MODULE- 09 CAP 715 NOTES 9.1 GENERAL NEED TO TAKE HUMAN FACTOR INTO ACCOUNT: 1) HUMAN FACTOR: @ STUDY OF HUMAN CAPABLITIES AND LIMTATIONSIN THE WORK PLACE 2) AIM OF HUMAN FACTOR: @ =OPTIMZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL AND SYSTEMS WITH THE VIEW TO IMPROVING SAFETY , EFFICIENCY AND WELL-BEING 3) HUMAN FACTORS INCLUDES: @ PHYSIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, WORK PLACE DESIGN , ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION, HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE, ANTHROPOMETRICS 4) SHELL MODEL: @ SOFTWARE - MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE, MANUALS, CHECKLIST LAYOUTS @ HARDWARE - TOOLS, TEST EQUIPMENT,PHYSICAL STRUTURE OF AIRCRAFT, DESIGN OF FLIGHT DECKS, POSITIONAING AND OPERATING SENSE OF CONTROLS, AND INSTRUMENT @ ENVIRONMENT- PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, WORKING ENVIRONMENT @ LIVEWARE- MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS, SUPERVISORS, PLANNERS, MANAGERS 5) INTERFACES BETWEEN SHEL MODEL:© S-MISINTERPRETATION OF PROCEDURES, BADLY WRITTEN MANUALS, POORLY DESIGNED CHECK LISTS , UNTESTED (OR) DIFFICULT TO USE SOFTWARES, @ H-NOT ENOUGH TOOLS, INAPPROPRIATE EQUIPMENT, POOR AIRCRAFT DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY @ E-UNCOMFORTABLE WORK PLACE, INADEQUATE HANGER SPACE, EXTREME TEMPERATURE, EXCESSIVE NOISE, POOR LIGHTING @ L-RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PEOPLE , SHORTAGE OF MAN POWER , LACK OF ‘SUPERVISION, LACK OF SUPPORT FROM MANAGERS: 6) ERROR CHAIN: © IF WE CAN BREAK JUST ONE LINK OF THE CHAIN , THE ACCIDENT DOESNOT HAPPEN 7) MURPHY’S LAW: @ IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG IT WILL HAPPEN 8) NOTE: @ ERRORS WITH NO BAD EFFECTS CAN BE GOOD @ WHEN AN ERROR OCCURS IN MAINTENANCE SYSTEM OF AN AIRLINE , THE ENGINEER WHO LAST WORKED ON THE AIRCRAFT IS USUALLY CONSIDERED TO BE AT FAULT @ FAILURES CAUSED BY THOSE IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE SYSTEMARE CONSIDERED TO BE ACTIVE FAILURE @ FAILURES WHICH DERIVE FROM DECISIONS MADE BY SUPERVISORS AND MANAGERS WHO ARE SEPERATED IN BOTH TIME AND SPACE FROM THE PHYSICAL SYSTEM CONSIDERED TO LATENT FAILURE 9) INCIDENTS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY: @ STAFF SHORTAGE @ TIME PRESSURE EXISTED © ALL ERRORS OCCURED IN NIGHTSHIFT (OR) TASK HAND OVER INVOLVED SUPERVISORS DOING LONG HANDS ON TASKS THERE WAS AN ELEMENT OF CAND-DO-ATTITUDE FAILURE TO USE APPROVED DATA MANUALS WERE CONFUSING INADEQUATE PRE PLANNING , EQUIPMENT (OR) SPACE. 10) ANTHROPOMETRY: @ THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE MEASUREMENT AND PROPORTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY 11) BIO-MECHANICS: @ = =THE STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL LAWS RELATING TO THE MOVEMENT (OR) STRUCTURE OF LIVING ORGANISM 12) KINESIOLOGY: © SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMAN (OR) NON HUMAN BODY MOVEMENT 13) FAILURES: @ FAILURES CAN BE OF TWO TYPES , DEPENDING ON THE IMMEDIACY OF THEIR CONSEQUENCES @ ACTIVE FAILURE: ¥ "ACTIVE FAILURE IS. AN-ERROR\(QR) VIOLATION WHICH HAS ANIMMEDIATE. ADVERSE EFFECT THESE ERRORS USUALLY MADE BY FRONT LINE OPERATOR, EXAMPLE: 4. PILOT RAISING THE LANDING GEAR LEVER INSTEAD OF THE FLAP LEVER 2. MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PERSONNEL FAILED TO ADHERE TO ESTABLISHED METHODS AND PROCEDURE © LATENT FAILURE:Y RESULT OF AN ACTION (OR) DECISION MADE WELL BEFORE AN ACCIDENT, WHICH MAY REMAIN DORMANT FOR LONG TIME v THESE ERRORS ARE USUALLY MADE BY DECISION MAKERS, REGULATOR (OR) LINE MNAGEMENT LEVELS. v EXAMPLE: 4. HIGH LEVEL MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT FAILED TO TAKE POSITIVE, ACTION TO REQUIRE COMPLIANCE WITH PROCEDURES 2. PERSON CLIMBS A LADDER KNOWING THAT IT IS BROKEN 14) EROGNOMICS: @ STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PERSON IN THEIR WORKING ENVIRONMENT @ STUDY OF HUMAN MACHINE AND SYSTEM 15) INTERFACE BETWEEN SHEL MODULE: v_ LIVEWARE-HARDWARE: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND THE MACHINE IS THE ONE MOST COMMONLY CONSIDERED WHEN SPEAKING OF HUMAN FACTORS v_ LIVEWARE-SOFTWARE: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND ALL SUPPORTING SYSTEMS FOUND. IN THE WORK PLACE SUCH REGULATIONS, MANUALS, CHECKLISTS , PUBLICATIONS , STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE v_ LIVEWARE-LIVEWARE: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL ANDOTHER PERSON» WORK PLACE v_ LIVEWARE-ENVIRONMENT: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND BOTH THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS, 9.2 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS: VISION:1) CORNEA: @ ITS ACTING LIKE A FIXED FOCOUSING DEVICE @ FOCOUSING IS ACHIEVED BY SHAPE OF THE CORNEA BENDING THEINCOMING LIGHT RAYS @ ITS RESPONSIBLE FOR 70-80 % OF TOTAL FOCOUSING ABILITY 2) IRIS AND PUPIL: © IRIS IS THE COLOURED PART OF THE EYE IT CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT IS ALLOWED TO TO ENTER IN THE EYE @ PUPIL IS DARK AREA IN THE CENTRE OF IRIS , IT IS CHANGED VERY RAPIDY WHEN THE CHANGES IN LIGHT LEVELS 3) LENS: @ LENS SHAPE IS CHANGED BY THE CILLARY MUSCLES @ THE CHANGE OF SHAPE OF LENS IS CALLED ACCOMMODATION ( FOCOUS THE NEAR OBJECT) @ VISUAL ACUITY- SHARPNESS OF VISION 4) RETINA: @ CENTRAL AREA OF THE RETINA IS KNOWN AS FOVEA © CONE- FUNCTION IN GOOD LIGHT , DETECTING FINE DETAILS AND COLOUR SENSITIVE , HUMAN EYE CAN DISTINGUISH 1000 SHADES OF COLOUR @ ROD- CANNOT DETECT COLOURS, GOOD IN PERIPHERAL VISION, SENSITIVE AT LOWER LIGHT, 5) BLIND SPOT- AT THE POINT WHICH OPTIC NERVE JOINS BACK OF THE EYE IT WILL OCCUR BINOCULAR VISION- VIEWING THINGS IN BOTH EYES MONOCULAR VISION- VIEWING THINGS IN ONE EYE SACCADES - IMAGE WILL NOT FALL ON THE BLIND SPOT ALL THE TIME8) 9) VISUAL ACUITY : @ IS THE ABILITY OF THE EYE TO DISCRIMINATE SHARP DETAIL AT VARYING DISTANCES @ 20/20 VISION - NORMAL PERSON CAPABLE OF SEEING THIS RANGE , IT MAY BE EXPRESSED IN METERS 6/6 VISION @ 20/40 VISION OBSERVER CAN READ AT 20 FEET WHAT ANORMALPERSON CAN READ AT 40 FEET FACTORS AFFETCING VISUAL ACUITY OF THE EYE: @ PHYSICAL FACTORS @ INFLUENSE OF INGESTED FOREGIN SUBSTENCE, @ ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS @ FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OBJECT HYPERMETROPIA: @ LONG SIGHT ( CAUSE- SHORTER THAN NORMAL EYEBALL WHICH MEANS THE IMAGE FORMED BEHIND THE RETINA @ CLOSE OBJECTS ARE BLURRED @ CONVEX LENS WILL OVERCOME LONG SIGHTNESS BY BENDING LIGHT INWARDS. BEFORE IT REACHES THE CORNEA MYOPIA: © \SHORT SIGHT ( CAUSE= EYEBALL IS LONGER THAN NORMAL, SO THE FORMED IN FRONT OF RETINA) @ DISTANCE OBJECTS ARE BLURRED @ CONCAVE LENS WILL OVER COME THE SHORT SIGHTNESS BY BENDING LIGHT OUTWARDS BEFORE IT REACHES CORNEA10) OTHER VISUAL PROBLEMS: © CATARACTS- CLOUDING OF THE LENS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH AGEING © ASTIGMATISM - MISSHAPEN CORNEA CAUSING OBJECTS TO APPEARIRREGULARLY ‘SHAPED © GLUCOMA - BUILD UP IN PRESSURE OF THE FLUID WITHIN THE EYE WHICHCAN CAUSE AMAGE TO OPTIC NERVE AND EVEN BLINDNESS © MIGRAINE - SEVERE HEADACHES THAT CAN CAUSE VISUAL DISTURBANCES @ PRESBYOPIA -IT WILL OCCURE AFTER THE AGE OF 40 AT THE AGE THE LENS. BECAME FLEXIBLE @ HYPOXIA- LESS OXYGEN TO BE CARRIEED IN THE BLOOD TO THEEYES 11) LIGHT ADAPTED: @ MOVING FROM AN EXTREMELY BRIGHT ENVIRONMENT TO DIMMER 12) DARK ADAPTED: @ IF AN ENGINEER WORKS IN A VERY DARK ENVIRONMENT FOR A LONG TIME , HIS EYES GRADUALLY BECAMES DARK ADAPTED ALLOWING BETTER VISUAL ACUITY @ THIS CAN BE TAKEN 7 MINUTES FOR CONE AND 30 MINUTES FOR RODS 13) CONTACT LENS: ( HARD (OR) GAS PERMEABLE TYPE) @ ENGINEERS IS ALLOWED TO WEAR CONTACT LENS USUALLY 8-12 HOURS INORDER TO AVOID DRYING OUT AND IRRITATION 14) VISUAL CUES: @ INFORMATION FROM THE OBJECTS WE ARE LOOKING AT TO HELP DISTINGUISH WHAT WE ARE SEEING 15) COLOUR DEFECTIVE VISION: @ 8% FOR MEN AND 0.5 % FOR WOMEN @ COMMON TYPE OF COLOUR DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH - RED AND GREEN , RARELY BLUE AND YELLOWHEARING: 1) BASIC