Bio Charm Final Report

0
llN4L kPOk1 for 4PN PkOlc1

4kcP2009-12N5Y-korve

The following collaborators worked on this project:
ur rlvadarshlnl karve and Mr 8amakanL rabhune ApproprlaLe 8ural 1echnoloav lnsLlLuLe (A81l), une,
lndla, Lmall: prlvadarshlnl.karveamall.com
ur Slmon Shacklev, Sarah CarLer, ur eLer Anderson, ur Saran Sohl, ur Andv Cross and rofessor SLuarL Paszeldlne,
uk 8lochar 8esearch CenLre (uk88C), unlverslLv of Ldlnburah, Ldlnburah, ScoLland, uk
Lmall: slmon.shackleved.ac.uk, sarah.carLered.ac.uk
ur SLephan Paefele, lnLernaLlonal 8lce 8esearch lnsLlLuLe (l88l), Los 8anos, hlllpplnes, emall:
s.haefeleCClA8.C8C
1onv knowles, SML Cambodla, hnom hen, Cambodla
!ohn lleld and aul 1anaer, hu researchers, Lhe unlverslLv of Colorado, CC, uSA

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8 8i io oc ch ho or r f fo or r c co or rb bo on n k ke ed du uc ct ti io on n, , 5 5u us st to oi in no ob b/ /e e 4 4o or ri ic cu u/ /t tu ur re e o on nd d
5 5o oi i/ / M Mo on no oo oe em me en nt t

ro[ect keference Number: AkC2009-12N5-karve
I|na| keport subm|tted to AN

As|a-ac|f|c Network for G|oba| Change kesearch
2

AGL LLI1 IN1LN1ICNALL 8LANk

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CVLkVILW CI kCILC1 WCkk AND CU1CCML5
Non-techn|ca| summary
8lochar ls Lhe solld remalns of heaLlna blomass ln an oxvaen-depleLed envlronmenL. unllke Lhe
carbon found ln mosL oraanlc maLLer, blochar carbon ls chemlcallv alLered durlna Lhe heaLlna
process and forms lnLo 'benzene-Lvpe' rlna sLrucLures LhaL are verv reslsLanL Lo aLLack bv
mlcrooraanlsms. As a consequence, blochar carbon can remaln sLablllzed for lona perlods of Llme -
hundreds Lo Lhousands of vears - and could be an lmporLanL wav of sLorlna carbon LhaL has been
scavenaed from Lhe aLmosphere durlna phoLosvnLhesls. WhaL ls more, blochar can enhance soll
'healLh' and has been demonsLraLed Lo promoLe planL arowLh ln some slLuaLlons. ln Lhls pro[ecL we
evaluaLe Lhe beneflLs of uslna Lwo dlfferenL forms of blochar ln Lerms of: a) how much carbon
dloxlde (and oLher areenhouse aases) are reduced and removed from Lhe aLmosphere across Lhe
blomass llfe-cvcle (l.e. from arowLh Lo soll lncorporaLlon), and b) aaronomlc beneflLs of Lhe blochar
ln rlce and veaeLable culLlvaLlon.
8lochar can be produced from modern Lechnoloalcal svsLems used for aeneraLlna fuels and/or
elecLrlclLv from blomass, such as aaslflcaLlon and pvrolvsls. ln Lhls pro[ecL, we explored Lhe use of
carbonlzed rlce husks (C8Ps) whlch are Lhe bv-producL from small- Lo medlum-slzed (130 - 300 kW)
aaslflers locaLed ln rlce mllls uLlllzlna rlce husks as Lhe fuel as well as use of char produced from
suaarcane leaf llLLer and malze cobs uslna up drafL aaslfler kllns. C8Ps do noL have a clear use aL
presenL and Lhere ls alreadv a surplus of rlce husk ash relaLlve Lo requlremenLs. Pundreds of
klloarams of C8Ps are produced dallv from Lhe aaslflers and verv larae plles bulld-up (c. 1000 Lonnes
aL one slLe). Such plles are laraelv lnerL, buL could aeneraLe a polluLlon rlsk Lhrouah leachlna or wlnd
or waLer eroslon lnLo alr, waLer or lnaesLlon bv anlmals, eLc. 1he aarlculLural wasLe feedsLock such as
suaarcane leaf llLLer and malze cobs (afLer aaln removal) are plenLlfullv avallable and are noL belna
used for anv speclflc purpose.
1he carbon and enerav balance of Lhe rlce husk aaslflers was calculaLed and Lhe phvslo-chemlcal
properLles of Lhe Lwo blochar samples were examlned. 1he unsLable carbon - LhaL componenL whlch
ls expecLed Lo be losL Lhrouah decomposlLlon ln Lhe Llme-scale of hours Lo decades - has been
esLlmaLed uslna laboraLorv Lechnlques, so permlLLlna an esLlmaLe of Lhe carbon whlch would be
sLored ln Lhe lona-Lerm. We found LhaL beLween 0.9 Lo 1 Lonne of CC
2
ls removed and avolded per
Lonne of rlce husk aaslfled. lndla ls Lhe world's second laraesL rlce producer aL 132 mllllon Lones (ML)
paddv rlce ln 2009-10, whlle hlllpplnes produced 14 ML and Cambodla 7 ML. Assumlna 22 of Lhls
paddv rlce producLlon ls rlce husk (whlch ls Lvplcal), Lhen Lhe poLenLlal carbon abaLemenL from use
of C8Ps - assumlna LhaL an arblLrarv 1/3
rd
of Lhe rlce husks could be made avallable - ls: c. 9 M1 CC
2

(lndla), 1 ML CC
2
(hlllpplnes) and 0.3 ML CC
2
(Cambodla). lf we compare C8Ps Lo some oLher
exlsLlna uses of rlce husks, such as lncorporaLlon lnLo lrrlaaLed rlce flelds, Lhen Lhe areenhouse aas
beneflL of converLlna Lo blochar becomes more slanlflcanL. 1hls ls because some of Lhe carbon ln rlce
husks added Lo soll converLs Lo meLhane, a poLenL areenhouse aas. lncludlna such an evaluaLlon of
alLernaLlves, lncreases Lhe areenhouse savlna bv Lwo or more Llmes per Lonne of husk. Cn an area-
basls, Lhe converslon Lo C8P mav reduce areenhouse aas emlsslons up Lo flve Llmes compared wlLh
addlna husks Lo lrrlaaLed flelds.
1he aaronomlc resulLs provlde a mlxed-plcLure of Lhe effecLlveness of blochar ln exlsLlna aarlculLural
conLexLs. 1he poL Lrlals ln Cambodla demonsLraLe LhaL blochar can have a sLronalv poslLlve effecL
upon vlelds. 1here was a sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL (93 confldence level) response Lo lncreaslna

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blochar addlLlons for leLLuce (harvesLable mass, rooL mass, number of leaves and sLem lenaLh) and
for harvesL and sLem lenaLh ln Lhe case of cabbaae. 1he lrrlaaLed rlce fleld Lrlals showed a
sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL lncrease ln paddv vleld wlLh a 41Lha
-1
addlLlon of C8Ps ln Lhe case of one farm,
buL noL ln anoLher farm LhaL used Lhe same varleLv and was locaLed close bv (100m). We cannoL
accounL for Lhe dlfference ln response. A varleLv of non-repllcaLed exploraLorv Lrlals wlLh veaeLables
and lrrlaaLed rlce also aave poslLlve resulLs wlLh respecL Lo vleld. 1he lndlan poL Lrlals dld noL show
such a clear resulL as Lhose ln Cambodla. 1hree appllcaLlons sLand ouL as lncreaslna fresh blomass
relaLlve Lo Lhe unLreaLed conLrol: blochar aL 20 Lha
-1
, blochar aL 20 Lha
-1
wlLh chemlcal ferLlllzer and
chemlcal ferLlllzer onlv. Plaher blochar appllcaLlons (40, 60 and 80 Lha
-1
) appear Lo reduce overall
fresh blomass welahL compared Lo Lhe 20 Lha
-1
level and/or svnLheLlc ferLlllzer appllcaLlons. 1he
lndlan malze fleld Lrlals uslna A81l's slnale-klln derlved blochar from suaarcane Lrash and corn cobs
dld noL show anv sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL vleld response. Powever, Lhere was some evldence (noL
sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL) of a decllnlna vleld wlLh blochar addlLlons bevond 20Lha
-1
. 1he lncrease ln
malze vleld for Lhe 20Lha
-1
blochar appllcaLlon was slanlflcanL aL Lhe 92 confldence level compared
Lo Lhe conLrol.
1he value of Lhe sLored carbon ln Lhe C8Ps ls c. $12 L
-1
assumlna a carbon prlce of $10 LCC
2
-1
.
lncludlna Lhe value of Lhe avolded carbon emlsslons from producLlon of blo-enerav, Lhe carbon value
per Lonne of C8Ps lncreases Lo c. $26. lf Lhe alLernaLlve use of rlce husks ls aeroblc or anaeroblc
decomposlLlon, Lhe carbon abaLemenL value per Lonne of C8P can ranae from $37-69. 1he
aaronomlc value ls currenLlv hlahlv uncerLaln, buL our Lrlals suaaesL lL ls ln Lhe order of $3 - 13 L
-1
.

Cb[ect|ves
1he maln ob[ecLlves of Lhe pro[ecL were:
1. 1o explore avallablllLv of blomass for produclna blochar ln each counLrv and sulLablllLv of Lhe
aarlculLural conLexL for applvlna blochar Lo soll.
2. 1o evaluaLe aaslflcaLlon of rlce husks as a blomass-bloenerav-blochar ('aaslflcaLlon-blochar')
svsLem wlLh respecL Lo lLs lmpacL on neL carbon abaLemenL and lLs economlc performance.
3. 1o evaluaLe Lhe phvslo-chemlcal and sLrucLural properLles and sLablllLv of Lhe carbon ln Lhe
blochar samples produced and used ln Lhe pro[ecL.
4. 1o evaluaLe Lhe envlronmenLal and healLh & safeLv lmpacLs arlslna from Lhe aaslflcaLlon-blochar
svsLem.
3. 1o explore oLher slmpler Lechnoloales for produclna blochar.
6. 1o evaluaLe Lhe lmpacLs of blochar on crop vleld (and oLher bloloalcal lndlcaLors) ln
demonsLraLlon (non-repllcaLed) fleld Lrlals and ln repllcaLed poL and fleld Lrlals on a ranae of crop
Lvpes and wlLh a ranae of oLher soll amendmenLs.

Amount rece|ved and number years supported
1he CranL awarded Lo Lhls pro[ecL was: uS$ 40,000 for 1 ?ear 1.12.2009 Lo 30.11.002010.

Act|v|ty undertaken
1he pro[ecL lnvolved flve work packaaes as descrlbed below.
Work ackage 1: ldenLlflcaLlon of blochar sources and Lechnoloales: aaslflcaLlon of rlce husks, fasL
arowlna Lroplcal Lrees, corn cobs and oLher blo-wasLe producLs, ln Lhe parLner counLrles.
Work ackage 2: ldenLlflcaLlon of aarlculLural opporLunlLles for lncorporaLlna blochar, ln each

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parLner counLrv.
Work ackage 3: CraanlsaLlon and manaaemenL of fleld Lrlals ln each parLner counLrv.
Work ackage 4: LxamlnaLlon of oraanlzaLlonal and flnanclal models for maklna blochar cosL-
effecLlve and lmplemenLable aL mulLlple slLes ln parLner counLrles, lncludlna Llfe Cvcle AssessmenL.
Work ackage 5: LxamlnaLlon of requlremenLs for obLalnlna blochar carbon credlLs from: a) CuM,
and b) volunLarv carbon markeL. ulscusslons wlLh experLs ln boLh markeLs and ldenLlflcaLlon of
parLnershlps.

ke|evance to AN's 5c|ence Agenda and Cb[ect|ves
1he pro[ecL has focused upon Lhree kev aspecLs of An's sclence aaenda: cllmaLe chanae, land use
and susLalnable use of resources. 1he resulLs have lmpllcaLlons for carbon mlLlaaLlon sLraLeales,
susLalnable food producLlon and efflclenL land-use sLraLeales, bloenerav Lechnoloav deplovmenL and
assoclaLed envlronmenLal lmpacLs. A ranae of dlsclpllnes have been drawn-upon durlna Lhe
research, lncludlna soll sclence, analvLlcal chemlsLrv, bloenerav enalneerlna, aaronomv and soclo-
economlc assessmenL.

5e|f eva|uat|on
1he Leam feels LhaL Lhe pro[ecL was a areaL success. As Lhe lenaLh and deLall of Lhe reporL
demonsLraLes, a loL of daLa has been collecLed, much of lL orlalnal. LvaluaLlon and lnLearaLlon of daLa
has also been effecLlve, allowlna some sLrona kev messaaes Lo be conveved. arLlcularlv successful
aL communlcaLlna Lhe acLlvlLles and resulLs of Lhe research ln an on-aolna fashlon has been Lhe bloa
slLe creaLed and malnLalned bv Sarah CarLer. 1he Lwo dlssemlnaLlon evenLs oraanlzed as parL of Lhe
pro[ecL - an e-semlnar aLLracLlna a wlde lnLernaLlonal audlence and Lhe lndlan naLlonal ConsulLaLlon
on blochar, were boLh verv successful. CraanlsaLlon and lnLearaLlon of Lhe pro[ecL was someLlmes
dlfflculL due Lo Lhe lnevlLable challenae of worklna across counLrles, lnsLlLuLlons and Llme-zones.
More face-Lo-face meeLlnas of Lhe research Leam would have helped, buL were llmlLed due Lo
budaeLarv consLralnLs.

otent|a| for further work
1here ls a hlah poLenLlal Lo Lake forward Lhe work underLaken ln Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL. 1he Lhree
prlorlLles are:
furLher and more exLenslve aaronomlc evaluaLlon of C8Ps ln Cambodla and oLher counLrles where
Lhere are excess supplles Lo demonsLraLe a robusL appllcaLlon meLhod and level per crop and a
robusL value,
furLher exploraLlon of blochar producLlon from under-explolLed aarl-resldue feedsLocks such as
rlce sLraw, and,
furLher developmenL of a meLhodoloav for capLurlna Lhe value of C8Ps ln Lhe volunLarv carbon
markeL wlLh poLenLlal appllcaLlon Lo Lhe Clean uevelopmenL Mechanlsm of Lhe kvoLo roLocol.
ln november 2010 we were approached bv Lhe lnLernaLlonal 8lochar lnlLlaLlve (l8l) wlLh a requesL Lo
supplv lnformaLlon on Lhe pro[ecL's work for a reporL LhaL Lhe l8l and Cornell unlverslLv are
preparlna for Lhe World 8ank on Lhe poLenLlal use of blochar ln developlna counLrles. We have senL
Lhe l8l and Cornell pre-publlcaLlon coples of a paper and reporL and wlll ln due course send Lhem
Lhls reporL.

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ub||cat|ons
Shacklev S, CarLer S, Paefele, S, knowles 1, Mlddellnk, L. and Sohl S (2010) SusLalnable CaslflcaLlon-
8lochar SvsLems? A Case-sLudv of 8lce-Pusk CaslflcaLlon ln Cambodla. oetov lollcv (submlLLed)
1hree oLher papers are ln preparaLlon: one on Lhe poL Lrlal resulLs ln Cambodla, one on Lhe fleld Lrlal
resulLs ln lndla and Cambodla, and one on a Lechno-economlc evaluaLlon of Lhe aaslflcaLlon
Lechnoloav.

Acknow|edgments
lundlna was provlded bv Lhe uk88C, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah, Lo supporL Sarah CarLer's work on Lhe
pro[ecL ln Cambodla and Lo cover Slmon Shacklev's work Llme spenL on Lhe pro[ecL. We acknowledae
addlLlonal flnanclal supporL from Carbon CapLured LlmlLed (uk) for supporLlna Lwo research Lrlps bv
Slmon Shacklev. We also Lhank Ankur SclenLlflc Lnerav 1echnoloales vL. LLd. for provldlna Lechnlcal
lnformaLlon. 1hanks Lo all Lhose who were lnvolved ln Lhe oraanlzaLlon of Lhe Cambodlan on-farm
Lrlals, parLlcularlv: !ulle 8ecu, Lam 8oramv, 8ruce 1odd (Cambodlan Aarlbuslness uevelopmenL
laclllLv (CAul)), kona vanLhaL, 8un MlLh (Sanakheum CenLre), ueborah Croves, Po ChanLv, 8aLha
Cna (Pelplna Pands), ScoLL & Chrls CoaLs, uale novoLnev (1rall8lazer loundaLlon). Manv Lhanks also
ao Lo Lhe farmers and laborers who we worked wlLh on Lhe farm. 1hanks ao Lo all Lhe sLaff aL Lhe
ASA8A research farm for Laklna care of Lhe planLs ln Lhe poL Lrlals, Lo ur 1an 8oun Suv for hls
Lechnlcal lnpuL and, ln parLlcular vlcheLh Srln, for hls asslsLance ln monlLorlna. 1hanks Lo 8evan
8akola and lcheLh Sena and Slmon Culemarah (naaaLhom lund) for worklna wlLh us on Lhe rlce
Lrlals. Also Lhanks Lo rokroLev khov for asslsLlna us ln recrulLlna farmers. arLlcular Lhanks ao Lo
1ankeo vlchlda, who was LranslaLor and an excellenL aulde for Lhe duraLlon of Lhe Lrlals. We are
araLeful Lo Mr. 8.n. rabhune for supervlslna Lhe on-fleld Lrlals and daLa collecLlon aL A81l, lndla, Ms.
Salll !ahaalrdar and Ms. CeeLa opLanl (lnLerns aL A81l) are Lhanked for asslsLance ln loalsLlcs of Lhe
varlous meeLlnas and evenLs oraanlzed as a parL of Lhls pro[ecL ln lndla.

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1LCnNICAL kLCk1
M|n|mum 15-20 pages (exc|ud|ng append|x)

Prefoce
8locbot ls o cbotcool-llke sollJ tbot coo be cteoteJ ftom most tvpes of otooolc mottet. lt ls of lotetest.
lotet ollo. os o looo-tetm cotboo stote ooJ fot lts ootooomlc ptopettles. wblle tbete bos beeo mocb
Jlscossloo of blocbot os o sostolooble sttoteov lo Jeveloploo cooottles. tbete bove os vet beeo vetv
few JetolleJ cose-stoJles ftom feeJstock to flelJ Jeplovmeot. 1bls tepott pteseots otlolool flelJ ttlols
tesolts osloo cotboolzeJ tlce bosks (ckns) ooJ soootcooe ttosb ooJ coto cob cbot. lt olms to evoloote
svstems of feeJstocks - eoetov coovetsloo tecboolooles - ooJ ootlcoltotol ose of blocbot.

1ab|e of Contents
1.0 IN1IODUC1ION 10
WHA1 IS LIOCHAI 10
DIFFLILN1 CAILON FIAC1IONS WI1HIN LIOCHAI 10
CALCULA1ING NL1 CAILON ALA1LMLN1 FIOM USL OF LIOLNLIGY-LIOCHAI SYS1LMS
11
IO1LN1IAL IMIAC1S OF LIOCHAI UION SOILS 12
1HL KLY ILSLAICH QULS1IONS 14
2.0 ML1HODOLOGY 14
WOIK IACKAGL 1 14
WOIK IACKAGL 2 1
WOIK IACKAGL 8 10
INDIA 18
CAMLODIA 20
1HL IHILIIIINLS 24
S1A1IS1ICAL ANALYSIS OF ILSUL1S 24
WOIK IACKAGL 4 24
WOIK IACKAGL 2
DISSLMINA1ION. CONSUL1A1ION AND COMMUNICA1ION AC1IVI1ILS 20
8.0 ILSUL1S \ DISCUSSION 27
WOIK IACKAGL 1: IDLN1IFICA1ION OF LIOCHAI SOUICLS AND LIOCHAI-IIODUC1ION
1LCHNOLOGILS 27
1.1. IDLN1IFICA1ION OF LIOMASS ILSOUICLS 1HA1 MIGH1 LL AVAILALLL AND SUI1ALLL
FOI IIODUCING LIOCHAI 27

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1.2. AL1LINA1IVL USLS OF LIOMASS 20
1.8. ANALYSIS OF 1LCHNOLOGILS FOI IIODUC1ION OF LIOCHAI 84
1.4. CHAIAC1LIISA1ION AND IIOILI1ILS OF 1HL LIOCHAI IIODUCLD LY 1HL ALOVL
1LCHNOLOGILS 47
1.. SCANNING LLLC1ION MICIOSCOIL IMAGLS OF CHAI FIOM IICL HUSKS.
SUGAICANL 1IASH AND MAIZL 1IASH
1.0. IO1LN1IAL CON1AMINA1ION WI1HIN 1HL CIH. SUGAICANL 1IASH AND MAIZL
COL 1IASH LIOCHAI 8
1.7. IO1LN1IAL HLAL1H ISSULS AIISING FIOM USL OF CIHS IN AGIICUL1UIAL
SCLNAIIOS 00
WOIK IACKAGL 2: IDLN1IFICA1ION OF AGIICUL1UIAL OIIOI1UNI1ILS FOI
INCOIIOIA1ING LIOCHAI. IN LACH IAI1NLI COUN1IY 01
S1AKLHOLDLI ILISILC1IVLS ON LIOCHAI FILLD 1IIALS 01
WOIK IACKAGL 8: OIGANISA1ION AND MANAGLMLN1 OF FILLD 1IIALS 02
8.1. IO1 AND FILLD 1IIALS IN INDIA 02
8.2. IO1 AND FILLD 1IIALS UNDLI1AKLN IN CAMLODIA 07
8.8. 1HL IHILIIIINLS 78
8.4. COMIAIISON OF 1IIALS 74
WOIK IACKAGL 4: LXAMINA1ION OF OIGANIZA1IONAL AND FINANCIAL MODLLS FOI
MAKING LIOCHAI COS1-LFFLC1IVL AND IMILLMLN1ALLL A1 MUL1IILL SI1LS IN IAI1NLI
COUN1IILS. INCLUDING LIFL CYCLL ASSLSSMLN1. 7
4.1. LIFL CYCLL ASSLSSMLN1 (LCA) 7
4.2. FINANCIAL VIALILI1Y OF GASIFICA1ION-LIOCHAI SYS1LMS 80
4.8. USL OF IYIOLSYIS-LIOCHAI SYS1LMS (ILS) 88
WOIK IACKAGL : LXAMINA1ION OF ILQUIILMLN1S FOI OL1AINING LIOCHAI CAILON
CILDI1S FIOM: A) CDM. AND L) VOLUN1AIY CAILON MAIKL1. DISCUSSIONS WI1H
LXILI1S IN LO1H MAIKL1S AND IDLN1IFICA1ION OF IAI1NLISHIIS. 84
.1. LONGLVI1Y OF 1HL LIOCHAI IN SOIL 8
.2. LVALUA1ION OF ADDI1IONALI1Y 8
4.0. CONCLUSIONS 80
.0. FU1UIL DIILC1IONS 87
ILFLILNCLS 88
AIILNDIX 1: CONFLILNCLSSYMIOSIAWOIKSHOIS 01
1. INCLI1ION WOIKSHOI 01
2. MID 1LIM IIOGILSS WOIKSHOI 01

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8. L-WOIKSHOI: LIOCHAI. 1HL IO1LN1IAL IN ASIA IACIFIC 01
4. NA1IONAL CONSUL1A1ION ON LIOCHAI AND CAILON LMISSION ILDUC1ION (NC -
LCLI) 0
. FINAL IIOJLC1 WOIKSHOI 00
0. ADDI1IONAL INFOIMA1ION DISSLMINA1ION AC1IVI1ILS 00
AIILNDIX 2: FUNDING SOUICLS O1HLI 1HAN AIN 100
AIILNDIX 8: YOUNG SCILN1IS1S 100
AIILNDIX 4: ILIOI1S OF CONFLILNCLSWOIKSHOIS 100
AIILNDIX : ADDI1IONAL DA1A 101

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1.0 Introducton 1.0 Introducton 1.0 Introducton 1.0 Introducton

lL ls vlLal Lo lncrease Lhe lnvolvemenL of developlna counLrles ln areenhouse aas mlLlaaLlon,
especlallv ln acLlvlLles whlch can aeneraLe a carbon abaLemenL revenue sLream for local
communlLles. CpporLunlLles for local carbon mlLlaaLlon remaln unLapped and communlLles are noL
beneflLlna from Lhe Clean uevelopmenL Mechanlsm, one of Lhe flexlblllLv mechanlsms of Lhe kvoLo
roLocol of Lhe unlLed naLlon's lramework ConvenLlon on CllmaLe Chanae (unlCCC).
What s b ochar? What s b ochar? What s b ochar? What s b ochar?
8lochar has emeraed as a poLenLlal opLlon for lona-Lerm sLoraae of carbon. Whlle Lhere ls no slnale
deflnlLlon of blochar, a useful worklna deflnlLlon for Lhls pro[ecL ls LhaL blochar ls: ... Lhe porous
carbonaceous solld produced bv Lhermochemlcal converslon of oraanlc maLerlals ln an oxvaen
depleLed aLmosphere whlch has phvslochemlcal properLles sulLable for Lhe safe and lona-Lerm
sLoraae of carbon ln Lhe envlronmenL and, poLenLlallv, soll lmprovemenL" (Shacklev & Sohl, 2010).
8lochar ls produced from Lechnoloales lncludlna aaslflcaLlon and pvrolvsls, whlch vleld beLween 2
and 33 bv welahL of Lhe blomass as blochar. A aood proporLlon of Lhe carbon so produced wlll
remaln ln solls for hundreds and, posslblv, Lhousands of vears. A number of sLudles have
demonsLraLed LhaL Lhe Mean 8esldence 1lme (M81) of blochar ls frequenLlv from 100s Lo 1000s of
vears (verhel[en eL al. 2009). 1he explanaLlon for Lhe hlah sLablllLv of blochar arlses from Lhe chanae
ln Lhe chemlcal sLrucLure of Lhe cellulose, heml-cellulose and llanln whlch Lakes place aL
LemperaLures above abouL 300
o
C. AromaLlc rlnas are creaLed ln whlch carbon aLoms are aLLached Lo
each oLher wlLh sLrona double bonds whlch are reslsLanL Lo mlcroblal aLLack, Lhouah evenLuallv
blochar does dearade and Lhe carbon oxldlzes Lo be reLurned Lo aLmosphere.

