20.044 psia
D.4.2 Uncertainty in Tubeside Pressure Drop. An estimate of the uncertainty in the test tubesidepressure I
drop,adjusted to thedesignreference conditions, is calculated as follows:
=-
APp = -
14.2
- 0.90446 (D.4.16)
APT 15.7
The sensitivity factors are as follows:
1.8 * AP, - 1.8 * 14.2

ow+= - (D.4.17)
W+ 1.4687€+08
ft Water
= 1.7403E-07 -
Ib/hr
The bias limit and precision indexare computed as follows:
BAQ = d (@AP$BAP# +(@,+BW+)'
= (0.90446 * 0.2)' + (1.7403.E-07 * 5,140,450;7
= 2 0.91 ft Water (D.4.18)
= d(0.90446 * 0.042)' + (1.7403f-07 * 558,106)'
= 20.104 ft Water (D.4.19)
In accordance with theWelsh-Satterthwite formula from ASME PTC 19.1 [4] and using 11 degrees of
freedom for both the circulating water flow rate and thetubeside pressure drop,the pooled degrees of
freedom for determining the Student's t-value is:
64
Parameter x s ( Xs)* ( x 34/11
Press Drop .9045 x .042 .0014 1.893E - 07
Flow 1.74E - 07 X 556,106 .0094 8.090E - 06
.0108 8.279E-06
Pooled degrees of freedom = (0.1 08)*/8.279€-06 z 14
TheStudent’s t-valueat 95% coverage and 14 degreesof freedom is 2.145. The combined uncertainty is
then computed as follows:
Undpp = 4(0.91)* + (2.145 * 0.104)2 = 20.94 ft Water (D.4.20)
65
TABLE D.5
EXAMPLE OF BIAS LIMIT AND PRECISION INIDICES
Precision ,
Measured Parameter Sensitivity Factor Bias Limit Index
Flow Steam
w (22.5%) (20.21%)
w Water CW 1.2662E-09 psidlb/hr 2558,106 Ib/hr25,140,450 Ib/hr
W+ (23.5%) (20.38%)
Inlet CW Temp 0.01 14 psid"F 20.20"F 20.021 "F
T;
Outlet CW Temp
20.065"F 20.50"F 0.0330 psid0F
Tt
901 Pressure Condenser psia
PS+
psiaPF 3.9915E-06
CF Fouled Tubes OF
Inlet Temp
Ttl
Tubes CF Fouled psid°F 20.090"F 20.75"F
Outlet Temp
Tl2
I
~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~
6.1345E-06
CF Clean Tubes psid'f 20.021 20.20"F "F I
Inlet Temp
T; 1 I
Tubes CF Clean psid"F 20.75OF 20.090"F

Outlet Temp
G,2
66
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX E - DETAIL:
UNCERTAINTYANALYSISFORCONDENSINGPRESSURE
The results of the condenser performance test -

the test steam pressure adjusted to the design condi-
tions and the tubeside pressure drop adjusted to the
design conditions - are determined using the test
measurement values in accordance with the calcula-
tion methods delineated in Subsections5.1,5.2,
and 5.3. In accordance with PTC19.1 [4], error
estimates of the measured parameters are propagated
into uncertainty estimates ofthe results byTaylor
Seriesexpansions.Bias and precision errors are
propagated separately and combined as the last step
in the uncertainty analysis. The propagation of the (E.l.l)
individual measurementparameters into a resulting
uncertainty requiresthe development ofsensitivity
factors which relates a unit error in eachmeasured
where
parameter to the total error in the result. These can
be developed by the central difference methodor
analytically. The sensitivity factors provided in para.
5.4.2 were determined analytically by partial differ-
entiationof theequations used in calculating the
results.This Appendix provides the derivations for
these condensing pressure sensitivity equations.
The sensitivity equations for the other test objective
parametersshown in Subsection 5.4,suchas tube
pressure drop, would be more directly determined. are the uncertainties in the measured values of each
of the parameters.
The same equation also applies for the propagation
of the precision index, with the precision indices,
S, substitutedforthebiaslimits, Bi.
E.lSENSITIVITYFACTORSFOR ADJUSTED The calculation procedures in Subsections 5.1 and
5.2areexpressed in a series of equations.Although
STEAM PRESSURE
theseequations could be combined into a single
The adjusted steampressure is a function ofthe equation which relates the test adjusted steam pres-
following independent measuredparameters: sure as a function of the measured parametersshown
in Equation E.l .l, this would result in an exception-
ally involved equation to differentiate. Instead, the
partial derivatives of succeeding equations are deter-
mined and combined by the chain rule. The equa-
tions from Subsections 5.land 5.2 required for the
developmentofthesensitivityfactors are repeated
Expansion by the Taylor Series method results in: in theorderof differentiation as follows:
67
P: = f { T z )
from ASME SteamTables. [2]

