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MELE LUM Oba Aaorigns MoE mameraie 7 onoayaaney REE of a prac = MM MAMMAL Toe oe sarromuroten | pawns «| When GOKOAL T O&A ove BUONED , wer] GER SMAULIe *|}E Xo) Wan 5 € oc xe aes Re BR simue Walnicus / O 8 L ave vormed, suey se bigger ta +e + Se > a 4b ero, bro ath e| & OFO ave eea\ vet, a+ \% > ale s| Patede avevealuog, ata 40% > av + Ke @70, bro, ath wen Si Be > 2 : a be + caor [= hp Med Pe her Yar 5 Ps Bd | fee ee a age nan «| Dist 7 hte = | Oke + Ane) * [Cored of pt anding ime seamevre fife Wr vaso v/s TS REE longo hg ers f res CEM Geen o | Whe Y=S midpt of lime FP. vas woods, “ES, SAS «| slope mm of tue Pfs = OR YO A 5 eA ver-yerpeal tines ove powalidl if twely slopes Ae (OVAILEL ye Mo Me © Ys * % ss penpendtelay ou sc one Prods of — de Me MQ] + | Aline © a Visecter of avermey time eH cuts Tat 40" A Wit 2 equal lemattes + {Line YK atte. as a WMWVEY, Images go AMD 2 OX) a line te pexpertonlar | + | Aven of ACP 2. 0s JET KM: -Y2) + Xo Cae ¥rd + Xe Que 21 | «| Pit of ey CxO fom Me UK KYTC SO fs Quen UR d= lax + vy tc) a + ® | | Lb nnge wo wt yeo | HOPS annoy neoRawos / INTEREST eATES ( ANeR Aes MORK a pe Bobo of X4o Y= CVE caIANORMA, | use ex ¥AY te wove, out autg | 2mos.ave veapocls We Het product = 4 = Bpwedues (Oo wee wir Be Be -tosk SOT See =A | lnversee Proporowlthy 12 Kock i (nieesk POEs ; | Baal val purple % Crs yee XS Ci 90, of AMES comnpouveted aunty Wes WE tum of decimals @5 0.8 Cegdore) Aue. 1 @ fevers of yeuvs Noe ¢ usally CALCUL SUM PLR THREE RE somata wey letqqen. 7 [Neen Uy tev sucoreme Ax Edeeviod’ a¥e Vi%e, Ge Ve%o.,, Anal gine A a> fe # Cte tos Wie Ss Avouages an o] mean: SUMOE CWEVEHOAS Ayo, Ce oconatone coset, | +] modes. vlue of tov B grenteste equemey | | (Ogun. median: (A) awange ner in aeard®(desand orto We) 6vol vo. of sew . ik enue, wedian = st ee cay mHhodd, wectlay WEO SAAN (a) Bvcl ave 08 eatin sex CY) Guiol K= ean value — ave value for equa vale © Ye -€v ran value (A ancl ave watt Y's (e) stddeve ti Yave 2| Range = imam — moximnu) i 22) 3 gd tr. mea. s Raves Distance / speek | TWHE SAME ANECROW « HY er HEY 4 overtones emer + Bovad dtee avavelled| ORR. 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Tie © ore o ames Ret = MO wTNZS We 2 Squares and Cubes Number (x) Square (x7) Cube (x*) _ eu 1 1 1 ve mae 2 4 8 x 9 27 SE ~ 4 16 64 3 25 125 6 36 216 7 49 a 8 64 r 9 al : 10 100 - i 121 * 12 . 144 = 13 169 - 4 196 - 15 225 - 16 256 - 7 289 18 324 19 361 24 44L 2 4e4 2B 529 24 576 25 625 BO 900 + Fractions and Percentage: Fraction Decimal Percentage L/2 Os 50, 1/3 0.33 33 1/3, 213 0.66 66.203 1/4 0.25 25 34 075 75 1/5 0.2 20 215 04 40 3/5 0.6 60 4/5 08 80, 1/6 0.166 16.213 3/6 0.833 8327/3 1/8 0.125 121/2 3/8 0.375 371/2 5/8 0.625 621/2 4S o8aS Sale va Caney AAVELLE IneGualey gs a oF %, \x- 3). = X-3 wer x >e | = 7am «<2 [Comatee twnle 4 aS aoauce of % Rom = 4] [wah +( 4-3) =6 - & goeivle sueprtos. \ook a4 euboak EES, tna Rs. Ore, 1 & B 2S 2. z ccenared. weve Ke-\, Cano ene o (x40) 9 2D Sh te x = 72 mee FS eS ATS wen 1S XSF CHAD eVe , COBDS ~ve Catt = (K-39 26 i G26 CKD nose? we X22, (esr is sve Ce FIH@ 2. Cetra 4x2?) 