Coffea

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This article is about the biology of coffee plants. For the beverage, see Coffee.

Coffea

Flowering branches of Coffea arabica

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Eudicots

Clade: Asterids

Order: Gentianales

Family: Rubiaceae

Tribe: Coffeeae

Genus: Coffea
 L.

Type species

Coffea arabica

L.

Coffea canephora

Coffea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Coffea species

are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia.
The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavor various beverages
and products. The fruits, like the seeds, contain a large amount of caffeine, and have a
distinct sweet taste and are often juiced. The plant ranks as one of the world's most
valuable and widely traded commodity crops and is an important export product of
several countries, including those in Central and South America, the Caribbean and
Africa.

Contents

 1Cultivation and use

 2Ecology
 3Research
 4Species
 5References
 6External links

Cultivation and use[edit]

Freshly harvested coffee cherries

Coffea fruits, Bali

There are over 120 species of Coffea, which is grown from seed. The two most popular
are Coffea arabica (commonly known simply as "Arabica"), which accounts for 60–80%
of the world's coffee production, and Coffea canephora (known as "Robusta"), which
accounts for about 20–40%.[1][2] C. arabica is preferred for its sweeter taste, while C.
canephora has a higher caffeine content. C. arabica has its origins in the highlands of
Ethiopia and the Boma Plateau of Sudan, and was the result of a hybrid between C.
canephora and C. eugenioides.[3]
The trees produce edible red or purple fruits, which are described either as epigynous
berries or as indehiscent drupes.[4] The fruit is often referred to as a "coffee cherry," and
it contains two seeds, called "coffee beans." [5] Despite these terms, coffee is neither a
true cherry (the fruit of certain species in the genus Prunus) nor a true bean (seeds from
plants in the family Fabaceae).
In about 5–10% of any crop of coffee fruits, only a single bean is found. Called
a peaberry, it is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean.
When grown in the tropics, coffee is a vigorous bush or small tree that usually grows to
a height of 3–3.5 m (9.8–11.5 ft). Most commonly cultivated coffee species grow best at
high elevations, but do not tolerate freezing temperatures. [6]
The tree of Coffea arabica will grow fruits after three to five years, producing for an
average of 50 to 60 years, although up to 100 is possible. [7] The white flowers are highly
scented. The fruit takes about nine months to ripen.
Coffea flower

Coffea fruit cross section

Coffea racemosa fruits

Coffea arabica beans germinating

Coffea arabica flowers

Ripe Coffea arabica fruits

Beans inside a Coffea arabica fruit

Coffea branches

Ecology[edit]
The caffeine in coffee beans serves as a toxic substance protecting the seeds of the
plant, a form of natural plant defense against herbivory. Caffeine simultaneously
attracts pollinators, specifically honeybees, by creating an olfactory memory that signals
bees to return to the plant's flowers.[8] Not all Coffea species contain caffeine, and the
earliest species had little or no caffeine content. Caffeine has evolved independently in
multiple lineages of Coffea in Africa, perhaps in response to high pest predation in the
humid environments of West-Central Africa.[8] Caffeine has also evolved independently
in the more distantly related genera Theobroma (cacao) and Camellia (tea).[9] This
suggests that caffeine production is an adaptive trait in coffee and plant evolution. The
fruit and leaves also contain caffeine, and can be used to make coffee cherry
tea and coffee-leaf tea. The fruit is also used in many brands of soft drink as well as
pre-packaged teas.[10][11][12][13]
Several insect pests affect coffee production, including the coffee borer beetle
(Hypothenemus hampei) and the coffee leafminer (Leucoptera caffeina).
Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth)
species, Dalcera abrasa, turnip moth and some members of the genus Endoclita,
including E. damor and E. malabaricus.