where
(E.1.3)
U0* A,
NTUO = - (E.1.4)
c; * w*
LMTD;,; =:
v:,,; - Tt,,;) (E.1.12)
The development of the partial derivatives begins

with Eq. E.1.2. An approximate regression of the
partial derivative of the ASME Steam Table 121 values
(E.I.~) was developed for the range of 32” to 150°F as
follows:
* (E)[E]
(5)’”. * (P*) 213 dP,”= (-)dT:
ap:
8 T:
and
I
I
(E.1.13) ,
(aa T:
dT,” = -)dNTUo
)
NTU’
P+ 0.373
R: = 0.04” ( p0.538 * c+P 0.462 (E.1.9)
where
where the outside effective area of each one of the I
fouled or clean test tubes divided by its heat pick-up (Note that and : 7 areexactdesignvalues;there-
I
~
is considered to approximately equal fore, their partial derivatives are equal to zero.) From
AJQ, then, Eq. E.1.4: I
68 I
dNTUO = (=)duo
N TU0a (E.1.16)
where
(dub)= u o
aNTUo NTUO /hr-ft*-OF\
(E.1.17)
Iblhr
(Note that Ao,c;, and w* areexactdesignvalues;
therefore, their partial derivatives are equal to zero.) The design steam flow rate is an exact design value;
FromEq.E.1.5: therefore, the partial derivative is equal to zero. The
error in thecirculatingwaterandsteamproperties
atthedesign-adjustedandtestconditions is not
a uo
dUo = (-)dR;
exact; however, the magnitude of the partial deriva-
aR;
tives of these properties will have a negligible effect
on the resulting sensitivity factors for the measured
where
parameters. As a result,theuncertaintyanalysis
hasbeensimplified by assumingthatthesepartial
derivativesareequaltozero.
The derivation of the sensitivity factor for the test
measured steam flow rate is completed at this point,
(Note that R,, R,, and Rf are exactdesignvalues; since:
therefore, their partial derivatives are equal to zero.)
Theseterms are thencombinedusing the chain B q and Sw: = dW:
rule as follows:
Thus,combining Eqs.E.1.13,E.1.14,andE.1.17:
= (S) (-) = *
a
* (%)
(dub)
NTUO
@q = (3)
(3) * aR; (3)
* aw: (E.l.18)
or
P-1
'
hr-ft2-"F
Btu '
Thederivation of thesensitivityfactorsforthere-
maining parametersfollows,
beginning with Eq.
E.1.7.
From Eq. E.1.6:
(dR9' = (-)aaR:R ; (dR:)2 (E.1.15)
where
69
Evaluation of the partial derivative terms of Eq.
E.1.19 first requires substitution of EquationsE.1.11
and E.1.12 into Eq.E.1.10, and then substitution of
Eq.E.1.8,E.1.9, and E.l.10 into Equation E.1.7. The
resulting equationcan then be solvedfor each of (!E$)
the partial derivatives. These derivativesand the
resulting sensitivity factors follow.
Sensitivity Factor for Circulating Water Flow: Sensitivity Factor for Outlet Water Temperature:
r 1
- - - ($+ 0.835R: (2)+ R;)
aR:
ad d
Thus combining this with Eqs.E.1.13,E.1.14, and

E.1.16 yields the following: Then applying Eq. E.l.20 and combining Eqs. E.l .I3,
E.1.14,andE.1.16:
(E.1.20)
which is equal to
(E$) (E.1.23)
ow+= F1 * F2 * R,O (E.1.21)

