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San Fabian National High School

San Fabian, Pangasinan
11
MODULE
in
PRE-CALCULUS
Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics Strand

Quarter 1 Module 4
Week 4

For queries, please contact me:

Name of Teacher Contact Number Messenger
MICHAEL P. NAVARRO 09307911269 Mike Navarro

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MODULE 4: HYPERBOLA

Most Essential Learning Competencies

1. Define a hyperbola (STEM_PC11AG-Id-1);
2. Determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola (STEM_PC11AG-Id-2).

 Introduction
Just like ellipse, a hyperbola is one of the conic sections that most students have not encountered
formally before. Its graph consists of two unbounded branches which extend in opposite directions. It
is a misconception that each branch is a parabola. This is not true, as parabolas and hyperbolas have
very different features.
Hyperbolas can be used in so-called “trilateration”, or positioning problems. It is possible to
locate the place from which a sound, such as gunfire, emanates. Long Range Aid to Navigation
(LORAN for short) system, of ship or aircraft utilizes hyperbolas.

 Definition and Equation of a Hyperbola

The definition of a hyperbola is similar to that of an ellipse. For an ellipse, the sum of the
distances between the foci and a point on the ellipse is fixed, whereas for a hyperbola, the absolute value
of the difference between these distances is fixed.
A hyperbola is the set of all points (x, y) for which the absolute value of the difference between
the distances from two distinct fixed points called foci is constant (see Figure 1).

Figure 1
The line through the foci is called the principal axis. In this module, we only consider vertical
or horizontal axis. The two points of the hyperbola that lie on the principal axis are called the vertices
and the segment joining them is called the transverse axis. The midpoint of the transverse axis is called
the center of the hyperbola. The center is a unit away from a vertex and c unit away from a focus. The
segment perpendicular to the transverse axis and joining points b units from the center is called the
conjugate axis. The conjugate axis is 2𝑏 long. (See Figure 2).

Figure 2

The variables 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are all positive and are related according to the equation 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
Take note that it is possible that 𝑎 > 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 < 𝑏, that is, the conjugate axis may be shorter or longer than
the transverse axis.

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The parabola has two branches. The two branches can open either right or left or up and down,
depending on whether the foci are on the horizontal or vertical axis.
Let’s see how the definition of hyperbola gives us what is called the standard form of equation
of a hyperbola.

Figure 3 Figure 4

Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points. The set of all points P, whose distances
from F1 and from F2 differ by a certain constant, is called a hyperbola. The
points F1 and F2 are called the foci of the hyperbola.

In Figure 3, given are two points on the x-axis, F1(−c, 0) and F2(c, 0), the foci, both c units away
from their midpoint (0, 0) (see Figure 4). This midpoint is the center of the hyperbola. Let P(x, y) be a
point on the hyperbola, and let the absolute value of the difference of the distances of P from F1 and F2,
be 2a (the coefficient 2 will make computations simpler). Thus, |PF1 − PF2| = 2a, and so

When we let 𝑏 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 , we assumed c > a. To see why this is true, suppose that P is closer
to F2, so PF1 − PF2 = 2a. Refer to Figure 3 and 4. Suppose also that P is not on the x-axis, so PF1F2
is formed. From the triangle inequality, F1F2 + PF2 > PF1 − PF2. Thus, 2c > PF1 − PF2 = 2a, so c > a.
Now we present a derivation. For now, assume P is closer to F2 so PF1 > PF2, and PF1 − PF2
= 2a.

Thus, the standard form of the equation for a hyperbola with focal points on the x-axis is:
𝑥2 𝑦 2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

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 Equations and Graphs of Hyperbolas

Table 1 shows the equations of a hyperbola with center at origin and at (h, k), along with their
general graphs (see Figure 5).
Transverse Asymptotes
Center Standard Equation Vertices Foci
Axis Equation
𝑥2 𝑦 2 𝑏
(0, 0) Horizontal − =1 𝑦=± 𝑥 (-a, 0) and (a, 0) (-c, 0) and (c, 0)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎
𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑎
(0, 0) Vertical − =1 𝑦=± 𝑥 (0, -a) and (0, a) (0, -c) and (0, c)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 𝑏
(h, k) Horizontal − =1 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) (h ± a, k) (h ± c, k)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 𝑎
(h, k) Vertical − =1 𝑦 − 𝑘 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) (h, k ± a) (h, k ± c)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏
Table 1