FUNCTION OF THE EAR: @ DETECT THE SOUND BY RECIVING VIBRARTIONS IN THE AIR @ BALANCE SENSING THE ACCELERATION 2) 3 PARTS OF THE EAR: @ OUTER, INNER AND MIDDLE 3) OUTER EAR: @ DIRECTS THE SOUND DOWNS THE AUDITORY CANAL AND ON THE EAR DRUM 4) MIDLE EAR: © EAR DRUM TRASNMITES THE SOUND TO THE MIDDLE EAR @ ACOUSTIC (OR) AURAL REFLEX - ABOVE 80 DB REDUCING THE NOISE LEVELS BYUP TO 20 DB , THE PROTECTION PROVIDED MAXIMUM ABOUT 15 MINUTES © IT DOES NOT PROVIDE PROTECTION AGAINST SUDDEN IMPULSE NOISE SUCHAS GUN FIRE @ MIDDLE EAR IS USUALLY FILLED WITH AIR AND REFRESHED BY EUSTACHIAN TUBE 5) INNER EAR: © INNER EAR FILLED WITH FLUID @ THE AMUNT OF VIBERATION DETECTED IN THE COCHLEA DEPENDS ONTHE VOLUME AND PITCH OF THE ORIGINAL SOUND6) PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATION OF THE EAR: @ AUDIABLE FREQUENCY RANGE THAT A YOUNG PERSON CAN HEAR IS TYPICALLY BETWEEN 20 AND 20000 CYCLES PER SECOND WITH GRETAEST SENSTIVITY AT 3000 HZ @ PROPELLER AIRCRAFT AT 300 M-100 DB @ JET AIRCRAT AT 300 M -110 DB STANDING NEAR THE PROPELLER AIRCRACFT- 120 DB THRESHOLD OF PAIN - 140 DB IMMEDIATE HEARING DAMAGE - 150 DB. 7) IMPACT OF NOISE ON PERFORMANCE : @ BE ANNOYING @ INTERFERE WITH VERBAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS IN THE WORK PLACE CAUSE ACCIDENTS BY MAKING WARNING SIGNALS (OR) MESSAGE AFFECT CONCENTRATION, DECISION MAKING DMAGE WORKERS HEARING 8) NIHL: @ NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS © THE HEARING LOSS CAN BE TEMPORARY LASTING FROM A FEW SECONDS TOA FEW DAYS (OR) PERMANENT 9) 3 LEVELS OF NOISE WHICH AN EMPLOYER MUST ACT: @ 85 DB- IF NORMAL SPEECH CANNOT BE HEARED CLEARLY AT 2METERS @ 90 DB - IF NORMAL SPEECH CANNOT BE HEARED CLEARLY AT 1 METERS. © 140 DB- NOISE CAUSES PAIN10) NOISE DOSE: @ COMBINATION OF DURATION AND INTENSITY OF NOISE CAN BE DESCRIBED AS NOISE DOSE @ PERMANENT HEARING LOSS MAY OCCUR IF THE TWA IS ABOVE THE RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM { TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE) @ TWANOISE LEVELIS EXCEEDING 85 DB FOR 8 HOURS IS HAZARDOUS AND POTENTIALLY DAMAGING THE INNER EAR, 11) HEARING PROTECTION: @ EAR PLUGS-NOISE LEVEL CAN BE REDUCED BY UPTO 20 DB @ EAR MUFFS - NOISE LEVEL CAN BE REDUCED BY UPTO 40 DB @ HEARING PROTECTION SHOULD BE USED ABOVE 115 DB 12) PRESBYCUSIS: @ HEARING DETERIORATES NATURALLY AS ONE GROWS OLDER , THIS AFFECT THE ABILITY TO HEAR HIGH PITCH SOUND FIRST @ IT MAY OCCUR GRADUALLY FROM 30S 13) HEARING AND THE AME: © THE ABILITY TO HEAR AN AVERAGE CONVERSATIONAL VOICE IN A QUIET ROOM AT A DISTANCE OF 2 METERS ( 6 FEET) INFORMATION PROCESSING: @ ISTHE PROCESS OF RECIVING INFORMATION THROUGH THE SENSES, ANALYSING IT AND MAKING IT MEANING FULL3) 4) 5) §) SENSORY RECEPTORS AND SENSORY SOTORES: © PHYSICAL STIMULI ARE RECIVED VIA SENSORY RECEPTORS ( EYES, EARS)AND STORED FOR A VERY BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME IN SENSORY STORES (SNESORY MEMORY) @ VISUAL INFORMATION IS STORED FOR UP TO HALF SECOND IN ICONIC MEMORY, SOUNDS ARE STORED UPTO 2 SEC IN ECHOIC MEMORY ATTENTION: @ MENTAL RESOURCES ARE CONCENTRATED ON SPECIFIC ELEMENTS SLECTIVE ATTENTION : © WHEN A PERSON IS MONITORING SEVERAL SOURCES OF INPUT WITH GREATER ATTENTION BEING GIVEN TO ONE (OR) MORE SOURCES WHICH APPEAR MORE IMPORTANT COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT: @ PERSON CAN BE CONNSCIOUSLY ATTENDING TO ONE SOURCE WHILST STILL SAMPLING OTHER SOURCES IN THE BACKGROUND DIVEDED ATTENTION : @ DO MORE THAN ONE THING AT THE SAME TIME FOCOUSED ATTENTION : @ FOCOUSING SINGLE SOURCE AND AVOID DISTRACTION SUSTAINED ATTENTION : @ ABILITY TO MAINTAIN ATTENTION AND REMAIN ALERT OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME PRECEPTION : @ PROCESS OF ASSEMBLING SENSATIONS INTO A USABLE MENTAL REPRESENTATION OF THE WORLD@ ITCREATES FACES, MELODIES, WORKS OF ART, ILLUSIONS OUT OF THE RAW MATERIAL OF THE SENSATION 9) DECISION MAKING: @ GENERATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION BAED ON AVAILABLE INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, PRIOR EXPERIENCE, ECPECTATION AND SELECTING ONE PREFFERED OPTION @ ITIS ALSO DESCRIBED THINKING , PROBLEM SOLVING AND JUDGEMENT MEMORY: @ IT CAN BE CONSIDERED TO BE STORAGE AND RETENTION OF INFORMATION, EXPERIENCES AND KNOWLEDGE AS WELL AS THE ABILITY TO RETRIVE THIS INFORMATION 1) THREE PROCESS OF MEMORY: © REGISTRATION @ STORAGE @ RETRIVAL 2) ULTRA SHORT TERM MEMORY: @ ITHAS DURATION UP TO 2 SEC 3) SHORT TERM MEMORY: @ ITALLOWS THE INFORMATION LONG ENOUGH TO USE © ‘ITIS CALLED WORKING MEMORY 5 TO 9(7 +2) IT CAN STORE SMALL AMOUNT OF INFORMATION AT ONE TIME DURATION 10-20 SEC SHORT TERM MEMORY CAN BE EXTENDED THROUGH REHARSAL (OR) ENCODING4) LONG TERM MEMORY: @ ITHAS UNLIMITED DUARTION @ ITIS USED TO STORE THE INFORMATION THAT IS NOT CURRENTLY BEING USED @ ITCAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 TYPES , SEMANTIC AND EPESODIC MEMORY 5) SEMANTIC MEMORY: @ INCLUDES CONCEPT, RULES AND OWN LANGUAGE 6) EPISODIC MEMORY: @ PAST EXPERIENCE AND EVENT 7) MOTOR PROGRAMS: @ IFA TASK PERFORMED OFTEN ENOUGH , IT MAY EVENTUALLY BECAME AUTOMATIC. AND THE REQUIRED SKILLS AND ACTIONS ARE STORED IN THE LONG TERM MEMORY 8) SITUATION AWARENESS: @ ISTHE SYNTHESIS OF AN ACCURATE AND UPTO DATE MENTAL MODEL OF ONES ENVIRONMENT AND STATE AND THE ABILITY TO USE THIS TO MAKE PREDICTIONS OF POSSIBLE FUTURE STATES 9) CLAUSTROPHOBIA: © IT CAN BE DEFINED AS ABNORMAL FEAR OF BEING IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE 10) ACROPHOBIA: © \FEAR OF HEIGHT, ITWILEOCCUR WHILE CROWNINSPECTION (TOP OF THE FUSELAGE)9.3 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: RESPONSIBILITY: INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP 1) RESPONSIBLE: @ IF SOMEONE CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE , THEY ARE LIABLE TO BE CALLED TO ACCOUNT AS BEING IN CHARGE (OR) CONTROL OF (OR) ANSWERABLE FOR SOMETHING 2) INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY: @ ALL AME ARE SKILLED INDIVIDULS HAVING UNDERTAKEN CONSIDERABLE TRAINING © ALL INDIVIDUALS REGARDLESS OF THEIR ROLE , GRADE (OR) QUALIFICATIONS SHOULD WORK IN A RESPONSIBLE MANNER, @ THE CERTIFYING ENGINEER SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT WORK IS PERFORMED AND RECORDED IN A SATIFACTORY MANNER 3) GROUP RESPONSIBILITY: SINO ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE 4 EACH MEMBER OF THE GROUP OUGHT TO FEEL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OUTPUT OF THAT GROUP , IT CAN POTENTIALLY ACT AGAINST SAFETY — WITH RESPONSIBILITY BEING DEVOLVED TO SUCH AN NOT JUST THEIR OWNJEXTENT THAT NO-ONE OUTPUT AS AN INDIVIDUAL | FEELS PERSONNALY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SAFETY THIS MAY INVOLVE CROSS CHECKING OTHERS WORK , POLITELY — CHALLENGING OTHERS IF YOU THINK THAT EACH MEMBER OF THE. GROUP ASSUMING THAT “SOMEONE ELSE WILL DO IT” SOMETHING IS NOT QUITE RIGHT4) PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH GROUP (OR) TEAM WORKING: INTER GROUP CONFLICT: @ INWHICH SITUATION EVOLVE WHERE A SMALL GROUP MAY ACT COHESIVELY ASA TEAM, BUT RIVALRIES MAY ARISE BETWEEN THIS TEAM AND OTHERS GROUP POLARIZATION: @ ISTHE TENDENCY OF THE GROUPS TO MAKE DECISIONS THAT ARE MORE EXTREME THAN THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS INITIAL POSITION SOCIAL LOAFING: @ INDIVIDUALS THEY CONSIDER THAT THEIR OWN EFFORTS WILL BE POOLED WITH THAT OF OTHER GROUP MEMBERS AND NOT SEEN IN ISOLATION MOTIVATION &DE-MOTIVATION : 1) MOTIVATION: @ “MOTIVATIONREFLECTS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT APERSONCANDOAND WHAT HE WILL DO" © MOTIVATION IS DIFFICULT TO MEASURE AND PREDICT 2) MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: MASLOW CONSIDERED THAT HUMANS ARE DRIVEN BY TWO DIFFERENT SETS OF MOTIVATIONAL FORCES, @ THOSE THAT ENSURE SURVIVAL BY SATIFYING BASIC PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS @ THOSE THAT HELP US TO REALISE OUR FULL POTENTIAL IN LIFE KNOWNAS. SELF-ACTUALISATION NEEDS (FULFILLING AMBITIONS)3) 4) 5) 6) 7 HAWTHORNE EFFECT: @ PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON THAT PRODUCES AN IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR (OR) PERFORMANCE AS A RESULT OF INCREASED ATTENTION FROM MANAGEMENT ,SUPERVISORS (OR) COLLEAGUES CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHLY MOTIVATED PEOPLE: © HIGH PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS BEING CONSISTENTLY ACHIEVED THE ENERGY , ENTHUSIASM AND DETERMINATION TO SUCCEED UNSTINTING CO-OPERATION IN OVERCOMING PROBLEMS WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY WILLINGNESS TO ACCOMMODATE CHANGE, CHARACTERISTICS OF DE-MOTIVATED PEOPLE: @ APATHY AND INDIFFERENCE TO THE JOB @ POOR RECORD OF TIME KEEPING AND HIGH ABSENTEEISM @ EXAGGERATION OF THE EFFECTS ENCOUNTERED IN PROBLEMS LACK OF CO-OPERATION IN DEALING WITH PROBLEMS. UNJUSTIFIED RESISTANCE TO CHANGE PEER PRESSURE: @ AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEER WILL RECIVE PRESSURE AT WORK FROM THOSE THAT WORK WITH-HIM: @ PEER PRESSURE FALLS WITHIN THE AREA OF CONFIRMITY CONFIRMITY: @ ISTHE TENDENCY TO ALLOW ONES OPINIONS ATTITUDES , ACTIONS AND EVEN PRECEPTIONS TO BE AFFECTED BY PREVAILING OPTIONS , ATTITUDES . ACTIONS AND PRECEPTIONS8) INDIVIDUALS MAY AFFECTED BY PEER PRESSURE , DEPENDS ON: @ CULTURE @ GENDER SELF-ESTEEM FAMILIARITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL WITH THE SUBJECT MATTER @ THE EXPERTISE OF THE GROUP MEMBER © RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL & GROUP MEMBER 9) ORGANIZATION CULTURE: @ THERE MAY BE TENDENCY FOR GROUPS WITHIN ORGANIZATION ITSELF THINK THAT THEIR OWN METHODS ARE THE BEST AND THAT OTHERS NOT ASGOOD @ THIS VIEW POINT IS KNOWN AS GROUPS (OR) ORGANIZATION CULTURE 10) SAFETY CULTURE: @ ITCONSIDER A SET OF BELIEFES , NORMS , ATTITUDES , ROLES AND SOCIAL AND TECHNICAL PRACTICES CONCERNED WITH MINIMIZING EXPOSURE OF EMPLOYEES , MANAGERS , CUSTOMERS AND MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC TO. CONDITIONS CONSIDERD DANGEROUS (OR) HAZARD 11) SOCIAL CULTURE: @ SOMETHING THAT INVOLVES THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS. @ AN EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL CULTURE IS KNOWING ABOUT THE PEOPLE AROUND YOU AND THEIR FAMILY BACKGROUNDS 12) CORPORATE CULTURE: @ =ITREFERS TO THE BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOURS THAT DETERMINE HOW ACOMPANY EMPLOYEES AND MANAGEMENT INTERACT AND HANDLE OUTSIDE THE BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS .13) ASPECTS OF CORPORATE CULTURE: @ GENERAL PHILOSOPHY OF OF EMPLOYEES AND THEIR ORGANIZATION @ SYSTEM OF VERTICAL (OR) HIERARCHICAL AUTHORITY @ GENERAL VIEWS OF THE EMPLOYEES ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION PURPOSE AND GOAL , ITS DESTINY AND THEIR PLACE IN IT 14) CONCEPT OF TEAM: © TEAMS MAY COMPRISE A NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS WORKING TOGETHER TOWARDS ONE SHARED GOAL (OR) @ NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL WORKING IN PARALLEL TO ACHIEVE A COMMONGOAL 15) TEAM WORKING IN AVIATION: @ A TEAM COULD BE A GROUP OF ENGINEERS WORKING ON A SPECIFIC TASK (OR) THE SAME AIRCRAFT , AGROUP WORKING TOGETHER ON THE SAME SHIFT (OR) GROUP WORKING ON THE SAME LOCATION (OR) SITE 16) ADVANTAGE OF TEAM WORKING: @ INDIVIDUALS CAN SHARE RESOURCES @ THEY CAN DISCUSS PROBLEMS AND ARRIVE AT SHARED SOLUTION @ THEY CAN CHECK EACH OTHER 17) IMPORTANT ELEMNTS OF TEAM WORKING: @ COMMUNICATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR EXCHANGING WORK RELATEDINFORMATION WITHIN THE TEAM @ CO-OPERATION -PULLING TOGETHER IS INHERENT IN THE SMOOTH RUNNING OF THE TEAM @ CO-ORDINATION -IS REQUIRED WITH IN THE TEAM TO ENSURE THAT THE TEAM LEADER KNOWS WHAT HIS GROUP MEMBERS ARE DOING @ MUTUALSUPPORT -IT IS THE “HEART OF TEAMIDENTY”18) TWO TYPES OF LEADER IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE : @ THE PERSON OFFICIALLY ASSIGNED THE TEAM LEADER ROLE POSSIBLY CALLED THE SUPERVISOR @ AN INDIVIDUAL WITH IN A GROUP THAT THE REST OF THE GROUP TEND TOFOLLOW POSSIBLY CALLED DOMINANT PERSONALITY 19) LEADER: © A