Woolf eL al. (2010) esLlmaLe LhaL Lhe 'maxlmum susLalnable Lechnlcal poLenLlal' for carbon
abaLemenL from blochar ls 1.6 CLC per vear bv 2030. 1hls compares wlLh currenL LoLal anLhropoaenlc
carbon emlsslons aL 7.8 CLC per vear. Pence, blochar can be an lmporLanL componenL of a alobal
response Lo carbon abaLemenL, Lhouah Lhe challenaes of achlevlna such a larae-scale uLlllzaLlon of
blochar would be conslderable.
0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar 0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar 0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar 0 fferent carbon fract ons w th n b ochar
1here are (aL leasL) four carbon fracLlons wlLhln blochar: a) super-lablle, whlch mlnerallzes Lo CC
2

wlLhln Lhe shorL Lerm (hours Lo a few davs), b) lablle, whlch mlnerallzes over Lhe medlum-Lerm (e.a.
weeks Lo monLhs), c) unsLable, whlch mlnerallzes over Lhe lona-Lerm (monLhs Lo vears), d)
recalclLranL / flxed, whlch remalns non-mlnerallsed ln Lhe lona-Lerm (e.a. > 100 vears). 1hls can be
demonsLraLed araphlcallv ln llaure 1. ln calculaLlna Lhe recalclLranL carbon fracLlon, whlch ls Lhe one
LhaL ls relevanL Lo carbon abaLemenL, lL ls necessarv Lo measure Lhe exLenL of Lhe super-lablle, lablle
and unsLable fracLlons. 1he Carbon SLablllLv lacLor (CSl) ls deflned as Lhe proporLlon of Lhe LoLal
carbon ln freshlv produced blochar whlch remalns flxed as recalclLranL carbon over a deflned Llme
perlod (10 vears, 100 vears, eLc. as deflned) (equaLlon 1). A CSl of 0.73 means LhaL 73 of Lhe
carbon ln Lhe fresh blochar remalns as flxed carbon over Lhe deflned Llme horlzon and LhaL 23 of
Lhe carbon has been converLed lnLo CC
2
.
unstab lab C C CSF =1 Lq. (1)

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C
lab
ls Lhe fracLlon of carbon LhaL ls superlablle and lablle (losL ln < 2 weeks)
C
unsLab
ls Lhe fracLlon of carbon LhaL ls unsLable as deLermlned bv acceleraLed aaelna
meLhods

FIGUIL 1: DIAGIAMMA1IC ILIILSLN1A1ION OF 1HL IO1LN1IALLY DIFFLILN1 CAILON FIAC1IONS
WI1HIN LIOCHAI (S1ILL IAI1LY SILCULA1IVL)

Ua| cu| at ne Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of Ua| cu| at ne Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of Ua| cu| at ne Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of Ua| cu| at ne Net Uarbon Abatement from Use of oene oene oene oener rr rey ey ey ey- -- - ochar ochar ochar ochar
5yst 5yst 5yst 5yst ems ems ems ems
LquaLlon (2) can be used Lo calculaLe Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL arlslna from Lhe use of blomass LhaL
ls used ln bloenerav svsLems wlLh resulLanL producLlon of blochar and compared wlLh alLernaLlve
appllcaLlons (combusLlon, dlrecL fleld lncorporaLlon on drv soll, or dlrecL fleld lncorporaLlon lnLo
lrrlaaLed flelds, eLc.) (Shacklev eL al., 2010):
rel
avoid
fix av na
CO CO CO CO CO
2
2
2 2 2
+ + = Lq. (2)
Where:
CC
2na
ls neL carbon eq. abaLemenL
CC
2av
ls carbon eq. emlsslons avolded bv replacemenL of fossll fuels
CC
2avold
ls carbon eq. emlsslons avolded bv Lhermochemlcal converslon raLher Lhan
wasLe dlsposal wlLh meLhane producLlon
CC
2flx
ls carbon eq. flxed ln Lhe lona-Lerm (100 vears)
CC
2rel
ls carbon eq. released bv Lhe blomass feedsLock processlna
(All expressed ln LCC
2
eq.L
-1
feedsLock)
Meanwhlle:
CSF CO BC BM CO
tot yield tot fix
=
2 ) 100 ( 2
Lq. (3)
Where:
CC
2flx(100)
ls CC
2
eq. flxed over 100 vears
8M
LoL
ls blomass LoLal drv welahL

8ecalclLranL or flxed
carbon fracLlon
Super lablle carbon
Lablle carbon
unsLable carbon

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8C
?leld
ls blochar vleld (raLlo)
CC
2LoL
ls LoLal CC
2
eq. conLenL of fresh blochar
CSl ls Carbon SLablllLv lacLor over 100 vears
(All expressed ln LCC
2
eq.L
-1
feedsLock)
1hese equaLlons wlll be used ln Work ackaaes 1 and 4 Lo calculaLe and compare use of C8Ps as
blochar wlLh alLernaLlve uses of rlce husks.
Potent a| Potent a| Potent a| Potent a| mpacts of b ochar up mpacts of b ochar up mpacts of b ochar up mpacts of b ochar upon so | s on so | s on so | s on so | s
lnLeresL ln Lhe lmpacLs of blochar on solls and planL arowLh was flrsL sLlmulaLed Lhrouah sLudles of
tetto pteto solls ln Amazonla. 1hese are human-creaLed solls LhaL conLaln larae amounLs of charred
veaeLable and anlmal maLLer, alona wlLh poLLerv and oLher mldden-wasLe. 1etto pteto solls are
noLlceablv more ferLlle Lhan Lhe ad[acenL Lroplcal solls, whlch are frequenLlv depleLed and wlLh
much nuLrlenL havlna been leached ouL, even afLer hundreds of vears. 1he reasons for Lhls unusual
dearee of endurlna soll ferLlllLv are noL fullv undersLand aL presenL. Some posslble reasons whlch
help Lo accounL for Lhe lmpacLs of blochar on solls are:

lncrease ln pP of acldlc solls (slnce blochar ls Lvplcallv alkallne)
lncrease ln waLer reLenLlon, especlallv ln sandv and sllLv solls
rovlslon of nuLrlenLs ln Lhe ash conLalned wlLhln Lhe blochar
LnhancemenL of Lhe CaLlon Lxchanae CapaclLv (CLC) of Lhe soll, so lncreaslna nuLrlenL use
efflclencv
LnhancemenL of mlcroblal communlLles wlLhln blochar, lncludlna bacLerla, mvcorrhlzae and
funaal hvphae, wlLh knock-on beneflLs Lo soll processes
8eneflLs Lo soll phvslcal sLrucLure Lhrouah, e.a. lncreaslna Lhe poroslLv of soll Lo waLer lncldenL aL
Lhe surface

1here ls some evldence LhaL blochar can reduce Lhe run-off of aarlculLural lnpuLs such as nlLraLes as
well as suppresslna n
2
C and CP
4
emlsslons from Lhe soll Lo aLmosphere (Slnah eL al., 2010, van
ZwleLen eL al., 2010, Sohl eL al., 2010). ln Lhls wav, blochar mav acL Lo lmprove Lhe efflclencv of Lhe
use of nlLroaen ln Lhe soll. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe properLles of blochar ln solls are dvnamlc,
due Lo Lhe phvslco-chemlcal and bloloalcal chanaes whlch occur over Llme. Cne aLLempL Lo deplcL
Lhese chanaes ls shown ln llaure 2.
A meLa-analvsls of Lrlals where blochar has been lncorporaLed lnLo solls has been underLaken bv
verhel[en eL al. (2009), see llaure 3. ln summarv, Lhls meLa-analvsls showed Lhe followlna:
A small, buL poslLlve, effecL on crop producLlvlLv wlLh a arand mean of c. 10,
no sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL lncrease ln vleld wlLh lncreased blochar addlLlons, Lhouah a Lrend ls
Lhere ln some cases,
Wlde varlance ln Lhe response Lo blochar addlLlon - probablv due Lo dlfferenL blochar, crop, soll
Lvpes and manaaemenL,
Means for each appllcaLlon raLe are poslLlve,
no slnale blochar appllcaLlon raLe had a sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL neaaLlve effecL on crop
producLlvlLv,
SLudles are heavllv skewed Lowards (sub-) Lroplcal condlLlons.

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FIGUIL 2: SCHLMA1IC 1O ILLUS1IA1L 1HL CHALLLNGL OF UNIAVLLLING MUL1IILL FUNC1IONS OF
LIOCHAI WHOSL IOSSILLL 1IAJLC1OIILS S1IONGLY DIFFLI (AF1LI SOHI L1 AL.. 2010).

FIGUIL 8: 1HL ILICLN1AGL CHANGL IN CIOI IIODUC1IVI1Y UION AIILICA1ION OF LIOCHAI A1
DIFFLILN1 IA1LS. FIOM A IANGL OF FLLDS1OCKS ALONG WI1H VAIYING FLI1ILISLI CO-AMLNDMLN1S.
IOIN1S ILIILSLN1 MLAN AND LAIS ILIILSLN1 0' CONFIDLNCL IN1LIVALS. NUMLLIS NLX1 1O LAIS
DLNO1L LIOCHAI AIILICA1ION IA1LS (1 HA-1). NUMLLIS IN 1HL 1WO COLUMNS ON 1HL IIGH1 SHOW
NUMLLI OF 1O1AL ILILICA1LS` UION WHICH 1HL S1A1IS1ICAL ANALYSIS IS LASLD (LOLD) AND 1HL
NUMLLI OF LXILIIMLN1AL 1ILA1MLN1S` WHICH HAVL LLLN GIOUILD FOI LACH ANALYSIS (I1ALICS)
(FIOM VLIHLIJLN L1 AL. (2000))

AL Lhe presenL Llme, Lhere ls a hlah dearee of uncerLalnLv reaardlna Lhe lmpacLs of blochar upon soll
processes and planL producLlvlLv. 1hls ls noL surprlslna alven LhaL Lhe mechanlsms bv whlch blochar
c
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Mean particle size
Time
property
status
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Mass
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Mean particle size
Time
property
status

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has lmpacLs upon solls are noL currenLlv well undersLood, noL onlv ls Lhe svsLem hlahlv varlable and
complex, buL also blochar has mulLlple lmpacLs. 1here does seem Lo be reasonablv aood evldence
LhaL Lhe lmpacLs of blochar are areaLesL ln poor and dearaded solls and LhaL lLs lmpacLs are much
less evldenL ln more hlahlv opLlmlzed aarlculLural svsLems where hlah levels of lnpuLs and lrrlaaLlon
and oLher besL manaaemenL pracLlces are adopLed.
1he Key 1he Key 1he Key 1he Key Pesearch 0uest ons Pesearch 0uest ons Pesearch 0uest ons Pesearch 0uest ons
1he alm of Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL was Lo explore some of Lhese research quesLlons ln relaLlon Lo Lhe
speclflc slLuaLlon ln Lhree Asla-aclflc counLrles: lndla, Cambodla and hlllpplnes. Cur focus was
upon whaL feedsLocks mlahL be sulLable and readllv avallable, whaL Lechnoloales mlahL be
approprlaLe for Lhe formaLlon of blochar, whaL properLles Lhe blochar samples exhlblLed, whaL were
Lhe aaronomlc lmpacLs of Lhe blochar addlLlon, and whaL were Lhe overall svsLem beneflLs of
blochar addlLlon from Lhe perspecLlve of carbon abaLemenL and cosL-effecLlveness. 1he kev
research quesLlons LhaL aulded Lhe research are seL ouL below.

WhaL Lvpes of blomass are mosL sulLable for converslon Lo blochar and whaL are Lhe mosL cosL-
effecLlve supplles of such blomass?
WhaL ls Lhe permanencv of elemenLal blochar carbon ln dlfferenL soll Lvpes and condlLlons?
WhaL ls Lhe overall carbon abaLemenL per Lonne of feedsLock used?
WhaL are Lhe aaronomlc beneflLs of blochar for a ranae of crops, soll Lvpes and arowlna condlLlons?

1he maln ob[ecLlve of Lhe pro[ecL was Lherefore Lo aaln a beLLer undersLandlna of Lhe role of blochar
for carbon sLoraae and aarlculLural lmprovemenLs ln a ranae of envlronmenLal, soclo-economlc and
maLerlal conLexLs ln Lhree counLrles whlch Lhemselves reflecL a ranae of clrcumsLances and pollcv
condlLlons. A secondarv ob[ecLlve was Lo make pollcv recommendaLlons for furLher developmenL of
blochar as a componenL of naLlonal cllmaLe chanae, susLalnable enerav and aarlculLural pollcles.

2.0 Methodo|oey 2.0 Methodo|oey 2.0 Methodo|oey 2.0 Methodo|oey

1he pro[ecL followed a varleLv of acLlvlLles under flve work packaaes, ln Lhe Lhree counLrles. 8ased
on local condlLlons and prlorlLles of Lhe hosL oraanlzaLlons, Lhere was a dlfferenL emphasls ln
dlfferenL work packaaes.

Work Packaee 1 Work Packaee 1 Work Packaee 1 Work Packaee 1

ldenLlflcaLlon of blochar sources and Lechnoloales: aaslflcaLlon of rlce husks, fasL arowlna
Lroplcal Lrees, corn cobs and oLher blo-wasLe producLs, ln Lhe parLner counLrles.

AnecdoLal daLa was collecLed Lhrouah slLe vlslLs and meeLlnas ln each counLrv. 8esource
assessmenLs were underLaken where daLa was avallable ln Lhe publlc domaln. More svsLemaLlc daLa
collecLlon was done ln Cambodla, as Lhe hosL oraanlzaLlon ls assoclaLed wlLh promoLlon of a maln
source of blochar ln Lhe counLrv - rlce husk operaLed aaslflers for powerlna rlce mllls (llaure 4). uaLa
on Lhe aaslflers was provlded bv SML Cambodla and bv Lhe manufacLurer, Ankur SclenLlflc

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(vadodara, lndla). ln addlLlon, Lhe pro[ecL areaLlv beneflLed from Lhe lnvolvemenL of Lwo hu
sLudenLs from Lhe unlverslLv of Colorado ln Lhe uSA (!ohn lleld and aul 1anaer). 1hev underLook a
deLalled enalneerlna-focused analvsls of Lhe Ankur aaslflers ln slLu, lncludlna measuremenL of
necessarv parameLers Lo underLake a full enerav and carbon balance of Lhe equlpmenL (e.a. char
vleld and fuel properLles, svnaas vleld and properLles).

lleld burnlna of rlce sLraw ls sLlll wldelv pracLlced ln manv Aslan counLrles. CbservaLlons from Lhe
fleld lndlcaLed LhaL a conslderable amounL of blochar ls produced durlna Lhe fleld burnlna. AL l88l ln
Lhe hlllpplnes, Lrlals were conducLed Lo slmulaLe Lhls common pracLlce and Lo measure Lhe amounL
of blochar produced. Samples before and afLer fleld burnlna were Laken Lo analvse molsLure conLenL
(3 sub-samples for each maLerlal, oven drvlna for 48 hours aL 80 C), and elemenLal composlLlon.
l88l also underLook some experlmenLs Lo aLLempL Lo aaslfv rlce sLraw, a larae resource whlch ls noL
fullv uLlllzed ln oLher wavs.

FIGUIL 4: IICL HUSKS LLING LOADLD IN1O AN ANKUI GASIFILI NLAI SILM ILAI. CAMLODIA


ldenLlflcaLlon of aarlculLural opporLunlLles for lncorporaLlna blochar, ln each parLner

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counLrv.

SlLe vlslLs were carrled ouL Lo ldenLlfv poLenLlal LesL locaLlons, and flnal Lrlal slLe(s) were selecLed on
Lhe basls of pracLlcal conslderaLlons. ln lndla, A81l's fleld sLaLlon aL halLan (MaharashLra) provlded
Lhe ldeal conLexL for underLaklna Lhe Lrlals. ln Cambodla, lL was declded Lo focus Lhe fleld Lrlals ln Lhe
Slem 8eap provlnce (S8). 1hls was because: Lhere are aaslflers uslna rlce husks close Lo S8 provldlna
a convenlenL source of carbonlsed husk char (C8P), S8 provlnce has manv poor quallLv dearaded
solls, Lhere are a varleLv of aarlculLural crops ln Lhe S8 area, lncludlna lrrlaaLed and raln-fed rlce and
veaeLables (servlna Lhe local and LourlsL markeLs around S8). 1here are a larae number of
subslsLence and low-lncome farmers so LhaL aaronomlc beneflLs from blochar lncorporaLlon (aL
sufflclenLlv low cosL) would be keenlv appreclaLed. LxperlmenLs ln Lhe hlllpplnes were conducLed aL
l88l's research faclllLv aL Los 8anos.

Some exploraLlon was also carrled ouL Lo deLermlne Lhe knowledae avallable amona farmers and
aarlculLure focused oraanlzaLlons, so as Lo explore poLenLlal of fuLure aarlculLural opporLunlLles. uue
Lo Lhe llmlLed Llme and manpower resources avallable, exLenslve and exhausLlve daLa collecLlon was
noL posslble. ConsulLaLlons and dlscusslons were carrled ouL Lo aeL a broad ldea of Lhe aarlculLural
opporLunlLles, parLlcularlv ln lndla and Cambodla.


CraanlsaLlon and manaaemenL of fleld Lrlals ln each parLner counLrv.

We underLook phvslcal lnspecLlon of blochar uslna Scannlna LlecLron Mlcroscopv (SLM) avallable aL
Lhe School of CeoSclences, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah. We examlned Lhe followlna maLerlals wlLh Lhe
SLM: C8Ps, rlce husks, rubber Lree char, corn cob char and suaarcane Lrash char. Chemlcal analvsls
of blochar was underLaken ln order Lo ensure LhaL we dld noL lnLroduce anv poLenLlal conLamlnaLlon
lnLo solls and Lo esLabllsh some of Lhe kev properLles of Lhe blochar samples. 1he followlna chemlcal
analvsls of char was carrled ouL:

1est Var|ab|es
measured
Measurement
un|t
Deta||s of tests Laboratory
undertak|ng test
pP pP pP unlLs LlecLrochemlcal CLA88C
1. 103
o
c for 48
hours (oven-drv)
uk88C
2.LhermoaravlmeLrlc CLA88C
MolsLure MolsLure of fresh mass
3.LhermoaravlmeLrlc
(80
o
c for 48 hours)
l88l
Loss on lanlLlon
(LCl)
non-ash conLenL of fresh or oven-
drv mass
1hermoaravlmeLrlc CLA88C
Ash Ash conLenL 1 - LCl ueducLlon n.a.
LlemenLal
analvsls
C, P, n, S of oven-drv mass CLA88C
l88l
Lxchanaeable k, na, Ca, Ma cmolka
-1
(drv lC-CLS CLA88C

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caLlons welahL)
CaLlon exchanae
capaclLv (CLC)
Sum of above cmolka
-1
(drv
welahL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
MeLals (LoLal) Al, As, 8a, 8e, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Mo, nl, b,
Sb, Se, Zn, Pa, 8, Ca,
Co, le, k, Ma, Mn,
na, Sl, v, Sr, 1l
cmolka
-1
(drv
welahL)
lC-CLS

Ashlna aL 730
o
C
followed bv Aqua
8eala exLracLlon
CLA88C
l88l
8L1x 8enzene,
eLhvleLhvlene,
Loluene, xvlene
maka
-1
(drv welahL) PS-CC-MS CLA88C
henols henols maka
-1
(drv welahL) CC-MS CLA88C
APs 16 uSLA APs maka
-1
(drv welahL) ASL, CC-MS CLA88C
Lower heaLlna
value
LPv M!ka
-1
AdlabaLlc bomb
calorlmeLer
uCS1, hlls

1ALLL 1: CHLMICAL ANALYSIS OF 1HL LIOCHAI SAMILLS

AbbrevlaLlons

ASL: acceleraLed solvenL exLracLlon (uCM-aceLone as exLracLanL)
CLA88C: ConLamlnaLed Land and 8emedlaLlon 8esearch CenLre, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah / unlverslLv of
SLraLhclvde
CC-MS: aas chromaLoaraphv mass specLromeLrv
lC-CLS: lnducLlvelv coupled plasma opLlcal emlsslon specLromeLrv

1he solls used ln Lhe fleld Lrlals were also analvsed as lndlcaLed ln 1able 2.

1est Var|ab|es
Measured
Measurement
un|t
Deta||s of tests Laboratory
undertak|ng test
pP pP pP unlLs LlecLrochemlcal CLA88C
1. 103
o
c for 48 hours
(oven-drv)
uk88C
2. LhermoaravlmeLrlc CLA88C
MolsLure MolsLure of fresh mass
3.
Loss on lanlLlon
(LCl)
non-ash conLenL of fresh or
oven-drv mass
1hermoaravlmeLrlc CLA88C
Ash Ash conLenL 1 - LCl ueducLlon n.a.
LlemenLal
analvsls
C, P, n, S of oven-drv
mass
CLA88C
Lxchanaeable
caLlons
k, na, Ca, Ma cmolka
-1
(drv
welahL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
CaLlon exchanae
capaclLv (CLC)
Sum of above cmolka
-1
(drv
welahL)
lC-CLS CLA88C
MeLals (LoLal) Al, As, 8a, 8e, Cd,
Cr, Cu, Mo, nl, b,
Sb, Se, Zn, Pa, 8,
Ca, Co, le, k, Ma,
cmolka
-1
(drv
welahL)
Ashlna aL 730oC
followed bv exLracLlon
wlLh aqua reala, lC-
CLS
CLA88C

]
18
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8
C
2
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0
9
-
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2
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k
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8
L
C
8
1

Mn, na, Sl, v, Sr, 1l
8L1x 8enzene,
eLhvleLhvlene,
Loluene, xvlene
maka
-1
(drv
welahL)
PS-CC-MS CLA88C

henols henols maka
-1
(drv
welahL)
CC-MS CLA88C
APs 16 uSLA APs maka
-1
(drv
welahL)
LxLracLlon wlLh uCM-
aceLone, ASL, CC-MS
CLA88C

1ALLL 2: CHLMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS

MeLhodoloales for fleld Lrlals ln each counLrv are as descrlbed below
I nd a I nd a I nd a I nd a
8lochar was produced from Lhe aarlculLural wasLe of suaarcane and malze crops uslna Lhe A81l
slnale barrel charrlna klln. AarlculLural Lrlals were carrled ouL on an experlmenLal farm, manaaed and
overseen enLlrelv bv Lhe pro[ecL sLaff. lollow up poL Lrlals were carrled ouL on A81l's own premlses.
Iarm 1r a| s Iarm 1r a| s Iarm 1r a| s Iarm 1r a| s
Crop: Malze (varleLv: Local ?ellow)
lndlvldual ploL slze: 3 m x6 m = 30 sq. meLers, 1oLal area requlred: 800 sq. m
uaLe of planLlna: 16 Aprll 2010, uaLe of harvesLlna: 04 Aua 2010

1reatment 1reatment Name 1reatment Descr|pt|on
l11 unLreaLed ConLrol no addlLlves - elLher blochar or ferLlllzer
l12 8lochar - 20 20 Lons/ha (60 ka/ploL) blochar addlLlon
l16 8lochar - 20 + v 20 Lons/ha (60 ka/ploL) blochar + 8 Lons/ha (24 ka/ploL)
vermlcomposL addlLlon
l17 Chemlcal ferLlllzer addlLlon
onlv
30:30:30 nk/ha aL Lhe planLlna as a basal dose and 30 ka
n aL 1 monLh afLer planLlna 8ecommended dose)

1ALLL 8: DL1AILS OF 1ILA1MLN1S IN INDIAN FILLD 1IIAL

1hree repllcaLlons were used. lanL Lo planL spaclna was 20 cm and row Lo row dlsLance was 30 cm.
1he ploL lavouL was as follows creaLed uslna a randomlzed block deslan.

Iarm yard Manure
|t
k-I
1-1
k-I
1-2
k-I
1-3
k-I
1-4
k-III
1-5
k-III
1-3
k-III
1-1
k-III
1-4
k-I
1-7
k-I
1-6
k-I
1-5

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k-III
1-6
k-III
1-2
k-III
1-7
k-II
1-3
k-II
1-1
k-II
1-4
k-II
1-2
Ak1I's 5ugar Cane Nursery k-II
1-6
k-II
1-7
k-II
1-5

1ALLL 4: FILLD LAYOU1 OF INDIAN FILLD 1IIALS

FIGUIL : ILO1 LAYOU1 SCHLMA1IC AND IHO1OGIAIH

arameLers analvsed: CermlnaLlon (vlsual observaLlons) Craln vleld, cob welahL, fodder welahL
Pot 1r a| s Pot 1r a| s Pot 1r a| s Pot 1r a| s
oL Lrlals: Crop: Cabbaae (varleLv: SAn1, MonsanLo Poldlnas vL LLd)
oL slze = 0.031 sq.m. , number of poLs = 72, number of LreaLmenLs = 12 wlLh 6 poLs/LreaLmenL
unlmproved nurserv soll was used for Lhese Lrlals.
lanLlna uaLe: 28 Aua 2010, ParvesLlna uaLe: 01 uec 2010

1reatment

1reatment
Name
Dose/ ha Dose |n g/pot
8|ochar Add|t|ona| add|t|ve 8|ochar Add|t|ona| add|t|ve
I11 8lochar -20 20 L - 100
It2 8lochar -40 40 L - 200
I13 8lochar -60 60 L - 300
I14 8lochar -80 80 L - 400
I15 8lochar-20 +
svnLheLlc
ferLlllzer
20 L 333 ka (13:13:13
nk) + 108 ka urea
100 17 (13:13:13 nk)
+ 3 urea
I16 8lochar-20 +
composL
20 L 10 L composL 100 30 composL

]
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8
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C
8
1

I17 8lochar-40 +
svnLheLlc
ferLlllzer
40 L 333 ka (13:13:13
nk) + 108 ka urea
200 17 (13:13:13 nk)
+ 3 urea
I18 8lochar-20 + v 20 L 8 L vermlcomposL 100 40 vermlcomposL
I19 Chemlcal
ConLrol
333 ka (13:13:13
nk) + 108 ka urea
nll 17 (13:13:13 nk)
+ 3 urea
I110 unLreaLed
conLrol
nll nll nll
I111 ComposL
ConLrol
10 L nll 30 composL
I112 vermlcomposL
ConLrol
8 L nll 40 vermlcomposL

1ALLL : DL1AILS OF 1ILA1MLN1S IN INDIAN FILLD 1IIAL

noLe LhaL Lhe quanLlLles of blochar Lo be lncorporaLed were calculaLed from Lhe surface area of Lhe
poLs.

arameLers measured: CrowLh (vlsual observaLlons over Llme), LoLal blomass

FIGUIL 0: LAYOU1 OF IO1 1IIALS
Ua Ua Ua Uambod a mbod a mbod a mbod a
1hree meLhods were used ln order Lo assess Lhe lmpacL of Lhe carbonlsed rlce husk (C8P) on
aarlculLural svsLems ln Cambodla.
1. oL experlmenLs
2. Manaaed rlce blochar Lrlals
3. Cn farm blochar lnvesLlaaLlons wlLh horLlculLural crops

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21
8lochar farm Lrlal ploLs and conLrolled poL Lrlals were carrled ouL ln Lhe norLh WesL of Cambodla, ln
Slem 8eap and ouk dlsLrlcLs wlLhln Slem 8eap rovlnce. 1hls area was selecLed because solls were
reporLed Lo be depleLed ln manv areas, so efforLs Lo lncrease aarlculLural vlelds would brlna beneflLs
Lo farmers. ln addlLlon lL ls a ma[or rlce arowlna realon, and Lherefore exlsLlna supplles of rlce husks
and of C8Ps are avallable from aaslflcaLlon used commonlv Lo aeneraLe power for rlce mllls. ln
addlLlon, LesLlna of C8Ps on rlce solls ls parLlcularlv lnLeresLlna as lL represenLs a 'closed svsLem', and
allows a modlfled form of Lhe crop resldues Lo be lncorporaLed back lnLo Lhe farm. 1he blochar used
for all Lrlals was Lhe carbonlsed rlce husks from a 130kW capaclLv conLlnuous feed aaslflcaLlon unlL
(supplled bv Ankur SclenLlflc Lnerav 1echnoloales vL. LLd.
1
) aL Lhe LA SophaL lce facLorv ln kralanh
ulsLrlcL 1own, Slem 8eap rovlnce. CaslflcaLlon LemperaLures are beLween 900 and 1100
o
C (Shacklev
eL al 2010). 1he rlce husk feedsLock ls abundanL and ls collecLed from nearbv rlce mllls. 1he pP of Lhe
blochar aL 7.79 was unusuallv low compared wlLh oLher aaslfler rlce husk chars LesLed (wlLh a mean
value of 9.63 for four samples analvsed (Shacklev eL al 2010)).
Pot exper ments Pot exper ments Pot exper ments Pot exper ments
1reatment Name 8|ochar
(g kg
-1
)
Lake
sed|ment
(g kg
-1
)
Compost
(g kg
-1
)
LM
C11 unlmproved soll 0 0 0 x
C12 unlmproved wlLh
blochar
30 (80 L ha
-1
) 0 0 x
C13 lmproved soll 0 12.36 (20 L
ha
-1
)
23 (40 L ha
-1
) ?es
C14 lmproved wlLh low
blochar
23 (40 L ha
-1
) 12.36 (20 L
ha
-1
)
23 (40 L ha
-1
) ?es
C13 lmproved wlLh medlum
blochar
30 (80 L ha
-1
) 12.36 (20 L
ha
-1
)
23 (40 L ha
-1
) ?es
C16 lmproved wlLh hlah
blochar
130 (167 L
ha
-1
)
12.36 (14 L
ha
-1
)
23 (28 L ha
-1
) ?es

1ALLL 0 SOIL IMIIOVLMLN1 DL1AILS OF LLVLLS OF ADDI1IONS 1O 1HL UNIMIIOVLD SOILS

1reaLmenLs were seL up ln conlcal plasLlc poLs (20 cm deep, and a dlameLer from 20 cm aL Lhe Lop
and 16 cm aL Lhe boLLom) whlch were fllled Lo Lhe Lop wlLh Lhe arowlna subsLraLe ln addlLlon Lo 200 a
of sLones ln Lhe boLLom Lo lmprove dralnaae. 1he alr drled subsLraLe componenLs were crushed flnelv
and mlxed Lhorouahlv before belna llahLlv packed lnLo Lhe poLs. 1he welahL of Lhe fllled poL ln each
case was 3000 a, however because of Lhe hlah bulk denslLv of blochar, for Lhe hlahesL blochar
addlLlon raLe Lrlal (16), welahL was 3300 a. 1he amounL of resldual waLer ln Lhe blochar pores (afLer
alr drvlna - deLermlned bv oven drvlna aL 103
o
C) ls <2 and was noL Laken accounL of. uouble Lhe
requlred number of poLs were seL up (8), half belna puL aslde Lo replace anv seedllnas whlch dld noL
survlve, or arow well. 1he poLs were puL on ralsed plaLforms whlch allowed dralnaae from Lhe poLs,
and neLLlna was suspended above Lo reduce Lhe sunllahL exposure, and raln damaae Lo Lhe planLs.

1
www.ankurscientific.com

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1he poLs were arranaed ln a block deslan, wlLh one poL of each LreaLmenL ln each poslLlon wlLhln
each aroup. Lach poL was alven 0.23 llLre of waLer, 2-3 Llmes per dav dependlna on Lhe weaLher.
Weedlna and oLher manaaemenL pracLlces were underLaken when necessarv.

1he poL Lrlals were seL up ln lebruarv 2010 and ended ln !une 2010. AfLer seL-up, solls were lefL for
13 davs before Lhe flrsL leLLuce were planLed lnLo Lhe blochar amended ploLs. 1he leLLuce were arown
for a LoLal of 46 davs. 1he seeds were aermlnaLed ln seed Lravs, Lhen planLed ouL lnLo Lhe poLs for Lhe
remalnlna 29 davs. AfLer Lhe planLs were harvesLed Lhe poLs were lefL fallow for 18 davs before
cabbaae were planLed for Lhe second Lrlal cvcle. 1he cabbaaes were arown for a LoLal of 30 davs, 21
davs ln Lhe LreaLmenLs. 1he poLs were lefL fallow for anoLher 16 davs before Lhe Lhlrd cvcle of leLLuce
aaaln were planLed. 1hese were arown for a LoLal of 42 davs, 28 davs ln Lhe LreaLmenLs.

5o|| and amendments ana|ys|s
All chemlcal analvsls of Lhe samples was underLaken aL Lhe ConLamlnaLed Land AssessmenL &
8emedlaLlon 8esearch CenLre (CLA88C) laboraLorles aL unlverslLv of Ldlnburah / unlverslLv of
SLraLhclvde, uk. Samples were alr drled and sLored ln cold condlLlons durlna LransporLaLlon. hvslcal
analvsls of Lhe soll was done aL hnom hen naLlonal AarlculLure LaboraLorles, Cambodla.
|ant ana|ys|s
lor each cvcle, above around blomass was welahed on Lhe daLe of harvesL. 8ooLs were washed of soll
and drled off Lhen welahed Lhe same dav. lanL helahL was measured afLer harvesL from Lhe base Lo
Lhe Llp of Lhe LallesL leaf. 1he number of leaves were counLed.

Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s
8lce farmers were selecLed from ouLarowers of Lhe naaaLhom lund rlce mlll. 1hese farmers are
alven seeds for rlce varleLv hka 8umduol. lL ls a Cambodlan loJlco rlce culLlvar (Otvzo sotlvo L.)
(1ona & ?oshlda 2008). AnoLher farmer was also selecLed Lo parLlclpaLe who was also uslna Lhls
same varleLv. An area of land was selecLed whlch Lhe farmer advlsed would provlde conslsLenL
vlelds. 8lce was arown durlna Lhe weL season uslna Lhe usual meLhods as pracLlced bv Lhe farmer.
8lce blochar LreaLmenLs were seL up followlna mosL aspecLs and appllcaLlon raLes recommended ln
Lhe meLhodoloales used ln knoblauch eL al (2010). Slx ploLs (3m x 3m), Lhree conLrol and Lhree
amended wlLh 41.1 L ha
-1
blochar, were seL up ln a LaLln square lavouL on each farm. A 1 m aap ln
beLween each ploL was lefL unLreaLed and a 30 cm border around Lhe ploL was noL harvesLed,
leavlna a harvesLed area of 4 m x 4 m aaaln Lo accounL for Lhe edae effecL. 8lce was planLed
accordlna Lo Lhe farmers' schedule up Lo a week afLer Lhe char was added. 1he C8Ps were
lncorporaLed uslna LradlLlonal meLhods - an oxen plouah, and Lhls was underLaken 1-3 Llmes afLer
spreadlna Lhe blochar.

A
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23

FIGUIL 7: LAYOU1 OF LIOCHAI AND CON1IOL ILO1S. GILY SQUAILS ILIILSLN1S LIOCHAI ADDI1ION.
1HL S1IIILD AILA IS 1HL HAIVLS1LD AILA WHICH IIOVIDLD 1HL DA1A USLD.

ll Cu8L 8: 8l CCPA8 Auul 1l Cn 1C 8l CL ll LLu Anu PA8vLS1l nC LC1S

1he rlce was harvesLed ln Lhe LradlLlonal manner - uslna a hand scvLhe. 1he farmers harvesLed
leavlna 30 cm of sLubble ln Lhe fleld. 1he LoLal blomass was welahed, and Lhen was Lhreshed, so
araln and sLraw welahL could be measured. Soll samples were Laken for analvsls aL a depLh of 13 cm
uslna a soll corer, ln 3 randomlv selecLed areas wlLhln Lhe ploL for analvsls. 1hls daLa ls noL veL
avallable.
Iarm
code
Locat|on
f
: Date
char added
Date
narvested
5o||
amendments
Comments
1 v: Chlreve
C: Chlreve
u: Slem 8eap
: Slem 8eap
02.08.2010 23.11.2010 0 1ransplanLed lnLo
rows.
SlanlflcanL raL
damaae.
2 v: kouk Cherel
C: Sasadom
23.06.2010 20.11.2010 ComposL 1ransplanLed
randomlv. Cood
harvesL

]
24
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C
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0
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8
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8
1

u: Slem 8eap
: Slem 8eap
3 v: kouk Cherel
C: Sasadom
u: Slem 8eap
: Slem 8eap
14.07.2010 20.11.2010 0 1ransplanLed
randomlv. Cood
harvesL
1
v = vlllaae, C = Commune, u = ulsLrlcL, = rovlnce.
1ALLL 0: IICL LIOCHAI FILLD LOCA1ION AND DL1AILS

0n farm b ochar nvest eat ons 0n farm b ochar nvest eat ons 0n farm b ochar nvest eat ons 0n farm b ochar nvest eat ons w th hort cu| tura| crops w th hort cu| tura| crops w th hort cu| tura| crops w th hort cu| tura| crops
unllke areenhouse / poL Lrlals or lnLenslvelv manaaed farm Lrlals, Lhese Lrlals alm Lo repllcaLe real llfe
scenarlos, and Lhe condlLlons whlch would be easllv repllcable bv farmers. ln Lhls conLexL, we can
predlcL Lhe lmpacLs LhaL farmers are llkelv Lo see lf Lhev add blochar Lo Lhelr land, and observe Lhe
dlfference lL makes Lo crop arowLh and soll properLles. uue Lo Lhe less rlaorous meLhodoloav of
Lhese Lrlals, Lhev were less resource-lnLenslve Lo conducL, and hence a broad ranae of crops were
able Lo be LesLed ln Lhese Lrlals. Commonlv arown horLlculLural crops were selecLed ln aarlculLural
areas around Slem 8eap Lown for convenlence of monlLorlna.
A ranae of appllcaLlon raLes were used (from 7.8 Lo 47.6 L ha
-1
), and Lhese raLes were measured
uslna sLandard baas fllled wlLh blochar, whlch were added Lo ploLs of varvlna slzes. 1hls ls more
represenLaLlve of Lhe meLhods whlch farmers mav use Lo add blochar Lo Lhe land, slnce noL each
farmer ls aware of Lhe exacL slze of Lhe land, or ls prepared Lo welah Lhe blochar (whlch ls noL easv
slnce lL ls parLlcularlv bulkv). ln addlLlon lL ls probable LhaL Lhe blochar wlll noL be spread exacLlv
evenlv bv farmers, so Lhe ranae of appllcaLlon raLes covers Lhls posslblllLv of some areas havlna
hlaher appllcaLlon raLes Lhan oLhers. A ranae of soll Lvpes, and farmlna meLhods (lrrlaaLlon svsLems,
pesL manaaemenL, weed manaaemenL and soll amendmenLs) could be LesLed uslna Lhls
meLhodoloav.

1he Ph | pp nes 1he Ph | pp nes 1he Ph | pp nes 1he Ph | pp nes
AarlculLural Lrlals Lo be conducLed bv l88l under Lhe pro[ecL proposal had alreadv been carrled ouL
when Lhe pro[ecL sLarLed. 1he work carrled ouL durlna Lhe pro[ecL perlod Lherefore lnvolved analvsls
and reporLlna of prevlouslv conducLed blochar fleld experlmenLs.

5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts 5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts 5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts 5tat st ca| Ana| ys s of Pesu| ts
1he kev Lrlals ln lndla and Cambodla were repllcaLed and Analvsls of varlance (AnCvA) was
underLaken of Lhe resulLs. 1he SLaLlsLlcal ackaae for Lhe Soclal Sclences (SSS) was used.

Work Packaee Work Packaee Work Packaee Work Packaee 4 44 4

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23

LxamlnaLlon of oraanlzaLlonal and flnanclal models for maklna blochar cosL-effecLlve and
lmplemenLable aL mulLlple slLes ln parLner counLrles, lncludlna Llfe-Cvcle AssessmenL.

ln Cambodla, a conslderable number of rlce husk aaslflcaLlon planLs reacLors have been lnsLalled ln
Lhe pasL few vears (more Lhan 33), and are operaLlna on a fullv commerclal basls. lnformaLlon on Lhe
enerav properLles of Lhe aaslflers was collecLed and Lhls was comblned wlLh lnformaLlon on Lhe
elemenLal properLles of Lhe C8Ps Lo calculaLe Lhe llfe-cvcle neL carbon abaLemenL. A basellne
ouLllnlna Lhe alLernaLlve use of Lhe rlce husks had Lo be calculaLed ln order Lo provlde a credlble
calculaLlon of Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL arlslna from converslon of rlce husks Lhrouah aaslflcaLlon Lo
C8Ps. lrom Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL, we esLlmaLed Lhe value of Lhe C8Ps ln Lerms of carbon
sLoraae. We used some of Lhe fleld Lrlal daLa Lo provlde a prellmlnarv esLlmaLe of Lhe economlc
value of C8P as a soll amendmenL.
ln addlLlon, Lhe operaLlonal performance of a few of Lhe aaslflers was measured bv Lhe unlverslLv of
Colorado Leam. 1hls lncluded analvsls of Lhe svnaas aas composlLlon and properLles, some of Lhe
analvLlcal work ls on-aolna slnce lL proved dlfflculL Lo compleLe all Lhe laboraLorv LesLs. 1he pro[ecL
has llmlLed lLself Lo an economlc evaluaLlon of Lhe appllcaLlon of Lhe blochar as a lona-Lerm carbon
sLore and as a soll amendmenL. lL was noL lnLended Lo lnclude an economlc assessmenL of Lhe
aaslflers as a source of blo-elecLrlclLv. neverLheless, Lhe u of Colorado Leam dld collecL relevanL
lnformaLlon on Lhe cosL-effecLlveness of Lhe Lechnoloav ln Lhe Cambodlan conLexL, hence we have
lncluded some summarv lnformaLlon here.


LxamlnaLlon of requlremenLs for obLalnlna blochar carbon credlLs from: a) CuM, and b)
volunLarv carbon markeL. ulscusslons wlLh experLs ln boLh markeLs and ldenLlflcaLlon of
parLnershlps.

A81l had several lnLeracLlons wlLh 1he SocleLv of 8lochar lnlLlaLlves (1S8l), lndla and nexus Carbon
for uevelopmenL, on poLenLlal fuLure collaboraLlon for obLalnlna carbon credlLs from blochar. As a
resulL of Lhese lnLeracLlons, A81l ls collaboraLlna wlLh 1S8l Lo LesL and opLlmlze a 'aasolvsls' meLhod
for converLlna aarlculLural wasLe lnLo blochar and llquld fuel. A81l ls a member of Lhe nexus Carbon
for uevelopmenL, whlch ls an alllance of nCCs sLrlvlna Lo brlna carbon flnance Lo Lhe arassrooLs level
oraanlzaLlons. nexus experLs have expressed wllllnaness Lo asslsL and collaboraLe on efforLs Lo
develop meLhodoloales for aeneraLlna carbon credlLs from blochar producLlon and deplovmenL.

ulscusslons have also been on-aolna wlLh lnLernaLlonal experLs who are worklna on developmenL of
a carbon markeL for blochar. ln parLlcular, ur !ohn CaunL of Carbon ConsulLlna LLd. was consulLed,
as he (LoaeLher wlLh kelLh urlver) has been developlna a 8lochar roLocol (8) for lncluslon of
blochar lnLo carbon markeLs (8lochar roLocol, 2010). 1he maln alm of Lhe 8 aL presenL ls Lo
esLabllsh blochar wlLhln Lhe volunLarv Carbon markeL and Lhe pro[ecL has verv usefullv provlded
auldance on Lhe kev sLeps whlch wlll need Lo be aone Lhrouah.

]
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A one-week lona 'e-semlnar' was held vla Lhe PLuCn neLwork ln CcLober 2010 and one of Lhe
dlscusslons relaLed Lo carbon markeLs. 1he naLlonal ConsulLaLlon on 8lochar ln lndla was held ln
une on november 22
nd
and 23d 2010, represenLlna Lhe ma[or sLakeholder- / pollcv-maker
dlssemlnaLlon and dlaloaue evenL for Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL, and Lhls lncluded a sesslon on carbon
markeLs. Several useful conLrlbuLlons and ldeas were provlded Lhrouah boLh of Lhese rouLes.
0 ssem nat on 0 ssem nat on 0 ssem nat on 0 ssem nat on. Uonsu| tat on . Uonsu| tat on . Uonsu| tat on . Uonsu| tat on and Uommun cat on Act v t es and Uommun cat on Act v t es and Uommun cat on Act v t es and Uommun cat on Act v t es

1able 7 llsLs Lhe dlssemlnaLlon, consulLaLlon and communlcaLlon acLlvlLles whlch have been
underLaken durlna Lhe course of Lhe pro[ecL, ln addlLlon Lo Lhe Lhree lnLernal pro[ecL meeLlnas whlch
occurred ln uecember 2009 (Cambodla), Mav 2010 (lndla) and november 2010 (Cambodla).

ln addlLlon Lo Lhe core 8lCCPA8M evenLs, Lwo relaLed workshops Look place, one ln Cambodla and
one ln lndla. 1hese were prlmarllv oraanlsed as parL of a parallel pro[ecL: 'arLlclpaLlve ulsLrlbuLed
lnnovaLlon rocesses and 8lochar: Smoke 8educLlon, SusLalnable AarlculLure and Soll ManaaemenL'.
1he focus of Lhe Lwo workshops was blochar producLlon ln lmproved cook sLoves, buL also lncluded
dlscusslons on oLher blochar producLlon meLhods, feedsLock avallablllLv and addlLlon Lo solls. Several
of Lhe pro[ecL leaders from Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL aLLended and were able Lo dlscuss and conLrlbuLe
uslna lnformaLlon from Lhe pro[ecL acLlvlLles. 1herefore we have drawn upon some of Lhe workshop
dlscusslons where Lhev are especlallv perLlnenL Lo Lhe 8lCCPA8M pro[ecL also.

Lvent t|t|e Dates Locat|on 1ype of
part|c|pants
Number of
part|c|pants
1. L-semlnar, vla Pedon
neLwork, 8lochar, Lhe
poLenLlal ln Asla aclflc.
24 - 29
Lh

CcLober 2010
L-semlnar
based,
aLLracLlna
lnLernaLlonal
parLlclpaLlon
from Asla-aclflc
and Lurope
ollcv maker,
researcher,
pracLlLoner,
sclenLlsLs,
aarlculLural
exLenslon /
aaronomv
analvsLs,
members of l8l
68
2. naLlonal ConsulLaLlon
on 8lochar
22 - 23
rd

november 2010
8All, une,
MaharashLra,
lndla
racLlLloners,
research
sclenLlsLs,
aaronomlsLs,
pollcv makers,
aarlculLural
supporL analvsLs
30
8elaLed workshops (as parL of Lhe 8lochar-lnnovaLlon pro[ecL - 8lochar: Smoke 8educLlon,
SusLalnable AarlculLure and Soll ManaaemenL)
3. 8lochar: producLlon and
use
16 - 17
Lh

SepLember 2010
A81l'S 8ural
LnLrepreneurshl
racLlLloners,
research
34

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p uevelopmenL
CenLre, halLan,
MaharashLra,
lndla
sclenLlsLs,
aaronomlsLs,
developmenL
nCCs
4. 8lochar: producLlon and
use
22 +23
rd

november 2010
Slem 8eap,
Cambodla
racLlLloners,
pollcv makers,
aaronomlsLs,
developmenL
nCCs
29

1ALLL 7: COMMUNICA1ION AND OU1ILACH AC1IVI1ILS CONDUC1LD AS IAI1 OF LIOCHAIM IIOJLC1

3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson 3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson 3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson 3.0 Pesu|ts & 0scusson

Work Packaee 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and Work Packaee 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and Work Packaee 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and Work Packaee 1: I dent f cat on of b ochar sources and b ochar b ochar b ochar b ochar- -- -
product on product on product on product on techno| oe es techno| oe es techno| oe es techno| oe es

1 11 1. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1. .. . I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m eht be ava | ab| e and I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m eht be ava | ab| e and I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m eht be ava | ab| e and I dent f cat on of b omass resources that m eht be ava | ab| e and
su tab| e fo su tab| e fo su tab| e fo su tab| e for produc ne b r produc ne b r produc ne b r produc ne b ochar ochar ochar ochar

verv larae quanLlLles of rlce husk are produced aloballv everv vear - c. 120 mllllon Lonnes (c. 20 of
LoLal rlce producLlon bv welahL) (8ronzeoak, 2004). 1hese are someLlmes used as a fuel and Lhev
have a markeL value ln some rlce-produclna counLrles such as 1halland and lndla (of c. $31-39 ln
recenL vears) (arnphumeesup & kerr, forLhcomlna). Powever, ln oLher realons and counLrles, Lhe
rlce husks can become a wasLe problem and mav be burnL ln fleld or even Llpped lnLo waLer bodles.

1here ls c. 800 mllllon Lones of aarlculLural blomass produced per vear ln lndla. ln Lerms of resldues,
Lhls amounLs Lo Lhe followlna (flaures courLesv of ur Sal 8haskar 8eddv of Ceoecoloav Lnerav
CraanlsaLlon (CLC) Pvderabad):

8lce SLraw: 13 mllllon Lones
WheaL sLraw: 13.4 mllllon Lones
Suaarcane Lrash: 21.6 mllllon Lones
Cround nuL Lrash: 3.3 mllllon Lones
MusLard resldues: 4.3 mllllon Lones
CoLLon resldues: 11.8 mllllon Lones
1C1AL: 70 mllllon Lones

]
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AL sLakeholder evenL (2), parLlclpanLs evaluaLed feedsLocks ln lndla for Lhelr poLenLlal ln blochar
producLlon and Lhe resulLs are show ln 1able 8.

Ieedstock n|gh ava||ab|||ty
a
Compet|ng use kesu|t|ng b|ochar use
b

MSW urban Lnerav / bloaas L / L / C
aper mlll wasLe olluLlon! Aa / 8
llsh wasLe CaLLle feed / ferLlllsers Aa
8lce sLraw
8lce husk
n CaLLle feed Aa
8anana leaves
8anana sLems
Aa
Suaarcane leaves
8aaasse
ress mud
MS ComposL / elecLrlclLv
Manure / paper maklna
Lnerav / ferLlllzer
Aa
CoconuL colr
CoconuL fronds
Coco peaL

Charcoal brlqueLLes
Aa / L
ulses sLalks MS Aa
CoLLon sLalks MS, A, 1n luel Aa
Malze Lrash 1n Aa
1obacco sLalks C!, kA luel Aa
Cashew shell Aa
Sunflower husks Aa
Cround nuL shells 1n, C! Aa
Cll palm SLalks
LmpLv frulL branches
Cll cake

ConsLrucLlon
Aa
8amboo leaves
8amboo sLem
noL composL Aa
Suaar palm Aa
Coffee shells Anlmal feed Aa
Suaar palm Aa

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rosopls [ullflora Aa
uhencha planLaLlon
wasLe
Creen manure Aa
Manaroves CoasLal CoasLal eroslon n/A

1ALLL 8: LVALUA1ION OF FLLDS1OCKS IN INDIA FOI 1HLII IO1LN1IAL IN LIOCHAI IIODUC1ION

a
MS = MaharashLra, n = norLh lndla, S = SouLh lndla, 1n = 1amll nadu, A = Andhra radesh, C! =
Cu[araL, kA =karnaLaka
b
L = enerav, L = landflll, C = carbon sLoraae, Aa = aarlculLure

lf we assume a neL carbon abaLemenL of beLween 0.3 and 1 LCC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne of feedsLock
used ln pvrolvsls-blochar svsLems (8S), as reporLed bv a number of publlshed llfe-cvcle sLudles (e.a.
8oberLs aL al., 2010, Pammond eL al., 2011, CaunL & uownle, 2009), Lhen Lhls could represenL
beLween 33 Lo 70 mllllon Lones of CC
2
abaLemenL per vear ln lndla. 1hls assumes, however, LhaL all
Lhe feedsLock would be used ln a 8S, whereas ln reallLv Lhere wlll be manv compeLlna uses for Lhe
same feedsLock and use for blochar producLlon mlahL necesslLaLe subsLlLuLlon of Lhe resldue bv a
dlfferenL source of blomass, poLenLlallv wlLh aLLendanL areenhouse aas emlsslons LhaL would need
Lo be accounLed for. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe llsL above ls far from compleLe and does noL, for
example, lnclude rlce husks or anv sources of wood whlch mlahL be sulLable (l.e. susLalnablv sourced
and safe Lo use). 1he currenL esLlmaLe of CPC emlsslons ln lndla ls 1,900 mllllon LCC
2
e per annum,
hence lL can be seen LhaL blochar could conLrlbuLe beLween 2 - 4 reducLlon.

LsLlmaLes of blomass resource ln Cambodla are more dlfflculL Lo come bv, Lhouah we do know LhaL
paddv rlce producLlon has lncreased ln Lhe lasL few vears Lo abouL 7 mllllon Lones per vear, whlch ls
assoclaLed wlLh producLlon of c. 1.4 mllllon Lonnes of rlce husk.

A crlLlcal lssue ln assesslna sulLable feedsLocks ls Lo evaluaLe wheLher Lhev are sourced susLalnablv or
noL. 1hls mlahL be especlallv perLlnenL where a markeL for blochar was Lo emerae Lhrouah Lhe
avallablllLv of a carbon credlL. A slLuaLlon could be envlsaaed wherebv because blochar has a value,
pro[ecL developers are encouraaed Lo produce lL from avallable resources. 1hese resources mlahL
oLherwlse noL have been explolLed aL all, or mav have been uLlllzed for oLher purposes, ln whlch case
Lhelr use ln a 8S mlahL well necesslLaLe Lhe use of some oLher blomass resource ln lLs place. ln a
worsL-case scenarlo, alvlna blochar a value mlahL even encouraae areaLer and unsusLalnable use of
woodv blomass for blochar producLlon. A furLher rlsk ls LhaL blochar mlahL be used as a fuel lnsLead
of as a soll amendmenL, so nulllfvlna Lhe carbon abaLemenL assoclaLed wlLh Lhe sequesLered carbon.
Lnforclna a clear dlsLlncLlon beLween charcoal and blochar would be verv dlfflculL ln a dlsLrlbuLed
producLlon and appllcaLlon conLexL, such as mlahL occur aL Lhe rural household or vlllaae scales.