Figure 5
The asymptotes of the hyperbola mentioned in Table 1 are two lines passing through the center
which serve as a guide in graphing the hyperbola: each branch of the hyperbola gets closer and closer

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to the asymptotes, in the direction towards which the branch extends. (We need the concept of limits
from calculus to explain this.)
Asymptotes are an essential aid for graphing a hyperbola; they help us to determine its shape.
A convenient way to find the asymptotes, for a hyperbola with horizontal transverse axis, is to first plot
the points (a, 0), (-a, 0), (0, b), and (0, -b). Then sketch horizontal and vertical segments through these
points to construct a rectangle, as shown in Figure 6(a). We call this rectangle the central box (known
𝑏
as auxiliary rectangle) of the hyperbola. The slo= ± 𝑎, as sketched in Figure 6(b). Finally, we plot the
vertices and use the asymptotes as a guide in sketching the pes of the diagonals of the central box are
𝑏
± , so by extending them, we obtain the asymptotes 𝑦hyperbola shown in Figure 6(c). (A similar
𝑎
procedure applies to graphing a hyperbola that has a vertical transverse axis.)
Asymptotes

Figure 6
This section presents how to find the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, asymptotes, and
sketch the graph of the hyperbola with the given equations.
Example 1: Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with the
given equation. Sketch the graph, and include these points and lines, the transverse and conjugate axes,
and the auxiliary rectangle.
𝑥2 𝑦 2
1. − =1
9 7
Solution: Center is at the origin. The transverse axis is horizontal since x2 is positive or under the
x2 is a2. With a2 = 9 and b2 = 7, we have a = 3, b = √7, and 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 4. Refer to Table 1,
the coordinates of the vertices are V1(-a, 0) and V2(a, 0), so we have V1(-3, 0) and V2(3, 0). The
coordinates of the foci are F1(-c, 0) and F2(c, 0), so we have F1(-4, 0) and F2(4, 0). The asymptotes
𝑏 √7 √7
are 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥, so we have 𝑦 = 3
𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 3
𝑥.
Answer: Center: C(0, 0)
Foci: F1(-4, 0) and F2(4, 0)
Vertices: V1(-3, 0) and V2(3, 0)
√7 √7
Asymptotes: 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥.
3 3

The graph is shown at the right (see Figure 7). The conjugate
axis drawn has its endpoints b = √7  2.7 units above and
below the center.
Figure 7
(𝑦 + 2)2 (𝑥 − 7)2
2. − =1
25 9
Solution: Center is at C(7, -2). The transverse axis is vertical since y2 is positive or under the y2 is
a2. From a2 = 25 and b2 = 9, we have a = 5, b = 3, and c = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = √34  5.8. Refer to Table1.

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(𝑦+2)2 (𝑥−7)2
To determine the asymptotes, we write 25
− 9
= 0, which is equivalent to 𝑦 + 2 =
5 5 35 5 35
± 3 (𝑥 − 7), so we have 𝑦 = 3
𝑥− 3
− 2 and 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3
− 2. Thus, the asymptotes are
5 41 5 29
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3 .
Answer: Center: 𝐶 (7, −2)
Foci: 𝐹1 (7, −2 − √34 ) ≈ (7, −7.8) and
𝐹2 (7, −2 + √34 ) ≈ (7, 3.8)
Vertices: 𝑉1 (7, −7) and 𝑉2 (7, 3)
5 41 5 29
Asymptotes: 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3

The graph is shown at the right (see Figure 8). The

conjugate axis drawn has its endpoints b = 3 units to the left
and right to the center.

