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Casting Process
Casting Process
Casting Process
htm
2007 Wynndanzur.com
Due to the Website's large size, and your equipment, this Section may take a few minutes to fully unload.
Not every Casting Process is listed, only the most commonly used.
If there is a topic of Interested NOT presented in the entire Website, please e-mail through the
webmaster, what it is you are looking for. The best efforts will be given to accommodate
requests for "Additional Sources," by return e-mail.
The Casting Processes that are explained, are done so in a format that only Introduces the
reader to that Casting Topic. It is the reader's responsibility to go beyond what this Website has
initiated.
If a reader requires further in depth information on a Casting Process, or topic, this information
can be obtained from the local Library, the Internet, AFS, and the Organizations supporting that
particular Casting Process.
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Castings ___________________
According to biblical records, Casting technology reaches back almost 5,500
years BC.
Mankind next found copper, because it appeared in the ash of his camp fires
from copper-bearing ore that he lined his fire pits with.
Man soon found that copper was harder than gold or silver.
So copper, found a ‘nitch’ in man’s early tools, and then marched it’s way into
Weaponry.
He used clay and made pottery, now he had something to eat from. (
Kitchen-aide and the Dishwasher, would not come around for many more
years.)
Then Man thought, "now…what else can I do with this clay mud stuff …" .
Early man thought about it, "I’ll use this pottery stuff, ( the first patterns ), to
shape my metal into bowls ".
Castings
A casting, is the essential foundation of civilization. With it, man unlocked his
future, placing him on the path toward conquering his environment.
History tells us this happened in Mesopotamia, today's modern Iraq. The oldest
casting in existence today is believed to be a frog, cast in copper.
The frog’s complexity indicates that it was preceded by other simpler casting
efforts. Things went slow back then.
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Tin, came around in the 16th Century, but man used earth's ores for 4500 years
prior. The Chinese get the nod for iron castings around 1000 BC. India made
steel about 500 BC. Civilization in general, was casting brass by then, ( brass =
copper / plus zinc ) , which was many centuries before the Christian era.
All along this path all the techniques for …" CASTING AND MOLDING PROCESSES
" … were being discovered, and recorded into history.
All of these processes would be pictured forever in time through the labors of
early man.
Click on the Process Group that interests you, and that will take you to the Location.
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Click on the Process Group that interests you, and that will take you to the Location.
***********************
Metal Casting Process
Application Chart
" What Casting Process do I need for my Casting Project ?"
Below is a simple Application Chart that lists the basic Casting Processes and
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then the type of Normal Casting Application work that best suits that Process.
You can use this chart and compare the project you have in mind to determine
a possible Casting Process.
Many Processes, can be used for the same project, the quantities needed, cost
per unit, tooling costs, are all factors in determining which process, is right one
for your project.
* Navigation Guide: Click on the Process Group that interests you, and that will take you to the
Location.
Powdered Metal Casting: motor hubs, gears, spacers, magnets, slides, blanks,
automotive, lawn and garden, hardware, air-movement, recreation,
agriculture, elevators, escalators
Die Casting: power tool bodies, handles, parts, triggers, housings, bases,
plumbing, hardware, agriculture, aircraft, rails, gates, caps, covers, tops,
bottoms
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Grey Iron Casting: pump housings, impellers, covers, caps, tops, bases,
plumbing, agriculture, hardware, sewer covers, gears, blanks, hubs, flywheels,
casings, housings
Flask-less Molding: this casting and molding process can replace sand, green
sand, and used with gray iron, whenever high volume, high out put,
economical, exact duplications are required
**********************************
Casting Processes
The Three Casting Process Groups
The top and the bottom of the pieces of the mold form the flask. The flask
assembly, the top and bottom, "holds the whole thing together". The upper or
topmost section of the flask of the mold (flask) is called the cope, while the
bottom of the mold (flask) is called the drag. The impression device, in the
middle, is called the pattern. The sand around the pattern is called the, holding
medium. The mold maker uses the pattern to make the impression in the sand.
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He then sets the pattern aside. At that point, the molder closes the cope and
drag, forming the mold. What the mold maker wants is the void left from the
impression of the pattern, in middle of the sand, inside the mold. So, he fills that
void with a molten material.