Research[edit]
New species of Coffea are still being identified in the 2000s. In 2008 and 2009,
researchers from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew named seven from the mountains of
northern Madagascar, including C. ambongensis, C. boinensis, C. labatii, C.
pterocarpa, C. bissetiae, and C. namorokensis.[14]
In 2008, two new species were discovered in Cameroon. Coffea charrieriana, which is
caffeine-free, and Coffea anthonyi.[15] By crossing the new species with other known
coffees, two new features might be introduced to cultivated coffee plants: beans
without caffeine and self-pollination.
In 2011, Coffea absorbed the twenty species of the former genus Psilanthus due to the
morphological and genetic similarities between the two genera. [16] Historically, the two
have been considered distinct genera due to differences in the length of the corolla tube
and the anther arrangement: Coffea with a short corolla tube and exserted style and
anthers; Psilanthus with a long corolla tube and included anthers. However, these
characteristics were not present in all species of either respective genus, making the
two genera overwhelmingly similar in both morphology and genetic sequence. This
transfer expanded Coffea from 104 species to 124, and extended its native distribution
to tropical Asia and Australasia.
In 2014, the coffee genome was published, with more than 25,000 genes identified. This
revealed that coffee plants make caffeine using a different set of genes from those
found in tea, cacao and other such plants.[17]
In 2017, a robust and almost fully resolved phylogeny of the entire genus was
published.[8] In addition to resolving the relationships of Coffea species, this study's
results suggest Africa or Asia as the likely ancestral origin of Coffea and point to several
independent radiations across Africa, Asia, and the Western Indian Ocean Islands.
In 2020 a technique of DNA fingerprinting, or genetic authentication of plant material
was proven effective for coffee.[18] For the study, scientists used DNA extraction
and SSR marker analysis. This technique or ones similar may allow for several
improvements to coffee production such as improved information for farmers as to the
susceptibility of their coffee plants to pests and disease, a professionalized coffee seed
system, and transparency and traceability for buyers of green, un-roasted coffee.