Sensitivity Factor b r SteamPressure:
R:
d \Ib/hr/
Sensitivity Factor for Inlet Water Temperature:
*I- I
Then applying Eq. E.1.20 and combining Eqs. E.1.13,

E.1.14, and E.1.16: and from Eq.E.1.13:
70
E.1.14, and E.1.16:

rI 1
I
E.1.14, and E.1.16:
- F, * F2 * R,O * A,
(E.1.24)
F3 * R: * w+ * c; * ( T ; - T;)
Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness factor Clean Tube

Sensitivity factor for Cleanliness Factor Fouled Tube inletTemperature:
Inlet Temperature:
Then applying Eq. E.1.20 and combining Eqs. E.1.13, Then applying Eq. E.1.20 and combining Eqs. E.1.13,
E.1.14, and E.1.16:
E.1.14, and E.1.16:
Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness Factor Fouled Tube Sensitivity Factor for Cleanliness Factor Clean Tube
OutletTemperature: OutletTemperature:
71
w # 1.8
AP; = APL( 7 )
Expansion bythe Taylor Series method results in

the following:
Then applying Eq. E.1.20and combining Eqs. E.1.13,

E.1.14,and E.1.16:
The same equation also applies for the propagation

of the precision index, with the precision indices,
Sj, substitutedforthebiaslimits, Bi.
The sensitivity f.actors are then as follows:
(E.2.2)
E.2 SENSITIVITYFACTORSFORTUBESIDE
PRESSURE D R O P
The adjusted tubeside pressure drop is calculated ow+= -dAPE, - 1.8 * APL psi )
(- (E.2.3)
as follows: aW+ k Ib/hr
72
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX F - DETAIL:
GEOTHERMALSURFACECONDENSERS
(This Appendix is not a mandatory part of PTC12.2,SteamSurfaceCondensers; and is included for information purposesonly.)
F.l GENERAL flow The be of should

non-condensible
gases
measured to compare performance iest flow with the
Geothermalsteamexhaustingfrom the turbine
specified design flow rate. If the flow is substantially
containsnon-condensible gasquantitiesthatare
higherorlowerthanthedesignflow, the non-
significantly greater than those of conventional units.
condensible removal system (ejector system or vac-
Non-condensiblegasesand fluids of geothermal
uum pumps) maybe adversely affected, whichin turn
unitsmay createfouling films orscaling of the
can cause degradation of condenserperformance.
outsidesurface of thecondensertubing due to
chemical and mechanical actions. Caution must be
usedwhenevaluatinggeothermalcondenserper-
formance since the effect of fouling on the outside
surfaces of condenser tubes is not addressed in this
Code. In thismanner,anadditional test point is
recommended for monitoring the flow rate and con-
stituents of thenon-condensiblegasesexhausting
from t h e turbine. In addition, the quality of the
turbine exhaust steam should be determined to verify
that it closelycomparestothesteamqualityas F.3 GUIDELINES
specifiedforthecondenserperformancedesign.
Since there are very few geothermal applications
of surface condensers, a limited amount of reliable
performanceanddesigninformation is available.
F.2 PERFORMANCETEST POINTS
For this reason, this Coderecommendsthatany
Theperformancetestpointsandtestpointloca- performance levels for geothermal condensers should
tions for geothermal surface condenser will be similar bemutuallyagreeduponbythepurchaserand
tothoseillustrated in Fig. 4.1 of this Code. manufacturer or the parties to the test,as applicable.
73
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX G - DIAGNOSTIC:
AIR BINDING
G.l INTRODUCTION The principal objective of an air-binding test is