1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. A| ternat ve Uses of omass A| ternat ve Uses of omass A| ternat ve Uses of omass A| ternat ve Uses of omass

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8ecause of Lhe llmlLed avallablllLv of blomass resources ln manv clrcumsLances, evaluaLlon of
approprlaLe use depends upon undersLandlna Lhe value and lmpacLs of Lhe alLernaLlve uses. 1hls
can be lllusLraLed Lhrouah analvsls of alLernaLlve uses of rlce husks and rlce sLraw.

1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. P ce Pusks P ce Pusks P ce Pusks P ce Pusks

8lce husks have a number of dlfferenL appllcaLlons or dlsposal rouLes lncludlna:

8urnlna ln fleld
CollecLlon and combusLlon ln bollers or oLher power or heaL aeneraLlna unlLs (e.a. wldelv
used ln brlck-kllns ln Cambodla)
AddlLlon Lo lrrlaaLed rlce flelds
AddlLlon Lo non-lrrlaaLed rlce flelds and Lo oLher aarlculLural solls
oor quallLv feed for anlmals

FIGUIL 0: IICL HUSKS FIOM A IICL MILL IN CAMLODIA.

Burnl ne l n the Fl el d Burnl ne l n the Fl el d Burnl ne l n the Fl el d Burnl ne l n the Fl el d

8urnlna ln Lhe fleld wlll produce CC
2
, buL also smaller quanLlLles of oLher aases such as CC, CP
4
and
n
2
C ln addlLlon Lo black carbon and parLlculaLes (secLlon 1.2.2). lf areenhouse aases such as
meLhane and nlLrous oxlde are aeneraLed, alona wlLh black carbon parLlcles, Lhe burnlna of rlce
husks wlll have a poslLlve radlaLlve forclna effecL due Lo Lhe alobal warmlna poLenLlal of such
areenhouse aases (CP
4
23 x CC
2
and n
2
C 298 x CC
2
per molecule). Cpen burnlna of husks ls one of
Lhe basellnes aaalnsL whlch producLlon of C8Ps from rlce husks could be compared ln Lerms of lLs

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envlronmenLal and soclo-economlc lmpacLs (e.a. wlLh respecL Lo Lhe neL conLrlbuLlon Lo carbon
dloxlde equlvalenL (CC
2
(e)) emlsslons).

0ombustl on f or Lnerev 0eneratl on 0ombustl on f or Lnerev 0eneratl on 0ombustl on f or Lnerev 0eneratl on 0ombustl on f or Lnerev 0eneratl on

Whlle 20 vears aao, lL was common for rlce husks Lo be burnL ln fleld, Lhls ls much less common ln
manv rlce produclna counLrles such as 1halland and lndla. 1hls ls, lotet ollo, because of Lhe value of
rlce husks ln aeneraLlna elecLrlclLv bv combusLlon ln larae bollers wlLh sLeam Lurblnes. ln facL, rlce
husks now have a value of beLween $31 and $39 ln 1halland (arnphumeesup & kerr, forLhcomlna)
and prlces ln parLs of lndla seem Lo be slmllar (pers.com., lndla workshop, nov. 20100). ln Lhese
clrcumsLances, comparlna aaslflcaLlon-blochar wlLh husk combusLlon ln Lhe fleld would noL be an
approprlaLe basellne. lnsLead, Lhe emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh Lhe rlce husk combusLlon for
bloelecLrlclLv aeneraLlon, and Lhe avolded CC
2
(e) emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh offseLLlna fossll fuel
consumpLlon, would need Lo be calculaLed.

1he combusLlon of larae amounLs of rlce husk has resulLed ln conslderable efforL ln flndlna
appllcaLlons for Lhe rlce husk ash produced. LxlsLlna markeLs are as an lnsulaLor ln Lhe producLlon of
hlah quallLv flaL sLeel and as a pozzolan ln Lhe cemenL lndusLrv, Lhere ls a ranae of smaller-scale
appllcaLlons (waLer fllLraLlon and purlflcaLlon, as a soll amendmenL, an absorbenL of oll and oLher
conLamlnanLs, as a wav of proLecLlna foods from pesLs, eLc.) (8ronzeoak, 2003, loo & Pameed eL al.
2009). Some proporLlon of rlce husk ash appears Lo have a slmllar carbon conLenL Lo C8Ps (33),
presumablv Lhe resulL of oxvaen-depleLed combusLlon, buL Lhe Lvplcal commerclal rlce husk ash
Lvplcallv has a maxlmum of 3 - 7 carbon conLenL (8ronzeoak, 2003).

1he use of rlce husk ash, ln addlLlon Lo rlce husk pet se, also needs Lo be Laken lnLo accounL ln
esLabllshlna a basellne aaalnsL whlch Lo compare aaslflcaLlon- or pvrolvsls-blochar. 1he carbon
conLenL of Lhe ash needs Lo be accounLed for, Lhouah lL would also be necessarv Lo esLabllsh Lhe
lona-Lerm sLablllLv of Lhls carbon Lhrouah lncubaLlon and acceleraLed aaelna sLudles slmllar Lo Lhose
descrlbed under SecLlon 4. lurLhermore, Lhe lmpacLs of rlce husk ash upon solls and planL
producLlvlLv would also need Lo be ldenLlfled and compared Lo Lhe lmpacLs of Lhe C8Ps. lor
example, ash shares aL leasL some of Lhe properLles of Lhe C8Ps, e.a. lL ls Lvplcallv alkallne, ls a rlch
source of nuLrlenLs and lL has been reporLed LhaL wood ash can suppress n
2
C emlsslons. A full
comparlson of rlce husk ash and C8Ps ls clearlv complex and ls bevond Lhe scope of Lhe presenL
pro[ecL, buL ls ldenLlfled as an area for fuLure research.

Addl tl on to l rrl eated and Non Addl tl on to l rrl eated and Non Addl tl on to l rrl eated and Non Addl tl on to l rrl eated and Non- -- - l rrl eated Rl ce Fl el ds l rrl eated Rl ce Fl el ds l rrl eated Rl ce Fl el ds l rrl eated Rl ce Fl el ds

ln a sLudv underLaken ln parL aL l88l, and whlch Look place consecuLlvelv wlLh Lhe 8lCCPA8M
pro[ecL, knoblauch eL al. (forLhcomlna) lnvesLlaaLed Lhe lmpacLs of lncorporaLlna rlce husks and rlce
husk char lnLo paddv flelds. 8lce paddv solls are characLerlzed bv anoxlc condlLlons, anaeroblc
carbon Lurnover, and slanlflcanL emlsslons of Lhe areenhouse aas meLhane. A maln source for soll
oraanlc maLLer ln paddv flelds ls Lhe rlce crop resldue LhaL ls reLurned Lo flelds lf noL burned.
knoblauch eL al. lnvesLlaaLed as an alLernaLlve LreaLmenL Lhe amendmenL of rlce paddles wlLh
charred rlce resldues. AlLhouah charred blomass ls seen as almosL recalclLranL, lLs lmpacL on Lrace

]
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aas (CC
2
, CP
4
) producLlon and emlsslons ln paddv flelds has noL been sLudled. 1he sLudv quanLlfled
Lhe dearadaLlon of black carbon produced from rlce husks ln four weLland solls ln laboraLorv
lncubaLlons. ln Lwo of Lhe sLudled solls, Lhe addlLlon of carbonlsed rlce husks resulLed ln a LranslenL
lncrease ln carbon mlnerallsaLlon raLes ln comparlson Lo conLrol solls wlLhouL oraanlc maLLer
addlLlon. AfLer almosL Lhree vears, beLween 4.4 and 8.3 of Lhe black carbon added was
mlnerallsed Lo CC
2
under aeroblc and anaeroblc condlLlons, respecLlvelv. 1he addlLlon of unLreaLed
rlce husks resulLed ln a sLrona lncrease ln carbon mlnerallsaLlon raLes and ln Lhe same Llme perlod
77 Lo 100 of Lhe added rlce husks were mlnerallsed aeroblcallv and 31 Lo 34 anaeroblcallv.
1he
13
C-slanaLures of resplred CC
2
aave a dlrecL lndlcaLlon of black carbon mlnerallsaLlon Lo CC
2
.
ln fleld Lrlals Lhe lmpacL of carbonlzed rlce husks or unLreaLed rlce husks on soll resplraLlon and
meLhane emlsslons was quanLlfled. 1he appllcaLlon of C8Ps had no slanlflcanL effecL on soll
resplraLlon buL slanlflcanLlv enhanced meLhane emlsslons ln Lhe flrsL rlce crop season. 1he addlLlonal
meLhane released accounLed for onlv 0.14 of C8P carbon added. lf Lhe same amounL of oraanlc
carbon was added as unLreaLed rlce husks, 34 of Lhe applled carbon was released as CC
2
and
meLhane ln Lhe flrsL season. lurLhermore, Lhe addlLlon of fresh harvesL resldues Lo paddv flelds
resulLed ln a dlsproporLlonallv hlah lncrease ln meLhane emlsslons. LsLlmaLlna Lhe carbon budaeL of
Lhe dlfferenL rlce crop resldue LreaLmenLs lndlcaLed LhaL charrlna of rlce resldues and addlna Lhe
obLalned C8Ps Lo paddv flelds lnsLead of lncorporaLlna unLreaLed harvesL resldues mav reduce fleld
meLhane emlsslons bv as much as 80. Pence, Lhe producLlon of C8Ps from rlce harvesL resldues
could be a powerful sLraLeav for mlLlaaLlna areenhouse aas emlsslons from rlce flelds.
1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. I e| d urn ne of P ce 5 I e| d urn ne of P ce 5 I e| d urn ne of P ce 5 I e| d urn ne of P ce 5traw traw traw traw

ln LradlLlonal rlce producLlon svsLems, rlce sLraw has manv uses and ls an lmporLanL resource for
farmers (used as caLLle fodder, bulldlna maLerlal, fuel, eLc). Powever, ln hlahlv producLlve and
lnLenslve modern rlce producLlon svsLems, Lhe amounL of sLraw produced ls huae and Lhere ls llLLle
Llme avallable for lLs removal. 1herefore, fleld burnlna of rlce sLraw ls wldespread, even where lL ls
forbldden, because lL ls Lhe easlesL, qulckesL, and cheapesL wav Lo remove lL (see llaure 12 showlna
rlce flelds ln Lhe surroundlna of Los 8anos, hlllpplnes). l88l Lherefore examlned Lhe posslble
alLernaLlve uses of rlce sLraw and seL up some experlmenLs Lo collecL daLa on Lhe Lwo opLlons of fleld
burnlna and aaslflcaLlon.

Cn 16
Lh
!une 2010, a heap of fresh rlce sLraw was burned ln Lhe open fleld aL l88l (llaures 10 and
11). 1he sLraw orlalnaLed from l88l's farm and remalned from recenLlv harvesLed rlce arown ln Lhe
prevlous drv season.

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FIGURE 10 AND 11 : LUINING OF S1IAW IN 1HL FILLD. SIMULA1ING 1HL WIDLSIILAD FAIMLI`S
IIAC1ICL. 1HL LLF1 IIC1UIL SHOWS 1HL INI1IAL IIOCLSS WI1H OILN FLAMLS. 1HL IIGH1 IIC1UIL
SHOWS A LA1LI S1AGL WHLN 1HL HLAI IS SMOLDLIING WI1HOU1 OILN FLAMLS.

FIGURE 12: ALIIAL VILW OF IICL FILLDS IN 1HL SUIIOUNDING OF IIII. LOS 8ARCS. IHILIIIINLS.
SHOWING 1HL CONCLN1IA1ION OF HAIVLS1LD IICL IN 1HL CLN1LI OF LACH FILLD. AND LUINING OF 1HL
ILSIDULS AF1LI 1HILSHING. A WIDLSIILAD FAIMLI`S IIAC1ICL.

1he burnlna (when flames are vlslble) lasLed for abouL 3 hours buL lL Look anoLher 2 hours unLll Lhe
burnlna (smoulderlna combusLlon) was compleLed (unLll Lhe smoklna was flnlshed) and Lhe ash/char
was formed (see llaure 11). 8ecause of raln followlna Lhe burnlna, we also needed Lo deLermlne Lhe
molsLure conLenL of Lhe ash.
lresh welahL sLraw 362.2 ka, 34.6 molsLure conLenL, drv welahL sLraw 164.4 ka,
lresh welahL charred sLraw/ash 33.3 ka, 29.1 molsLure conLenL, drv welahL charred sLraw/ash
37.8 ka,

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1hls resulLs ln a drv welahL loss of 77 or a remalnlna blochar/ash quanLlLv of 23 of Lhe feedsLock
resldues. 1he conLrlbuLlon of sLraw burnlna Lo aLmospherlc polluLlon wlLh CC
2
and flne parLlcles has
been shown bv e.a., 1lpavarom and Canh (2007) ln 1halland. ln LesLs of rlce sLraw burnlna, Mlura
and kanno (1997) found aas emlsslons of 81 CC
2
, 3 CC and 0.43 CP
4
for drv sLraw (10.6
molsLure conLenL), and 37 CC
2
, 9 CC and 0.90 CP
4
for weL sLraw (14.2 molsLure conLenL). 1he
respecLlve ash quanLlLv was 13.6 (drv sLraw) and 18.6 (weL sLraw). 1hus, Lhe sLraw ln our
experlmenL was sLlll verv weL whlch mlahL have caused Lhe hlaher ash/char raLlo. 8uL aparL from Lhe
aas emlsslons, lncompleLe combusLlon also produces parLlculaLe maLLer whlch ls Lhen dlsLrlbuLed ln
Lhe aLmosphere. 8ecenL sLudles lndlcaLed a conslderable conLrlbuLlon of black carbon parLlcles ln
aLmospherlc sooL Lo alobal warmlna because lL ls an lmporLanL absorber of vlslble solar radlaLlon
(8amanaLhan and Carmlchael, 2008, !acobson, 2010). CusLafsson eL al. (2009) lndlcaLed LhaL a
conslderable parL of Lhe black carbon parLlcles ln Lhe aLmosphere ln Asla comes from blomass
combusLlon (such as resldenLlal cooklna and aarlculLural burnlna) as opposed Lo malnlv from fossll
fuel combusLlon as was LhouahL earller. And rlce-sLraw burnlna emlsslons were speclflcallv ldenLlfled
as a slanlflcanL source of aLmospherlc parLlculaLe and polvcvcllc aromaLlc hvdrocarbons (APs) (Lal
eL al., 2009), and Pumlc-Llke SubsLances (PuLlS) (Lln eL al., 2010).
WlLhln Lhe parLlculaLe maLLer from lncompleLe combusLlon, a dlsLlncLlon ls made beLween: 1) black
elemenLal carbon (8C or LC), whlch ls produced ln flamlna flres, ls mosL commonlv emlLLed from Lhe
burnlna of blomass, coal, or dlesel fuel, and whlch has a CW 680 Llmes LhaL of CC
2
(8ond & Paolln,
2003), and 2) oraanlc carbon and/or oraanlc maLLer (CC or CM), whlch ls aenerallv produced ln
smolderlna flres, conslsLs of llahL scaLLerlna parLlcles/ aerosols LhaL can be whlLe, and LhaL conLrlbuLe
Lo alobal coollna (esLlmaLed CW of -30 Llmes LhaL of CC
2
) (summarlzed from MacCarLv eL al., 2008).
Cas as well as parLlcle emlsslons from rlce resldue burnlna ls noL veL properlv lncluded ln Lhe analvsls
ln Lhls reporL and ls, aaaln, a Loplc for furLher research.

1. 1. 1. 1. 3 33 3. Ana| ys s of . Ana| ys s of . Ana| ys s of . Ana| ys s of 1echno| 1echno| 1echno| 1echno| oe es for Product on of ochar oe es for Product on of ochar oe es for Product on of ochar oe es for Product on of ochar

Several Lechnoloales can be used for produclna blochar lncludlna slow pvrolvsls (wlLh char vlelds of
Lvplcallv 30-33) and aaslflcaLlon (wlLh char vlelds of Lvplcallv <10). 8lCCPA8M has focused
mosLlv upon Lhe use of aaslflcaLlon because of Lhe economlc vlablllLv of Lhls Lechnoloav ln Lhe
parLner counLrles. 1he orlalnal lnsplraLlon for 8lCCPA8M was Lhe observaLlon LhaL small-scale (c.
230kW capaclLv) aaslflers from Ankur SclenLlflc were operaLlna ln Cambodla uLlllzlna rlce husks Lo
produce svnaas LhaL ls subsequenLlv used ln a aas enalne Lo provlde moLlve power (or elecLrlclLv) for
rlce mllls or for lce-maklna facLorles. ln Lhls secLlon we descrlbe Lhree dlfferenL Lechnoloales: Ankur
SclenLlflc's commerclal Lechnoloav LhaL ls alreadv wldelv uLlllzed and from whlch Lhe C8Ps uLlllzed ln
Lhe Cambodlan fleld Lrlals was produced, l88l's experlmenLal aaslfler, and A81l's slnale-barrel
pvrolvLlc klln LhaL was used Lo produce blochar for Lhe lndlan fleld Lrlals.

1. 3 1. 3 1. 3 1. 3. .. . 1 11 1 Ankur 5c ent f c Lnerey 1echno| oe es Pvt. Ltd. Uas f er Ankur 5c ent f c Lnerey 1echno| oe es Pvt. Ltd. Uas f er Ankur 5c ent f c Lnerey 1echno| oe es Pvt. Ltd. Uas f er Ankur 5c ent f c Lnerey 1echno| oe es Pvt. Ltd. Uas f er

8lomass aaslflcaLlon has been developed successfullv ln developlna and lndusLrlallslna counLrles wlLh
companles such as Ankur SclenLlflc Lnerav 1echnoloales vL. LLd. (based ln lndla) manufacLurlna a

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ranae of aaslflers from a few kW Lo 300+ kW capaclLv (hLLp://www.ankursclenLlflc.com). Ankur has
sold over 1000 aaslflcaLlon unlLs, predomlnanLlv ln SouLh Asla, buL also lnLo Afrlca, Lurope, SouLh
Amerlca and SL Asla. As of mld-2010, approxlmaLelv 33 Ankur aaslflcaLlon unlLs have been lnsLalled
ln Cambodla bv SML 8enewables, whlch acLs as a Lurnkev conLracLor. 1he unlLs are Lvplcallv 130 -
230 kW ln dellvered power capaclLv and mosL are lnsLalled ln rlce mllls and lce-maklna facLorles. 8lce
mllls separaLe Lhe araln from Lhe husks, and a proporLlon of Lhese husks (Lvplcallv 1/3
rd
) are used Lo
power Lhe aaslflers. 1he aaslflcaLlon occurs aL 900 Lo 1100
o
C and Lhe feed raLe ls approxlmaLelv 100
Lo 120 ka husks per hour. 1he elecLrlclLv producLlon per unlL feedsLock appears Lo varv conslderablv,
wlLh one measured svsLem alvlna a value of 1.48 ka husk per kWh (from observaLlons bv unlverslLv
of Colorado Leam). 1he aas ls cleaned Lhrouah a serles of coarse and flne woodv and cloLh fllLers and
ls lnLroduced Lo a dlesel four-sLroke enalne where lL ls combusLed, alona wlLh a small amounL of
dlesel. 1he enalne crankshafL Lhen provldes power Lo operaLe Lhe mllllna machlnerv. A dlaarammaLlc
of Lhe process ls lllusLraLed ln llaure 13 whlle lnformaLlon on a few dlfferenL operaLlonal aaslflers ls
presenLed ln 1able 9.

FIGUIL 18 : SCHLMA1IC OF ANKUI GASIFICA1ION SYS1LM (IOWLI GLNLIA1ION MODL).COUI1SLY:
ANKUI SCILN1IFIC L1D

Caslfler
lu
lnsLallaLlon
daLe
CapaclLv
(kW)
Avolded
dlesel
(llLres v
-1
)
8unnlna
hours
per vear
LoLal
hours
luel
replaceme
nL
(llLres h
-1
)
Avolded
fossll
fuel
emlsslons
(LCC
2
v
-1
)
1

1 06.08 200
73,240 3,960 19.00
199
2 11.08 200 91,080 3,960 43 23.00 240
3 01.09 200 163,600 7,200 82 23.00 437
4 01.09 200 71,280 3,960 43 18.00 188
3 11.07 130 163,600 7,200 82 23.00 437
6 08.08 230 110,880 3,960 43 28.00 293

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1ALLL 0: CHAIAC1LIIS1ICS OF SIX GASIFILIS INS1ALLLD IN CAMLODIA LY SML ILNLWALLLS
(SOUICL: SML ILNLWALLLS)

1. Assumes a Carbon Lmlsslons lacLor of 2.6391 ka CC
2
per llLre dlesel
1he svnaas can reduce Lhe consumpLlon of dlesel bv 70 Lo 73. Clven LhaL dlesel cosLs can consLlLuLe
up Lo Lhree quarLers of Lhe operaLlonal cosLs of Lhe mlll, Lhe lncrease ln dlesel cosLs ln 2007/8 were
an lmporLanL drlver ln Lhe lnsLallaLlon of aaslflcaLlon unlLs. Cambodla ls noL currenLlv an oll or aas
producer and Lax on aasollne ls aL 94 cenLs/llLre, above Lhe level ln Lhe uS of 36 cenLs/llLre (2008
flaure) (vlcLor 2009).
A Lvplcal rlce mlll can save $6000 per monLh ln dlesel cosLs Lhrouah uslna rlce husks, wlLh an lnlLlal
upfronL lnvesLmenL of $73,000. 1herefore a aaslflcaLlon unlL can pav for lLself wlLhln less Lhan Lwo
vears. 1he economlcs of Lhe Ankur aaslflers make sense ln Lhe Cambodlan conLexL for a few dlsLlncL
reasons:
Lhe mllls are relaLlvelv small and lnsLallaLlon of a sLeam Lurblne for power aeneraLlon from rlce
husk combusLlon would noL be feaslble (small Lurblnes noL belna verv rellable or efflclenL),
Lhe elecLrlclLv arld ls poorlv developed ln Cambodla, hence mlcro-arld and own supplv soluLlons
are cosL-effecLlve, where Lhls mlahL noL be Lhe case ln a arld-connecLed slLuaLlon,
even where arld-connecLlon exlsLs, elecLrlclLv supplv ln Cambodla ls noL subsldlsed as lL ls ln
oLher counLrles, hence renewables can compeLe on a more level plavlna fleld. ln Cambodla Lhere
ls aenerallv a shorLfall of elecLrlclLv producLlon. ln clLles, elecLrlclLv ls aenerallv supplled bv a
small number of larae enLerprlses, Lhe ma[orlLv belna supplled bv Lhe sLaLe run LlecLrlclLe du
Cambodae (LdC). LlecLrlclLv from aaslflers can help Lo flll Lhe aaps ln supplv.
Cambodla does noL have a LaraeLed aovernmenL pollcv or flnanclal sLraLeav Lo promoLe blomass
enerav
2
. Powever a lack of subsldles or feed-ln-Larlffs means blomass for elecLrlclLv aeneraLlon
mav be more accesslble Lo prlvaLe buslness for own-use raLher Lhan for rural elecLrlflcaLlon.

lrom Lhe LCn hvllls daLabase (hLLp://www.ecn.nl/phvllls) Lhe lower heaLlna value (LPv) of rlce husk
ls around 12 - 13 M!ka
-1
and we assume here a value of 13 M!ka
-1
. 1herefore c. 19 M! ln Lhe fuel ls
used Lo produce 1kWh, lmplvlna an efflclencv of c. 19. Whlle Lhls ls a some whaL low efflclencv
compared Lo modern aaslflcaLlon Lechnoloales (c. 33 - 40), alven Lhe abundance of Lhe local
feedsLock aL Lhe aaslfler slLe, and Lhe overall favourable pro[ecL economlcs, lL does noL deLracL from
Lhe value of Lhe Lechnoloav.
1he properLles of rlce husks and assoclaLed C8Ps are shown ln 1ables 14 and 13. 1he C8P vleld ls c.
33 and Lhe carbon conLenL of Lhe char ls also c. 33 (own analvsls). 1herefore for each Lonne of
rlce husks, 330 ka of C8Ps are produced conLalnlna 123 kaC or 431 kaCC
2
. 1he carbon conLenL of Lhe
rlce husks ls abouL 38 (own analvsls), Lherefore 32 of Lhe carbon ln Lhe feedsLock ls conserved.
1hls ls much hlaher Lhan Lhe Lvplcal value for aaslflcaLlon of 2.3 Lo 8 carbon conservaLlon.

2
Cambodla's 8enewable Lnerav AcLlon lan 2002-2012 (8LA) focuses on arld connecLlvlLv, Solar Pome
SvsLems (SPSs), and PL, and Lhe 8ural LlecLrlflcaLlon and 1ransmlsslon ro[ecL (8L&1) ls also malnlv concerned
wlLh SPS and arld connecLlvlLv.