Species[edit]
1. Coffea abbayesii J.-F.Leroy
2. Coffea affinis De Wild.
3. Coffea alleizettii Dubard
4. Coffea ambanjensis J.-F.Leroy
5. Coffea ambongenis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis
6. Coffea andrambovatensis J.-F.Leroy
7. Coffea ankaranensis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis
8. Coffea anthonyi Stoff. & F.Anthony
9. Coffea arabica L.
10. Coffea arenesiana J.-F.Leroy
11. Coffea augagneurii Dubard
12. Coffea bakossii Cheek & Bridson
13. Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex Schult.
14. Coffea bertrandii A.Chev.
15. Coffea betamponensis Portères & J.-F.Leroy
16. Coffea bissetiae A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
17. Coffea boinensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
18. Coffea boiviniana A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
19. Coffea bonnieri Dubard
20. Coffea brassii (J.-F.Leroy) A.P.Davis
21. Coffea brevipes Hiern
22. Coffea bridsoniae A.P.Davis & Mvungi
23. Coffea buxifolia A.Chev.
24. Coffea canephora ("Coffea robusta") Pierre ex A.Froehner
25. Coffea carrissoi A.Chev.
26. Coffea charrieriana Stoff. & F.Anthony
27. Coffea cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.
28. Coffea commersoniana (Baill.) A.Chev.
29. Coffea congensis A.Froehner
30. Coffea costatifructa Bridson
31. Coffea coursiana J.-F.Leroy
32. Coffea dactylifera Robbr. & Stoff.
33. Coffea decaryana J.-F.Leroy
34. Coffea dubardii Jum.
35. Coffea ebracteolata (Hiern) Brenan
36. Coffea eugenioides S.Moore
37. Coffea fadenii Bridson
38. Coffea farafanganensis J.-F.Leroy
39. Coffea floresiana Boerl.
40. Coffea fotsoana Stoff. & Sonké
41. Coffea fragilis J.-F.Leroy
42. Coffea fragrans Wall. ex Hook.f.
43. Coffea gallienii Dubard
44. Coffea grevei Drake ex A.Chev.
45. Coffea heimii J.-F.Leroy
46. Coffea homollei J.-F.Leroy
47. Coffea horsfieldiana Miq.
48. Coffea humbertii J.-F.Leroy
49. Coffea humblotiana Baill.
50. Coffea humilis A.Chev.
51. Coffea jumellei J.-F.Leroy
52. Coffea kapakata (A.Chev.) Bridson
53. Coffea kianjavatensis J.-F.Leroy
54. Coffea kihansiensis A.P.Davis & Mvungi
55. Coffea kimbozensis Bridson
56. Coffea kivuensis Lebrun
57. Coffea labatii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
58. Coffea lancifolia A.Chev.
59. Coffea lebruniana Germ. & Kester
60. Coffea leonimontana Stoff.
61. Coffea leroyi A.P.Davis
62. Coffea liaudii J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis
63. Coffea liberica Hiern
64. Coffea ligustroides S.Moore
65. Coffea littoralis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
66. Coffea lulandoensis Bridson
67. Coffea mabesae (Elmer) J.-F.Leroy
68. Coffea macrocarpa A.Rich.
69. Coffea madurensis Teijsm. & Binn. ex Koord.
70. Coffea magnistipula Stoff. & Robbr.
71. Coffea malabarica (Sivar., Biju & P.Mathew) A.P.Davis
72. Coffea mangoroensis Portères
73. Coffea mannii (Hook.f.) A.P.Davis
74. Coffea manombensis A.P.Davis
75. Coffea mapiana Sonké, Nguembou & A.P.Davis
76. Coffea mauritiana Lam.
77. Coffea mayombensis A.Chev.
78. Coffea mcphersonii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
79. Coffea melanocarpa Welw. ex Hiern
80. Coffea merguensis Ridl.
81. Coffea millotii J.-F.Leroy
82. Coffea minutiflora A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
83. Coffea mogenetii Dubard
84. Coffea mongensis Bridson
85. Coffea montekupensis Stoff.
86. Coffea montis-sacri A.P.Davis
87. Coffea moratii J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
88. Coffea mufindiensis Hutch. ex Bridson
89. Coffea myrtifolia (A.Rich. ex DC.) J.-F.Leroy
90. Coffea namorokensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
91. Coffea neobridsoniae A.P.Davis
92. Coffea neoleroyi A.P.Davis
93. Coffea perrieri Drake ex Jum. & H.Perrier
94. Coffea pervilleana (Baill.) Drake
95. Coffea pocsii Bridson
96. Coffea pseudozanguebariae Bridson
97. Coffea pterocarpa A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
98. Coffea racemosa Lour.
99. Coffea rakotonasoloi A.P.Davis
100. Coffea ratsimamangae J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
 101. Coffea resinosa (Hook.f.) Radlk.
102. Coffea rhamnifolia (Chiov.) Bridson
103. Coffea richardii J.-F.Leroy
104. Coffea sahafaryensis J.-F.Leroy
105. Coffea sakarahae J.-F.Leroy
106. Coffea salvatrix Swynn. & Philipson
107. Coffea sambavensis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
108. Coffea sapinii (De Wild.) A.P.Davis
109. Coffea schliebenii Bridson
110. Coffea semsei (Bridson) A.P.Davis
111. Coffea sessiliflora Bridson
112. Coffea stenophylla G.Don
113. Coffea tetragona Jum. & H.Perrier
114. Coffea togoensis A.Chev.
115. Coffea toshii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
116. Coffea travancorensis Wight & Arn.
117. Coffea tricalysioides J.-F.Leroy
118. Coffea tsirananae J.-F.Leroy
119. Coffea vatovavyensis J.-F.Leroy
120. Coffea vavateninensis J.-F.Leroy
121. Coffea vianneyi J.-F.Leroy
122. Coffea vohemarensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.
123. Coffea wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
124. Coffea zanguebariae Lour.