Figure 8

This section presents how to find the equation in standard form of the hyperbola which satisfies
the given conditions.
Example 2:
1. Find the equation in standard form of the hyperbola whose foci are F1(−5, 0) and F2(5, 0), such that
for any point on it, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 6.
Solution: Center is at the origin. Using PF1 − PF2 = 2a, we have 2a = 6, and c = 5, so a = 3, c2 =
25, a2 = 9, and b2 = c2 – a2 = 25 – 9 = 16. The hyperbola then has equation:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Answer: 9
− 16 = 1

2. A hyperbola has vertices (−4, −5) and (−4, 9), and one of its foci is (−4, 2 − √65). Find its standard
equation.
Solution: The midpoint (-4, 2) of the vertices is the center of the hyperbola since the given
coordinates of the vertices are (−4, −5) and (−4, 9). The hyperbola is vertical because the vertices
are vertically aligned. Each vertex is a = 7 units away from the center, so a2 = 49. The given focus
is c = √65 units away from the center, so c2 = 65. Also, b2 = c2 − a2 = 65 – 49 = 16. Thus, the
equation is:
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+4)2
Answer: − =1
49 16

 General Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola

The General Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola

𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0
where 𝐴C < 0

This section presents how to convert general form of hyperbola to its standard form.
Example 3: Convert the following general equation of hyperbola to its standard form.
1. 9x2 − 16y2 = 144
Solution: 9x2 − 16y2 = 144
9𝑥 2 16𝑦 2 144
144
− 144
= 144 (divide both sides of the equation by 144)
𝑥2 𝑦 2
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: The standard form is − =1
16 9

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2. 4x2 − y2 = 16
Solution: 4x2 − y2 = 16
6𝑥 2 𝑦2 12
− = (divide both sides of the equation by 12)
12 12 12

𝑥2 𝑦 2
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: − =1
2 12
3. 4x2 - 5y2 + 32x + 30y – 1 = 0
Solution: (4x2 + 32x) - (5y2 + 30y) = 1 Regroup the terms
4(x2 + 8x) - 5(y2 - 6y) = 1 Apply common factor
4(x2 + 8x + 16) - 5(y2 – 6y + 9) = 1 + 4(16) - 5(9) Apply completing the square
4(x2 + 8x + 16) - 5(y2 – 6y + 9) = 1 + 64 - 45 Simplify right side
4(x + 4)2 -5(y – 3)2 = 20 Factoring completely
4(𝑥+4)2 5(𝑦−3)2 20
20
− 20
= 20 Divide both sides by 20
(𝑥+4)2 (𝑦−3)2
− =1 Simplify
5 4
(𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑦 − 3)2
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: The standard form is − =1
5 4
4. x2 - 2y2 – 6x – 4y + 5 = 0
Solution: (x2 - 6x) - (2y2 + 4y) = -5 Regroup the terms
(x2 - 6x) - 2(y2 + 2y) = -5 Apply common factor
(x2 – 6x + 9) - 2(y2 + 2y +1) = - 5 + 9 – 2(1) Apply completing the square
(x2 – 6x + 9) - 2(y2 + 2y +1) = - 5 + 9 – 2 Simplify right side
(x – 3)2 – 2(y + 1)2 = 2 Factoring completely
(𝑥−3)2 2(𝑦+1)2 2
− = Divide both sides by 2
2 2 2
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦+1)2
2
− 1
=1 Simplify
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦+1)2
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: The standard form is 2
− 1
=1

MODULE 4 EXERCISES

Let us find out if you really understand the discussed concept by answering these exercises.
I. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given
equation. Sketch the graph, and include these points and lines, the transverse and conjugate axes, and
the auxiliary rectangle.
𝑥2 𝑦 2 (𝑦 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 3)2
1. − =1 2. − =1
16 20 15 10

II.
1. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola whose foci are F1(−4√2, 0) and F2(4√2, 0), such that
for any point on it, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 8.
2. A hyperbola has vertices (1, 9) and (13, 9), and one of its foci is (−2, 9). Find its standard equation.

III. Convert the following general form to standard form of a hyperbola.

1. 9x2 - y2 = 81 2. 49x2 – 25y2 + 98x + 200y + 874 = 0

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Name: __________________________________________________ Date: ______

Grade/Section: ____________________________________________ Score: _____

PRE-CALCULUS QUARTER 1 MODULE 4

SUMMATIVE TEST

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
𝑥2 𝑦2
For numbers 1-4 use the graph of the hyperbola 49 − 9
= 1 below.

