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  • Lecture 16

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    Shivansh Pundir
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    The document discusses the Playfair cipher, a digraph substitution cipher that employs a 5x5 grid keyed with a keyword to encrypt plaintext by substituting each pair of letters for a different pair. It describes the encryption and decryption processes which involve locating letter pairs in the grid and replacing them with the letters in the same row and column. The document also analyzes the security of the Playfair cipher, noting it is more secure than simple substitution ciphers due to the use of digraph frequencies instead of single letter frequencies.

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    The document discusses the Playfair cipher, a digraph substitution cipher that employs a 5x5 grid keyed with a keyword to encrypt plaintext by substituting each pair of letters for a different pair. It describes the encryption and decryption processes which involve locating letter pairs in the grid and replacing them with the letters in the same row and column. The document also analyzes the security of the Playfair cipher, noting it is more secure than simple substitution ciphers due to the use of digraph frequencies instead of single letter frequencies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    6 views9 pages

    Lecture 16

    Uploaded by

    Shivansh Pundir
    The document discusses the Playfair cipher, a digraph substitution cipher that employs a 5x5 grid keyed with a keyword to encrypt plaintext by substituting each pair of letters for a different pair. It describes the encryption and decryption processes which involve locating letter pairs in the grid and replacing them with the letters in the same row and column. The document also analyzes the security of the Playfair cipher, noting it is more secure than simple substitution ciphers due to the use of digraph frequencies instead of single letter frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9

    B.

    Tech CSE/CST

    Instructor:
    Dr Mohammad Wazid
    Associate Professor, Department of CSE
    Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
    Email: wazidkec2005@gmail.com
    Homepage: https://sites.google.com/site/mwazidiiith/home
    Playfair cipher
    • The Playfair cipher is a digraph substitution cipher.
    • It employs a table where letters are arranged in a 5x5 grid.
    • Typically, the I/J letters are placed together.
    • A key word, for example, MONARCHY is filled in first, and
    the remaining unused letters of the alphabet are entered in
    their lexicographic order.
    Playfair cipher

    Key matrix
    Playfair cipher
    • Encryption process:
    • When the two letters are in different rows and columns, each is replaced
    by the letter that is in the same row but in the other column; i.e., to
    encrypt WE, W is replaced by U and E by G.
    • When A and R are in the same row, A is encrypted as R and R (reading
    the row cyclically) as M.
    • When I and S are in the same column, I is encrypted as S and S as X.
    • When a double letter occurs, a spurious symbol, say X, is introduced so
    that the MM in SUMMER is encrypted as AU for MX and CL for ME.
    • An X is appended to the end of the plaintext if necessary to give the
    plaintext an even number of letters.
    Playfair cipher
    • Encryption process:
    • Suppose we have to encrypt: WELCOME TO GEU
    • Solution:
    • First of all you have to make diagraphs from the alphabets of the plaintext
    letters. Omit spaces in between the letters.
    • WE LC OM ET OG EU
    • Now perform the encryption using the key matrix.
    • Cipher text will be: UGUENOKLNFLM
    Playfair cipher
    • Decryption process:
    • When the two letters are in different rows and columns, each is
    replaced by the letter that is in the same row but in the other
    column; i.e., to encrypt WE, W is replaced by U and E by G.
    • When A and R are in the same row, A is decrypted as N and R as
    A.
    • When L and U are in the same column, L is decrypted as E and U
    as L.
    • Remove the appended letter X, if you have added that in the
    plaintext at the sender's end.
    Playfair cipher
    • Decryption process:
    • Suppose we have to decrypt: UGUENOKLNFLM
    • Solution:
    • First of all you have to make diagraphs from the alphabets of the ciphertext
    letters.
    • UG UE NO KL NF LM
    • Now perform the decryption using the key matrix.
    • Plaintext will be:
    • WE LC OM ET OG EU
    • After removing the spaces: WELCOME TO GEU
    Security analysis of playfair cipher
    • Cryptanalysis of the playfair cipher is much more difficult than
    normal simple substitution ciphers, because digraphs (pairs of
    letters) are being substituted instead of monographs (single
    letters).
    • If we use frequency analysis of english digraphs, we can use this
    information in the same way as we used the monograph
    frequencies, however, there are ~600 digraphs and only 26
    monographs.
    • We need far more ciphertext for the digraphic system to make
    reliable key choices compared to the monographic system.
    • Therefore, it is more secure than other monographic encryption
    schemes like, affine cipher.
    Important references:
    1. Textbook: Cryptography and Network Security: Principles
    and Practice by William Stallings

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