Basic casting like this, is also called, "Green Sand Molding, or Green Sand
Casting". These are the most basic molding methods, currently used in today’s
casting practices, regardless of the metal alloy, or any molten - liquid material
being poured. Like was said in the Preface, Man has been casting things since
before Biblical times, using these very concepts.
All casting techniques employed in the rest of the Casting and Molding
Processes are in many ways, just like sand casting, or green sand molding. With
some thought and imagination, you can always see the cope and drag
principle of casting we already discussed. The different techniques or casting
and molding processes are used to achieve a desired end product, which has
a special need in the market place. This special need prompted man to
develop special processes.
Examples of usage would be: Air movement components ( fan blades), hubs,
shafts, tubes, rectangles, squares, holes, no holes, the list is endless.
1B.) GREY IRON CASTINGS – This process is very much like sand casting and green
sand casting processes. It can be done as flask-less molding. The difference being that the
molten material is gray iron.
Grey Iron is white iron to which 2% to 3% carbon has been added to reduce the
hardness and brittleness of iron. See GREY IRON in Glossary.
Examples of usage would be: pump bodies, housings, impellers, sewer covers,
gears, blanks, bases, pads, motor mounts etc.
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green sand casting, a tight fitting, individual – most likely sand filled flask – is
used for each mold produced.
The Industry has sand molders, use machines named "Hunter" or "B&P", to
identify the makes and models of their flask-less molding equipment. The
benefits of these systems are very impressive … uniformity, high density molds,
high out put of products, elimination of mold shift, just to mention a few, all of
which drastically reduce labor expense.
Flask-less Molding provides a mold hardness that is consistent though out the
mold. The operator can adjust to different cope, drag heights and total
squeeze pressure to accommodate different mold densities and mold hardness
to meet the molding application. The operator can adjust the sand fill allowing
the adjustment for variations in each pattern. It is possible produce complex
molds and mold with deep pockets, which are difficult with traditional, normal
sand casting procedures
Rapid core setting, easy inspection of cores used, utilization of existing tooling,
high casting quality, reduced finishing time, quick pattern change, exceptional
mold to mold consistency, high productivity are some of the many reasons to
use flask-less molding.
Examples of usage would be: Any thing you can make in a sand mold, but you
want it made for high volume, high production type out lets.
3.) DRY SAND MOLDING – large components are very difficult to cast to exact
size and dimensions. Hence, some foundries use dry sand molds to produce
such parts. Dry sand molding is the green sand process modified by baking the
mold at prescribed temperature. Engine blocks, large gears, big housings,
construction parts, are examples of dry sand process candidates. Ferrous and
non-ferrous metals are cast in this method. The key to this process is the proper
baking time in relation to the binder and the moisture content. The other factors
are the size, weight, and mass, of the component being cast. Wynn Danzur can
explain the profitable advantages of this process to you. Some good examples
are, the great strength of the part cast, exactness in dimension, much smoother
finish, etc., but most important is how these processes will benefit your casting
jobs.
Examples of usage would be: engine blocks, transmission housings, big gear
boxes, etc.
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4.) SAND SLINGING – is the rapid process of mechanically filling the flasks with
sand. The sand is propelled into the flask, like a sling-shot. This yet, just another
method for compacting the sand into the cope and drag of the flask. Some
sand slingers are stationary, some portable, and are some moveable. The big
plus with this process, is the elimination of sand waste, which is the universal
sand foundry problem.
Examples of usage would be: large pump bodies, gear boxes, boat engine
blocks, gears, Large valve bodies, etc.
5.) STACK MOLDING – is another high production, sand casting, or green sand
molding process. The piston ring people know this method well. Simply
explained, the bottom of a given flask in a stack provides the cope of the flask
below, while the top, provides the drag of the next layer…"pan caked- casting
".
6.) DRY OR BAKED "SAND CORE" MOLDING – very intricate automotive and
agricultural castings are formed with this process. Accuracy, is the key word
here along with close tolerances. A binder is mixed with un-bonded sand, it is
then formed to the mold or pattern and baked. This is an expensive process,
that achieves high level accuracy, in all dimensions..) DRY OR BAKED "SAND
CORE" MOLDING – very intricate automotive and agricultural castings are
formed with this process. Accuracy, is the key word here along with close
tolerances. A binder is mixed with un-bonded sand, it is then formed to the
mold or pattern and baked. This is an expensive process, that achieves high
level accuracy, in all dimensions.
7.) SHELL CORE MOLDS - are the earliest, most automated, and most rapid of
mold, and core making processes. This technique is also called the " C "
Process or, Croning. Found in Germany after WW II, from a patent issued to
Johannes C. A. Croning. The " C "Process uses a fluidized, harden-able sand –
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synthetic resin mixture to do shell molding and shell core making. Some big
advantages are closer tolerances, increased productivity, excellent casting
surface finishing, almost "as cast quality ". Wynn Danzur, can work with you to
determine how best this process may fit your operation. the earliest, most
automated, and most rapid of mold, and core making processes.
Examples of usage would be: engines valve heads, transmission cases, valve
bodies, etc.
8.1) Oil Based Sand Casting - is very similar to regular sand casting and green
sand casting, but a oil based mixture of sand is employed, instead of earth and
sands and clays. This concept, provides Die Cast like finish, at a fraction of the
cost, because no expensive die casting tools are required. When long life span,
and high out put required for the application, a Die Casting is best option.
A.) INVESTMENT CASTING - or the "lost wax" process has been in use since the
construction of the first pyramid.
The Egyptians and Chinese used the process in their early history to make
statues and jewelry. The investment casting method was largely ignored as an
industrial process for the fabrication of parts until the demand for rapidly
finished parts during World War II created the need for near net-shape
components that could readily be put into their final form. Then new inorganic
high temperature ceramic mold binders were developed to industrialize the
process applications to include high strength and corrosion resistant materials
such as low to high carbon alloy steel, tool steel, stainless steel, and nickel and
cobalt base alloys. Aluminum and brass alloys are available also. It is a
process capable of producing intricate shapes weighing from a small fraction
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A injection molded wax pattern is used for each part produced which is then
encased in multiple layers of ceramic material. The wax pattern is then
removed from the ceramic shell mold. The mold is fired in an oven and then
molten metal is poured into the cavities left by the evacuated wax pattern.
Upon cooling, the resulting precision castings are cleaned and subjected to
further processing such as heat treatment. At this point, many parts are in their
final form and are ready for use while others may require a small amount of
further processing such as machining before reaching their final form.
When properly applied, the advanced technology can offer complex near
net-shapes that reduce overall manufacturing costs by minimizing material
and labor inputs. Parts designs can be lighter in weight, more complex and are
available in a wider range of alloys than those offered by other processes.
Stronger materials, better surface finishes, thinner walls, difficult internal
configurations and closer tolerances than those available through alternate
processing techniques are some of the other advantages of the investment
casting process.
A.1) Lost Foam Process - This Process is similar to "Lost Wax", better known as
Investment Casting, in that both the casting mediums are expended, either
melted or evaporated away, leaving the cast part.
Make sure to visit "Lost Foam" Casting Process in the Exploded Drawings, or
Views Sections.
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B.) THE SHAW PROCESS – this is one of the best known of the INVESTMENT
CASTING variations. The chief difference is that a jelling agent is added to the
inside of the destructible mold …instead of cracking away the mold, it is
stripped away.
C.) REPLICA CASTING – can be made from any material that can be burned
away, burnt out, or incinerated …leaving a pattern chamber free of ash and
residue. Examples would be…plants, seedpods, insects, etc. This method is for
very intricate designs, costume jewelry, precious metal replica.
E.) SPIN CASTING – this bridges the gap between die casting and sand casting
by incorporating the some of the important advantages of both of those
processes.
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Production of prototype castings, in high or low volumes, with low tooling costs
and short lead times, yielding die cast quality parts known for the close
tolerances.
F.) PERMANENT MOLDING – is very much like sand casting, but no sand is used,
and there is no real impression device…just a metal vessel shaped to the
configuration of the part wanted, this is the impression device.
In Permanent molding, just as the names states, the mold is permanent, in that
it is used over and over again, unlike a sand mold, that is re-made, after each
sand cast part, is produced.
Alloys suited for Permanent Molding both ferrous, and nonferrous. – is very
much like sand casting –but – no sand is used, and there is no real impression
device…just a metal vessel shaped to the configuration of the part wanted, this
is the impression device.
Then the "cope and drag " are opened up and there is the cast part. In
Permanent molding, just as the names states, the mold is permanent, in that it is
used over and over again, unlike a sand mold, that is re-made, after each
sand cast part, is produced.