References[edit]
1. ^ "Coffee Plant: Arabica and Robusta".  Coffee Research Institute. Retrieved  17 November  2018.
2. ^ "Coffee: World Markets and Trade"  (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign
Agricultural Service. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
3. ^ Lashermes, P.; Combes, M.-C.; Robert, J.; Trouslot, P.; D'Hont, A.; Anthony, F.; Charrier, A. (1999).
"Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica  L. genome". Molecular and General
Genetics. 261 (2): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s004380050965. PMID 10102360.  S2CID 7978085.
4. ^ Davis, Aaron P.; Govaerts, Rafael; Bridson, Diane M. & Stoffelen, Piet (2006).  "An annotated
taxonomic conspectus of the genus  Coffea  (Rubiaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society.  152  (4): 465–512.  doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00584.x.
5. ^ "What is Coffee?".  www.ncausa.org. Retrieved  14 July 2020.
6. ^ Petek, Marcos Rafael; Sera, Tumoru; Alteia, Marcos Zorzenon (January 2005). "Genetic variability
for frost resistance among Coffea accessions assessed in the field and in a cold chamber".  Brazilian
Archives of Biology and Technology. 48 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132005000100003.
7. ^ "Coffee bean: commodity factsheet"  (PDF). Mintec.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c Hamon, Perla; Grover, Corrinne E.; Davis, Aaron P.; Rakotomalala, Jean-Jacques;
Raharimalala, Nathalie E.; Albert, Victor A.; Sreenath, Hosahalli L.; Stoffelen, Piet; Mitchell, Sharon
E.; Couturon, Emmanuel; Hamon, Serge; de Kochko, Alexandre; Crouzillat, Dominique; Rigoreau,
Michel; Sumirat, Ucu; Akaffou, Sélastique & Guyot, Romain (2017). "Genotyping-by-sequencing
provides the first well-resolved phylogeny for coffee (Coffea) and insights into the evolution of caffeine
content in its species: GBS coffee phylogeny and the evolution of caffeine content". Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution.  109: 351–361.  doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.009. PMID 28212875.
 9. ^ Denoeud, France; et  al. (5 September 2014).  "The coffee genome provides insight into the
convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis".  Science.  345  (6201): 1181–
1184.  Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1181D. doi:10.1126/science.1255274.  PMID  25190796.
10. ^ Selby, Craig (31 May 2019).  "SlimCafe is no longer available".  SlimFast.
11. ^ "Coffeeberry Cascara – Soluble, Sustainable | FutureCeuticals".  www.futureceuticals.com.
12. ^ "Starbucks". stories.starbucks.com.
13. ^ "Brazilian Cascara". Dwellers Coffee.
14. ^ "Seven species of wild coffee amongst Kew's haul of new discoveries". Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew. 22 December 2009. Archived from the original  on 30 August 2016.
15. ^ Stoffelen, Piet; Noirot, Michel; Couturon, Emmanuel; Anthony, François (2008). "A new caffeine-free
coffee from Cameroon". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.  158  (1): 67–
72.  doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00845.x.
16. ^ Davis, A.P.; Tosh, J.; Ruch, N.; Fay, M.F. (2011). "Growing coffee:  Psilanthus  (Rubiaceae)
subsumed on the basis of molecular and morphological data; implications for the size, morphology,
distribution and evolutionary history of  Coffea". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.  167  (4):
357–377. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01177.x.
17. ^ Callaway, Ewen (4 September 2014). "Coffee got its buzz by a different route than
tea". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15832. S2CID  168085931.
18. ^ Pruvot-Woehl, Solène; Krishnan, Sarada; Solano, William; Schilling, Tim; Toniutti, Lucile; Bertrand,
Benoit; Montagnon, Christophe (1 April 2020).  "Authentication of Coffea arabica Varieties through
DNA Fingerprinting and its Significance for the Coffee Sector".  Journal of AOAC
International. 103 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1093/jaocint/qsz003.  ISSN  1060-3271. PMID 33241280.
Retrieved 1 April 2021.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coffea.

Wikispecies has information related to Coffea.

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  Coffee portal

  Category: Coffee

Taxon Wikidata: Q156354

identifiers Wikispecies: Coffea

APDB: 189584

APNI: 73052

CoL: 8VWDB

EoL: 39907518

EPPO: 1COFG

FoC: 107588
 GBIF: 2895315

GRIN: 2779

iNaturalist: 64343

IPNI: 85299-3

IRMNG: 1041905

ITIS: 35189

NCBI: 13442

NZOR: 85ba7a8f-9ed2-441e-a40e-bdac6c78a6cd

Open Tree of Life: 227658

PLANTS: COFFE

POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325985-2

Tropicos: 40011705

WFO: wfo-4000008851

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Categories: 
 Coffea
 Fruits originating in Africa
 Medicinal plants of Asia
 Medicinal plants of Africa
 Rubiaceae genera
 Crops
 Herbal and fungal stimulants