INDEX

‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables.’

A Red ¼ 10000, in-line tube bundles,

Absolute tube roughness, 45e46, 45t, 18f
46f Red ¼ 15000, staggered tube
Aerodynamic resistance calculation bundles, 15f
length of developed surface and Red ¼ 15000, in-line tube bundles,
diameter, 95e96 18f
resistance coefficient z0, 96. See also Red ¼ 20000, staggered tube
Resistance coefficient z0 bundles, 16f
Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger Red ¼ 20000, in-line tube bundles,
(WAHE), 97 19f
Allowable stress, 75, Red ¼ 25000, staggered tube
76te78t, 80t bundles, 17f
Average temperature difference Red ¼ 25000, in-line tube bundles,
cocurrent, 25e26 19f
complex connection schemes, 26 definition, 8
countercurrent, 25e26 design gas velocity, 8
crosscurrents, 26, 30 transverse flow
definition, 25 coefficient Cq, geometric
series-mixed and parallel-mixed, characteristics, 10e12, 12fe13f
26e30, 29f exponent n Reynolds number, 10
steaming economizer, 31 in-line bundles, 13f
staggered bundles, 12f
C factor Cz, 11e12, 11f
Cocurrent, 25e26 Countercurrent, 25e26, 94
Contamination factor, 22e24, 23fe24f
calculation D
in-line bundles, 24, 24f Design pressure, 73
staggered bundles, 22, 23f, 23t Design temperature
Convective heat-transfer coefficient hc calculation, 74e75, 74te75t
air and flue gases, physical properties, definition, 74
9, 9t, 10f
calculation, 10 F
constructing nomograms, optimum Fin coefficient J, 11
geometric characteristics, 13e19 calculation
Red ¼ 5000, staggered tube bundles, circular fins, 11
14f square fins, 11
Red ¼ 5000, in-line tube bundles, Finning-carrying tube
18f allowable wall thickness, 79
Red ¼ 10000, staggered tube basic concepts, 75
bundles, 14f design wall thickness, 79

167
168 Index
Finning-carrying tube (Continued)
finned heating surface, 81
manufacturing additive, 79e80
operational additive, 80e81
Friction resistance
absolute tube roughness, 45e46,
45t, 46f
monophase liquid motion, 45
two-phase liquid motion, 47
G two-phase liquid motion, 47
Geometric characteristics, 1e2, 2f
H local resistance, tube elements, 47
Heat balance, 83e84
Heat-transfer calculations
average temperature difference
cocurrent, 25e26
complex connection schemes, 26
countercurrent, 25e26
crosscurrents, 26, 30
definition, 25
series-mixed and parallel-mixed,
26e30, 29f
steaming economizer, 31
convective heat-transfer coefficient hc
air and flue gases, physical properties,
9, 9t, 10f
calculation, 10
constructing nomograms, 13e17
definition, 8
design gas velocity, 8
transverse flow, 10e12
finned tubes exposed, 5
overall heat-transfer coefficient,
4e5
quantity of heat, 3
reduced convective heat-transfer
coefficient, 5e7, 6f
wall to internal medium h2
definition, 20
monophase turbulent flow, 20e22
Heat-transfer surface
average temperature difference, 94
overall heat transfer coefficient, 90
reduced convective heat transfer
coefficient, 90e92
thermal calculations, 94e95
wall to internal medium, 93e94
Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger
(WAHE), 89e90
Hydraulic resistance
definition, 43e44
friction resistance
absolute tube roughness, 45e46, 45t,
46f
monophase liquid motion, 45
geometric characteristics, 97e98
heat-transfer surface, 44e45
average resistance coefficients, 49,
49f, 49t
exit of two-phase medium, 51
monophase liquid motion, 48e49
motion of two-phase liquid, 51
resistance coefficient of turns,
two-phase flow, 52
tube exit, resistance coefficient, 50,
50t
tube turns, resistance coefficient, 50,
50f, 51t
two-phase flow entrance, 51, 51t
pressure variation
definition, 52e53
pressure drops, 56
static pressure, 53
static pressure loss, 54e56, 55f
variation in static pressure, 53e54,
54t
total hydraulic resistance, 101
total pressure loss, 100e101
tube element, 44
L
Local resistance, in tube elements, 47
average resistance coefficients, 49, 49f,
49t
exit of two-phase medium, 51
monophase liquid motion, 48e49
motion of two-phase liquid, 51
resistance coefficient of turns,
two-phase flow, 52
tube exit, resistance coefficient, 50, 50t
 Index 169