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8lce husk conLalns approxlmaLelv 20 ash, Lhe maln consLlLuenL of whlch appears Lo be slllca, Lhe
carbon conLenL aL 38 ls lower Lhan Lvplcal blomass (43) due Lo Lhe hlah ash conLenL. 1he C8P
lLself ls made up of slllca and carbon - [usL over 60 ash Lo 33 carbon. 1he hlah slllca conLenL of
Lhe C8P mav help explaln whv Lhe converslon of carbon Lo CC
2
ls much lower Lhan ln Lhe case of
aaslflcaLlon of oLher blomass. 1he exLerlor of rlce husks ls composed of denLaLe recLanaular unlLs
whlch mav form a aeomeLrlc shleld whlch proLecLs Lhe combusLlble maLerlal, 'cocoonlna' Lhe carbon
such LhaL alr clrculaLlon ls reduced (8haradwa[ eL al., 2004). Accordlna Lo one sLudv, Lhe role of slllca
ls more Lhan [usL a aeomeLrlc shleld Lo Lhe combusLlble maLerlal ln Lhe sample" and LhaL slllca
forms molecular bonds wlLh carbon whlch are noL easllv broken aL Lhe aaslflcaLlon LemperaLures"
(8haradwa[ eL al., 2004: 983-6).
Slllcon carblde ls noL formed slnce Lhls enLalls much hlaher LemperaLure reacLlons (2300
o
C) Lhan
occur ln aaslflcaLlon. lrom a carbon sLoraae perspecLlve, Lhls feaLure of rlce husk aaslflcaLlon ls
forLulLous, as lL comblnes Lhe beneflLs of aaslflcaLlon for elecLrlclLv aeneraLlon wlLh carbon
conservaLlon LhaL ls over 30 of LhaL achleved Lhrouah slow pvrolvsls. 1he measure of volaLlles ln
rlce husks ln 1able 14 lnvolves heaLlna Lhe husks Lo 930
o
C and lL shows LhaL c. 40 bv mass ls
recalclLranL maLerlal (presumablv carbonaceous) LhaL does noL converL Lo CC
2
. 1hls ls a sllahLlv
hlaher percenLaae Lhan ln Lhe C8Ps, presumablv because Lhe aaslflcaLlon exposes Lhe rlce husks Lo
more exLreme condlLlons.
ln summarv, rlce husk aaslflcaLlon mav be parLlcularlv sulLed for produclna blochar because of Lhe
hlah char vleld. 8v conLrasL, where wood ls used as a feedsLock, Lhen Lhe char vleld ls c. 6 (!aln,
pers.com., nov. 2010). Wood char from such aaslflers ls also a poLenLlallv valuable fuel. 1hls ls
because wood char has a sufflclenLlv hlah calorlflc value (Cv) (e.a. 23-30 M!ka
-1
). LxperlmenLs are
underwav aL Ankur SclenLlflc Lo brlqueLLe Lhe wood char Lo produce a vlable charcoal LhaL can be
dlsLrlbuLed (or sold) Lo vlllaaers. A81l also has a brlqueLLlna faclllLv LhaL lL uses Lo converL char from
aarl-resldues (see Lable 16) lnLo a fuel. 1he low char vleld, and lLs value as a fuel, means LhaL wood
char from aaslflcaLlon mav well noL be a vlable source of blochar. Where rlce husk are used,
however, Lhe hlah slllca conLenL llmlLs Lhe Cv of Lhe carbonlsed rlce husks (C8Ps), hence lL has llLLle,
lf anv, value as a charcoal-Lvpe fuel and Lhe C8Ps can become a wasLe dlsposal or polluLlon problem.

1 11 1. 3 . 3 . 3 . 3. .. . 2 22 2. .. . M MM Mon tor ne on tor ne on tor ne on tor ne p pp proeram for the eas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a roeram for the eas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a roeram for the eas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a roeram for the eas f cat on p| ants n Uambod a. . . .
conducted n June conducted n June conducted n June conducted n June- -- - Ju| y 2010 Ju| y 2010 Ju| y 2010 Ju| y 2010

8lCCPA8M was forLunaLe ln LhaL !ohn lleld and aul 1anaer, Lwo hu sLudenLs from Lhe unlverslLv
of Colorado, were able Lo underLake measuremenLs of a few Ankur aaslflaLlon planLs durlna Lhe
summer of 2010. 1hls work provldes lnvaluable emplrlcal daLa on funcLlonlna planLs. 1he enerav
balance wlll be presenLed ln Lhls secLlon, whlle Lhe carbon balance wlll be reporLed ln secLlon 4
under Lhe Llfe Cvcle AssessmenL parL.

A. Lnergy ba|ance:
1. AmounL and enerav ln Lhe fresh rlce husk,
2. AmounL and enerav ln Lhe carbonlsed rlce husk,
3. AmounL and enerav ln Lhe sludae accumulaLlna ln Lhe coollna waLer,

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4. AmounL of dlesel fuel replaced bv Lhe husk aaslflcaLlon,
3. AmounL of heaL loss esLlmaLed from Lhe oLher four componenLs.

8. Carbon ba|ance:
lnpuL:
1. amounL of rlce husks aolna ln
2. averaae C concenLraLlon ln rlce husks,
CuLpuL:
1. C concenLraLlon and amounL of carbonlsed rlce husks,
2. C concenLraLlon ln carbonlsed rlce husks,
3. C concenLraLlon and amounL of Lar (amounL Lo be deLermlned),
4. AmounL of svnaas (Lo be calculaLed),
3. C concenLraLlon ln svnaas,

Resul ts and Resul ts and Resul ts and Resul ts and dl scussl on dl scussl on dl scussl on dl scussl on
8aslc daLa on Lhe aaslflers monlLored are alven ln 1able 10. lL shows LhaL all aaslflers chosen had a
nomlnal capaclLv beLween 130 and 300 kW, an acLual husk feed raLe beLween 100 Lo 167 ka husk per
hour, a dlesel replacemenL raLe beLween 6.90 and 8.44 ka husk for each llLer dlesel, a husk/char raLlo
of 9.6 Lo 34.8 , and a sludae producLlon of 0.06 Lo 0.67 llLers per ka husk (fresh welahL). Analvsls of
Lhe svnaas aeneraLed bv Lhe reacLors ls shown ln 1able A1.
Date 17/6/10 18/6/10 20/6/10 22/6/10 23/6/10 24/6/10
Iac|||ty name kh|ev
Moeung
|n o Lap
5ophat
Chhay
k|mt|ng
am
Loeung
Choa
Mey
laclllLv Lvpe 8lce mlll lce
facLorv
rlce mlll rlce mlll rlce mlll
CapaclLv (nom) Lon
paddv/hr
2 1.3 nA 2 3 2
Caslfler slze
(nom)
kW.mech 200 200 130 200 300 200
CapaclLv (nom) Lon
paddv/hr
2 1.3 nA 2 3 2
Pusk feed raLe ka/hr 130 103 100 167 166 170
ulesel
replacemenL
ka husk/L 8.44 7.67 - 6.90 3.44 -
Pusk Lo char 9.6 31.7 21.6 34.8 13.4
ulesel L/hr 17.80 13.47 - 24.17 30.33 -

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replacemenL
Sludae
producLlon
L/ka husk - 0.67 0.33 - 0.06 0.23

TADIE 10: LASIC DA1A ON 1HL GASIFILIS MONI1OILD IN JUNL 2010 IN CAMLODIA

1hls lndlcaLes an overall relaLlvelv consLanL dlesel replacemenL raLe buL conslderable varlaLlon ln Lhe
amounL of char and sludae produced. 1hls musL be parLlv explalned bv dlfferences ln how Lhe
aaslflers are operaLed (slower LhrouahpuL l.e., lonaer resldence Llme of Lhe husks ln Lhe aaslfler wlll
reduce Lhe amounL of char produced), buL measuremenL errors could also have conLrlbuLed. ulfflculL
Lo explaln are especlallv Lhe hlah sludae raLe produced ln Lhe ?ln o rlce mlll and Lhe low value ln
?am Loeuna.
1he baslc assumpLlons used for Lhe economlc analvsls of a mld slze aaslfler (130 Lo 300 kW slze) are
alven ln 1able 11, and Lhev are based on Lhe daLa recorded for Lhe same aaslflers shown ln 1able 10.
uslna Lhese lnpuLs Lhe, cosLs and proflLs were calculaLed for a 3 vear pav back perlod accordlna Lo
Lhe flnanclna scheme offered bv SML (1able 12). 1he daLa shows LhaL a subsLanLlal down-pavmenL
has Lo be made ln Lhe flrsL vear buL LhaL poslLlve neL revenues seL ln alreadv ln Lhe second vear. 1he
LoLal proflL wlLhln Lhese 3 vears ls 14.000 uS$ even Lhouah Lhe equlpmenL, lLs operaLlon, and Lhe
malnLenance ls compleLelv flnanced wlLhln Lhls Llme frame.
arameter Un|t Va|ue
rlce husk consumpLlon raLe 1ons husk/hr 0.100
hours of operaLlon per dav hr/dav 10
uavs of operaLlon per vear uavs/vear 230
annual rlce husk cosL $/vear (4,112.30)
annual labor cosL $/vear (1,460.00)
annual elecLrlclLv cosL $/vear (6,804.33)
annual value of dlesel replaced $/vear 29,730.00
annual char revenue $/vear 493.73
annual neL revenue $/vear 17,868.72
svsLem cosL $ 60,000.00
fracLlon flnanced 70
loan prlnclpal $ (42,000.00)
one-Llme flxed caplLal cosL $ (18,000.00)

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loan raLe annual raLe ln 13
monLhlv pavmenL $ (933.63)
vearlv pavmenL $ (11,467.33)

1ALLL 11: LASIC ASSUMI1IONS USLD FOI 1HL LCONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A MID SIZL GASIFILI (10 1O 800
KW SIZL). LIACKL1S INDICA1L NLGA1IVL VALULS.

ear 1 2 3 4 5 1ota|
Cne-Llme flxed caplLal cosLs (18,000) - - - - (18,000)
flnanclna cosL (11,468) (11,468) (11,468) (11,468) (11,468) (37,338)
Lona-run annual revenue 17,869 17,869 17,869 17,869 17,869 89,344
neL proflL (11,399) 6,401 6,401 6,401 6,401 14,006
dlscounLlna, 10 (10,344) 3,290 4,809 4,372 3,973 7,902
dlscounLlna, 13 (10,086) 4,840 4,209 3,660 3,183 3,806
dlscounLlna, 30 (8,922) 3,788 2,914 2,241 1,724 1,744

1ALLL 12: LS1IMA1LD FINANCING SCHLML FOI A MID SIZL GASIFILI IN CAMLODIA. ASSUMING A YLAI
IAY LACK ILIIOD. LIACKL1S INDICA1L NLGA1IVL VALULS.

1. 1. 1. 1. 3 33 3. .. . 3. 3. 3. 3. Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ne from Use of Uas f ers Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ne from Use of Uas f ers Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ne from Use of Uas f ers Lnv ronmenta| I ssue Ar s ne from Use of Uas f ers
1he aaslflcaLlon process aeneraLes Lars, whlch drop down lnLo barrels below Lhe aaslfler and also
below Lhe several-sLaae aas fllLers. 1hrouah Lhe aas coollna and cleanlna process, condensaLes enLer
Lhe waLer sLream lnLroduced lnLo Lhe scrubber and a 'black waLer' flows from Lhe scrubber. 1hls ls
Lhen used for quenchlna and removlna Lhe C8P LhaL are deposlLed from Lhe reacLor, Lhe dlrLv waLer
ls allowed Lo seLLle ln ponds before belna cooled and re-clrculaLed. vlsual observaLlon aL several of
Lhe aaslfler slLes lndlcaLed a Larrv llquld effluenL ouLflow from Lhe sludae seLLllna ponds: Lhls
appeared Lo be a consequence of Lhe seLLllna pond overflowlna. ln several cases Lhe effluenL was
slowlv dralnlna lnLo a local sLream.
A sample of Lhe sludae aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe seLLllna pond was analvsed and Lhe resulLs are shown ln
1able 13, comparlna Lhe values aaalnsL values for a reference conLamlnaLed soll sample (8C CL8 17)
(Craham eL al., 2006) and Lhe mean value for urban solls ln Lnaland (LnvlronmenL Aaencv, 2007).
Also show ln column 3, 1able 13, ls a C8P sample exLracLed from Lhe seLLllna pond.
L|ement or
compound
5ett||ng
pond s|udge,
Cambod|an
gas|f|er
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
5

k|ce husk
char
extracted
from sett||ng
pond
(mgkg
-1
dry
Contam|nate
d so||
reference
(8G CLk17)
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
6

Urban so||s,
Lng|and
(mean va|ue)
(mgkg
-1
dry
we|ght)
7

Max|mum |n
product
(mgkg
-1

under
I|em|sh |aw)

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we|ght)
5

Crgan|c compounds
8L1x
1
300 - 1000
1oLal phenols
2
100 - 300
uSLA 16 APs
3
3223 196.7 629.9 23.7 (22
APs)

naphLhalene 1214 11.04 29.9 2.3
1-
MeLhvlnaphLhalene
172
2-
MeLhvlnaphLhalene
132
AcenaphLhvlene 733 6.70 26.8 0.208
AcenaphLhene 73 1.03 10.3 0.131
lluorene 114 3.00 42.8 0.139
henanLhrene 386 43.94 123.1 1.81 0.9
AnLhracene < 0.01 11.07 31.1 0.236
lluoranLhene 93 9.62 102.1 3.28 2.3
vrene 73.8 8.194 83.8 3.37
8enzo(a)anLhracene 3.3 3.239 41.1 1.19 0.68
Chrvsene 4.9 8.334 27.3 1.34 1.7
8enzo(b)fluoranLhen
e
< 0.01 3.439 18.8 1.66 2.3
8enzo(k)fluoranLhen
e
1.1 2.933 16.8 1.26 2.3
8enzo(a)pvrene 0.49 2.939 28.4 1.39 1.1
lndeno(1,2,3-
cd)pvrene
< 0.01 1.076 11.9 0.798 1.1
ulbenzo(a,h)anLhrac
ene
< 0.01 0.641 2.2 0.834
8enzo(a,h,l)pervlene < 0.01 1.103 9.3 1.1
8eaulaLorv upper llmlL
for uk
Maxlmum
permlsslble

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Lhresholds ln uk AS100
reaulaLlon
(maka
-1
drv
welahL)
averaae
annual raLe
of 1L
addlLlon over
a 10 vr
perlod
(ka/ha/vr)
(sewaae
sludae reas)
Meta|s
4

Alumlnlum (Al) 3619 239
Arsenlc (As) < 1.3 < 2.6 0.7
8arlum (8a) 711.4 40.8
8ervlllum (8e) < 3.0 < 3.2
8oron (8) 316 0.32
Cadmlum (Cd) < 0.3 < 0.3 1.3 0.13
Calclum (Ca) 227140 1233
Chromlum (Cr) 8.0 < 2.6 100 13
Copper (Cu) 42.1 9.7 200 7.3
lron (le) 10318 128
Lead (b) 43.9 1.6 100 13
Maaneslum (Ma) 24498 313
Manaanese (Mn) 2688 271
Mercurv (Pa) < 2.6 1 0.1
Molvbednum (Mb) < 1.3
nlckel (nl) 32.6
oLasslum (k) 16428 767
Selenlum (Se) < 3.0
Slllcon (Sl) 4381 37.4
Sodlum (na) 2428 66.6
SLronLlum (Sr) 4394 9.0

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1lLanlum (1l) 428.9 3.6
Zlnc (Zn) 482.3 13.3
vanadlum (v) 7.1 < 2.6

(1) PS-CC-MS
(2) CC-MS
(3) ASL, CC-MS
(4) lC-CLS
(3) analvsls underLaken bv CLA88C, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah (hLLp://www.clarrc.ed.ac.uk/)
(6) [18], Lable 3, paae 83, ASL meLhod
(7) [16], Lable 4.7, paae 23
1ALLL 18: IO1LN1IAL CON1AMINAN1 CON1LN1S OF GASIFILI SLUDGL AND CIH FIOM SL11LING IOND
AND COMIAIISON WI1H CON1AMINA1LD SOIL SAMILLS. SOUICL: (CLAIIC). UNIVLISI1Y OF LDINLUIGH
(P11://WWW.CLA88C.Lu.AC.uk/). CON1AMINA1LD SOILS (GIAHAM L1 AL.. 2000. LNVIIONMLN1 AGLNCY
2007).

lL can be seen LhaL Lhe sludae sample has a hlah 8L1x, phenol and AP loadlna. olvcvcllc aromaLlc
hvdrocarbons (APs) are aromaLlc hvdrocarbons conLalnlna more Lhan Lwo unsubsLlLuLed benzene
rlnas. Some APs are sLrona carclnoaens, l.e. benz(a)pvrene and benz(a)anLhracene, whlle oLhers are
muLaaenlc and/or LeraLoaenlc (e.a. Lerda 2009, uSLA 2007). 1he uS LnvlronmenLal roLecLlon
Aaencv (uSLA) has ldenLlfled 16 APs for whlch lL recommends monlLorlna. 1he number of APs
scruLlnlzed ln envlronmenLal lmpacL assessmenL (LlA), monlLorlna and reaulaLlon ls someLlmes less
Lhan Lhls (e.a. 10 under llemlsh law) and someLlmes more (e.a. 22 ln an LnvlronmenL Aaencv (2007)
reporL). 1here are, unforLunaLelv, no aareed sLandards for deLermlnlna safe levels of APs ln solls.
1here ls daLa on exlsLlna AP levels ln solls and Lhls lndlcaLes LhaL levels can varv conslderablv
beLween locaLlons and soll Lvpes. ln Lhe uk, Lhe ranae for _ 22 APs ls 0.04 Lo 167 maka
-1
wlLh a
mean of 2.2 maka
-1
and a medlan of 0.72 maka
-1
(LnvlronmenL Aaencv 2007).
1he AP level of Lhe sludae sample ls slanlflcanLlv areaLer Lhan Lhe LoLal 16 APs ln Lhe
conLamlnaLed soll sample (column 4, 1able 13). lnLeresLlnalv, Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon beLween Lhe 16 uSLA
APs ln Lhe sludae sample varles conslderablv. 1here are relaLlvelv small quanLlLles of Lhe (aenerallv
more Loxlc) hlaher molecular welahL (PMW) APs: benzo(a)pvrene, benzo(b)fluoranLhene,
benzo(k)fluoranLhene, lndeno(1,2,3-cd)pvrene, benzo(a,h,l)pervlene for example, whereas, Lhe
conLamlnaLed soll sample conLalns far areaLer levels of Lhese APs. 1he AP loadlna of Lhe C8P
exLracLed from Lhe sludae pond ls noL as areaL as Lhe sludae sample. neverLheless, Lhe level ls sLlll
above Lhe 30 maka
-1
level LhaL ls advlsed as 'Lrlaaer' value for concern ln converLlna conLamlnaLed
solls for domesLlc use ln Lhe uk (lC8CL, 1987).
lurLhermore, Lhe C8P sample from Lhe sludae pond conLalns hlaher levels of cerLaln PMW APs,
such as benzo(a)pvrene, Lhan Lhe sludae. 1here ls, as veL, llLLle auldance avallable on Lhe

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approprlaLe llmlLs for APs ln soll amendmenLs and few reaulaLorv aaencles have aLLempLed Lo
deflne quanLlLaLlve Lhresholds Lo daLe. Cne of Lhe few excepLlons has been Lhe llemlsh reaulaLorv
auLhorlLv ln 8elalum, whlch has deflned quanLlLaLlve llmlLs expressed ln Lerms of ma per ka ln
maLerlal Lo be added Lo solls (8uvsschaerL & nellssen, 2010). lf Lhese Lhreshold levels were applled,
lL can be seen ln column 6, 1able 13 LhaL, for mosL APs, Lhe levels ln boLh Lhe sludae sample and
Lhe C8P from Lhe sludae are Loo hlah Lo permlL appllcaLlon Lo solls. WheLher Lhe Lhresholds
developed bv Lhe llemlsh reaulaLor are Lhe approprlaLe ones Lo use ln Lhls conLexL ls currenLlv
unclear, however.
1he uSLA (2007) ecoloalcal soll screenlna levels (eco-SSLs) make a dlsLlncLlon beLween low and hlah
molecular welahL (LMW, PMW) APs. lor soll lnverLebraLes and mammals Lhe eco-SSL for low
molecular welahL APs ls 29 and 100 maka
-1
respecLlvelv, and for hlah molecular welahL APs, 18
and 1.1 respecLlvelv. lL can be seen LhaL Lhe sludae sample has values of LMW and PMW APs
whlch far exceed Lhe eco-SSLs for boLh lnverLebraLes and mammals. 1he C8Ps recovered from Lhe
seLLllna pool also have levels of PMW APs whlch look hlah compared Lo Lhe eco-SSL for mammals.
LlmlLed auldance ls also avallable ln Lhe uk for assesslna AP addlLlon Lo conLamlnaLed solls (Soll
Screenlna values), Lhouah Lhls ls unllkelv Lo be approprlaLe for addlLlon Lo aarlculLural solls.
neverLheless, applvlna Lhe sLandard developed bv Lhe LnvlronmenL Aaencv (2007) ln Lnaland and
Wales, Lhe Lhreshold for benzo(a)pvrene value ls 0.13 maka
-1
. lL can be seen from 1able 13 LhaL Lhe
sludae sample and, even more so, Lhe C8P from seLLllna pond, conLalns a hlaher value of
benzo(a)pvrene LhaL Lhe SSv. lL musL be sLressed LhaL conslderable uncerLalnLv ls assoclaLed wlLh
evaluaLlna Lhe envlronmenLal lmpacLs of APs so Lhe Lco-SSL and SSvs menLloned above should be
reaarded as onlv prellmlnarv auldellnes LhaL are far from belna deflnlLlve or seL-ln-sLone.
1here are also qulLe hlah levels of meLals ln Lhe sludae sample, buL much lower levels ln Lhe C8P
from Lhe sludae pond. Comparlna Lhe meLal concenLraLlons ln Lhe sludae wlLh Lhe levels ln Lhe C8Ps
shown ln 1able 14, lL ls evldenL LhaL concenLraLlon ls Laklna place ln Lhe sludae for elemenLs such as:
k, Cu, Sr, Mn, nl, 1l, 8a, na, Ca, Ma, and 8. 1hls suaaesLs LhaL Lhese elemenLs are waLer-soluble and
are belna leached ouL of Lhe char and collecLlna ln Lhe boLLom sludae.
1o LesL Lhls ldea, we collecLed a sample of Lhe black-waLer [usL before lL was chanaed (afLer havlna
been ln clrculaLlon for one week) and Lhen [usL afLer lL was chanaed. We Lhen measured Lhe
concenLraLlons of meLals (ln mal
-1
dlssolved and ln mal
-1
LoLal sample) ln boLh samples uslna lC-CLS.
1he pP of Lhe old coollna waLer was 8.4, whlle LhaL of Lhe new waLer was 7.1, conflrmlna LhaL cvcllna
of Lhe coollna waLer wlll Lend Lo render lL alkallne Lhrouah conLacL wlLh Lhe alkallne C8P. 1he
followlna elemenLs dld noL varv much beLween Lhe 'before' and 'afLer' waLer chanae: Al, As, 8e, Cd,
Cr, Cu, b, Pa, nl, 1l, Zn, v, 8a, na, Ca, Sr and 8. Slnce some of Lhese same elemenLs are
concenLraLlna ln Lhe boLLom sludae, lL suaaesLs LhaL Lhe elemenLs mav be belna exLracLed from Lhe
coollna waLer and blndlna Lo / sorblna wlLh solld parLlcles ln Lhe sludae (posslblv small black carbon
parLlcles). 1he boLLom sludae ls presumablv less dlsLurbed bv coollna waLer Lhan Lhe C8Ps, whlch
could accounL for whv Lhe meLals do noL aeL leached ouL of sludae ln Lhe wav LhaL appears Lo occur
for Lhe C8Ps. AlLernaLlvelv, Lhe phvslo-chemlcal sLrucLure and properLles of Lhe sludae parLlcles mav
exhlblL areaLer blndlna / sorpLlon poLenLlal wlLh meLals Lhan do Lhe C8Ps.
CLher elemenLs appear Lo concenLraLe ln Lhe 'old' coollna waLer, namelv: le (10 x dlssolved, 2 x
LoLal), Mn (8 x LoLal), Sl (1.6 x dlssolved), Ma (2 x dlssolved), k (2 x dlssolved, 1/3 x LoLal). Whv Lhese

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elemenLs appear Lo respond dlfferenLlv from Lhose llsLed above ls noL currenLlv know. lL mav,
poLenLlallv, be aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe relaLlvelv lesser ablllLv of Lhese elemenLs Lo blnd wlLh Lhe sludae
black carbon parLlcles
Clven Lhe hlah polluLanL load of Lhls black waLer and Lhe seLLllna pond sludae, lL ls clearlv deslrable
for a clean-up svsLem Lo be ln place. 1he manufacLurer Ankur SclenLlflc has deslaned a waLer
fllLraLlon svsLem uslna sand, saw dusL and char from Lhe reacLor. ln addlLlon, Ankur has now
developed a 'drv dlscharae' svsLem for Lhe char, wherebv a screw convevor wlLh a bullL-ln heaL
exchanae unlL removes Lhe char wlLhouL Lhe need for anv weL quenchlna. 8oLh of Lhese
lmprovemenLs should be a conslderable beneflL ln reduclna Lhe rlsk of polluLed effluenL arlslna from
Lhe faclllLv. lL ls sLlll necessarv for Lhe sludae Lo be removed from Lhe seLLllna pond perlodlcallv. Cne
opLlon recommended bv Ankur ls slmplv Lo drv Lhe sludae and add Lo Lhe reacLor. Llkewlse, Lhe
varlous maLerlals used for fllLerlna wasLe waLer also need Lo be removed and replaced perlodlcallv,
and Ankur also recommends LhaL Lhese can be drled and added Lo Lhe reacLor. lL appears llkelv LhaL
Lhe process can be made 'clean' Lherefore lf an approprlaLe envlronmenLal manaaemenL svsLem ls ln
place.
Powever, a clean-up svsLem has noL been observed ln operaLlon ln Cambodla and Lhere ls no
requlremenL or lncenLlve for a aaslflcaLlon unlL operaLor Lo lnsLall such a clean-up svsLem. 1he
envlronmenLal and healLh lmpacLs of Lhe black waLer and Larrv resldues from Lhe aaslflers ls noL
currenLlv known. 1hls ls, Lherefore, a ma[or weakness ln Lhe susLalnablllLv of Lhe aaslflcaLlon svsLem
as lmplemenLed ln Cambodla, albelL noL relaLed dlrecLlv Lo Lhe use of Lhe C8P as blochar. l.e. Lhe
polluLlon problem arlses from Lhe operaLlon of Lhe aaslflers and would occur wlLh or wlLhouL use of
Lhe C8P. Cne senslble precauLlon wlLh respecL Lo use of C8Ps ln fleld Lrlals ls Lo use onlv C8P and
noL mlxLures of C8P and sludae and/or oLher wasLe sLreams from Lhe process.

1 11 1. 3. . 3. . 3. . 3. 4 44 4. .. . Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch Uas f cat on of r ce husk and r ce straw n the exper menta| batch
eas f er eas f er eas f er eas f er at I PPI at I PPI at I PPI at I PPI

1he ob[ecLlve of Lhls acLlvlLv aL l88l was 1) Lo aaln some experlence wlLh rlce husk aaslflcaLlon aL Lhls
laboraLorv scale, 2) Lo measure some baslc parameLers of Lhe husk aaslflcaLlon process (duraLlon of
Lhe process, heaL developmenL proflle, quanLlLaLlve esLlmaLe of aas producLlon, welahL loss and
remalnlna ash / blochar producLlon), and 3) Lo see lf a slmllar aaslflcaLlon as wlLh husks could be
achleved wlLh rlce sLraw. lor Lhls we used a baLch aaslfler avallable aL l88l.
Rl ce husk easl fl catl on Rl ce husk easl fl catl on Rl ce husk easl fl catl on Rl ce husk easl fl catl on
1he rlce husk aaslflcaLlon was relaLlvelv easv. We used rlce husks from Lhe l88l rlce mlll. 1he husks
had an averaae molsLure conLenL of almosL 7 (see deLalls ln 1able A2). 1oLal husk welahL fllled lnLo
Lhe aaslfler chamber was 16.8 ka, Lhe volume of Lhe chamber was 161.2 l, Lherefore Lhe husk denslLv
ln Lhe chamber was 0.1 ka per llLer. 1he husks were seL on flre from below Lhe chamber, and when
Lhev cauahL flre Lhe aaslfler was closed and a conLlnuous alr sLream was blown Lhrouah Lhe aaslfler
from Lhe Lop (flaures 14 and 13). 1he LemperaLure aL Lhe lower end of Lhe chamber was monlLored
and Lhe alr sLream volume was esLlmaLed. uurlna lnlLlal llahLlna of Lhe husks conslderable smoke
developed, buL Lhls sLopped afLer a few mlnuLes and Lhe acLual aaslflcaLlon was smokeless. uurlna

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l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

Lhe aaslflcaLlon Lhe flu aas came ouL of Lhe ouLleL aL Lhe lower end of Lhe chamber and was seL on
flre. Ash quanLlLv was 3.29 ka, Lhus Lhe charred husk was onlv 19.6 of Lhe husk lnpuL. 8esulLs from
Lhe lab analvsls of samples are shown ln 1ables 13 (chemlcal properLles) and A3 (fuel properLles).

FIGURES 14 AND 15: IILIAIA1ION OF 1HL GASIFILI AND INI1IAL HLA1ING UI IHASL. 1HL GASIFILI
CHAMLLI WAS SI1UA1LD IN 1HL SLCOND LAIILL FIOM 1HL LO11OM AND HAD AN INNLI DIAML1LI OF
0.40 M. A HLIGH1 OF 0.07 M. AND A VOLUML OF 101.2 LI1LI.

Rl ce straw easl f l catl on Rl ce straw easl f l catl on Rl ce straw easl f l catl on Rl ce straw easl f l catl on
1he flrsL Lrlals of rlce sLraw aaslflcaLlon dld noL work well. We loaded Lhe aaslfler wlLh 9.67 ka of
sLraw, and llL Lhe charae from Lhe boLLom. A falrlv Lhorouah carbonlzaLlon occurred exLremelv
qulcklv, produclna excesslve, non-flammable smoke. A LoLal of 2.86 ka char/ash was recovered,
correspondlna Lo 29.6 ash/char. Assumlna LhaL Lhe low denslLv of Lhe sLraw fuel was responslble
for Lhe poor aaslflcaLlon, we ran anoLher Lrlal wlLh LlahLlv bundled sLraw (see flaure 16). ln Lhls
experlmenL, we loaded Lhe aaslfler wlLh 14.73 ka sLraw, whlch was close Lo Lhe fuel denslLv ln Lhe
flrsL Lrlals wlLh husk. As before wlLh Lhe husk, conslderable smoke developed durlna Lhe lnlLlal
llahLenlna of Lhe sLraw, buL Lhls sLopped afLer a few mlnuLes and Lhe acLual aaslflcaLlon was
smokeless. uurlna Lhe aaslflcaLlon Lhe flu aas came ouL of Lhe ouLleL aL Lhe lower end of Lhe chamber
and was seL on flre. Ash quanLlLv was 2.71 ka, Lhus Lhe charred sLraw was onlv 18.4 of Lhe sLraw
lnpuL. 8esulLs from Lhe lab analvsls of samples are shown ln 1ables A2 and 13. We concluded LhaL
rlce sLraw aaslflcaLlon ls posslble buL LhaL probablv some sorL of sLraw compresslon ls needed. 1hls ls
conflrmed bv dlscusslons wlLh Ankur SclenLlflc, who advlse LhaL sLraws would need Lo be pelleLlsed
before Lhev mlahL be used as a fuel ln aaslflcaLlon (!aln, pers.com. nov., 2010). luel properLles of
Lhe aas and char produced bv Lhe l88l aaslfler are shown ln 1able A3.

A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

]
47

FIGUIL 10: WL USLD 1IGH1LY LUNDLLD S1IAW IN 1HL SLCOND A11LMI1 FOI S1IAW GASIFICA1ION
LLCAUSL WL ASSUMLD 1HA1 1HL LOW FULL DLNSI1Y WAS 1HL ILASON FOI 1HL IOOI GASIFICA1ION.
1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ne| e 1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ne| e 1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ne| e 1. 3. 5. AP1I ' s 5 ne| e- -- - K | n Pyro| yser K | n Pyro| yser K | n Pyro| yser K | n Pyro| yser

1he slnale barrel klln developed bv A81l (llaure 17) conslsLs of a 200 l capaclLv meLalllc drum wlLh lld
and chlmnev. lL can produce up Lo 20ka of blochar per dav operaLlna on a 13 mlnuLe baLch cvcle. 1he
klln ls low cosL and porLable. A palr of operaLors can operaLe Lwo kllns slmulLaneouslv. 1vplcallv lL
was found LhaL llahL blomass produces around 20 blochar and woodv blomass can produce around
23-33, boLh bv mass.

FIGUIL 17: AI1I`S SINGLL LAIILL KILNS IN OILIA1ION. FLLDS1OCK USLD: SUGAICANL 1IASH

1. 4. Uharacter sat on and 1. 4. Uharacter sat on and 1. 4. Uharacter sat on and 1. 4. Uharacter sat on and Propert es of the ochar Produced by the Propert es of the ochar Produced by the Propert es of the ochar Produced by the Propert es of the ochar Produced by the
above 1echno| oe es above 1echno| oe es above 1echno| oe es above 1echno| oe es
1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. Propert es Propert es Propert es Propert es of of of of Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur Uarbon sed P ce Pusks Produced by Ankur 5c ent f c 5c ent f c 5c ent f c 5c ent f c
Uas f ers Uas f ers Uas f ers Uas f ers
1able 14 presenLs daLa on Lhe analvsls of rlce, rlce husks and C8Ps from a number of aaslflcaLlon
unlLs ln Cambodla.

]
48
A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

Measurement
(a|| dry we|ght)
k|ce (gra|n
and husk)
(1 samp|e)
k|ce husk
(average 3
samp|es or
range
shown)
k|ce husk
(average up
to 5 samp|es
|n LCN
hy|||s
database)
Carbon|sed
r|ce husk
(average up
to 4
samp|es)
Conservat|o
n of e|ement
from husk to
carbon|sed
husk ()
(assum|ng
33 y|e|d)
Ash ( wL) 6.3 21 19.3 63
C ( wL) 41 38 40 33 30
P ( wL) 6.3 4.7 3.3 0.17 1.2
n ( wL) 1.4 1 0.83 0.6 20
S ( wL) 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.03 41
volaLlles ( wL) 61
pP 6.6 6.6 9.63
1

CaLlon Lxchanae
CapaclLv (cmol+/ka)
43 - 110
Lxchanaeable k
(cmol+/ka)
11 - 72
Lxchanaeable na
(cmol+/ka)
1 - 21
Lxchanaeable Ca
(cmol+/ka)
4 - 13
Lxchanaeable Ma
(cmol+/ka)
1 - 13
APs (uSLA 16)
ma/ka
2

0.09 0.23 13 - 104
8L1x (ma/ka)
3
7.7 - 22.3
Meta|s: (a|| mg/kg)
4

Alumlnlum (Al) 37 37 - 68 92 - 343 82 - 313
Arsenlc (As) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 2.3 < 1.79 - < 2.3
8arlum (8a) 3.7 3 - 12 19 -48 33 - 127
8ervlllum (8e) < 2.89 <3.03 - < 3.83 < 3.39 - < 3.00
8oron (8) 2.14 4.97 - 9.33 1.81 - 3.38 6 - 29
Cadmlum (Cd) < 0.29 < 0.3 - < 0.39 < 0.36 - < 0.3
Calclum (Ca) 230 389 - 623 609 - 1940 32 - 103
Chromlum (Cr) < 1.44 < 1.21 - < 3.03 < 1.44 - < 2.3
Copper (Cu) 3.11 1.2 - 3.2 8.2 - 13.3 98 - 297

A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

]
49
lron (le) 48 64 - 67 66 - 107 40 - 36
Lead (b) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 1.93 < 2.32 - 28.2
Maaneslum (Ma) 827 187 - 371 162 - 638 29 - 39
Manaanese (Mn) 73.1 123 - 313 133 - 470 23 - 36
Mercurv (Pa) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 1.93 < 1.79 - < 2.3
nlckel (nl) < 0.87 < 0.89 - 1.93 < 1.39 - 1.3
oLasslum (k) 2604 1923 - 3040 393 - 2418 10 - 27
Slllcon (Sl) 3.8 3.2 - 26.8 66 - 199 209 - 340
Sodlum (na) 132 62 - 141 76 - 630 36 - 348
SLronLlum (Sr) 1.13 0.82 - 2.30 1.87 - 9.10 76 - 139
1lLanlum (1l) 0.81 0.33 - 1.21 1.79 - 3.23 49 - 337
Zlnc (Zn) 22.4 9.84 - 20.9 11.7 - 44.2 27 - 70
vanadlum (v) < 1.44 < 1.32 - < 1.93 < 1.73 - < 2.3

1ALLL 14: IIOILI1ILS OF IICL. IICL HUSK AND CAILONISLD IICL HUSK (SOUICL: OWN ANALYSIS.
LXCLI1 FOI COLUMN 4. FIOM LCN IHYLLIS P11://WWW.LCn.nL/P?LLl S/). (CLAIIC). UNIVLISI1Y OF
LDINLUIGH (P11://WWW.CLA88C.Lu.AC.uk/)

noLes:
(1) Averaae for 4 samples. Cne oLher sample had a lower pP of 7.79.
(2) APs (polvcvcllc aromaLlc hvdrocarbons) analvsed uslna acceleraLed solvenL exLracLlon (ASL)
(3) 8L1x (benzene, eLhvlbenzene, Loluene, xvlene) analvsed used PS-CC-MS
(4) MeLals analvsed uslna lC-CLS

0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar 0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar 0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar 0onservatl on and Accumul atl on of Ll ements l n Bl ochar
1he conservaLlon of an elemenL ln Lhe char ls calculaLed bv Lhe followlna formula.
FeedstockA
CharA CharYield
A Cons

=
LquaLlon (4)
Where:
Cons
A
ls Lhe proporLlon of elemenL A reLalned ln Lhe char from Lhe feedsLock
Char?leld ls Lhe mass of Lhe char dlvlded bv Lhe mass of Lhe feedsLock
CharA ls Lhe proporLlon of elemenL A wlLhln Lhe char
leedsLock A ls Lhe proporLlon of elemenL A wlLhln Lhe feedsLock

]
30
A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

An assumpLlon ln Lhls analvsls ls LhaL meLals are noL lnLroduced lnLo Lhe char from Lhe equlpmenL
lLself. lL can be seen from 1able 14 LhaL mosL of Lhe hvdroaen and 80 of Lhe nlLroaen ls losL durlna
volaLlllsaLlon. More of Lhe sulphur (40) ls reLalned, buL sllahLlv less Lhan reporLed ln oLher sLudles
(Chan & xu, 2009). 1he C/n raLlo ls 38, comparable Lo Lhe mean value of 67 ln Chan and xu. As for
Lhe meLals, Lhe calculaLlon of conservaLlon for Lhree aaslflers, for whlch Lhe rlce husk and C8P were
maLched, produced some unusual resulLs. 1he LoLal k concenLraLlon ls low compared Lo a ranae of
blochar samples (Chan & xu, 2009).
lor some aaslflers and some elemenLs, Lhe percenLaae conservaLlon was over 100, lmplvlna some
sorL of concenLraLlon of Lhe elemenL wlLhln Lhe blochar. 1he elemenLs for whlch Lhls was mosL
evldenL are copper, slllca, sodlum, sLronLlum and LlLanlum. 1here are marked dlfferences beLween
Lhe Lhree aaslflers, especlallv ln comparlna aaslfler 3 wlLh aaslflers 1 + 2, Lhouah some evldence of a
Lendencv Lo reLaln and accumulaLe Lhe same parLlcular elemenLs as shown ln llaure 18. 1hls resulL
ls qulLe dlfferenL from oLher reporLed values ln Lhe llLeraLure, for example, LhaL abouL 30 of Lhe na
ls losL bv vaporlsaLlon when heaLed Lo 673
o
C (Chan & xu, 2009).
1he LemperaLure of Lhe aaslfler ls above Lhe melLlna polnL of cerLaln meLals, such as Zn, Cd, As, Se, k,
na and Ma and lL ls reasonable Lo assume LhaL volaLallsaLlon of Lhese meLals wlll reduce Lhelr
concenLraLlon ln blochar slnce Lhev wlll dlsappear ln emlsslons or ln Larrv effluenLs. llaure 17 does
show LhaL Lhe conservaLlon of Zn, k and Ma ls lower Lhan for oLher meLals, lndlcaLlna posslble
volaLallsaLlon. na concenLraLlon ln char, on Lhe oLher hand, show a varled response. 1he weL
quenchlna of Lhe svnaas wlLh waLer mav explaln such dlfferences, slnce elemenLs are more llkelv Lo
be reLalned Lhan where aases are released dlrecLlv Lo aLmosphere. lurLhermore, levels of meLals
wlLh much hlaher bolllna polnLs such as 8, le and Mn also appear Lo show lower levels of
conservaLlon, whereas Lhese meLals ouahL Lo be conserved. 1here ls evldence of accumulaLlon of
meLals wlLhln Lhe sludae LhaL collecLs ln Lhe coollna pond, as shown ln 1able 13. verv hlah
concenLraLlons of meLals are found wlLhln Lhe sludae, especlallv for Sr, Sl, CA and 1l, all of whlch
have hlah bolllna polnLs, hence are unllkelv Lo be volaLallsed and removed from Lhe reacLlon ln Lhe
aas sLream.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m

B
a
r
i
u
m

B
o
r
o
n

C
a
l
c
i
u
m

C
o
p
p
e
r

I
r
o
n

M
a
g
n
e
s
i
u
m
M
a
n
g
a
n
e
s
e
P
o
t
a
s
s
i
u
m

S
i
li
c
o
n

S
o
d
i
u
m

S
t
r
o
n
t
i
u
m

T
i
t
a
n
i
u
m

Z
i
n
c

element
%

c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

e
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
h
u
s
k

t
o

c
h
a
r
)

Gasifier 1
Gasifier 2
Gasifier 3

FIGUIL 18: IL1LN1ION AND ACCUMULA1ION OF A IANGL OF LLLMLN1S IN CAILONISLD IICL HUSKS
ILLA1IVL 1O 1HL IICL HUSK FLLDS1OCKS FOI 1HILL GASIFILIS (ASSUMING CONS1AN1 CHAI YILLD)

A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

]
31

1hls reLenLlon and accumulaLlon process mlahL have occurred Lhrouah Lhe clrculaLlon of Lhe waLer
used for aas cleanlna and Lhen for quenchlna and removlna Lhe C8P from Lhe boLLom of Lhe reacLor.
LlemenLs mav have been removed from Lhe hoL svnaas when lL reacLs wlLh waLer ln Lhe aas
scrubber, lnLo whlch Lhe hoL svnaas from Lhe reacLor enLers, as well as when waLer quenches Lhe hoL
C8P. 1hese elemenLs mav Lhen be dlssolved lnLo, sorbed or oLherwlse carrled wlLhln parLlcles or
sedlmenLs ln Lhe coollna waLer, onlv Lo be adsorbed back lnLo Lhe C8P aL a laLer sLaae. Where Lhere
ls a Lendencv for Lhe elemenLs Lo be leached ouL of Lhe char, we would expecL reLenLlon raLes Lo be
lower. 1hls appears Lo be Lhe case for 8, le, Ma, Mn, k and Zn. Where a sLronaer bond develops
beLween Lhe blochar and Lhe elemenL, reLenLlon and concenLraLlon wlLhln Lhe char mav resulL, e.a.
for 8a, Ca, Cu, Sl, na, Sr and 1l. 1he daLa on Lhe meLal concenLraLlons of Lhe black-waLer before and
afLer chanae-over are parLlv conslsLenL wlLh Lhe evldence from Lhe meLal conLenL of Lhe C8Ps. le,
Ma, Mn and k were all found Lo be hlaher ln Lhe 'old' black-waLer sLream, conslsLenL wlLh Lhe
observaLlon LhaL Lhese same elemenLs have a hlaher Lendencv Lo leach ouL of char Lhan oLher
elemenLs. Cne lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe daLa ls LhaL Lhe elemenLs wlLh Lhe lower reLenLlon raLes are
Lhose more readllv leached-ouL of Lhe blochar when lL ls applled Lo solls. (8eeslev eL al.'s (2010)
resulLs uslna a wood char do noL appear Lo show Lhe same properLles as Lhe C8Ps. ln Lhelr case, Lhe
blochar sorpbed Cd and Zn, buL noL As and Cu. We found, LhaL Lhe C8Ps Lend Lo sorp Cu more Lhan
Zn).
1he CaLlon Lxchanae CapaclLv (CLC) varles from 44 Lo 110 cmol+ka
-1
, aenerallv hlaher Lhan values
reporLed for charcoal. 1he varlaLlon ln Lhe value of Lhe CLC mav be parLlv explalned bv Lhe uncerLaln
lmpacL of Lhe coollna waLer. 1hls mav also accounL for Lhe varlaLlon ln pP for flve C8P blochar
samples, from 7.79 Lo 9.97. Clearlv, Lhere ls slanlflcanL varlablllLv ln Lhe composlLlon of Lhe C8P due
Lo Lhe speclflclLles of Lhe aaslflcaLlon Lechnoloav. 1hls makes derlvlna an accuraLe esLlmaLe of Lhe
composlLlon dlfflculL. A furLher uncerLalnLv ls Lhe varlablllLv ln Lhe char vleld beLween reacLors LhaL
was demonsLraLed ln 1able 10. 1hls ls a furLher posslble explanaLlon for Lhe daLa on elemenLal
concenLraLlons above.

Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on Partl cl e sl ze dl strl butl on
1hls was calculaLed bv uslna successlve sleves and ls lllusLraLed ln llaure 19. 1hree quarLers of Lhe
rlce husk char has a parLlcle slze beLween 0.3 and 2 mm. Wood-based char samples produced ln
charcoal kllns and baLch pvrolvsls unlLs Lvplcallv have a laraer parLlcle-slze, wlLh 73-93 of parLlcles
havlna a slze of > 2 mm. 1he lmpacL of such parLlcle slze dlfferences upon Lhe properLles of Lhe
blochar ls noL properlv undersLood aL presenL.

]
32
A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
n
S
?
-
k
A
8
v
L
-
l
l
n
A
L

8
L
C
8
1

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
remaining 63 125 250 500 2000
particle size (microns)
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
%

FIGUIL 10: IAI1ICLL SIZL DIS1IILU1ION OF 1HL CAILONISLD IICL HUSK

1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. Prope Prope Prope Propert es of P ce Pusks rt es of P ce Pusks rt es of P ce Pusks rt es of P ce Pusks. P ce 5traw. . P ce 5traw. . P ce 5traw. . P ce 5traw. UPPs UPPs UPPs UPPs and Uarbon sed P ce and Uarbon sed P ce and Uarbon sed P ce and Uarbon sed P ce
5traw 5traw 5traw 5traw Produc Produc Produc Produced by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er ed by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er ed by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er ed by I PPI ' s Lxper menta| Uas f er
1able Appendlx 2 presenLs daLa on Lhe molsLure conLenL of rlce sLraw, Lable 13 presenLs daLa on Lhe
composlLlon of Lhe four maLerlals. noLe LhaL Lhe low composlLlon of carbon bv mass ln Lhe case of
Lhe C8Ps, suaaesLs LhaL Lhe aaslflcaLlon process mav have proceeded Lo smoulderlna combusLlon
and Lhe producLlon of more rlce husk ash Lhan carbonlzed husks.
1here ls an expecLed accumulaLlon of meLals of c. 3 Llmes ln Lhe C8P for cerLaln elemenLs such as Sl,
le and Ca (alven Lhe vleld of c. 20). Manv oLher meLals do accumulaLe ln Lhe C8P, buL noL as much
as mlahL be anLlclpaLed alven Lhe 20 vleld. e.a. bv 2 Lo 3 Llmes. ln oLher cases, meLals appear Lo be
losL from Lhe svsLem, Lhouah lL ls hard Lo know where Lhev mlahL have aone. 1here are verv larae
lncreases (of c. 12 - 18 Llmes) ln Lhe case of le and Al and lL ls posslble LhaL meLals mav have been
lnLroduced from Lhe aaslflcaLlon equlpmenL lLself.

M
a
L
e
r
l
a
l

S
a
m
p
l
e
1

S
a
m
p
l
e
2

8
a
L
c
h

c
o
d
e

C

n

k

Z
n

S

n
a

M
n

M
o

A
l

C
a

C
u

l
e

M
a

S
l

C
L
C

p
m

p
p
m

p
p
m

p
p
m

p
p
m

p
p
m

(
m
e
/
1
0
0
a
)

l
r
e
s
h

8
S

6
0
9
1
0

6
1
1
1
0

1
8

8
S
1

3
7
.
8

1
.
3
9

1
.
8
6

0
.
1
6

2
7

0
.
1
7

0
.
0
3

2
7
9

1
.
3
0

2
0
3

0
.
3
6

9
.
0

4
0
0

0
.
2
0

7
.
2

l
r
e
s
h

8
S

6
0
9
1
0

6
1
1
1
0
S

2
8

8
S
2

3
9
.
1

1
.
4
4

1
.
6
6

0
.
1
3

2
7

0
.
1
7

0
.
0
4

1
6
8

0
.
7
3

2
7
6

0
.
3
3

6
.
9

3
6
3

0
.
2
1

6
.
6

l
r
e
s
h

8
S

6
0
9
1
0

6
1
1
1
0
S

3
8

8
S
3

4
0
.
2

1
.
7
8

1
.
9
4

0
.
1
3

2
9

0
.
2
1

0
.
0
3

4
3

0
.
3
8

2
0
6

0
.
3
9

8
.
9

2
3
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1

1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. 1. 4. 3. Propert es of Propert es of Propert es of Propert es of Uhar Produced from 5uearcane 1rash. Ma ze Uobs Uhar Produced from 5uearcane 1rash. Ma ze Uobs Uhar Produced from 5uearcane 1rash. Ma ze Uobs Uhar Produced from 5uearcane 1rash. Ma ze Uobs
and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ne| e and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ne| e and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ne| e and Wood by AP1I ' s 5 ne| e- -- - arre| arre| arre| arre| Pyro| ys s Pyro| ys s Pyro| ys s Pyro| ys s K | n K | n K | n K | n

1able 16 provldes lnformaLlon on Lhe properLles of Lhe char produced from Lhe Lwo feedsLocks -
suaarcane Lrash and malze cobs - LhaL were used ln Lhe A81l fleld Lrlals. lor comparlson purposes,
daLa on char from Lhe wood ltoposls jotlfloto, as produced ln Lhe A81l slnale-barrel klln, ls also
lncluded, as well as lnformaLlon on Lhe C8P used ln Lhe fleld Lrlals ln Cambodla.

arameter 5ugarcane 1rash
Charcoa|
Ma|ze cobs
charcoa|
Proposis jutif/oro
Charcoa|
(produced by
same process,
for compar|son)
k|ce husk char
(from Ankur
gas|f|ers |n
Cambod|a)
pP 10.09 9.04 9.92 7.79
MolsLure 9.2 9.7 6.9 34
LCl 79.1 61.2 96.3 42.2
Ash 20.9 38.8 3.7 37.8
C ( drv welahL) 64.3 32.3 87.4 28.7
P ( drv welahL) 2.01 1.71 1.60 0.18
n ( drv welahL) 1.38 0.38 0.77 0.63
S ( drv welahL) 0.24 0.27 0.06 <0.03
CLC (cmol+/ka) 417.1 234.2 123.3 44.3
Lxchanaeable k
(cmol+/ka)
302.8 134.0 189.2 36.4
Lxchanaeable na
(cmol+/ka)
37.0 63.4 37.3 1.3
Lxchanaeable Ca
(cmol+/ka)
34.7 80.8 103.4 12.4
Lxchanaeable Ma
(cmol+/ka)
37.6 30.9 8.9 12.8
uSLA 16 APs
(ma/ka drv wL)
3.2 2.9 0.3 14.6
Al 863 4019 184 92.0
As <2.8 <4.4 <2.1 <1.79
8e <3.6 <8.9 <4.3 <3.39
Cd <0.6 <0.9 <0.4 <0.36
Cr <2.8 8.4 <2.1 <1.44
Cu 93.1 30.6 17.9 8.13
le 1663 3687 43.9 63.6
b 96.0 <2.7 9.7 2.62
Mn 29.0 169 8.7 133

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33
Pa <2.8 <4.4 <2.1 <1.79
nl 6.23 14.66 1.70 <1.08
Sl** 224 63.1 798 66.0
1l 29.1 380 2.0 1.79
Zn 13.4 22.3 2.3 11.7
v <2.8 27.7 <2.1 <1.79
8a 47.1 20.3 6.0 19.3
na 2996 1116 1238 76.1
Ca 3686 17049 8372 609
Ma 3460 3041 483 162
k 13639 3789 3093 393
Sr 63.4 77.3 111 1.87
8 2.08 19.10 7.99 3.83

1ALLL 10: IIOILI1ILS OF 1HL LIOCHAI IIODUCLD LY AI1I`S SINGLL-KILN IYIOLYSIS UNI1 FIOM
SUGAICANL 1IASH. MAIZL COLS. 1.J1J111C1 AND (FOI COMIAIISON) FIOM IICL HUSKS (ANKUI
GASIFILI)

1he wood char has a Lvplcallv low ash conLenL, whlle suaarcane Lrash conLalns 21 ash and malze
cobs 39, Lhls ls reflecLed ln lower carbon conLenLs for suaarcane Lrash (63) and malze cobs (33)
compared Lo wood char (87). 1hese qulLe larae dlfferences are lmporLanL ln Lerms of overall levels
of carbon abaLemenL. Plah levels of poLenLlallv useful mlnerals are found wlLhln Lhe ash, as lndlcaLed
ln 1able 16. 1esLs are currenLlv belna underLaken on Lhe sLablllLv of Lhe lablle and recalclLranL
carbon ln Lhe Lhree char samples whlch wlll be compleLed ln !anuarv 2011.

1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5. 5cann ne L| ectron M croscope I maees of Uhar from P ce Pusks. . 5cann ne L| ectron M croscope I maees of Uhar from P ce Pusks. . 5cann ne L| ectron M croscope I maees of Uhar from P ce Pusks. . 5cann ne L| ectron M croscope I maees of Uhar from P ce Pusks.
5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze 1rash

An SLM lmaae of rlce husk ls show ln llaure 20, whlle Lhe sLrucLure of a carbonlsed rlce husk ls show
ln llaures 21 and 22. lL can be seen LhaL Lhere ls a close slmllarlLv beLween Lhe sLrucLure of Lhe
feedsLock and Lhe C8P, suaaesLlna Lhe recalclLrance of Lhe slllca shell.

