PART C 11 TO 20

11. What is a Tachometer? List the types of tachometers.

A:

A tachometer is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or

other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute on a calibrated analogue
dial, but digital displays are increasingly common.

There are several main types of tachometers, each best suited to different uses and applications.

 Contact Tachometers
 Non-Contact Tachometers
 Laser Tachometers
 Optical Tachometers

12. List any three mechanical tachometers used to measure angular velocity.

A:

1. Revolution counter and timer

2. Tachoscope
3. Hand speed indicator
4. Slipping clutch tachometer
5. Centrifugal force tachometer
6. Vibration reed tachometer

13. List the basic principle behind tacho- generators.

A:

Tachogenerators are true speed measuring devices that rely on the basic principle of a generator
to determine the speed of a rotating part based on voltage. A tachogenerator is attached to the
object whose speed is being measured — such as a fan or motor shaft — and evaluates the
voltage of the power produced by the generator to determine the rotational speed of the object.
Tachogenerators are designed to ensure that the relationship between voltage and speed is
extremely precise and linear within a specified range.

14. List the list of various contactless electrical tachometers.

A:
 1. Inductive pick up tachometer
2. Stroboscope tachometer
3. Photoelectric tachometer
4. Capacitor tachometer

15. Explain about vibration and its characteristics.

A:

16. What is piezo – electric effect?

A:

Piezoelectric Effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to
applied mechanical stress. One of the unique characteristics of the piezoelectric effect is that it is
reversible, meaning that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the generation of
electricity when stress is applied) also exhibit the converse piezoelectric effect (the generation of
stress when an electric field is applied).

17. What is basic principle on which a seismic displacement sensing accelerometer works?

A:

When a spring – mass – damper system is subjected to acceleration, the mass is displaced, and
this displacement of the mass is proportional to the acceleration. Hence a measure of
displacement of the mass becomes a measure of acceleration.

The main parts of a seismic accelerometer are as follows:

1. A seismic mass is suspended from the housing of the accelerometer through a spring.
2. A damper is connected between the seismic mass and the housing of the accelerometer.
3. The seismic mass is connected to an electric displacement transducer.

18. State the basic principle on which a strain gauge accelerometer works.

A:

When a cantilever beam attached with a mass at its free end is

subjected to vibration, vibrational displacement of the mass takes
place. Depending on the displacement of the mass, the beam
deflects and hence the beam is strained. The resulting strain is
proportional to the vibration displacement of the mass and hence
the vibration/acceleration being measured when calibrated.
19. List various instruments which are used for measuring vibrations.

A:

20. List any three measurement devices for measurement of linear velocity.

A:

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSDUCERS

• The most commonly used transducer for measurement of linear velocities.

• This transducer utilizes the voltage produced in a coil on account of change in flux
linkages resulting from change in reluctance.
• They are classified into two types A) Moving magnet type B) Moving coil type

SEISMIC TYPE VELOCITY TRANSDUCER

• A permanent magnet is supported between two springs and fitted with low friction
bearing rings. It acts as a seismic mass.
• The frame is rigidly attached to the object whose velocity is being measured.
• The object is vibrating at a frequency in excess of the low natural frequency of the
transducer.
• The self-resonant frequencies of seismic mass are typically 10 Hz to 15 Hz.
• If the operation at frequencies above 20 Hz occurs the mass is relatively stationary,
and the case and coil moving in the magnetic field has a large voltage induced in it
which is proportional to the velocity.

LINEAR VELOCITY TRANSDUCER (LVT)

• A linear velocity transducer (LVT) is an inductive device which utilizes the link between
electricity and magnetism as found by H. A. Lorentz, if a magnetic field moves near an
electrical wire, current flows through the wire.

PART A

6. List out the Importance of the speed measurement requirement in engineering. Explain
with neat sketch the working of revolution counter and timer.

A:

The schematic diagram of a tachoscope is shown Is shown in

figure

Construction: the tachoscope consists of three main parts ie;

a revolution counter, a timer and a contact shaft. Tachoscope
eliminates the difficulty of starting a counter and a timer
simultaneously. The counter and timer are placed accordingly in order to start the operation at
the same time and exact time.

Working: the contact point is made to coincide with the rotating shaft, whose rotational speed is
to be measured. Then the two devices ie revolution counter and timer starts operating
simultaneously. The instrument will continue to work until the contact point is deviated from the
rotating shaft. The speed of the shaft is calculated as it makes the number of revolutions in a
fixed interval of time with the help of a pointer placed in a counter and timer. Tachcoscopes are
used to measure rotational speed up to 5000 rpm.

7. Explain with neat sketch the working of Tachoscope and indicate its advantages and
limitations.

A:

Same as Part A 6.

8. Show the importance of speed measurement? Explain with neat sketch the working of
hand speed indicator.

A:

Speed is the rate at which an object's position changes, measured in meters per second. We need
to measure speed because it helps to calculate the constant speed of an object.

The indicator has an integral stop watch and counter with automatic
disconnect. The spindle operates when brought in contact with the
shaft, but the counter does not function until the start and wind button
is pressed to start the watch and engage the aromatic clutch. After fixed
time interval (usually 3 or 6 seconds), the revolution counter
automatically gets disengaged. The instrument indicates the average
speed over the short interval and the dial is designed to indicate the
rotational speed directly in rpm. It hs an accuracy of about 1% of the full
scale and have been used for speed with in the range 20,000 to 30,000
rpm.

9. Explain with neat sketch the working of variable induction accelerometer in engineering
applications.

A:

From the figure it is noted that, at the centre of the flexible reed a permanent magnet is
connected. Below the below the permanent magnet a set of field coils are placed.
 This accelerometer type falls in the same general category
of LVDT in which an inductive principle is employed. In
this case, the test mass is usually a permanent magnet. The
measurement is made from the voltage induced in a
surrounding coil, as the magnet mass moves under the
influence of an acceleration. This acceleration is used in
vibration and shock studies only, because it has an output
only when the mass is in motion. Its natural frequency is <
100 Hz. This type of accelerometer often used in coil
exploration to pick up vibrations reflected from the underground shock stratum.

10. Explain with neat sketch the working of reed type vibrometer and indicate its
applications, advantages and limitations.

A:

This type of vibrometer

consists of calibrated scale,
flexible and a knob. The
flexible reed shown in fig
is mounted onto the
mechanism whose
vibration characteristics
has to be known. A knob is
used to adjust the length of
a flexible reed so that the natural frequency of the reed is equal to the frequency of the vibrating
surface. In this case we can obtain maximum amplitude of reed vibration, the calibration of
flexible reed length indicates directly in frequency units, hence gives the frequency of the
vibrating surface.

Advantages

 It has a very simple construction.

 The indications are independent of the wave-form of supply voltage.

Disadvantages

 It cannot read closer than half the frequency difference between the adjacent reeds.
 Consequently, precise measurement of frequency cannot be made with such a meter.Any
change in the physical characteristics of reeds (e . g. length, weight etc.) may change their
natural frequency to a considerable extent.
PART B 11 TO 20
11. Illustrate the working of moving magnet type and moving coil type velocity transducer
with a neat sketch.

A: