Republic
of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS
- Multiview drawings comprise the drawing types we know as plans,
elevations, and sections.
- It is a technique of illustration by which a standardized series
of orthographic two-dimensional pictures is constructed to represent the form
of a three-dimensional object.
- Each is an orthographic projection of a particular aspect of a three-
dimensional object or construction.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
- In architectural design, Multiview drawings establish two-dimensional fields
on which we are able to study formal and spatial patterns as well as scalar
and proportional relationships in a composition.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
- Up to six pictures of an object are produced (called Primary views), with
each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the object.
- The ability to regulate size, placement, and configuration also makes
multiview drawings useful in communicating the graphic information
necessary for the description, fabrication, and construction of a design.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
- PROJECTION refers to the process or technique of representing a three-
dimensional object by extending all its points by straight lines, called
projectors, to a picture plane, an imaginary transparent plane assumed to be
coextensive with the drawing surface. We also call the picture plane the
plane of projection.
THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PICTORIAL SYSTEMS
a. MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS - represent a three-dimensional subject through a
series of distinct but related two-dimensional
views.
b. PARALINE DRAWINGS - depict two or more facets of a three-
c. PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS dimensional structure in a single image
- parallel lines remain parallel in paraline
drawings while they appear to
converge in perspective drawings.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
View comparison
Type Advantage Disadvantage
Multi-view drawing Accurately presents Require training
object’s details, i.e. to visualization.
size and shape.
Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion
Circular hole
becomes ellipse
Right angle becomes
obtuse angle.
Perspective drawing Object looks more Difficult to create
like what our eyes Size and shape
perceive. distortion
Distorted
width
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Orthographic Projection
- Projectors are parallel to each other
and perpendicular to picture plane;
Oblique Projection
- Projectors are parallel to each
other and oblique to picture plane
Perspective Projection
- Projectors converge to a point that
represents the eye of the observer;
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
- is a system of projection that represents an object by projecting lines
perpendicular to the picture plane.
- It is a form of parallel projection, in which all the projection lines are
orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene
appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface.
- The opposite of an orthographic projection is an oblique projection, which
is a parallel projection in which the projection lines are not orthogonal to the
projection plane.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
- To construct an orthographic projection, we draw parallel projectors from the
various points in the object to intersect the picture plane at right angles. We
then connect the projected points in their proper order to obtain the view of
the object on the picture plane. We refer to the resulting image on the picture
plane as an orthographic view.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
orthographic projection
• Orthographic projection uses multiple
views of the subject, from points of view
rotated about the subject's center through
increments of 90°.
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
- If we enclose an object within a transparent picture-plane box, we can name
the principal picture planes and the images projected orthographically onto
these planes.
- Each orthographic view represents a different orientation and a particular
vantage point from which to view the object. Each plays a specific role in the
development and communication of a design.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Principal Planes
- A principal plane is any of a set of mutually perpendicular picture planes on
which the image of an object is projected orthographically.
Types of Principal Planes:
1. Horizontal Plane - The principal level picture plane on which a plan or top
view is projected orthographically.
2. Frontal Plane - The principal vertical picture plane on which an elevation or
front view is projected orthographically.
3. Profile Plane - The principal vertical picture plane on which a side or end
view is projected orthographically.
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Views arrangement
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View
Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View
Top View
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Date Prepared by: Noted by: Recommending Approval: Approved by: Page:
Implemented:
July 16.2018 Simeon Rico, Jr., RLA, Sherwin Victor G. Galamgam, Resurreccion V. Garrote,
Architecture MScm Ph.D. RCE, MSCE
Date Revised: Department Chairman –Architecture College Dean, CEA Campus Executive Director
May 17-24 ,2018 Department
Methods of Orthogonal Projection
1. Natural Method: Revolve the object with respect to observer
2. Glass box method: The observer moves around the object.
Glass box concept
Top view
Top view
Front
Right side
view
Front view Right side view play view
play
Steps for Orthographic Views
152
64 Top
1. Select the
necessary views
25~4
0
45 Front
2. Layout the
selected views 152
on a drawing
Choose a drawing scale
sheet. (say 1:1)
3. Complete each x
x
selected views. z
y
Top
4. Complete the
dimensions and
y
x x
notes. Front
y
y
Glass Box Approach
• Place the object in a glass box
• Freeze the view from each direction (each
of the six sides of the box) and unfold the
box
Glass box : Revolution of the planes of projection
Rear view
Left side view
Bottom view
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Conventional Orthographic Views
Width
Top Depth
View/Plan
Right
Front View Side Height
View
424 PART 2 Fundamentals of Technical Graphics
configured similarly in the front and top views. In Figure
1
8.74C, the shaded surface is T-shaped in the top and
front views. In Figure 8.74D, the shaded surface has
4
eight sides in both the front and top views.
3 6 5
8.8.5 Surface Labeling
2
When multiview drawings are created from a given pic-
7 torial view, surfaces are labeled to check the accuracy of
the solution. The surfaces are labeled in the pictorial
9
8 view and then in each multiview, using the pictorial view
as a guide. Figure 8.75 is the pictorial view of an object,
with the visible surfaces labeled with a number; for ex-
ample, the inclined surface is number 5, the oblique sur-
face is number 8, and the hole is number 4. The multi-
5 view drawing is then created, the visible surfaces in each
view are labeled, and the results are checked against the
7 pictorial.
1
8 8.8.6 Missing Lines
1
Another way of becoming more proficient at reading and
1
drawing multiviews is by solving missing-line problems.
3
Figure 8.76 is a multiview drawing with at least one line
4 4 missing. Study each view, then add any missing lines to
the incomplete views. Lines may be missing in more than
5
6 one of the views. It may be helpful to create a rough iso-
3 5
6 7 7
metric sketch of the object when trying to determine the
8 2 8
location of missing lines.
2 9
9
Figure 8.75 Surface Labeling
To check the accuracy of multiview drawings, surfaces can be
labeled and compared with those in the pictorial view.
A A
Missing feature Completed multiview
Figure 8.76 Missing-Line Problems
One way to improve your proficiency is to solve missing-line problems. A combination of holistic visualization skills and
systematic analysis is used to identify missing features.
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