PERSON WHOSE IDEA AND ACTIONS INFLUENCE THE THOUGHT AND THE BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS 20) QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADER: @ MOTIVATING HIS TEAM @ REINFORCING GOOD ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR @ DEMONSTRATING BY EXAMPLE @ MAINTAINING THE GROUP @ FULL FILLING MANAGEMENT ROLE9.4 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE FITNESS | HEALTH: 1) 2) 3) 4) TWO ASPECTS OF FITNESS AND HEALTH: @ DEPOSITION OF THE ENGINEER PRIOR TO TAKING ON EMPLOYMENT @ DAY-TO-DAY WELL BEING OF THE ENGINEER ONCE EMPOLYED CONDITION CAN IMAPCT ON HEALTH AND FITNESS : © MINOR PHYSICAL ILLNESS @ MAJOR PHYSICAL ILLNESS @ MENTAL ILLNESS @ MINOR INJURY @ MAJOR INJURY @ ONGOING DETERIORATION IN PHYSICAL CONDITION , POSSIBLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE AGEING PROCESS @ AFFECTS OF TOXINS AND OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCE AME CAN TAKE COMMON SENSE TO MAINTAIN THEIR FITNESS AND HEALTH : @ EATING REGULAR MEALS AND WELL BALANCED DIET @ TAKING REGULAR EXCERCISE ( DOUBLE RESTING PULSE RATE FOR 20 MIN, 3 TIMES AWEEK) @ STOPPING SMOKING © SENSIBLE ALCOHOL INTAKE ( FOR MEN -NO MORE THAN 3-4 UNITS A DAY (OR) 28 PER WEEK -UNIT IS EQUIVALENT TO HALF PINT OF BEER (OR) GLASS OF WINE(OR) SPIRIT DAY-TO-DAY FITNESS AND HEALTH CAN BE INFLUNCED BY THE USE OF: @ MEDICATION @ ALCOHOL @ ILLICT DRUGSTRESS : DOMESTIC &WORK RELATED: 1) STRESS: © A PHYSICAL (OR) PSYCHOLOGICAL STIMULUS THAT CAN PRODUCE MENTAL, TENSION (OR) PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS THAT MAY LEAD TO ILLNESS ACUTE STRESS: @ ACUTE STRESS IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF STRESS. IT'S YOUR BODY'S IMMEDIATE REACTION TO A NEW CHALLENGE, EVENT, OR DEMAND, AND IT TRIGGERS YOUR FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE. @ ACUTE STRESS ISN'T ALWAYS NEGATIVE. EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS: @ =WHEN ACUTE STRESS HAPPENS FREQUENTLY, IT’S CALLED EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS. @ PEOPLE WHO ALWAYS SEEM TO BE HAVING A CRISIS TEND TO HAVE EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS. @ THEY ARE OFTEN SHORT-TEMPERED, IRRITABLE, AND ANXIOUS. CHRONIC STRESS: @ IF ACUTE STRESS ISN'T RESOLVED AND BEGINS TO INCREASE OR LASTS FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IT BECOMES CHRONIC STRESS. © THIS STRESS IS\CONSTANT AND DOESN'T GO AWAY. IT|CAN STEM FROM SUCH THINGS AS: 4. POVERTY 2. ADYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY 3. AN UNHAPPY MARRIAGE 4. ABAD JOBSYMPTOMS OF STRESS: PHYSIOLOGICAL : SWEATING , DRYNESS OF MOUTH HEALTH EFFECTS — : NAUSEA, HEADACHES, SLEEP PROBLEMS, DIARRHOEA, ULCERS BEHAVIOURAL RESTLESSNESS, SHAKING, NERVOUS LAUGHTER, TAKING LONEGR OVER TASKS, CHANGES TO APPETITE, EXCESSIVE DRINKING COGNITIVE EFFECT : POOR CONCENTRATION, INDECISION, FORGETFULNESS SUBJECTIVE EFFECT : ANXIETY, IRRETABILITY, DEPRESSION, MOODINESS, AGGRESSION DOMESTIC STRESS: @ IT CAN BE DEDUCED TO BE THE WAY IN WHICH THE HOME ENVIRONMENT EVENT (OR) FORCE THREATENS THE WELL BEING OF INDIVIDUALS, THERE BY MAKING THEM UNABLE TO MEET THAT WHICH IS OPTIMALLY EXPECTED OF THEM @ THIS MAY BE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE (OR) PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN WORK RELATED STRESS: @ AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS CAN EXPERIENCE STRESS FOR TWO REASONS AT WORK 1. JOB UNDERTAKING AT THAT MOMENT 2. CHALLANGING (OR) DIFFICULT TASK @ STRESS CAN BE INCREASED BY 1. LACK OF GUIDANCE 2. TIME PRESSURE TO COMPLETE THE TASK @ STRESS CAN BE REDUCED BY: 4. CAREFULL MANAGEMENT 2. GOOD TRAININGSTRESS MANAGEMENT: © GENERALLY WE USING ONE OF TWO STRATEGIES 4. DEFENCE 2. COPING DEFENCE: @ ITINOVOLVES ALLEVIATION OF THE SYMPTOMS (OR) REDUCING THE ANEXIETY COPING: @ ITIS THE PROCESS WHEREBY THE INDIVIDUAL EITHER ADJUSTS TO THE PERCIEVED DEMANDS OF SITUATION (OR) CHANGES THE SITUATION ITSELF GOOD STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE: @ RELAXATION @ CAREFULL REGULATION OF SLEEP AND DIET @ REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE @ COUNSELLING FROM SUPPORTING FRIEND (OR) COLLEGUE TIME PRESSURE &DEAD LINE 1) TIME PRESSURE & DEAD LINES: @ ACTUAL PRESSURE WHERE CLEARLY SPECIFIED DEADLINES ARE IMPOSED BY AN EXTERNAL SOURCE (OR) @ TIME PRESSURE MAY BE SELF IMPOSED , IN WHICH CASE ENGINEERS SET THEMSELVES DEADLINES TO COMPLETE THE WORK 2) EFFECTS OF TIME PRESSURE & DEAD LINES: @ IMPROVE THE TASK PERFORMANCE @ MORE ERRORS WILL BE MADE NOTE: DEPENDS UPON THE PRESSURE LEVEL IT WILL HAPPEN 3) MANAGING TIME PRESSURE & DEAD LINE: @ PRIORITISING VARIOUS PIECES OF WORK THAT NEED TO BE DONE,@ THE ACTUAL TIME AVAILABLE TO CARRY OUT WORK THE PERSONAL AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE JOB THE MOST APPROPRIATE UTILISATION OF STAFF AVAILABILITY OF PARTS AND SPARES WORK LOAD- OVER LOAD & UNDER LOAD 1) AROUSAL: @ AROUSAL IN ITS MOST GENERAL SENSE , REFERS TO READINESS OF THEPERSON FOR PERFORMING WORK @ AROUSAL VARIES FORM PERSON TO PERSON 2) LEVEL OF AROUSAL: a) UNDERAROUSED - POOR PERFORMANCE b) OPTIMUM AROUSAL- GOOD PERFORMANCE c) OVER AROUSED - POORPERFORMANCE 3) WORK LOAD IS SUBJECTIVE & ITS AFFECTED BY: @ NATURE OF THE TASK @ CIRCUMSTANCE UNDER WHICH THE TASK ISPERFORMED © PERSON AND HIS STATE 4) OVERLOAD: @ OVER LOAD OCCURS AT VERY HIGH LEVELS OF WORK LOAD WHEN THE ENGINEER BECOME OVER AROUSED. @ ERROR RATES MAY ASLO INCREASED 5) UNDER LOAD: @ ITOCCURS AT LOW LEVELS OF WORK LOAD WHEN ENGINEE BECOME UNDER AROUSED @ UNDER LOAD CAN RESULT FROM A TASK AN ENGINEER FINDS BOARING , VERY EASY , INDEED LACK OF TASKS6) n WORK LAOD MANAGEMENT: @ ENSURING THE SATFF HAVE THE SKILLS NEEDED TO DO THE TASK @ MAKE SURE THE STAFF HAVE THE TOOLS AND SPARES THEY NEEDED TO THE TASK ALLOCATING TASK WITHOUT CORNER CUTTING PROVIDING HF TRAINING ENCOURAGING INDIVIDUAL ENGINEERS TO RECOGNIZE WHEN AN OVERLOAD SITUATION IS BUILDING UP HOW TO OVERCOME OVER LOAD SITUATION : @ SEEKING A SIMPLER METHOD OF CARRYING OUT THE WORK @ DELEGATING CERTAIN ACTIVITIES TO OTHERS TO AVOID AN INDIVIDUAL ENGINEERS BECOMING OVERLOADED @ SECURING FURTHER TIME IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT THE WORK SAFELY @ POSTPONING , DELAYING TASKS /DEAD LINES AND REFUSING ADDITIONAL WORK SLEEP: 1) SLEEP: @ TIS A NATURAL STATE OF REDUCED CONSCIOUNESS INVOLVING CHANGES IN BODY AND BRAIN PHYSCIOLOGY WHICH IS NECESSARY TO MAN TO RESTOREAND. REPLENISH THE BODY AND BRAIN2)__ STAGES OF SLEEP: STAGE 1 THIS IS A TRANSITIONAL BETWEEN WAKING AND SLEEPING THE HEART RATE SLOW ,MUSCLES RELAX EASY TO WAKEUP SOMEONE STAGE 2 THIS IS A DEEPER LEVEL OF SLEEP. EASY TO WAKEUP SOMEONE STAGE 3 SLEEP IS EVEN DEEPER AND THE SLEEPER IS QUITE UNRESPONSIVE YO EXTERNAL STUMULI DIFFICULT TO WAKEUP- HEART RATE, BP , BODY TEMPERATURE CONTINUE TO DROP STAGE 4 THIS IS THE DEEPEST STAGE OF SLEEP AND IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO WAKE UP SOMEONE IT ALSO KNOWN AS PARADOXICAL SLEEP REM RAPID EYE MOVEMENT DREAMING OCCURS DURING REM SLEEP. FIRST REM SLEEP WILL OCCUR ABOUT 90 MIN AFTER THE ONE SET OF SLEEP REM SLEEP REPEATS DURING THE NIGHT ABOUT EVERY 90 MINUTES NREM STAGE 1-4 ARE KNOWN AS NON REM SLEEP Sws STAGE 2-4 ARE KNOWN AS SLOW WAVE SLEEP NOTE: DEEP SLEEP WILL OCCUR EARLIER IN THE NIGHT 3) CIRCADIAN RYTHM: © CIRCADIAN RYTHM ARE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL FUNCTIONS AND. PROCESSES IN THE BODY THAT HAVE A REGULAR CYCLE OF APPROXIMATELY A DAY @ ACTUALLY ABOUT 24 HOURS IN MAN@ ITIS CONTROLLED BY BRAIN , AND INFLUENCED & SYNCHRONIZED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS FATIGUE: 1) FATIGUE: © FATIGUE ISA SUBJECTIVE FEELING OF TIREDNESS WHICH IS DISTINCT FROM WEAKNESS , AND HAS A GRADUAL ONESET @ UNLIKE WEAKNESS, FATIGUE CAN BE ALLEVIATED BY PERIODS OF REST @ FATIGUE CAN HAVE PHYSICAL (OR) MENTAL CAUSES PHYSIOLOGICAL FATIGUE: © ITREFLECTS THE BODY NEED FOR REPLENISHMENT AND RESTORATION 3) SUBJECTIVE FATIGUE: @ IS AN INDIVIDUAL PRECEPTION OF HOW SLEEPY THEY FEEL 4) FATIGUE CAUSED BY: @ DELAYED SLEEP SLEEP LOSS