to identify the presence ofair binding and to quantify
The air binding (air blanketing) test method em-
the extent of airbinding at full load. Other objectives
ploys the use of thermocouples to identify air binding
may include identifying and quantifying the extent
zones. Air-bound regions of a tube bundle are those of air binding and deaeration performance during
which have a high air mole fraction. The temperature one and two vacuum pump operations, or one and
in the air-bound regionapproximatesthe cooling- two air-ejector operations at various loads and under
water inlet temperatureandthere is significantly various controlled air in-leakage rates.
reduced cooling-water temperature risein the portion
of the tube(s) which extend(s) through the air-bound
region. Therefore, an accurate measure of tube tem- G.3 DESCRIPTION OF TEST METHOD,
perature rise can be used to determine the location EQUIPMENT,ANDINSTRUMENTATION
and extent ofthe air-bound region.
The application of 1/16-in. diametertype E thermo-
couples, located in a uniform pattern, insulated and
encased in flexible shields and installed as the hot
junction in the discharge flow path of the selected
G.2 TEST OBJECTIVES tubes, will identify air-bound regions. The discharge
paththermocouplesare installed with the aid of
Air binding is thesymptom of one or moreof
nylon or plasticfittings (see Fig.G.1). The thermocou-
the following:
ples may be attached to thetubesheet with tube
(a) Air in-leakage in excess of air-removal system's
collars and "p" clips and/or epoxy and routed to a
capacity of the bundle.
connection in the waterbox. Several alternate meth-
(b) Diminished air-removal equipment capacity odshavebeenused to install thethermocouples.
due to problems such as excessive vapor carryover. Thethermocouples are specified to be accurate
(c) Insufficient space around thetube bundle to to +0.3"F (20.1SOC). They are installed in a uniform
permit steam to enter atall points around the periphery pattern with at least one thermocouple per 100 tubes.
of the bundle and to achieve full steam penetration. The air-cooling zone is provided with a minimum of
(d) Off-design operating conditions such a slow one thermocouple per 50 tubes. One thermocouple
load operation and start-ups (i.e., cycling). is alsoinstalled in the inlet waterbox of the same
(e) Steam by-passingto the air-removal section be- bundle. Thiscan provide a reference junctionto
cause of design or construction deficiencies or be- measure the temperature rise. Another thermocouple
cause of component failures (i.e., baffle corrosion). is installed in the inlet waterbox to measure absolute
(0 A high hotwell level preventing steam from en- inlet-water temperature. Air binding which runs the
tering the bottom portion of the bundle. full length of the bundle will result in three tube
(g) Excessive pressure drop in the air-removal sys- sectionshaving virtually no temperature rise. Air
tem (air-removal zone or piping between the air-re- binding is also often unevenly distributed along the
moval zone and air-removal equipment). lengthof the bundle and then mayresult in a
(h) Ineffective air-removal zone design. significantly less than expectedtemperature rise.
75
TUBEOUTLETTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT
76
bellmouth
FIG. G.l
Plastic
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX H - DIAGNOSTIC:
NON-CONDENSIBLE REMOVAL EQUIPMENT
(This Appendix is not a pan of PTC 12.2 and is included for information purposes only.)
H.l GENERAL (f) Intercondenser/aftercondenser cooling-water

flow rate
Under certain conditions the pressure in the con-
denser could be set by the performance of the non- H.2.2 Critical Measurements. The critical measure-
condensible removal equipment. This equipment is ments neededto assess steam-jet ejector performance
either a steam-jet ejector system, a liquid-ring vac- are as follows:
uum pump, or a combination of both, often referred (a) Suction pressure and temperature
to as a hybrid system. To avoid this situation the (b) Motive steam pressure and temperature
removal equipment should be capable of following (c) Air-vapor flow rate
thecondenserperformance over its full range of (d) lntercondenser cooling-water inlet temperature
anticipated flow rates, accompanying normal air-in and flow rate
leakage, and cooling-water temperature.
H.3 LIQUIDRINGVACUUM PUMP