26 2424 Cuan Xs dye >B Ques aang muttipns / avicle wy avowable Und RS YOu Kyo 2 Sig 2) COnnoe Ytove Looe / BAUOVE Worn StHD, je x >¥ eR YY* 3) (KAY S RIA LY. Tels QU Caminnvin wae & expression “Skt EY" \e value of ummowdty KAY Te SY 46Y. (Backes QQ» steve & (ED 2 wove re (AD for cretgs BS vavieizee Hoy Ve.) VANe Comnere values, stat WI (C)+yonn claude ¥ aug suid be Vigne i@ (DD ov CED , ow smaller ie CAD wv CBD. Ricx® vos oF . UW all Yoodibig cyetwer: 4ave, —ve, &, PACHOUg 2) -\, “OS , OOS, he , Puvcease PACE = mike value (Qmh 4c 2 MselA does Mor Wretion clays A Verneain — accumapr® t eedyt # Kt > y= wore wink 1 x = ¥ °_lmporavte Maen 24S oF Hignest powev of & + aces 22% compierely . AY Hud pume puove of G i2 AK? , B) cousiten iavgest pe Prov € 2 £o 2 oy ene a: “6 completely auclee 20 OR mnaspes 8 GM 20: 2,6,4, 12,15 7 18 2S BHR, BBRE, BIS, BRE. ent € vo. of 3/6 =& i OB eomyletly aMicles 2. |COUNTING, PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS, MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE, o—=a8 Consider the 3 letter words that can be made from the w em? lellers WORD if no letter is repeated, These can bo listed 2 A by means of a tree diagram. oR “There ate . 4 ways of choosing the 1st letter w= 5 3 ways of choosing the 2nd letier w 2 ways of choosing the 3rd letter 8 CS bp number of words = 4x 3x2= 24 cas This is an illustration of the muttipliestion principle ie. it several operations are carried out in a certain orcer, then wg the number of ways of performing all the operations is the produc of the numbers of ways of performing each R o— ¥ operation. 1&0 vk DAVE te pelo ase w of oes. oe 8 The ptinciple is equivalent to filing in pigeonholes ° ‘stletier 2nd letter 3rd letter iS & a oo oo? 4 x 3 x 2 = 2 BH Ray Alle: lok operons Suid Autti BH 2nck operation” Sake ADDITION PRINCIPLE Consider the 3 letter words starting or finishing with O that can be made from the letters WORD if no Jetter is repeated. Now words starting or finishing with O are mutually exctusive ie. they do not overlap. Therefore we can find the number starting with O and the number finishing with O and add the two numbors. starting vith O ishing with © ‘Astlettor 2nd letter 3rd letter Astletter 2ndietter 3rd etter oO Oo o o QO a 1 x 3 x 2 = 6 3 x 2x 1 = 6 number of words starting or finishing with O = 6 + 6 = 12 This is an illustration of the addition principle ie. iftwo operations are mutually exclusive (ie. they do not overlap), then the number of ways of performing one operation oF the other is the sum of the numbers of ways of performing each operation. FACTORIAL NOTATION In applying the muttiplication principle, factorial notation can be useful eg. the number of 6 letter words that can be made from the letters FACTOR is 6!= 6x5 x4x3x 2x1“TOGETHER” ARRANGEMENTS In this type of problem, we need to count arrangements where some of the objects must remain together. The multiplication principle applies and we use a “treat as one" technique. Eg, 3 science, 4 mathematics and 5 history books are arranged on a shelf. How many arrangements are possible if the books ‘rom each subject are lo be together? sito festa treat the books for each subject as one book: note ter perc? guitol Anis number of arrangements = 3! Bu ta Ove Srowts ete number of ways of arranging the science books = 3! number of ways of arranging the mathematics books = 41 number of ways of arranging the history books = 5! total number of arrangements = 31x 3! x 4I x5! = 103680 ARRANGEMENTS INVOLVING IDENTICAL OBJECTS Consider the number of arrangements ofthe lettars EMPLOYEE. if all letters were different, then the number of arrangements would be 6! out this number involves counting arrangements more than once. Eg, The 8! arrangements includes 6 versions of EEEMPLOY: E,E,E,MPLOY Fe (awnk Mens ME ess E,E,E,MPLOY Cenetepere¥®)) (meer. ont, E,E,E,MPLOY E,E EMPLOY E,E,E,MPLOY E5E,E,MPLOY Similarly every arrangement occurs 6 times in the total of 8! (6 is the number of arrangements of the 3E'sie. 3) number of distinct arrangements = This idea can be extended to problems where more than one type of object is repeated number of distinct arrangements of the letters MISSISSIPPI = —U!__ 34650 21 CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENTS x A Considerthe different arrangements wnen4 C) as é C) " people sit in a circle. There are 3! arrangements (not 4! as might be expected) as it does not matter where the first object is s 8 placed, A. 4, In general, n objects can be arranged ina 6 C) coe C) 8 Circle in (a1)! ways, (ingen Arcee Le WIAbLODMSE GuravaNDINTT AVE D ° a) tat! eumes MO ‘ Cs : ; Cs :PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS Choosing objects from a collection of different objects can be done in several ways. Two particular ways are given the names permutation and combination, Choosing r objects without repetition from n different objects such that order matters is called a permutation and the number of such permutations is denoted by "2 Choosing + objects without repetition from i different objects such that order does not matter is called a combination and the number of such combinations is denoted by "C_ Example of permutations How many ways can a committee of 3 be selected from 7 people A,B,C,D,E,F,G so that there is a president, a vice-president and a secretary? Using the multiplication princi pres, vice-pres. sec. a o oO 7 x 6 x 5 = 210 we 27 x6x. n F Fp andingeneral “7, "tay! NB, Permutation problems are usually best done using the multigication principle rather than permutation notation. Example of combinations: How many ways can a committee of 3 be selected from 7 people A,B,C,D,E,F,G so that each member of the committee is equal? The number of permutations 210 is too large because every combination occurs 6 times in the 210 permutations. Eg. The following 6 permutations each give rise to the same combination (6 is the number of arrangements of 3 objects ie, 3) ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA Ig, TRGKS _ 7! Gai andingeneral *c, ‘SPECIAL COMBINATIONS ‘Choosing 7 from 7 so thet order does not matter can only be done 1 way: 'C,=1 andin general *C,=1 ‘Choosing 0 from 7 so that order does not matter can only be done 4 way: = 'Cg=1 andin general "C=1 ‘This leads to the conclusion that 0! must be given the value 1 because 7C, = Sum ot wuapraton ef v ARHUeTIAGS = 27 4. Dower Ca We CPEUeOD (O80 of Cutten’ 172, 3, 4S. code cot be PEGA [putton, oF 2,3)". S. How moagy eooles ore ave ? 2 B-4 (4 because nor peice ay, BE, = 4) 2COMBINATIONS - INCLUSIONS / EXCLUSIONS Consider the number of ways a committee of 2 can be selected from 7 people A.B,C,0,E,F,G (order does not matter) if: B must be included (select 2 from A,C,D,E,F,G) °C, D must be excluded (select 3 from A.B,C,E,F,G) G Cand E cannot be chosen together foo, ‘What is the justification fer the last answer? CHOOSING SETS OF OBJECTS WITH DISTINCT SUBSETS In these problems, find the number of ways of choosing each subset and then use the multiplication principle. Eg. 6 people are chosen (order does not matter) from 5 Queenslanders, 4 Tasmanians and 3 Victorians: 2 from each state are chosen: ‘number of ways of choosing 2 Queenslanders = “Cc, number of ways of choosing 2 Tasmanians = *C, number of ways of choosing 2 Victorians = °, total number of ways = °Gx“C,x*c, atleast 3 Queenslanders are chosen: number of ways of choosing 3 Queenslanders and 3 others = *Cx'C, number of ways of choosing 4 Queenslanders and 2 others = °C,x7C, number of ways of choosing 5 Queenslanders and 1 others = °Cx’C; total number of ways = °C,x70,7°C, x6, FGX'G, at least one Queenslander is chosen: number of ways of choosing without restrictions = "Cy number of ways of choosing with no Queensianders = "C, toial