DESYNCHRONISATION OF NORMAL CIRCADIANRYTHMS, CONCENTRATED PERIOD OF PHYSICAL (OR) MENTAL STRESS. WORKING LONG HOURS: WORKING DURING NORMAL SLEEP HOURS WORKING ON ROTATING SHIFT 5) SYMPTOMS OF FATIGUE: @ LACK OF AWARENESS @ DIMNISHED MOTOR SKILLS @ DIMNISHED VISION @ SLOW REACTIONSHORT TERM MEMORY PROBLEMS CHANNELED CONCENTRATION -FIXED ON A SINGLE POSSIBLY UN IMPORTANT ISSUE EASILY DISTRACTED BY UN IMPORTANT ISSUE INCRESED MISTAKES POOR JUDGEMENT POOR DECISIONS ABNORMAL MOODS DIMNISHED STANDARDS NOTE: TIREDNESS AND FATIGUE ADVERSELY AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE, 6) SHIFT PERSONNEL FATIGUE MINIMIZED BY: AVOIDING EXCESSIVE WORKING HOURS ALLOWING AS MUCH AS REGUALR SLEEP: MINIMISING SLEEPING LOSS GIVING THE OPPORTUNITY FOR EXTENDED REST PROVIDING ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT SERVICE GIVING OPPORTUNITY FOR RECOVERY ROTATING SHIFT TOWARDS BIOLOGICAL DAY PROVIDING LONGER REST PERIODS, WITHIN A WEEK PROVIDING LONGER CONTINOUS REST PERIODS WHEN THE WEEK INCLUDES MORE THAN 2 NIGHT SHIFTS SHIFT WORK: 1). SHIFT WORK: MOST AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS OCCUR BETWEEN 6 AM AND 10 PM TO FIT WITH THE REQUIREMENT OF PASSENGERAIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING IS THE 24 HOUR BUSINESS , AND ITS USUALLY WORKS SHIFT SHIFTS ARE EITHER EARLY SHIFT, LATE SHIFT , AND NIGHT SHIFT (OR) DAY SHIFT NIGHT SHIFT DEPENDING UPON THE MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION 2) ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF SHIFT WORK: S.N ADVANTAGE DIS-ADVANTAGE 1 CONVENIENCE ABNORMAL ROUTINE 2 REDUCED AMOUNT | SHIFT INADEQUATILY OF WORKING HOURS. 3 | AVOID PEAK HOURS | WORK IMBALANCE 4 NO RESTRICTION OF | HEALTH ISSUE PUSHING — WORKS FOR WEEK ENDS: 5 | FLEXIBILITY CONFLICTS WITH FAMILY 6 | TRAINING BPREDOM PROSPECTS. NOTE; HUMAN PERFORMANCE IS POOR BETWEEN 4 AM TO 6 AM 3) WORKING AT NIGHT: @ SHIFT WORK MEANS THAT ENGINEERS WILL USUALLY HAVE TO WORK AT NIGHT , EITHER PERMANENTLY (OR) AS PART OF A ROLLING SHIFT PATTERN @ WORKING NIGHTS, CAN ALSO LEAD TO PROBLEMS SLEEPING DURING THE DAY , DUE TO THE ITERFERENCE OF DAY LIGHT AND ENVIRONEMNTAL NOISE @ SOLUTION: BLACKOUT CURTAINS AND USE OF EAR PLUGS CAN HELPAS WELL AS AVOIDANCE OF CAFFINE BEFORE SLEEP 4) ROLLING SHIFT PATTERNS: @ CHANGES FROM ONE SHIFT TO ANOTHER BUT THE BODY INTERNAL CLOCK IS NO IMMEDIATELY RESET, IT TAKE SOME GRADUAL TIME PERIOD @ ROLLING SHIFT PATTERN IS EARLY SHIFT TO LATE SHIFT TO NIGHT SHIFT TO DAY SHIFT.5) GOOD RULE THUMB: @ ONE HOUR HIGH QUALITY SLEEPIS GOOD FOR TWO HOURS WORK ALCOHOL, MEDICATION AND DRUG ABUSE: 4) BLOOD /ALCOHOL LIMIT: @ 20 ML OF ALCOHOL PER 100 ML OF BLOOD FOR ANYONE PERFORMING SAFETY CRITICAL ROLE WHICH INCLUDES AIRCRAFT MAINTENANC ENGINEER 2) ALCOHOL: @ AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEER SHOULD NOT WORK FOR AT LEAST 8 HOURS AFTER DRINKING EVEN SMALL QUANTITIES OF ALCOHOL AND INCREASE THIS TIME IF MORE HAS BEEN DRUNK 3) MEDICATION: @ IS USUALLY TAKEN TO RELIVE SYMPTOMS OF AN ILLNESS @ EVEN IF THE DRUG TAKEN DO NOT AFFETCT THE ENGINEER PERFORMANCE a) b) ANALGESICS - PAIN RELIEF , COLD RELIEF ANTIBIOTICS - PREVENTION OF BACTERIAL INFECTION ANTI-HISTAMINES- COLD CURES DECONGESTANTS - CURES NOZAL CONGESTION, PEP PILLS- USED TO MAINTAIN WAKEFULLNESS f) SLEEPING TABLETS - INDUCE SLEEP. g) SMOKING CANNABIS- CAN SUITABLY IMPAIR PERFORMANCE UPTO 24 HOURS: °) d) e)9.5 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT NOISE: 1) NOISE: @ ANY UNWANTED SOUND , ESPECIALLY IF IT IS LOUD UNPLEASANT AND. ANNOYING 2) FOCUOSED ATTENTION: @ GENERAL BACKGROUND NOISE CAN BE FILTERED OUT BY THE BRAIN THROUGH FOCOUSED ATTENTION FUMES: 1) FUMES: AN AMOUNT OF GAS (OR) VAPOUR THAT SMELLS STRONGLY (OR) IS DANGEROUS TO INHALE 2) PROBLEMS: @ INHALATION © EYE IRRITATION 3 SOLUTION: @ ENGINEERS SHOULD INCREASE THE VENTILATION LOCALLY @ USE BREATHING APPARATUS TO DISSIPATE THE FUMES ILLUMINATION: 4) ILLUMINATION: @ IT CAN BE DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT STRIKING A SURFACE