H.2 STEAM-JET
EJECTORS
The liquid ring vacuum pump is a specifictype
The operating principle of a steam-jet ejector is of rotary positive displacement pump using liquid
that the pressureenergy in the motive steam is as the principal element in non-condensible gas
converted into kinetic energy in the nozzle and compression. The compression is performed by the
this high-velocity jet of steamentrainsthe non- liquidring as a resultof the relative eccentricity
condensible gas being pumped. Theresulting mixture between the pump casing and multibladed impeller.
of steam and gas enters the diffuserwherethe The eccentricity results in near complete filling
velocity energy is converted to pressureenergy so then partial emptying of each impeller blade cham-
that the pressure of the mixture at the ejector dis- ber during each revolution. The partial filling and
charge is higherthanthepressure at its suction. emptying creates a piston action within each set of
An ejector stagehas operating limitations on its impeller blades.
compression range. Consequently, two or more A portion of the liquid inthe casingis continuously
stages must be arrangedin series to achieve a desired discharged with the gas and the cooler service liquid
suction pressureat thecondenser. Condensersare is introduced to remove the heat generated during
used betweeneach stage to condense the motive operation.
steam load from theupstreamejector.
H.3.1 Performance Variables. Variablesthatcan
H.2.1 Performance Variables. Variablesthat can affect vacuum pump performance are as follows:
affect steam-jet ejector performance are as follows: (a) Suction pressure and temperature
(a) Suction pressure and temperature (b) Discharge pressure, back pressure and air
(b) Discharge pressure, back pressure on system system
(c) Motive steam pressure,
temperature, and (c) Speed
moisture (d) Absorbed horsepower
(d) Air-vapor flow rate (e) Seal-water flow and temperature
(e) Intercondenser/aftercondenser cooling-water (0 Cooling-water flow and temperature
inlet temperature (g) Air-vapor flow rate
77
H.3.2 Critical Measurements. The critical measure- mV= molecular weight of vaporatcondenser
ments needed to assess vacuum pump performance vent.
are as follows: mG= molecular weight of non-condensible gas
(a) Suction pressure and temperature at condenservent.
(b) Seal-water flow and temperature PT= absolute total pressure at the condenser
(c) Cooling-water flow and temperature vent.
(d) Air-vapor flow rate P,= absolute 'vaporpressure corresponding to
the temperature at the condenser vent.
For a water-vapor and air mixture, where molecu- ~
lar weight steam = 18 and molecular weight

H.4 AIR-VAPOROUTLET air = 29
The condition of the air-vapor mixture at the vent
connection from the condenser has little effect on
the performance evaluation of the condenser.The
condition can, however, have a dramatic effect on
the performance of the venting equipment and a
high vapor-to-air mixture could be an indication of H.5 AIR IN-LEAKAGE
a problem with thecondenser. With the exception of boiling water reactor opera-
A temperature at the condenser vent connection tions, in-leakage c:an be determined by measuring i
higher than or equal to the condenser outlet cooling- the non-condensible flow at the discharge of the !
water temperature is an indication of a high vapor aftercondenser with asteam-jet ejector system or i
load that could adverselyaffect non-condensible the discharge of the separator with a vacuum pump !
removal equipment performance. system.
1
For an orifice with an average dischargecoefficient I

H.4.1 Air-Vapor Mixture. The condition of the air- of 0.607 with flangetapconnections, use the fol- '
vapor mixture exiting thecondensercan be deter- lowing:
minedby accurately measuring its pressure and
temperature at the condenser vent connection.
SCFMdryair= (128.39/p) d2dAHpl(1 - p')
The amount of vapor to saturate the non-condensi-
bles can be calculated from the following formula: [ ( P r- p,MT + 460)l I
I
where
p = density of gas at actual condition (Ib/ft3)
d= orifice diameter in (in.)
AH= differential pressure (in. of H20)
p= beta ratio (orifice dialpipe dia.)
where PT= total pressure of mixture (psia)
W,= unit weight of vapor per unit weight of P,= partial pressure of water in mixture (psia)
non-condensible. T= temperature of mixture (OF)
78
.
NONMANDATORYAPPENDIX I - DIAGNOSTIC:
TUBEFOULING
(This Appendix is not a part of PTC 12.2 and is included for information purposesonly.)
TUBE SAMPLING METHOD