]
36
A
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0
9
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8
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8
1

FIGUIL 20: SLM OF A IICL HUSK SHOWING DLNDA1L ILC1ANGULAI UNI1S AND HAIIS (COUI1LSY OF
KYLL CIOMLIL. UKLIC)

FIGUIL 21: SLM DL1AIL OF A CAILONISLD IICL HUSK SHOWING 1HL LAIGLLY IN1AC1 S1IUC1UIL OF
1HL LX1LINAL SILICA SHLLL

1he wldLh of Lhe recLanaular unlLs decreases durlna aaslflcaLlon bv approxlmaLelv 73, less Lhan
mlahL be expecLed from Lhe welahL reducLlon. 1he parLlal breakdown of Lhe shell can be observed ln
llaure 22, buL oLher lmaaes show more clearlv Lhe decomposlLlon of Lhe rlce husks followlna
aaslflcaLlon. llaure 22 shows whaL appears Lo be oraanlc maLLer ln Lhe process of bubbllna and
volaLlllzlna. Also evldenL are Lhe macro-pores ln Lhe cross-secLlon of Lhe maLerlal.

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2
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37

FIGUIL 22: SLM OF CIHS SHOWING 1HL DLCOMIOSI1ION OF 1HL OIGANIC MA11LI

1hese pores are shown more clearlv ln llaure 23 where hollow-flbres are evldenL, some of whlch
appear Lo have been parLlallv fllled wlLh oraanlc maLLer parLlcles. CLher lmaaes (noL shown)
lllusLraLe LhaL Lhe C8P ls a qulLe heLeroaeneous maLerlal, conLalnlna also meso- and mlcro-pores. lL
has noL been posslble Lo examlne Lhe suaarcane and malze cob char under Lhe SLM ln Llme Lo be
lncluded ln Lhls reporL. lmaaes wlll be lncluded on Lhe pro[ecL bloa slLe ln !anuarv 2011.

FIGUIL 28: CIOSS-SLC1ION OF CIH SHOWING 1HL IILSLNCL OF MACIO-IOILS

]
38
A
8
C
2
0
0
9
-
1
2
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8
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8
1

1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6. .. . Potent Potent Potent Potent a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP. 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP. 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP. 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze a| Uontam nat on w th n the UPP. 5uearcane 1rash and Ma ze
Uob Uob Uob Uob 1rash 1rash 1rash 1rash ocha ocha ocha ochar r r r

1here are Lwo Lvpes of conLamlnaLlon ln C8Ps LhaL need Lo be consldered: poLenLlallv Loxlc elemenLs
(1Ls), ln parLlcular meLals, and oraanlc compounds. ln order Lo evaluaLe conLamlnaLlon from 1Ls,
we have used Lhe uk sewaae sludae reaulaLlons whlch provlde a maxlmum permlsslble
concenLraLlon of 1L ln soll ln maka
-1
drv solld and a maxlmum permlsslble averaae annual raLe of
1L addlLlon over a Len vear perlod (kaha
-1
) (ueparLmenL of LnvlronmenL, 1996). no equlvalenL
reaulaLlons are avallable for Lhe Cambodlan conLexL and we have used Lhe uk auldance ln lleu of
anvLhlna more approprlaLe. 1he values are pP dependenL and we have used Lhe lowesL values where
Lhere ls a cholce Lo err on Lhe slde of cauLlon. Llkewlse, we have used Lhe hlahesL values for Lhe 1Ls
from Lhe flve C8P samples analvsed. 1he analvsls shows LhaL Lhe 1Ls ln Lhe C8Ps, and ln Lhe malze
and suaarcane Lrash and wood char produced aL A81l, do noL exceed Lhe levels recommended bv
Lhe uk aovernmenL. 1he elemenL whlch ls closesL Lo Lhe Lhreshold for C8Ps ls copper buL even ln
Lhls case lL would be necessarv Lo add 129 Lonnes of C8P per hecLare per vear Lo exceed Lhe
Lhreshold. Copper and lead are Lhe Lwo elemenLs LhaL come closesL Lo belna an lssue for Lhe
suaarcane and malze cob char, buL once aaaln lL would be necessarv Lo be lncorporaLe beLween 70
and 130 Lonnes of char per ha per vear Lo exceed Lhe reaulaLorv Lhresholds seL ln Lhe uk.
1he uSLA 16 APs were measured bv uslna an acceleraLed solvenL exLracLlon (ASL) and Lhe
concenLraLlons ln C8Ps were 13 Lo 104 maka
-1
and lower for Lhe suaarcane and malze cob char (2.9 -
3.2 maka
-1
). 1he deLalled speclaLlon of Lhe APs ln Lhe slnale sample of suaarcane Lrash char, malze
cob char and C8Ps ls shown ln 1able 17. 1oLals were calculaLed for Lhe 16 APs ln Lhe case of four
C8P samples, whlle lndlvldual concenLraLlons were calculaLed for a slnale sample (whlch has a _ 16
AP value of 33 maka
-1
). Clearlv, Lhe C8P conLaln conslderablv more APs Lhan Lhe averaae uk soll,
buL aaalnsL Lhls lL has Lo be recoanlsed LhaL addlna 10 Lonnes of C8P Lo soll onlv represenLs 0.23 of
Lhe soll mass Lo a depLh of 23cm. Pence, even a verv larae blochar addlLlon of 60Lha
-1
onlv
represenLs 1.3 of Lhe soll mass and Lhe AP concenLraLlons ln Lhe C8P would be masslvelv dlluLed
(Lhouah could be concenLraLed on blochar parLlcles ln soll).
An
(a|| |n mgkg
-1
)

Ckn samp|e Ma|ze trash
char
5ugarcane
trash char
Lco-5o||
5creen|ng
Leve|s
(U5LA)
Max|mum |n
product
(mgkg
-1

under
I|em|sh |aw)
uSLA 16 APs 33 3.2 2.9
naphLhalene 10.41 2.33 1.37 29 - 100 2.3
1-MeLhvlnaphLhalene 1.77 29 - 100
2-MeLhvlnaphLhalene 1.36 29 - 100
AcenaphLhvlene 4.39 0.09 0.03 29 - 100
AcenaphLhene 0.81 0.11 0.03 29 - 100
lluorene 0.38 0.16 0.11 29 - 100

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39
henanLhrene 7.63 0.37 0.26 29 - 100 0.9
AnLhracene 1.21 <0.01 <0.01 29 - 100
lluoranLhene 3.73 <0.01 <0.01 29 - 100 2.3
vrene 2.19 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 - 18
8enzo(a)anLhracene 0.21 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 - 18 0.68
Chrvsene 0.39 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 - 18 1.7
8enzo(b)fluoranLhene 0.01 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 2.3
8enzo(k)fluoranLhene 0.06 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 2.3
8enzo(a)pvrene 0.08 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18
0.13 (uk LA)
1.1
lndeno(1,2,3-cd)pvrene <0.01 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 1.1
ulbenzo(a,h)anLhracene < 0.01 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18
8enzo(a,h,l)pervlene < 0.04 <0.03 <0.03 1.1 - 18 1.1

1ALLL 17: ANALYSIS OF IAHS IN CAILONISLD IICL HUSKS. MAIZL 1IASH CHAI. SUGAICANL 1IASH CHAI
AND COMIAIISON WI1H SOML ILGULA1OIY GUIDANCL ON LIMI1S

lL can be seen ln 1able 17 LhaL for Lhe uSLA Lco-SSLs (and for Lhe one SSv for benzo(a)pvrene of Lhe
uk LnvlronmenL Aaencv) all Lhree blochar samples have accepLable AP levels, wlLh Lhe one
excepLlon of pvrene ln Lhe C8P. 1he llemlsh Lhresholds are more sLrlnaenL and for Lhree APs
(naphLhalene, phenanLhrene and fluoranLhene), Lhe levels are Loo hlah ln Lhe C8P, buL noL ln Lhe
malze cob and suaarcane Lrash char. 1he uk LnvlronmenL Aaencv Soll Screenlna values provlde a
Lhreshold also for Loluene (0.3 maka
-1
), whereas Lhe value for 8L1x for Lwo samples of C8Ps LesLed ls
conslderablv hlaher aL 7 - 22 maka
-1
. 1he same auldance provldes numbers for several oLher
chemlcals, buL noLes LhaL Lhese SSvs are 'currenLlv lnsufflclenLlv rellable': naphLhalene (0.0333
maka
-1
, compared Lo 10.4 maka
-1
ln Lhe C8P sample), anLhracene (0.02 maka
-1
, compared Lo 1.21
maka
-1
ln Lhe C8P sample and a mean value of 0.236 maka
-1
ln Lnallsh solls

and benzene (0.2 maka
-1
)
(LnvlronmenL Aaencv, 2007). 1he problem wlLh relvlna upon Lhese numbers ln assesslna AP levels
ln blochar ls LhaL: a) Lhev are Lvplcallv developed for conLamlnaLed soll amendmenLs, b) Lhev are noL
currenLlv rellable, and c) Lhev do noL accounL for dlluLlon effecLs arlslna from Lhe facL LhaL blochar
addlLlon ls llkelv Lo be onlv a small percenLaae of LoLal soll mass.
ln summarv, Lhe whole lssue of oraanlc conLamlnanLs ln blochar, and wheLher Lhev mav pose rlsks
for solls and ecosvsLems, ls hlahlv uncerLaln aL Lhe currenL Llme, hence lL ls verv dlfflculL aL presenL
Lo deflne accepLable and safe levels of APs and oLher oraanlc molecules ln amendmenLs Lo soll. 1he
C8Ps conLalns hlaher levels of poLenLlallv danaerous APs, buL Lhe exLracLlon meLhod used ln Lhls
sLudv ls falrlv 'aaaresslve' because of Lhe hlah sorpLlon properLles of Lhe blochar and Lhere ls a ma[or
quesLlon concernlna wheLher blochar wlll acL Lo reLaln APs ln solls. Pence, blo-avallablllLv mav be

]
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much lower Lhan lndlcaLed bv Lhe values ln 1able 17. 8eeslev eL al. (2010) found, for example, LhaL
blo-avallable APs were half of Lhe 'LoLals' ln conLamlnaLed soll, where blochar was used a soll
amendmenL, probablv due Lo sorpLlon of APs lnLo Lhe blochar. 1he AP and meLal conLenLs of Lhe
suaarcane and malze cob Lrash blochar are aenerallv low and well wlLhln reaulaLorv Lhresholds as
shown ln 1able 16 and 17.
More research needs Lo be underLaken on Lhe lssue of poLenLlallv Loxlc compounds and approprlaLe
meLhods developed for LesLlna blochar samples.

1. 7. P 1. 7. P 1. 7. P 1. 7. Potent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ne from Use of UPPs n Aer cu| tura| otent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ne from Use of UPPs n Aer cu| tura| otent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ne from Use of UPPs n Aer cu| tura| otent a| Pea| th I ssues Ar s ne from Use of UPPs n Aer cu| tura|
5cenar os 5cenar os 5cenar os 5cenar os
AnoLher lssue of poLenLlal concern ls Lhe healLh lmpacLs arlslna from exposure Lo C8P, elLher ln
producLlon or deplovmenL. 1here are a ranae of posslble concerns: slllcosls (chronlc, acceleraLed or
acuLe), scleroderma, lupus, arLhrlLls, Luberculosls and kldnev dlsorders and cancer. 1he lnLernaLlonal
Aaencv for 8esearch on Cancer (lA8C, 1997) underLook an exhausLlve revlew of slllca publlshed ln
1997 and concluded LhaL:
1here ls sufflclenL evldence ln humans for Lhe carclnoaenlclLv of lnhaled crvsLalllne slllca ln
Lhe form of quarLz or crlsLoballLe from occupaLlonal sources. 1here ls lnadequaLe evldence ln
humans for Lhe carclnoaenlclLv of amorphous slllca" (paae 210, lA8C, 1997).
1he uk PealLh and SafeLv LxecuLlve has llkewlse concluded LhaL:
1he welahL of evldence from epldemloloalcal sLudles, comblned wlLh evldence from anlmal
sLudles and currenL undersLandlna of Lhe llkelv Loxlcoloalcal mechanlsms underplnnlna Lhe
developmenL of luna cancer ln raLs exposed Lo resplrable crvsLalllne slllca (8CS), supporLs Lhe
vlew LhaL 8CS has Lhe poLenLlal Lo cause luna cancer ln humans". (paae 3, PSL, 2003).
1he balance of evldence suaaesLs LhaL heavv and prolonaed occupaLlonal exposures Lo 8CS
can cause an lncreased rlsk of luna cancer. ... of Lhe verv manv sLudles avallable, mosL of
whlch clearlv demonsLraLe excess morLallLv and morbldlLv from slllcosls, Lhere are few
sLudles LhaL, Laken ln lsolaLlon, provlde reasonablv convlnclna evldence for an lncrease ln
luna cancer LhaL can be aLLrlbuLed Lo 8CS. 1hls appears Lo supporL Lhe vlew LhaL 8CS ls a
relaLlvelv weak carclnoaen, oLherwlse Lhe evldence for luna cancer would be far clearer and
convlnclna Lhan ls Lhe case. (paae 3, PSL, 2003).
CrvsLalllne slllca ls produced from amorphous slllca aL LemperaLures > 800
o
C, hence mlahL be
anLlclpaLed Lo form durlna aaslflcaLlon. ln order Lo explore Lhls, x-rav dlffracLlon (x8u) sLudles were
conducLed of boLh rlce husk char and rlce husk ash. lL proved lmposslble Lo dlsLlnaulsh crvsLalllne
slllca from araphlLe, however. lurLher LesLs are now belna conducLed Lo ldenLlfv wheLher Lhe rlce
husks exhlblL crvsLalllnlLv, buL Lhls cannoL be done ln Lhe Llmescale of Lhe presenL work.

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61
Work Packaee Work Packaee Work Packaee Work Packaee 2: I dent f cat on of aer cu| tura| opportun t es for 2: I dent f cat on of aer cu| tura| opportun t es for 2: I dent f cat on of aer cu| tura| opportun t es for 2: I dent f cat on of aer cu| tura| opportun t es for
ncorporat ne b ochar. n each partner country ncorporat ne b ochar. n each partner country ncorporat ne b ochar. n each partner country ncorporat ne b ochar. n each partner country
5takeho| der Pe 5takeho| der Pe 5takeho| der Pe 5takeho| der Per rr r spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s spect ves on ochar I e| d 1r a| s

lrom Lhe flrsL lndlan workshop, Lhe requlremenLs for blochar Lo be effecLlvelv lncorporaLed lnLo an
aarlculLural svsLem wlLh approprlaLe blochar Lrlal manaaemenL were dlscussed and Lhe followlna kev
polnLs noLed.
knowledae of Lhe land - whaL are Lhe llmlLlna facLors (pP, nuLrlenLs, waLer avallablllLv)
leedsLock should be avallable, no compeLlna use, and also ln Lhe vlclnlLv Lo reduce LransporL
cosLs
Successful Lrlal ploLs should be conducLed lnlLlallv
Lven small scale Lrlals can be useful
A conLrol ploL where evervLhlna ls Lhe same aparL from Lhe absence of blochar needs Lo be
used ln all cases
1esLlna dlfferenL appllcaLlon raLes and dlfferenL blochars can vleld dlfferenL resulLs

1he workshop ln Cambodla addlLlonallv dlscussed Lhe use of feedsLock as a composL versus
Lhermochemlcal converslon of Lhe feedsLock Lo blochar. lL was aareed LhaL, ln aeneral, composL
should be used as a meLhod of ferLlllsaLlon and also Lo lncrease Lhe SCC ln Lhe soll. 8lochar can be
used as boLh a soll condlLloner (buL malnlv Lo lmprove sLrucLural properLles), and also Lo sLore
carbon. ComposL ls ofLen a source of meLhane - parLlcularlv where Lhe blomass encounLers
anaeroblc condlLlons, as ls ofLen Lhe case ln Cambodla due Lo waLer-loaalna of solls ln Lhe ralnv
season. 8lochar ls noL a ferLlllser, and should noL be consldered as one, alLhouah lL does conLaln
some useful nuLrlenLs. 8oLh composLlna and blochar producLlon are valld uses of oraanlc wasLe, and
should noL be seen as compeLlLors, buL used raLher ln and for dlfferenL slLuaLlons and purposes.
1he selecLlon of Lhe feedsLock ls also lmporLanL: rlce husk for example mav noL be a flrsL cholce for a
composL feedsLock, buL ls perhaps more sulLable for blochar producLlon. Where blochar alreadv
occurs as a bv-producL of anoLher process (e.a. charcoal producLlon) lL can be used as a bulklna
aaenL for a composL, Lhus servlna Lhe purposes of lncreaslna Lhe amounL of composL used, and
provldlna carbon sLoraae properLles.
ln lndla several volunLarv aroups and lndlvldual farmers were ldenLlfled as alreadv experlmenLlna
wlLh blochar producLlon and appllcaLlon ln aarlculLure. Cne of Lhe offshooLs of Lhese dlscusslons and
conLacLs has been Lhe formaLlon of 1he SocleLv of 8lochar lnlLlaLlves (1S8l) ln lndla, wlLh an ob[ecLlve
of creaLlna a neLwork of blochar pracLlLloners for knowledae and experlence sharlna.
Several pracLlLloners of oraanlc farmlna (some who had alreadv used blochar and some for whom lL
was an enLlrelv new Loplc) parLlclpaLed ln Lhe naLlonal ConsulLaLlon on 8lochar and Carbon Lmlsslon
8educLlon, oraanlsed ln lndla, on november 22-23, 2010. ln aeneral, Lhe oraanlc farmlna communlLv
ls verv keen on explorlna Lhe use of blochar ln addlLlon Lo LradlLlonal oraanlc ferLlllzers ln Lhe hope of
lncreaslna Lhe efflcacv of oraanlc farmlna meLhods. 1he onlv lssue of concern ls Lhe commerclal
value of charcoal as a fuel versus Lhe flnanclal beneflL of lLs lmpacL on aarlculLural vlelds.

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Work Packaee Work Packaee Work Packaee Work Packaee 3: 0rean sat on and 3: 0rean sat on and 3: 0rean sat on and 3: 0rean sat on and M MM Manaeement anaeement anaeement anaeement of of of of I II I e| d e| d e| d e| d 1 11 1r a| s r a| s r a| s r a| s

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 11 1. Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a . Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a . Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a . Pot and I e| d 1r a| s n I nd a
Analvsls of Lhe solls used ln Lhe poL and fleld Lrlals ls shown ln 1able 18.

arameter Va|ue
1 pP 7.42
2 Lle. ConducLance 0.96 decl slmen / m2
3 le 1.16 ppm
4. Mn 0.21 ppm
5 Zn 0.93 ppm
6 Cu 1.18 ppm
7 Craanlc Carbon 0.36
8 nlLroaen 123 ka / ha
9 hosphorus 69.32 ka / ha
10 oLasslum 242 ka / ha
11 Sodlum 1.96 ma / llL
12 Calclum 7.34

1ALLL 18: ANALYSIS OF 1HL SOILS USLD IN 1HL INDIAN IO1 AND FILLD 1IIALS

1he soll Lvpe ls verLlsol. Analvsls shows lL Lo be sllahLlv alkallne. 1here wlll, Lherefore, be no beneflLs
arlslna from pP moderaLlon from Lhe addlLlon of blochar, slnce Lhe char produced ls sLronalv alkallne
(see 1able 16) and Lhe planLs do noL requlre hlahlv alkallne solls.

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 11 1. 1. . 1. . 1. . 1. I e| d tr a| s I e| d tr a| s I e| d tr a| s I e| d tr a| s

1he daLa for Lhe enLlre Lrlal ls summarlzed ln 1able 18.

1reatment rep1 rep2 rep3 MLAN
Craln vleld (ka) l11 ConLrol 0.06 0.03 0.32 0.14
l12 20L 0.423 0.31 0.67 0.47
l13 40L 0.13 0.27 0.11 0.18
l14 60L 0.1 0.093 0.233 0.14

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l13 80L 0.33 0.043 0.37 0.32
l16 20L+
vermlcomposL
0.038 0.33 0.04 0.14
l17 Chemlcal
lerLlllzer
0.038 0.13 4.62 1.60
lodder welahL (ka) l11 ConLrol 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.73
l12 20L 1.2 1 2 1.40
l13 40L 1 1.3 0.6 1.03
l14 60L 0.8 1 0.3 0.77
l13 80L 1.4 0.43 1.33 1.07
l16 20L+
vermlcomposL
0.4 2 0.33 0.92
l17 Chemlcal
lerLlllzer
0.3 1 7 2.77
Cob welahL (ka) l11 ConLrol 0.08 0.06 0.4 0.18
l12 20L 0.33 0.41 0.83 0.60
l13 40L 0.21 0.33 0.13 0.24
l14 60L 0.13 0.12 0.33 0.21
l13 80L 0.7 0.07 0.3 0.42
l16 20L+
vermlcomposL
0.03 0.42 0.03 0.17
l17 Chemlcal
lerLlllzer
0.03 0.18 0.37 0.27

1ALLL 10: ILSUL1S FIOM 1HL INDIAN FILLD 1IIAL

llaure 24 shows Lhe varlaLlon of Lhe Lhree measured parameLers wlLh blochar appllcaLlon levels,
lncludlna Lhe sLandard errors.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Control 20t 40t 60t 80t 20+V
Grain yield
Fodder weight
Cob weight

FIGUIL 24: FILLD ILSUL1S INDIA (MAIZL): 1ONNLS ILI HLC1AIL VLISUS LIOCHAI AIILICA1ION LLVLLS

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1he daLa from Lhe l16 and l17 repllcaLes showed a verv hlah dearee of varlaLlon and ls consldered Lo
be anomalous. Pence, lL has noL been consldered ln Lhe above analvsls. Powever, Lhe hlahesL vleld
across Lhe full daLa seL was for one of Lhe chemlcal ferLlllzer (l17) repllcaLes.

1he resulLs were analvsed uslna AnCvA ln SSS (Lable 20) and lL was found LhaL Lhere ls no
sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL dlfference ln means beLween Lhe LreaLmenLs. Powever, when Lhe 20Lha
-1

appllcaLlon alone was compared Lo Lhe conLrol (no LreaLmenL), Lhere was clearer evldence of a
relaLlonshlp, ln parLlcular for Lhe araln vleld and cob welahL varlables (l.e. slanlflcanL aL 92
probablllLv).

Var|ab|e A|| treatments Annova p
va|ue
11 and 12 (Contro| and 20 t
ha
-1
b|ochar) Annova p va|ue
Craln vleld 0.132 0.078
lodder welahL 0.443 0.186
Cob welahL 0.136 0.068
1oLal blomass 0.299 0.137

1ALLL 20: ANNOVA ILSUL1S FIOM 1HL INDIAN FILLD 1IIAL

1he besL resulL appears Lo occur aL Lhe 20 L ha
-1
dose and Lhere ls some evldence (Lhouah noL
sLaLlsLlcallv represenLaLlve) of a decrease ln vleld wlLh appllcaLlon level. 1he addlLlon of
vermlcomposL does noL appear Lo enhance Lhe effecLs of Lhe blochar addlLlon, and mlahL even have
Lhe opposlLe effecL (lndlcaLlna LhaL more work ls requlred Lo LesL Lhe common vlew LhaL composL +
blochar comblnaLlons wlll be more advanLaaeous (ln Lerms of vlelds) Lhan elLher soll amendmenL
alone).

3. 3. 3. 3. 1 11 1. 2 Pot tr a| s . 2 Pot tr a| s . 2 Pot tr a| s . 2 Pot tr a| s

1hese Lrlals were seL up wlLh Lhe same LreaLmenLs as ln Lhe fleld Lrlals as well as a few addlLlonal
LreaLmenLs as descrlbed ln 1able 21. 1hese were seL up speclflcallv Lo compare Lhe effecL of blochar
wlLh Lhe effecLs of oraanlc and chemlcal ferLlllzers. 1he resulLs are shown ln 1able 22 and llaure 23.
1he lndlvldual repllcaLe resulLs are noL avallable here, so Lhe mean resulL for all repllcaLes ls shown.
1hls means LhaL, aL presenL, we are unable Lo underLake sLaLlsLlcal analvsls of varlance and esLabllsh
slanlflcanL dlfference.

1reatment
No.
Deta||s V|sua| Cbservat|ons
I11 8lochar 20 L ha
-1
CrowLh ls aood buL noL healLhv
It2 8lochar 40 L ha
-1
lanL arowLh ls lower as compared Lo LreaLmenL
I13 8lochar 60 L ha
-1
Low vlaor
I14 8lochar 80 L ha
-1
verv low vlaor and showlna some Loxlc effecL
on planL

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I15 8lochar + 8ecommended
chemlcal ferLlllzer
verv aood arowLh and healLhv planLs as
compared Lo above 4 LreaLmenLs
I16 8lochar + ComposL ferLlllzer Cood arowLh and vlaor
I17 8ochar + Chemlcal ferLlllzer Cood arowLh buL low vlaor.