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the molten metals cool more rapidly than sand, producing a sound dense
casting with superior mechanical properties, high degree of uniformity, high
degree of dimensional accuracy, less scrap castings, more machining
secondary operations can be " cast-out " of project – reducing overall costs, a
consistent quality finish.
All casting techniques employed in the rest of the Casting and Molding
Processes are in many ways, just like sand casting, or green sand molding.
With some thought and imagination, you can always see the cope and drag
principle of casting we already discussed.
The different techniques or casting and molding processes are used to achieve
a desired end product, which has a special need in the market place. This
special need prompted man to develop special processes.
Examples of usage would be: Permanent molding can replace just about all
sand casting applications, where the benefits listed above are desired.
G.) DIE CASTING – this process is for high volume, high detail, value added,
economy priced, cast parts.
A metal tool is built, and it is attached to a furnace of molten metal, this molten
metal is mechanically poured…injected into the metal mold, the mold cools
for a brief time, it opens the parts come out… the process repeats, over and
over and over. Advantage is very high production with great duplication, with
great tolerances.
The mold has sections which include the "cover" or hot side and the
"moveable" or the ejector side.
The die may also have additional moveable segments called slides or pulls
which are used to create features such as undercuts or holes which are parallel
to the parting line.
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Aluminum die casting molds operate in cold chamber die casting machines.
Examples of usage would be: cabinets for the electronics industry, hand and
power tools for industrial and home use, general hardware appliances, pump
parts, plumbing parts, parts for the automotive industry, sports and leisure,
home appliances, a lot of communications equipment, the list is endless.
The molten metal is injected into a closed vessel called a casting die or mold
under high pressure and at a controlled temperature.
The metal is cooled rapidly until the solidified part is sufficiently solid enough, to
permit it to be ejected from the mold.
The mold has sections which include the "cover" or hot side and the
"moveable" or ejector side. The die may also have additional moveable
segments called slides, or pulls which are use to create features such as
undercuts or holes which are parallel to the parting line.
Zinc die casting dies or molds operate in hot chamber die casting machines.
These machines run at the required temperatures and pressures to produce a
quality part, to net-shape or near net-shape specifications. Zinc die castings,
can be readily machined, plated, painted or powder coated.
Examples of usage would be: all general hardware type parts, hardware for
doors, drawers, and furniture, plumbing fixtures, automotive products, parts for
the lighting industry, all hand tools, power tools, sporting goods – list is endless.:
all general hardware type parts, hardware for doors, drawers, and furniture,
plumbing fixtures, automotive products, parts for the lighting industry, all hand
tools, power tools, sporting goods – list is endless.
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The Powdered Metal Casting Process is the absolute choice for parts that
require high mechanical properties with repeatable close tolerances. That's
why this modern technology is so popular today.
4. Powdered metal process offers long term reliability, too. Close control of
dimensions and physical properties are an inherent part of the process. In
addition, powdered metal parts are produced with net shape, requiring little
secondary operations like machining.
Examples of usage would be: fan hubs, motor hubs, magnets, automotive,
farm, aircraft service equipment, power tools, machine tools, etc.
Acurrad Process
Plaster Molding
Antioch Process
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Graphite Molding
A.) THE "V PROCESS " - permits molds to be made for the first time, out of
free-flowing, dry, un-bonded sand without using high pressure squeezing,
jolting, slinging, or blowing as a means of compaction of the sand used in
conventional casting.
Each half of the mold is made in a like fashion. Aluminum or the Alloy of
choice, is poured to form the casting.
Use the Table of Contents, to visit the Exploded Drawing Section and see a
colored drawing on the V-Process.
Follow the numbered steps listed below to get a better understanding of this
V-Process.
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During the casting process, which would be just like sand casting, with the
pouring of molten metal into pattern cavity, which in this process is styro-foam,
sometimes the styro-foam is burned away, and sometimes it is not. This
depends on the application of the actual component being cast.
See Lost Foam Casting above, and visit the exploded drawings or views
Sections.
Examples of usage would be: large tooling for aircraft, bridge decking,
highway barrier components, elevator components, to mention a few
applications.
Continuous Castings
Slush Castings
Squeeze Casting
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There are many more Casting Processes, and variations, all of which have their
purpose in the casting of parts.
Select the items that apply, and then let us know how to contact you.
Name
Title
Company
Address
E-mail
Phone
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Ph: 812-689-0793
FAX: 812-689-0124
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