Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the (Computer System Servicing(CSS) Grade-12) Self Learning Module

on (Understanding Domain Name System (DNS)) !
This Self Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge
Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership
with the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis
N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 EX PECT AT I ON

After completing the lesson the learners should be able to:

A. Know the History of Domain Name System (DNS);

B. Define Domain Name System (DNS); and
C. Understand how Domain Name System (DNS) works

PR ET EST

TRUE or FALSE

Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Write T if the statement is correct
and F if wrong in the space provided before each number.

1. Computers are and were only able to communicate using numbers.

2. DHCP was developed as a sort of “phone book” that translates domain
you enter in your browser into a computer readable IP.
3. In the early 1980’s, Paul Mockapetris came up with a system that
automatically mapped IP addresses to domain names and the DNS was
born.
4. Computers and other devices can communicate with each other via the
internet or other networks, and each device is assigned shared IP
address.
5. By Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
 R ECAP
Directions: Fill in the blanks the missing words.

Step to install DHCP. Write the correct word on the space provided.

1. Adding a new Role

Click Add Roles from the Initial Configuration Tasks Window or from

2. Selecting the DHCP Server Role

When the Add Roles Wizard comes up, you can click Next on that screen. Next,
select that you want to add the Role and click Next.

3. Network connection binding

Configure some basic IP settings and configure the first DHCP Scope. It was
shown the network connection binding and asked to verify
connection,
4. Entering domain and DNS information
The wizard is asking, “what interface do you want to provide DHCP services on?”
took the default and clicked Next. Next, entered , Primary DNS
and Alternate DNS and clicked Next.
5. Adding a new DHCP Scope
Click to add a new scope. Name Scope (Scope name), configured
the starting and endingIP address and subnet default gateway, type of subnet.],
and activated the scope.
6. Choose to Disable stateless mode for this server and
click Next.Then, confirmed DHCP Installation Selections and clicked Install.

To test DHCP window server

7. Type in system prompt:
8. then an and verified that it received an
9. from the new DHCP server.
10.Also, you can go to server and verified that the new client
was listed as a client on the DHCP server.
 LESSON

WHAT IS DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

A Brief History of the DNS

Thirty years ago, when the Internet was still in its infancy when you wanted to visit
a website you had to know the IP address of that site. That’s because computers
are and were only able to communicate using numbers. This is an IP address:
127.33.54.200. It’s long, hard to remember, and we (humans, I presume) are not
robots. We needed a way to translate computer-readable information into human-
readable. And it had to be fast, lightweight, and scalable. In the early 1980’s, Paul
Mockapetris came up with a system that automatically mapped IP addresses to
domain names and the DNS was born. This same system still serves as the
backbone of the modern Internet today.

Definition

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the internet. Human’s access
information online through domain names. It converts human readable domain
names (like: www.google.com) into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses (like:
173.194.39.78). Computers can only communicate using series of numbers, so
DNS was developed as a sort of “phone book” that translates the domain you enter
in your browser into a computer readable IP.

Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates
domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load internet resources.

How does a DNS server work?

Domain names, such as example.com, are
easy to remember for humans but less
suitable for communication between
computers in a network. To make sure that
computers and other devices can
communicate with each other via the
internet or other networks, each device is
assigned its own unique IP address. Similar
to long phone numbers, IP addresses are Figure: DNS-Server - Author: Seobility - License: CC BY-SA 4.0

difficult to remember for human users. The domain name system (DNS) combines
the requirements of humans and computers by enabling a connection, for example
to a website, without having to know the corresponding IP-address. DNS servers
play an important role here.
DNS servers translate domain names, such as example.com, into IP addresses.
During this resolution process, the DNS records on the server are searched and, if
available, the domain name data set is returned. If the IP address cannot be found
on this DNS server, the query is sent to other DNS servers until the data for the
respective domain is retrieved.

When you enter a URL into your browser, it starts searching for the corresponding
IP-address in a local file stored on your PC. If it finds no information there, the
request will be redirected until the IP address will be identified. Thereby it passes
the local DNS-Server (usually your internet router), the ISP’s DNS-Server, and the
root name server, which is accountable for the respective Top Level Domain (TLD).
If there is still no information found, the request will be sent to the Network
Information Center (NIC) responsible for the zone.

The NIC’s server will send the address of the zone’s authoritative nameserver to the
ISP. The ISP will then ask this authoritative server for the IP, and send the
information through your router back to your browser. That way the website can be
accessed. If no IP address can be found, an error message is returned. The browser
then indicates that the website could not be found or may not exist.

The information provided by authoritative name servers is binding and trustworthy

for other servers. In contrast to that, your router or the ISP's servers are non-
authoritative. In order to answer repeated queries for the same domain more
quickly, the information is temporarily stored in the DNS server’s cache for a set
period of time. This period is called “time to live”, abbreviated TTL. Depending on
the server configuration, the TTL can vary between a few minutes and several days.

HOW DOES A DNS QUERY WORK

The best way to understand how each DNS server type works is to follow the DNS
query trail.

Step 1: The Web Client

You open a web browser and type
http://www.google.com. The query leaves your
browser and is received by the DNS client built into
operating system.

Step 2: DNS Local Cache

The built-in DNS client checks its local cache to see
if it has the associated numeric address already on
file. If it does, it provides the address to the web
client. If not, it sends a query to an external DNS
resolver server residing on the Internet. It’s typically
maintained by your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Step 3: The DNS resolver
This server resides between you and all other DNS servers required to get Google’s
numeric address. This server essentially takes control of the DNS query,
temporarily becoming the DNS client.