The fouling factor can be acquired through testing
individual tubes before and after cleaning in a heat
transfermeasuringdevice. Thesedevicesaretest After all sectionshavebeentested in as-received
rigsdesigned to measure heat transfer of a single condition and a representativeheattransfer coeffi-
tube sampletaken from a condenser.The rigsare cient ( U f ) hasbeen calculated, the tubescan be
designed to measureheat load, inlet temperature, removed from the machine and acid cleaned. After
acid cleaning,thetestcan be repeated to obtain
outlet temperature, cooling-water flow, and effective
surfaceareaat a minimum. Variousmethods are
U,, theheattransfer coefficient of a clean tube.
The fouling factor is the ratio of heattransfer
used to simulate steam temperature ranging from
coefficient of fouled tube to the heat transfer coeffi-
actual steam to heat tape, depending on the design
cient of the clean tube:
of thedevice. Thesemeasurementscan then be
used to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient
of the sampletube. It should be noted that this
method is not theprescribed method of PTC12.2
but is noted as an accepted diagnostic test for result Some of the machines will enable three testingstages
confirmation. to determine heat transfer resistanceof tube material,
This method requires removing a tube from an inside diameter fouling, andoutside diameter fouling
agreed-upon area of the condenser. Careful consider- for complete picture of where heat transfer capacity
ation should be given to the selection of the tube is lost.Thetube is tested as received for theheat
transfer coefficient in theas-found condition. The
to be tested. If the tube is fouled more than average,
tube canthenberemoved from the rig and the
the test would yield a deflated fouling factor, while
outsidediametercleaned.Caremustbetaken not
a cleaner than average tube would yield an inflated
to disturb the inside diameter fouling. The difference
fouling factor. The section of the tube to be tested
between the heattransfer coefficient as found and
mayskewresults; for example, in the case of cal-
the heat transfer coefficient of the tube when tested
cium-based scales, scale will build rapidly from inlet
after outside diameter cleaning only is the amount
to outlet ends of the tube. This effect can be resolved of heattransferresistance attributable to outside
by testing several sections of the tube and averaging diameter fouling. The third heat transfer coefficient
the results after the tubehas been selected, removed, is determined after the tube has been removed from
and put into the heattransfertest rig as received. the rig and hadthe inside diametercleaned.This
Care must be taken to insure the fouling remains clean-tube heat transfer coefficient should be compa-
on the tubewall in order to achieve representative rable to the ASME value calculated using the sum
testresults. of resistances method for new tubes. In performing
Once the tube is in the device andsteadystate this series of tests repeatability of the rig is crucial.
has beenreachedatthe simulated steam tempera- Currentrigs are demonstrating repeatability in the
tures,use: range of 23%.
79
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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX j - PHYSICAL
and is included for information purposesonly.)

PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER
81
(This Appendix is not a part of PTC12.2
chart has34.483 g of solids per 1000 g seawater.
The normal seawater concentrationused in this
140
120
DENSITY
OF
O F
100
FIG. J.1 SEAWATER

Temperature,
Temperature,
82
80
GENERAL NOTE
60
32 40
SEAWATER HEAT CAPACITY
83
FIG. j.2
Copyrighted material licensed to Stanford University by Thomson Scientific (www.techstreet.com), downloaded on Oct-05-2010 by Stanford University User. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted. Uncontrolle
i
CONDUCTIVITY
chart has 34.483 g of solids per 1000 g seawater.
The normal seawater concentration usedin this
Temperature, "F
FIG. J.3 SEAWATERTHERMAL
84
GENERAL NOTE:
FIG. J.4 SEAWATER VISCOSITY

Temperature, "F
"F
Temperature,
85
This page intentionally left blank.
N O N M A N D A T O R Y APPENDIX K - REFERENCES
[ l l Rabas,T.J.,Oane, D., “An Update of lntube PTC19.5, Instruments and Apparatus: Part I/
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient with of Fluid Meters [1972]
Variable Physical Properties,” Advances in Heat PTC 19.22, Digital Systems Techniques [1986]
Transfer, Vol. 6, pp. 503-564, 1970. PTC24, Ejectors [1976]
[2] Meyer,C.A.etal, ASMESteamTables. Third [5] HeatExchange Institute Standards for Steam
Edition, The American Society of Mechanical Engi- SurfaceCondensers, 9th Edition, 1995.
neers, New York,NY, 1993. [6] Standard Methods for the Examinationof Water
[3] Taborek, J., Design Methods For Heat Transfer and Wastewater, 17th Edition, 1985.
Equipment, in Heat Exchangers: Design and Theory [71 H.S. Bean (editor), Fluid Meters: Their Theory
Sourcebook, ed. by Afgan, .N. and Schiunder, E., and Application, sixth edition, The American Society
Hemisphere Publishing Company, 1974. of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY 1971.
[4] PerformanceTest Codes, The American Society
[81 FlowMeasurements in Sanitary Sewers by
of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY:
Dye Dilution, Monograph, SS 7-80, Turner Designs,
PTC2, Definitions and Values [1980]
Sunnyvale, CA, 1980.
PTC6, Steam Turbines [1996]
PTC9, Displacement Compressors, Vacuum [91Smart, P.L., and I.M.S. Laidlaw, An Evaluation
Pumps, and Blowers [1970] of FluorescentDyes for Water Tracing, Water Re-
PTC12.3, Deaerators [1997] sourcesResearch, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1977.
PTC18, Hydraulic Turbines [1992] [lo] Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water,
PTC 19.1, Measurement Uncertainty [1985] ASTM Standard D888-87.
PTC 19.2, Instruments and Apparatus: Pressure [l 11 MFC-3M-1989, Measurement of Fluid Flow
Measurement [ 19871 in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi, The
PTC 19.3, Instruments and Apparatus: Ternper- AmericanSocietyof Mechanical Engineers, New
ature Measurement [1974] York, NY, 1990.
87

