FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL

AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

2nd Semester, School Year 2020-2021
The Essential Concepts and
Components of Special and
Inclusive Education
Week 5
Objective

1. Define special education and explain its meaning

2. Explain the meaning of Least Restrictive
Environment (LRE)
3. Cite basic terms in special and inclusive education
4. Identifies the components of special needs
education and explain processes involved within
and across these components.
Special Education
Refers to individually planned,
systematically implemented, and carefully
evaluated instruction to help exceptional
children achieve the greatest possible
personal self-sufficiency and success in
present and future environments (Heward,
2003).
…systematically implemented and evaluated
instruction…
…personal self-sufficiency…

I am
independent!
…present environment…
…future environment…
Least Restrictive
Environment

https://www.thinglink.com/scene/708455600446504961
 Regular Classroom Goal!

Homebound/ Hospital
Bound/ Residential
Key Descriptors
The three most recent terms, mainstreaming, integration and inclusion, demonstrate the
movement and changes in special education.
Inclusion
a philosophy that states all individuals, regardless
of ability, should participate within the same
environment with necessary support and
individualized attention.

Inclusion is more than simply placing individuals

together, it’s a belief that all individuals belong and
are valued (Kasser & Lytle, 2005, p.42).
Inclusion
In other words, inclusion is a principle thus, making
integration a strategy that supports inclusion. Inclusion
argues that students with special needs should not be
segregated; in this case, progress is not a main concern
but adaptation and not being excluded is key in the
classroom environment and society. This may be different
in some schools but emphasis is usually on social gains
and life skills than academic gains.
Inclusive education can be categorized into several levels
based on Lieberman and Houston-Wilson’s Model of
Continuum of Supports and Placements (2002). This
model, for students with special needs, emphasizes the
different levels of inclusion.
Resources
Inciong, et al (2007). Introduction to Special Education. Rex
Publishing
https://www.specialedu4parents.com/mainstreaming-
integration-and-inclusion.html
https://thenounproject.com/term/workplace/
https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/2046260/academy_college_
diploma_education_student_study_tertiary_icon
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/708455600446504961