tube turns, resistance coefficient, 50, design temperature

50f, 51t calculation, 74e75, 74te75t
two-phase flow entrance, 51, 51t definition, 74
finning-carrying tube
M allowable wall thickness, 79
Monophase liquid motion, 45, basic concepts, 75
48e49 design wall thickness, 79
finned heating surface, 81
N manufacturing additive,
NIST software, 113e114 79e80
operational additive,
O 80e81
Overall heat-transfer coefficient, 4e5
T
R Temperature mode, finned tubes
Reduced convective heat-transfer definition, 57, 58f
coefficient, 5e7, 6f fin base, temperature, 57e58
Resistance coefficient z0 angular coefficient, 61f
exponent n and coefficient Cr, 33e35, empirical coefficient, 62, 62t
34fe36f gas medium, radiant absorptance,
Reeq ¼ 5000 in-line bundles, 60e62
39f heat absorption by convection, 64
Reeq ¼ 5000 staggered bundles, 37f internal medium, 58e59, 59f
Reeq ¼ 10000 in-line bundles, Qrad, 60
40f triatomic gases, radiant absorptance,
Reeq ¼ 10000 staggered bundles, 37f 62
Reeq ¼ 15000 in-line bundles, hwd, 59e60
40f fin tip temperature, 71e72, 71t
Reeq ¼ 15000 staggered bundles, 38f heat transfer coefficient, 69e70, 70f
Reeq ¼ 20000 in-line bundles, inside surface of tube, 72
41f mean integral temperature, 72
Reeq ¼ 20000 staggered bundles, 38f medium temperature excess
Reeq ¼ 25000 in-line bundles, enthalpy hmax, 64e65
41f hydraulic resistance, 66
Reeq ¼ 25000 staggered bundles, steam superheaters, 65
39f specific heat load, 67e69, 69f
thickness average temperature, 72
S Thermal efficiency factor
Shape parameter of the bundle X, 11 fuel mixture, 24
calculation gas and black oil, 24, 25t
in-line bundle, 11 clean heat-transfer medium, 25
staggered bundle, 11 Thermophysical properties
Specific volumes/enthalpies, 119e163 combustion products, 116
Strength design dry air, 115
allowable stress, 75, 76te78t, 80t water, saturation line,
basic concepts, 73 116e118
design pressure, 73 Two-phase liquid motion, 47
170 Index
U W
Units conversion
area, 107
density, 108
electrical resistivity specific, 108
energy and work, 108
flowrate volumetric and force, 108
heat amount, 108
heat flux and heat flux volumetric,
108e109
heat transfer coefficient, 109
heat transfer rate and power, 109
length and mass, 109
physical constants and definitions, 112
pressure and specific heat, 109e110
specific enthalpy, 108
temperature scales and temperature
difference, 110
thermal conductivity and viscosity
dynamic, 111
viscosity kinematic and volume, 111
Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger (WAHE),
83e84
aerodynamic resistance calculation, 97
heat-transfer surface, 89e90
hydraulic resistance, 97e106
structural features, 85f
air and calculated air velocity,
88e89
external tube, 85
gas conduit and spacing
characteristics, 87e88
internal tube, 85
specific geometric characteristics,
86e87
water and average water
velocity, 89