number of ways = "¢,, PASCAL'S TRIANGLE ‘Suppose that you start from the top of the triangular arrangement of spaces shown on the attached sheet, pe Ineach space, write the number of shortest possible fo routes to that space. These numbers form Pascal's triangle. ‘Y > Can you see the patie which takes you from one row to the next? Justify this pattem in terms of the shortest route problem. a‘The shortest route problem can be used to explain why each row can be written as combinations eg. the last row is: tg: tg ty ty omy HG Each number in Pasca'’s triangle (except those on the outside) can be found by adding the pair of numbers immediately above. This recurrence relationship can be vaitten as: "C,49C 2 "IC, ‘As well as justifying this recurrence rolationship in terms of the shortest route probiem, it can be derived in other ways: + algebraically by waiting "Cc, n Toy . * by considering the selection of r objects from two collections - collection A cantaining i objects and collection B containing one object. Consider sloping rows of Pascal's triangle. In turn, they give: * ones {Usb ee} * natural numbers (12.345, + triangle numbers {1,3.6,10,15,...} * tetrahedral numbers: {1,4,10,20,35,...} What is the connection between natural numbers, triangle numbers and tetrahedral numbers? How do triangie numbers and tetrahedral numbers get their names? What is the nth triangle number and the nth tetrahedral number as a combination? Write these combinations as algebraic expressions in BINOMIAL THEOREM Consider the binomial expansion: (arya (xt rler sort yee setae ty)let a+) ‘The number of x*y* in the expansion is the same as the number of ways of selecting 5 x's from the Bavailabie ie. ‘C, . This leads to the binomial theorem for binomial expansions (x +)" where » is a positive integer. The theorem gives the coefficients as combinations. Eg, for a= 8: (ety) Setiq lice HGS HG yg HG Ay NG ry BEF axa Be ys 28x97 + 56x 9? + 20x y+ 56x47 + 28x7Y +8xy7 + ¥* From the earlier work on Pascal's triangle, we can also say that the coefficients of a binomial expansion are given by the appropriate row of Pascal's triangle. Substtuling x = y= 1 inthe binomial theorem shows that the sums of the rows of Pasca'’s triangle are powers cf 2.oti fsg Roe Fale = oy = at-Paoowstle outtowres PUB) P84 648). evanay A Postiole outeowe S : Meer Probability can be studied in conjunction with set the = #ANB)=0 particularly useful in analysis. F(AUB) ‘The probability of a certain event occurring, for exanr = POR + P08) The probability of a different event occurri be (ro sven A wd, BBSAN Tree vere, An B)= FADEB P(A) + POB) - P(ANB) = P(AUB) 1 (AV) = ¥la> Pla) - AF) PUANB) represents the probability of A AND B occu probability of A OR B occurring. Mutual Exclusive Events — A0t wwolepeviewt Events A and B are mutually exclusive if they have no events in common. In other words, if A occurs B cannot occur and vice-versa. On a Venn Diagram, this would mean that the circles representing events A and B would not overlap. If, for example, we are asked to pick a card from a pack of 52, the probability that the card is red is 4. The probability that the card is a club is 44, However, if the card is red it can't be a club, These events are therefore mutually exclusive. If two events are mutually exclusive, P(ANB) = 0, so P(A) + P(B) = P(AUB) » Add HEMA EAL. Independent Events — vit wirtmally examine ‘Two events are independent if the first one dees not influence the second. For example, if a bag contains 2 blue balls and 2 red balls and two bails are selected randomly, the events are: ) independent if the first ball is ceplaced after