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this approach is not necessary.

0.1 INTRODUCTION (e) Instrumentation and Methods of Measurement

SECTION 1 - OBJECT AND SCOPE

SECTION 2 '- DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION

=P Specific heat Specific

d Tube diameter Outer con-

D Tube diameter Outer con-

DO Dissolved oxygen Amount of oxygen

F Fluorescence Measure of the presence of -

ficient of surface areaand tempera- "F

AH Differential Differential pressureacross in. cm

k Thermal conduc- Rate of heat transfer perunit Btu/hr-ft- Wlm-K

L Length Condenser tube length ft m ,

LMTD Log mean tempera- Computed logarithmic mean "F "C I

ture difference temperature difference be- I

tween steam and cooling I

N Quantity Number of condenser tubes

NTU Number of heat

n Quantity Number of condenser tube

P Pressure Absolute fluid pressure psia or kPa ,

Pr Prandtl number Ratio of momentum diffusiv- - I

tion in fluid system between

0 Condenser heat Rate atwhich heat in steam is Btulh r W

Re Reynolds number Ratio of inertial reaction per

R Shellside resistance Heat transfer resistanceout- hr-ft2-OF/ m2WW

T Temperature Temperature of cooling "F "C

AT Temperature differ- Difference in fluid tempera- "F "C

V Cooling-water ve- Average

W Flow rate Quantity of cooling water Ib/hr

ws Steam flow rate Quantity of steam entering Iblhr

A Differential Difference between two

P Viscosity Intensity of viscous shear I blhr-ft kg/s-m

P Density Ratio of mass to volume of a Ib/ft3 kg/m3

2.2 SUBSCRIPTS 2.4 UNCERTAINVYANALYSISNOMENCLATURE

Symbol Term Symbol Description

SECTION 3 - GUIDING PRINCIPLES

3.1 PURPOSE AND INTENT 3.2.2SpecificScopeand Objective. The applica-

3.2.6 TestPreparationChecklist. In order to help 3.5 METHOD 01:OPERATION

the initial steam cclndition, prime-mover power out-

substitution or enhancement of any other portion 3.6 PREPARATIONFOR TEST

is in satisfactory condition forthetest.

of dissolved oxygen in thecondensate. Although

the air-removal ratledoes not enter directly into the 1

One u p to 1,000,000 1.o

concentration in the condensate has not been ex- 3.11

3.16.2.2Cooling-Water inlet and Outlet Tem- 3.16.3Dissolved

the same time as thecondensertest. Methods for

FIG. 4.1 LOCATION OF CONDENSER TEST POINTS

diate or high-pressureshellsshall be measured in directions given in para.4.3.1.1.Thebasket tips

314 in. extra heavy pipe

- Screen (stainless steel:)

FIG. 4.2 BASKET TIP

FIG. 4.3 GUIDE PLATE

mentsmay be taken by inserting a temperature 4.3.2.3 Calibration. All temperaturemeasuring

FIG. 4.4 RECOMMENDEDVELOCITY TRAVERSE LOCATIONS

in use. termination of thecondenser tube bundle fouling. ’

maintain a minimum velocity of 5 to 6 ft/sec. 4.3.12.2

periphery due to the atypical conditions there. The