Step 4: The Root nameserver

There are 13 of these servers maintained by the
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN). Overall, this network keeps track
of all the servers that maintain a directory of each
domain, like .com, .net, .org, and so on.

In our example, this network responds to the query

by directing the DNS resolver to the address of a
server handling the .com domains.

Step 5: The Top Level Domain (TLD) nameserver TLD

nameserver maintains a directory of a specific
domain. They’re managed by Inter Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA), which is part of Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN). When the .com TLD nameserver receives
the DNS resolver’s request, it responds with the
address of an Authoritative nameserver that keeps
Google’s actual numeric address.

Step 6: The Authoritative nameserver

This is the final stop for the DNS query. This
nameserver receives the DNS resolver’s query and
pulls up the DNS A Record to retrieve Google’s
numerical address. However, if a domain or a
subdomain has an alias – like Google.com – the DNS
resolver will receive that information first, prompting
it to send another request for then numerical
address listed in the DNS A Record.

Step 7: The DNS resolver

With Google’s numerical location in hand, the DNS resolver delivers the information
to your PC’s DNS client. The resolver is done for now until it receives another DNS
query.

Step 8: The DNS client

Now knowing the numerical address, the DNS client hands the address over to the
web client. It will also store the numeric address in its cache for later use.

Step 9: The Web client

Using the numeric address, the web browser sends
an HTTP request to the server located at that
Internet address, which in turn responds with the
webpage you see in your browser. DNS servers are the foundation of the internet’s
domain name system (DNS). They store public IP addresses and other data
associated with hostnames.
HOW DOES DNS WORK
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as
www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An
IP address is given to each device on the internet, and that address is necessary to
find the appropriate internet device – like street address is used to find a particular
home. When a user wants to load a webpage, a translation must occur between
what a user types into their browser (example.com) and the machine-friendly
address necessary to locate the example.com webpage. DNS servers cache DNS
records for faster lookups, Content Delivery Network (CDN) servers cache content
to reduce latency, and web browsers cache HTML files, JavaScript, and images in
order to load websites more quickly.
Cache is any temporary storage location for copies of files or data, usually the term
is used in reference to Internet technologies.
Caching is the process of storing copies of files in a cache, or temporary storage
location, so that they can be accessed more quickly.

DNS support both Iterative and Recursive Queries

The client has suffice together all the The server would trying to gather
information on its own. information from other server if they
don’t have the answer.

ACT I VI T I ES
Directions: Label the routes of Domain Name System (DNS) Queries..

MIX OF ITERATIVE AND RECURSIVE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlZC4Jwf3xQ
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
 WR AP UP

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) BACKGROUND

The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the foundations of the internet. It is use
in networking to make our life much easier. It helps people to do their jobs, check
their email or using their smartphones to explore in the internet. Domain Name
System (DNS) is a directory of names that match with numbers. The numbers, in
this case are IP addresses, which computers use to communicate with each other.
Most descriptions of DNS use the analogy of a phone book. DNS is like your
smartphone’s contact list, which matches people’s names with their phone
numbers and email addresses. Then multiply that contact list by everyone else on
the earth.

VALUI NG
We have learned the importance of Domain Name System (DNS) in accessing
information to computer network and to make our life easier in browsing internet.
Discuss how DNS work:

POST T EST
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. translates domain names to IP addresses to download internet resources
A. DNS C. DHCP
B. Web browser D. URL
2. It interact through Internet protocol IP addresses
A. Web browser C. Server
B. URL D. Webpage
3. It’s typically maintained by your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
A. DNS resolve C. DNS local cache
B. Root nameserver D. TLD nameserver
4. This network keeps track of all the servers that maintain a directory of each
domain, like .com, .net, /org. and so on.
A. DNS resolver C. DNS local cache
B. Root nameserver D. TLD nameserver
5. This server essentially takes control of the DNS query, temporarily becoming
the DNS client.
A. DNS resolver C. DNS local cache
B. Root nameserver D. TLD nameserver
6. This is the final stop for the DNS query.
C. DNS resolver C. DNS local cache
D. Root nameserver D. Authoritative nameserver
7. It maintains a directory of a specific domain.
A. DNS resolver C. TLD nameserver
B. Root nameserver D. Authoritative nameserver
8. It is any temporary storage location for copies of files or data, usually the term
is used in reference to Internet technologies.
A. DNS resolver C. TLD nameserver
B. Cache D. Authoritative nameserver
9. It is another term for DNS server.
A. nameserver C. TLD nameserver
B. Cache D. Authoritative nameserver
10.It is the process of storing copies of files in a cache, or temporary storage
location, so that they can be accessed more quickly.
C. nameserver C. TLD nameserver
D. Cache D. Caching

K EY T O COR R ECT I ON

Pre-test Recap Activity Post-test

1. T 1. Server Manager 1. Computer will send recursive 1. A
2. F 2. DHCP query to Local DNS server 2. B
3. T 3. Network 2. Local DNS server 3. C
4. F 4. Parent Domain 3. Root server 4. B
5. T 5. Add 4. TLD server 5. A
6. DHCPv6 5. Respond to recursive query 6. D
7. IP config/release 7. C
8. IP config/renew 8. B
9. Windows 2008 9. A
10. IP address 10. D

R E F E R E N CE S
Online Sites:
(access July 27, 2020)
https://dnsmadeeasy.com/support/what-is-dns/
https://www.seobility.net/en/wiki/DNS_Server
https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/
https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-a-dns-server/
https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/cdn/what-is-caching/
Images
(access July 27, 2020)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlZC4Jwf3xQ