being selected 'b) not independent if the first ball is removed without being replaced. In this instance, there are only three balls remaining in the bag so the probabilities of selecting the various colours have changed. ‘Two events are independent if (and only if): PCAQB) = P(A)PCB) This is known as the multiplication law. Addon Cue: e(AUe) = LAY + P(E) PCADELED Conditional Probability ‘Conditional probability is the probability of an event occurring, given that another event has occurred. For example, the probability of John doing mathematics at A-Level, given that he is doing physics may be quite high, P(A[B) means the probability of A oceurring, given that B has occurred. For two events A and B, PCAMB) = P(AIB)PB) and similarly P(AnB) = P(B|A)P(A). If two events are mutually exclusive, then P(A|B) = 0. e(elRy = pe) PCRIBD = PCA) e(ane) P(BIRD oA) bagels Teor =) e(RIBD = “ie 2 EBD For imdapevolent everCwoles "| — Avea = TY ~ Cucnmevence. = 21 “yy (%2,%29 Tag EE Oka, Ye) — Bae of cvdtes OXY + OY-¥O =r? aren (Ky YO imenne 20 OK“) + CIDA adS0. gnew live (42, ¥25 2G, Equ Rrongent = Xe FY Vy NF gen ode 4 yRe eF condition for Yamx+ ¢ 4 Ge tayyenk Fo dicle MPVS ie. Per? (to ~| Qader will soucw | imevseck gana oven te AtsHI / cortves ATS Suen Hh Rv SAS Rtv weve A & © wee 2vadi ase = Cees = Ave lengtin = Ges)2nr Area of sector. = (35) ae — Equat chords ave equidittart fom cane —eWe's Hayter = squove's Ragowal ~€AWO somtt (side © aawetey, Als th. Radas & cavemen eZ. = & Cheignt & AD Ac A= Pre BC = Ae AC P ‘Circles - angles formed by radii, chords, tangents, secants up fregenisprep org/Regents/mathb(S AUCixcleAngles.h 10f3 Math B - Lesson Poge Angles Formed by Radii, € Chords, Tangents, Secants Formulas for Working with Angles in Circles Untercepted ares are ares “cut off" or "Lying between" the sides of the specified angles.) There are basically five circle formulas that you need to remember: 1. Central Angle: A central angle is an angle formed by two intersecting radii such that its vertex is at the center of the circle. Central Angle = Intercepted Arc D.AB-CD + 2:BC-CD + 2A. BC f 8 rs seh A WWE = Vase Aven - metas AN — cuwieicg aver = 2 (hase areas + Cparmesevot wase>d aimee —vwume = Th mua ora = 2anrlt Avant volume = (pate nary — SUMO AAR = Base AVERY Baw QWEAL o& all 2 fawe.s cones — — voume = oh A _ surface areas TR THE squve. — vaume = Sn? = ana aca AmrS4 Have ry = fweg = ABP Baise > ct ~ fevimetev= 2AR ~ Piagovals reect ~ Aaeg = TH Keangi¢ A a ~ Areas PE BC 2 a, > Yeviinesew = 2A + 2BC — Diaapmals wtceck fevalowrare a 2 — fea = De-vn Ade —fenmeey = 2Ne + 2EC ne — ope sicloS & opp 2 ave equal — opp sites ave povatiel . AC BD. Phowntaas _ Areas Rhone z — yewmerey 2 APC ~ plagonals laseck & waevse AILS B sider cue equal. ck ot AO® . Teapezstd terete / ‘ aN ~ Mens & (naanr - samof parallel sides)Taangies , pe ° Lo Pos % 4 ae 3 a Tr 30 xP ; - & Boe + smite AS: Conrespond® 2% ave equal aides eve prepertiomer! aves, ave in popotion + Ceara 68 CoWeyond® Levauic’y 4 = 2 = 4 Ke” — OW xz) < ZS OK*IZD — lavges+ 2 oPR lowgesr sive, same — era Avag Ab lean 2 acute FS SHOES Bypweck¢ Cenerd rot wMEcene ve all Ceewwe of 2) te ope side & oh eveny 3 1S — ase -— AB= FYE — We keey % (cqeuarenal 2° PBL = MCs Box = KAB — fren of KYZ = oopeoaopary ps, = MRE ENE é WSUE-KLS-KBVC-YE) were $= s + Rige FA =) sum of B angles = Wa anglePoygous, r wieasure pb 26 = I8D- 26D, ES mere ne vo. SMES Of pole . » sumot WH. 3S = 1GO(nN-2> + NO. CF atogonals = ER (n-2> ° ve. h tongles = mee + owen = kn an #2 Eo. s? were 9 = levoyin fircare to Comte Ss eoK- 11M \ over? 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