1. What are the coordinates of vertices?

a. (-7, 0) & (7, 0) b. (0, -7) & (0, 7) c. (-3, 0) & (3, 0) d. (0, -3) & (0, 3)
2. Where is the transverse axis located?
a. x-axis b. y-axis c. above the x-axis d. below the x-axis
3. What is the length of the conjugate axis?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 6 d. 9
4. What are the coordinates of foci?
a. (−√58, 0) & (√58, 0) b. (−3, 0) & (3, 0) c. (0, −√58) & (0, √58) d. (−7, 0) & (7, 0)
5. How far is each vertex away from the center?
a. a units b. b units c. c units d. none of these
6. What is the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola whose transverse axis is vertical and center
is at (h, k)?
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
a. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 b. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 c. 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 d. 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
=1
7. What is the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola whose transverse axis is horizontal and
center is at the origin?
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2 (𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
a. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 b. 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 c. 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
= 1 d. 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
=1
8. Which of the following is NOT an equation of a hyperbola in standard form?
(𝑥+5)2 (𝑦−3)2 𝑥2 𝑦2 (𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−3)2 𝑦2 𝑥2
a. 9
+ 16
=1 b. 25 − 4
=1 c. 5
− 8
=1 d. 9
− 4
=1

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9. What is the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola whose general form is 9y2 – 4x2 – 18y – 16x
+ 29 = 0?
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−5)2 (𝑥−3)2 (𝑦+5)2 (𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−1)2 (𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+1)2
a. 9
− 4
= 1 b. 9
− 4
= 1 c. 9
− 4
= 1 d. 9
− 4
=1
10. What is the standard form of the equation of a hyperbola whose general form is 4y2 –9x2 –36 = 0?
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
a. 9
− 4
=1 b. 4
− 9
= 1 c. 9
− 4
= 1 d. 4
− 9
=1
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2
11. What is the center of the hyperbola whose standard form of equation is 7 − 9
= 1?
a. (2, 1) b. (-2, 1) c. (-1, 2) d. (-1, -2)
𝑦2 𝑥2
12. What are the vertices of the hyperbola whose standard form of equation is 16
− 4
= 1?
a. (0, 4) & (0, -4) b. (4, 0) & (-4, 0) c. (4, 4) & (-4, 4) d. (4, -4) & (-4, -4)
𝑥2 𝑦2
13. What are the foci of the hyperbola whose standard form of equation is 16 − 9
= 1.
a. (5, 0) & (-5, 0) b. (0, 4) & (0, -4) c. (0, 5) & (0, -5) d. (4, 0) & (-4, 0)
14. What is the standard form of equation of the hyperbola whose vertices are (3, 0) and (-3, 0) and one
of its foci is (-5, 0)?
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
a. − =1 b. − = 1 c. − = 1 d. − =1
16 9 9 16 9 16 16 9

15. What is the standard form of equation of the hyperbola whose center is at (1, -2), a vertex at (4, -2)
and a focus at (6, -2)?
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+1)2
a. − = 1 b. − = 1 c. − = 1 d. − =1
9 16 9 16 9 16 9 16

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PERFORMANCE TASK 4
Directions: Do the indicated task individually. Apply the concepts you gained in your module in doing
this performance task.
1. Take a photo of any hyperbolic object inside your house.
2. Trace that photo in the rectangular Cartesian plane provided below.
3. Locate the center of the hyperbolic object and place the center at the origin.
4. Think of a creative design in labeling the hyperbolic object in rectangular Cartesian plane.
5. Determine the standard form of the equation of the hyperbolic object and identify its parts.

Solutions and answers:

Cartesian plane

Rubric:
Category Excellent Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Needs Improvement Score
100% of the solutions 80 -99% of the 60-79% of the Below 60% of the
Content- Accuracy
and answers are solutions and answers solutions and answers solutions and answers
(10)
correct. (10) are correct (8) are correct (6) are correct (4)
Output is
Output is attractive in Output is acceptably
Presentation of exceptionally Output is distractingly
terms of design, attractive though it
Output attractive in terms of messy and not
layout and neatness may be a bit messy
(10) design, layout and attractive (4)
(8) (6)
neatness (10)
Work was received on Work was received 1 Work was received 2 Work was received 3
Timeliness (10)
the due date (10) week late (8) weeks late (6) or more weeks late (4)

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