I18 8lochar + vermlcomposL Cood arowLh and vlaor as compared Lo
LreaLmenL 1 Lo 4
I19 Chemlcal ferLlllzer
recommended
verv aood vlaor
I110 unLreaLed conLrol verv poor arowLh
I111 ComposL ferLlllzer Cood vlaor
I112 verml composL Cood vlaor

8lomass measuremenL daLa*

1ALLL 21: DL1AILS OF 1HL IO1 1IIALS UNDLI1AKLN IN INDIA

1reatment No. Iresh b|omass
we|ght |n gm
Av p|ant
he|ght
Av no. of
|eaves per
p|ant
Iormat|on of
cabbage
Av koot
|ength per
p|ant |n cm
l11 220 22.3 11 nll 6.3
l12 70 13.0 12 nll 10.3
l13 30 17.3 7 nll 6.3
l14 40 19.0 8 nll 10.3
l13 220 19.0 17 2 11.3
l16 60 21.0 14 nll 6.3
l17 30 24.0 16 1 8.0
l18 30 20.0 10 nll 6.3
l19 230 23.3 13 1 12.0
l110 40 17.3 10 nll 8
l111 70 16.0 13 nll 11.3
l112 60 19.0 10 nll 8.3

1ALLL 22: ILSUL1S FIOM 1HL IO1 1IIALS

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FIGUIL 2: 1HL ILSUL1S FIOM 1HL INDIAN IO1 1IIALS

As can be seen from llaure 23, Lhe besL arowLh was observed ln l19, ln whlch Lhe addlLlon ls
svnLheLlc ferLlllzer aL Lhe recommended dose. Powever Lhe nexL besL daLa ls observed ln l11, ln
whlch 20 Lha
-1
of blochar was applled. A hlah vleld was also obLalned for l13, whlch comblned
blochar (20 Lha
-1
) wlLh svnLheLlc ferLlllzer (same dose as ln l19). lor all oLher LreaLmenLs, lncludlna
dlfferenL levels of blochar addlLlon as well as comblnlna blochar wlLh chemlcal or oraanlc ferLlllzer,
Lhe arowLh (boLh ln Lerms of blomass welahL and planL helahL) was lnferlor Lo LreaLmenLs l11, 3 and
9. ?lelds were sLlll hlaher Lhan Lhe conLrol (l110, no LreaLmenL) ln mosL cases, Lhouah wheLher Lhls
dlfference ls sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL or noL ls noL presenLlv known. 1he apparenL reducLlon ln vleld
wlLh hlaher blochar appllcaLlon levels (40, 60 and 80 Lha
-1
) mav lndlcaLe over-sorpLlon of nuLrlenLs
such as blo-avallable forms of n, Lhouah LreaLmenL l17 ls somewhaL dlfflculL Lo lnLerpreL ln LhaL
case slnce lL comblnes 40Lha
-1
blochar wlLh chemlcal ferLlllzer addlLlon. CLher poL Lrlals research has
shown a slmllar reducLlon ln planL blomass wlLh hlah blochar appllcaLlon levels (8uvsschaerL and
nellssen, personal communlcaLlon). As demonsLraLed ln secLlon 3.2.1., however, Lhe Cambodlan poL
Lrlals dld noL appear Lo show Lhls effecL - on Lhe conLrarv, verv hlah levels of blochar addlLlon
appeared Lo conLlnue Lo have a beneflclal lmpacL on planL vleld. 1he poLenLlal for over-sorpLlon of
planL-avallable nuLrlenLs bv addlLlon of Loo much blochar could be an lmporLanL consLralnL LhaL
needs Lo be furLher lnvesLlaaLed.

1he poL Lrlal resulLs are more or less conslsLenL wlLh Lhe resulLs for farm Lrlals. lL ls lnLeresLlna LhaL
even Lhouah LoLallv dlfferenL soll sLrucLures and crops were lnvolved, Lhe aeneral Lrend seem Lo be
slmllar. 1hls mav suaaesL LhaL Lhe observed effecL ls due Lo Lhe blochar addlLlon raLher Lhan Lo
anoLher facLor. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL solls ln Lhe lndlan Lrlals were somewhaL alkallne, hence
Lhe pP moderaLlon beneflL of alkallne blochar on acldlc solls would noL have occurred.

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3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. 3. 2. Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertake Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertake Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertake Pot and I e| d 1r a| s Undertaken nn n n n n n Uambod a Uambod a Uambod a Uambod a

3. 3. 3. 3. 2 22 2. 1. . 1. . 1. . 1. Uontro| | ed pot exper ments Uontro| | ed pot exper ments Uontro| | ed pot exper ments Uontro| | ed pot exper ments
1he soll and blochar analvsls ls provlded ln 1able 23. 1he blochar has hlaher levels of exchanaeable
elemenLs, and overall CLC whlch ls almosL double LhaL of boLh solls. noLe, however, LhaL Lhe
lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe CLC of blochar needs Lo be LreaLed wlLh some cauLlon. 1he measured CLC mav
be prlmarllv a consequence of Lhe presence of ash ln Lhe char, raLher Lhan measurlna
exchanaeablllLv of Lhe carbonaceous char surfaces. lurLhermore, Lhe CLC of blochar underaoes
chanae once lL ls lnLroduced lnLo soll, consequenLlv Lhe sLarLlna value mav noL be lndlcaLlve of Lhe
value over Llme. A number of Lrace meLals are also provlded ln Lhe blochar whlch have hlaher levels
Lhan ln Lhe soll. 1he alkallne properLles of Lhe char are slanlflcanL slnce Lhe solls are hlahlv acldlc
whlch ls ofLen a llmlLlna facLor for crop arowLh.
ropert|es / Ana|yte Un|t 5o|| (11)

5o|| p|us sed|ment,
compost, & LM (13)
8|ochar

pP pP unlL 4.77 3.39 7.79
1oLal C 0.48 0.03 28.7
1oLal P 0.03 0.02 0.18
1oLal n 0.3 0.13 0.63
1oLal S 0.0 0.0 <0.03
Lxchanaeable k Cmol+/ka 1.02 1.73 36.4
Lxchanaeable na Cmol+/ka 11.38 11.98 1.3
Lxchanaeable Ca Cmol+/ka 4.38 11.11 12.4
Lxchanaeable Ma Cmol+/ka 1.70 3.09 12.8
CLC Cmol+/ka 18.44 24.24 44.3
Al Ma/ka 8929 9019 92.0
As Ma/ka < 1.33 <1.63 <1.79
8e Ma/ka < 3.06 < 3.26 <3.39
Cd Ma/ka <0.31 <0.33 <0.36
Cr Ma/ka 11.0 10.9 <1.44
Cu Ma/ka 2.02 2.23 8.13
le Ma/ka 4483 4334 63.6
b Ma/ka 3.10 3.39 2.62
Mn Ma/ka 26.3 33.4 133
Pa Ma/ka < 1.33 < 1.63 <1.79
nl Ma/ka 3.48 3.92 <1.08
Sl Ma/ka 79.3 92.9 66.0
1l Ma/ka 42.4 42.9 1.79
Zn Ma/ka 6.08 7.13 11.7
v Ma/ka 19.0 17.9 <1.79
8a Ma/ka 14.9 42.3 19.3
na Ma/ka 42.3 48.3 76.1
Ca Ma/ka 83.4 239 609
Ma Ma/ka 163 226 162
k Ma/ka 313 428 393
Sr Ma/ka 2.20 2.74 1.87

]
68
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8 Ma/ka < 1.49 <1.34 3.83
uSLA _16 APs
a
Ma/ka - - 14.6
Clav (<0.002 mm) 16.03 17.63 -
llne sllL (0.002-0.03 mm)* 18.13 21.93 -
Coarse sllL (0.02-0.03 mm) 3.10 3.22 -
llne sand (0.03-0.2 mm) 19.32 23.8 -
Coarse sand (0.2-2 mm) 41.47 28.89 -
a
APs were noL analvsed ln Lhe soll slnce lL was consldered unllkelv LhaL Lhere wlll be slanlflcanL proporLlons
Lo be found ln Lhe soll slnce lL ls noL known Lo be a conLamlnaLed slLe.
1A8LL 23: CPLMlCAL Anu P?SlCAL 8CL81lLS Cl 8lCCPA8 Anu SClL uSLu ln 1PL C1 LxL8lMLn1 ln
CAM8CulA

1he experlmenLal deslan ls seL ouL ln 1able 24 and Lhe seL-up ls shown ln llaure 26.

1reatment Name 8|ochar
(g kg
-1
)
Lake sed|ment
(g kg
-1
)
Compost
(g kg
-1
)
LM
11 unlmproved soll 0 0 0 x
12 unlmproved wlLh blochar 30 0 0 x
13 lmproved soll 0 12 23 ?es
14 lmproved wlLh low blochar 23 12 23 ?es
13 lmproved wlLh medlum
blochar
30 12 23 ?es
16 lmproved wlLh hlah blochar 130 12 23 ?es

1ALLL 24: 1ILA1MLN1 DL1AILS OF IO1 1IIALS IN CAMLODIA

ln each LreaLmenL four repllcaLes were used and a mean value, wlLh sLandard errors, ls reporLed ln
each cropplna cvcle (llaure 27, 1able 23). Powever, ln 1rlal 2, LreaLmenL one, onlv one planL cabbaae
planL survlved, so Lhls slnale value was used.

FIGUIL 20: IMAGL OF 1HL CALLAGLS GIOWN IN DIFFLILN1 1ILA1MLN1S IN IO1S IN CAMLODIA

8lochar appllcaLlon Lo Lhe soll resulLs ln an lncrease ln planL producLlvlLv across all measured

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69
lndlcaLors. 1he effecL of addlna 20 L ha
-1
blochar Lo unlmproved solls ls laraer Lhan where blochar ls
added Lo lmproved solls. roducLlvlLv lncrease was areaLesL for Lhe hlahesL blochar appllcaLlon raLe
(aL 130 a ka
-1
, 16). 1he dlfference beLween Lhe LreaLmenLs, as LesLed bv one-wav AnCvA, separaLelv
carrled ouL on Lhe unlmproved and lmproved soll cases, ls sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL for all LreaLmenLs
excepL for rooL welahL, and number of leaves ln Lhe cabbaae planLs.

b
0
5
10
15
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatment
R
o
o
t
s

(
g
)

c
0
5
10
15
20
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatment
N
o
.

l
e
a
v
e
s
d
0
10
20
30
40
50
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Treatment
S
t
e
m

l
e
n
g
t
h

(
c
m
)

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FIGUIL 27: LL11UCL CIOI 1. CALLAGL AND LL11UCL CIOI 2 IN ALL 1ILA1MLN1S VALULS AND
S1ANDAID LIIOI GIVLN FOI A HAIVLS1 (G) L IOO1S (G) C NUMLLI OF LLAVLS D S1LM LLNG1H (CM)

ln each case, Lhere was a slanlflcanL dlfference ln Lhe varlables measured ln 11 and 12 - Lhe conLrol
and soll amended wlLh Lhe lowesL blochar appllcaLlon. ln Lhe lmproved soll, Lhe addlLlon of blochar
resulLs ln slanlflcanL poslLlve dlfferences, excepL ln Lhe case of Lhe rooLs and number of leaves of Lhe
cabbaae cvcle.

Crop cyc|e Var|ab|e 11 & 12
(un|mproved
so||) Anova p
va|ue
5|gn|f|cance 13, 4, 5 & 6
(|mproved so||)
Anova p va|ue
5|gn|f|cance
LeLLuce 1 ParvesL 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.000 SlanlflcanL
Cabbaae ParvesL n/A
a
- 0.042 SlanlflcanL
LeLLuce 2 ParvesL 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.001 SlanlflcanL
LeLLuce 1 8ooL 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.001 SlanlflcanL
Cabbaae 8ooL n/A
a
- 0.101 noL slanlflcanL
LeLLuce 2 8ooL 0.001 SlanlflcanL 0.002 SlanlflcanL
LeLLuce 1 no. leaves 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.000 SlanlflcanL
Cabbaae no. leaves n/A
b
- 0.124 noL slanlflcanL
LeLuce 2 no. leaves 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.000 SlanlflcanL
LeLLuce 1 SLem lenaLh 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.000 SlanlflcanL
Cabbaae SLem lenaLh n/A
c
- 0.040 SlanlflcanL
LeLLuce 2 SLem lenaLh 0.000 SlanlflcanL 0.000 SlanlflcanL
a,b,c
Slnce Lhere ls onlv one value for 11 cabbaae, analvsls of varlance could noL be carrled ouL

1ALLL 2: 1HL IMIAC1 ON HAIVLS1. IOO1S. NUMLLI OF LLAVLS AND S1LM LLNG1H FIOM LIOCHAI
ADDI1ION 1O LL11UCL AND CALLAGL. IN ILAIN AND IMIIOVLD SOIL.

A paper reporLlna on Lhe resulLs of Lhe poL Lrlals ls belna submlLLed Lo Lhe [ournal lloot ooJ 5oll.

3. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s Manaeed r ce b ochar tr a| s

As descrlbed ln Lhe meLhods secLlons, Lwo LreaLmenLs (wlLh and wlLhouL blochar) were used ln Lhree
rlce farms. ln each farm, 3 repllcaLes were LesLed. 1he resulLs are shown ln llaure 28 and 1able 26.
1he presence of blochar ln Lhe soll lncreases boLh Lhe paddv vleld and Lhe sLraw vleld. ln farm 3,
Lhere ls a slanlflcanL dlfference beLween Lhe vleld of paddv on Lhe conLrol and blochar amended
ploLs (p = 0.033). ln farm 1 Lhere ls a slanlflcanL dlfference beLween Lhe vleld of sLraw wlLh and
wlLhouL blochar (p = 0.042). 1he low vlelds of paddv and sLraw aL farm 1 are explalned bv damaae
from raLs whlch lnvaded Lhe fleld. larm 2 Lrlals (unllke Lhose aL farm 1 and 3) used composL
addlLlons as well as blochar. 1he lack of response aL farm 2 lnvlLes furLher research on Lhe
effecLlveness (or oLherwlse) of comblnlna blochar and oraanlc amendmenLs.

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a)
Rice straw
0
1
2
3
4
5
Farm 2
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 2
control
0t/ha
Farm 3
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 3
control
0t/ha
Farm 1
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 1
control
0t/ha
Treatment
R
i
c
e

s
t
r
a
w

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g
)

b)
Paddy yield
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Farm 2
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 2
control
0t/ha
Farm 3
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 3
control
0t/ha
Farm 1
biochar
41t/ha
Farm 1
control
0t/ha
Treatment
P
a
d
d
y

y
i
e
l
d

(
k
g
)

FIGUIL 28: 1HL IMIAC1 OF CIHS ON A) IICL S1IAW YILLD AND D) IADDY YILLD (LIIOI LAIS SHOWN)

Mean paddy Mean straw
Iarm contro| (t
ha
-1
)
w|th b|ochar
(t ha
-1
)
P contro| (t ha
-1
) w|th b|ochar
(t ha
-1
)
P
larm 1 0.26 0.37 0.493 (n.s.) 0.34 0.88 0.042 (sla)
larm 2 1.91 2.10 0.233 (n.s.) 2.42 2.43 0.933 (n.s.)
larm 3 1.77 2.33 0.033 (sla) 2.20 2.63 0.076 (n.s.)
n.s. = noL slanlflcanL, sla = slanlflcanL p<0.03

]
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1ALLL 20: ILSUL1S FIOM 1HL IICL 1IIALS IN CAMLODIA

3. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 2. 3. 0 00 0n farm b ochar nvest eat on n farm b ochar nvest eat on n farm b ochar nvest eat on n farm b ochar nvest eat on

1he farmlna calendar usuallv allows for a lona perlod of Llme durlna whlch Lhe soll ls belna prepared
for planLlna of Lhe nexL crop, aL Lhese Llmes, Lhe blochar could be added. AL mosL farms vlslLed, Lhe
land was plouahed bv oxen Lhree Llmes before Lhe crop was planLed. 8lochar can be added bv Lhe
same meLhods, and aL Lhe same Llme as, oLher soll lncorporaLlons lncludlna composL and manure,
whlch are used commonlv bv farmers. 8ecause of Lhe lack of repllcaLlons ln Lhese on-farm Lrlals, and
/ or Lhe prlmlLlve meLhods of recordlna daLa, flndlnas can be LreaLed as anecdoLal evldence onlv.
neverLheless, Lhe daLa provlde a prellmlnarv lnslahL lnLo Lhe effecLs of blochar upon crop vlelds. AL
Lhe mlnlmum, Lhe encouraalna daLa suaaesLs LhaL furLher research on Lhe effecLs of blochar upon
veaeLable culLlvaLlon ln Cambodla (and oLher counLrles) ls well worLh lnvesLlaaLlna furLher ln
repllcaLed Lrlals. noLable vleld lncreases followlna blochar addlLlon occurred ln Lhe case of cucumber
culLlvaLlon (llaure 29). llve LreaLmenLs were used for 23 m lona ralsed beds (1 m wlde) of
cucumbers whlch were planLed on 13.02.10 and arown for 42 davs unLll harvesL beaan on 27.03.10
for 20 davs. CLher soll lmprovemenLs - ferLlllzers and manure - were added, and Lhe cucumbers
were reaularlv weeded and waLered. An lncrease ln vleld of cucumbers can be seen from addlLlon of
blochar up Lo 30.3 L ha
-1
, however aL 60.7 L ha
-1
Lhe same vleld (132 lncrease from Lhe conLrol) ls
seen. lL ls posslble LhaL Lhere ls a llmlLlna facLor whlch ls causlna Lhls Lo be Lhe maxlmum vleld ln
Lhese arowLh condlLlons.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 20 40 60 80
Biochar (t/ha)
C
u
c
u
m
b
e
r

y
i
e
l
d

(
p
e
r

s
q
m
)

FIGUIL 20: IMIAC1 OF LIOCHAI AMLNDLD SOILS ON CUCUMLLI

8lochar was lncorporaLed lnLo leLLuce beds aL Lhe Sanakheum cenLre school and orphanaae, ln Lhelr
veaeLable aarden (llaure 30). Manure and LM were added Lo Lhese ploLs, whlch were hand waLered.

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1he land had prevlouslv been used for veaeLable arowlna. 1wo LreaLmenLs (7 square meLer) rows
were used for Lhe 'wlLh' and 'wlLhouL' blochar LreaLmenLs. 1he resulLs show LhaL Lhe ploLs wlLh
blochar had an lncrease ln all of Lhe lndlcaLors of arowLh (rooL, and above around blomass).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Biochar
(20t/ha)
Biochar
(0t/ha)
Biomass (kg)
T
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
Lettuce biomass
(saleable)
Root biomass
Other lettuce
biomass
Total biomass

FIGUIL 80: IMIAC1 OF LIOCHAI ON LL11UCL

3. 3. 3. 3. 2 22 2. .. . 4. 4. 4. 4. Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s Uonc| us ons from Uambod an I e| d 1r a| s
1he fleld Lrlals ln Cambodla provlde encouraalna evldence of Lhe lmpacLs of blochar upon rlce araln
and sLraw vlelds (ln repllcaLed Lrlals) and upon veaeLable vlelds (non-repllcaLed). noL all Lhe rlce
Lrlals dld lllusLraLe vleld lmprovemenLs, however, for reasons LhaL are noL currenLlv undersLood.
lurLhermore, Lhe C8P addlLlon was qulLe hlah aL c. 40 Lha
-1
: as we saw ln Lhe lndlan fleld Lrlals, lower
appllcaLlon levels mav produce a laraer effecL upon vleld. ln fuLure work, lL ls lmporLanL Lo LesL ouL
lower addlLlons of C8Ps (e.a. 3, 10 and 20 Lha
-1
levels) and Lo lnclude repllcaLlon ln rlce and
horLlculLural fleld Lrlals.

3. 3. 3. 3. 3 33 3. . . . 1he Ph 1he Ph 1he Ph 1he Ph | p | p | p | pp pp p nes nes nes nes

AarlculLural Lrlals had alreadv been carrled ouL bv l88l before Lhe pro[ecL and some of Lhe resulLs
clearlv lndlcaLed beneflclal effecLs of blochar. lL was, lotet ollo, Lhe experlence of Lhese Lrlals LhaL
was used Lo plan Lhe Lrlals ln lndla and Cambodla as a parL of Lhls pro[ecL. Analvsls and collaLlon of
Lhe daLa collecLed ln Lhe prevlous pro[ecLs was carrled ouL durlna Lhe pro[ecL perlod, and Lwo
publlcaLlons have resulLed from Lhe same. 1he summarv of resulLs from Lhe fleld Lrlals ls presenLed
below from a MS ln preparaLlon for Lhe [ournal llelJ ctops keseotcb enLlLled '1he effecLs and faLe of
black carbon from rlce resldues ln rlce-based svsLems' bv Paefele SM, knoblauch C, konboon ?,
Wonaboon W, AmaranLe S, MaarlfaL AA

Abstract: 8lce resldues consLlLuLe a huae and valuable resource, buL acLual resldue manaaemenL
pracLlces do noL use Lhelr poLenLlal adequaLelv and ofLen even cause neaaLlve envlronmenLal
consequences. 8loenerav and blochar could offer new wavs Lo manaae and use rlce resldues, buL Lhe
faLe and effecL of blochar ln rlce producLlon svsLems has noL been sLudled before. 1o address Lhese

]
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lssues, our sLudv lnLended Lo l) examlne Lhe effecL of blochar from rlce husks on soll characLerlsLlcs
ln a ranae of dlfferenL rlce solls, ll) lnvesLlaaLe Lhe sLablllLv of carbonlzed rlce resldues under Lhe
speclal condlLlons of dlfferenL rlce-based svsLems, and lll) LesL Lhe aaronomlc effecL of carbonlzed
rlce resldues appllcaLlons. lleld LesLlna of Lhe effecL of carbonlzed rlce resldues on rlce arowLh and
soll characLerlsLlcs was conducLed ln Lhree dlfferenL envlronmenLs and for Lhree Lo slx cropplna
seasons. 1he resulLs of our sLudv lndlcaLe LhaL black carbon amendmenLs from carbonlzed rlce
resldues can lmprove poor solls buL mav have llLLle effecL on ferLlle solls. no slanlflcanL effecL on
planL nuLrlLlon could be deLecLed wlLh excepLlon of, ln some cases, sllahLlv hlaher k and Sl upLake ln
Lhe blochar LreaLmenLs. 1he applled blochar from rlce resldues appeared Lo be relaLlvelv sLable ln
varlous solls and rlce envlronmenLs, buL seemed Lo move down ln Lhe soll proflle. 1he speed of Lhe
verLlcal LransporL was depenenL on soll characLerlsLlcs. We concluded LhaL blochar can lmprove
especlallv poor rlce solls and provldes an opLlon Lo reduce areenhouse aas emlsslons and Lo
sequesLer carbon ln rlce-based svsLems.

3. 4. 3. 4. 3. 4. 3. 4. Uompar son of 1r a| s Uompar son of 1r a| s Uompar son of 1r a| s Uompar son of 1r a| s

1he resulLs from poL and fleld Lrlals ln Cambodla and lndla, and Lhose prevlouslv underLaken ln Lhe
hlllpplnes, lllusLraLe qulLe a dlveraence ln response. 1hls ls ln manv wavs conslsLenL wlLh Lhe wlde
scaLLer of resulLs lllusLraLed ln llaure 3. We have used dlfferenL blochar Lvpes (C8Ps, a mlxLure of
corn cob and suaarcane Lrash char, Lhe prevlous rlce Lrlals underLaken bv l88l are llkelv Lo have used
C8Ps wlLh qulLe dlfferenL properLles from Lhe aaslfler C8Ps used ln 8lCCPA8M). 1he solls have also
been qulLe dlverse and a ranae of crops have been examlned. 1he Cambodlan Lrlals aave beLLer
resulLs ln Lerms of vleld lncreases Lhan Lhe lndlan Lrlals. lL ls noL known whv hlah blochar appllcaLlon
levels ln Lhe lndlan Lrlals mav have reduced vlelds whereas equallv hlah appllcaLlons ln Lhe
Cambodlan Lrlals dld noL appear Lo do so and, ln some cases, acLuallv lncreased vlelds. Could Lhls be
due Lo a hlaher sorpLlon poLenLlal ln Lhe case of Lhe chars produced bv A81l ln lndla compared Lo Lhe
sorpLlon poLenLlal of C8Ps from aaslflers? ls Lhe sllahL alkallnlLv of Lhe lndlan solls a posslble reason
whv blochar addlLlon ls less effecLlve Lhan where blochar ls added Lo acldlc solls? lL ls also perhaps
slanlflcanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe denslLv of C8P ls hlaher Lhan Lhe denslLv of Lhe char produced from llahL
welahL aarlculLural wasLe. 1hus, Lhere was a dlfference ln Lhe volume of char lnvolved ln Lhe same
mass dosaae ln Lhe Lwo counLrles. uue Lo Lhe hlah volume of Lhe blochar used ln lndla lL was qulLe
dlfflculL Lo properlv lncorporaLe Lhe char lnLo Lhe Lopsoll for Lhe lndlan Lrlals. 1he slanlflcance of Lhe
(verv dlfferenL) meLhods of producLlon upon Lhe properLles of Lhe char ls also noL currenLlv known.
AnoLher curlous dlfference ls LhaL beLween l88l's prevlous work on C8Ps ln lrrlaaLed and raln-fed
rlce and Lhe resulLs reporLed here. l88l's prevlous work suaaesLed LhaL C8Ps had vleld beneflLs when
lncorporaLed lnLo poor quallLv raln-fed solls, posslblv due Lo Lhe waLer reLenLlon properLles of C8Ps.
1he resulLs reporLed here suaaesL a beneflL for rlce vleld even ln lrrlaaLed solls, Lhouah noL
conslsLenLlv. Clearlv, much more work needs Lo be done Lo Lease-ouL Lhe lnfluence of compeLlna
varlables upon Lhe planL and soll response Lo blochar addlLlons.

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Work Packaee 4: Lxam nat on of orean zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for Work Packaee 4: Lxam nat on of orean zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for Work Packaee 4: Lxam nat on of orean zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for Work Packaee 4: Lxam nat on of orean zat ona| and f nanc a| mode| s for
mak ne b ochar cost mak ne b ochar cost mak ne b ochar cost mak ne b ochar cost - -- - effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n effect ve and mp| ementab| e at mu| t p| e s tes n
partner countr es. nc| ud ne L fe Uyc| e Assessment. partner countr es. nc| ud ne L fe Uyc| e Assessment. partner countr es. nc| ud ne L fe Uyc| e Assessment. partner countr es. nc| ud ne L fe Uyc| e Assessment.

4. 1. 4. 1. 4. 1. 4. 1. L fe Uyc| e Assessment L fe Uyc| e Assessment L fe Uyc| e Assessment L fe Uyc| e Assessment (LUA) (LUA) (LUA) (LUA)

LCA ls a Lechnlque whlch can be used for calculaLlna Lhe neL carbon dloxlde equlvalenL (CC
2
(e))
abaLemenL arlslna from a alven opLlon and comparlna lL wlLh Lhe same for oLher opLlons for use of a
feedsLock, manaaemenL of a svsLem, use of caplLal, eLc. We have used LCA here Lo esLlmaLe Lhe
overall carbon abaLemenL arlslna from Lhe use of C8Ps compared Lo oLher alLernaLlve opLlons for
use of rlce husks. 1he LCA underLaken ln Lhls sLudv bv Slmon Shacklev, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah, has
been supporLed bv lndependenL and more deLalled LCA work underLaken bv !ohn lleld and aul
1anaer aL Lhe unlverslLv of Colorado and SLephan Paefele aL l88l.

4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. 4. 1. 1. Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Lone Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Lone Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Lone Lab | e Uarbon Uontent and Lone- -- - term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar term 5tab | ty of the UPP ochar

1he super-lablle and lablle carbon conLenL of blochar refers Lo Lhe fracLlon of carbon whlch ls rapldlv
losL Lhrouah mlcroblal decomposlLlon and mlnerallsed Lo CC
2
(see flaure 1).

1he lablle conLenL of Lhe
C8P was measured bv uslna an lnoculaLlon Lechnlque, Lhe descrlpLlon of whlch ls belna publlshed
separaLelv bv Lwo of Lhe currenL auLhors (Cross and Sohl, forLhcomlna). 1he lablle conLenL ls c. 0.36
of Lhe carbon fracLlon. 1he recalclLranL carbon fracLlon refers Lo LhaL proporLlon whlch ls sLable and
reslsLs mlcroblal decomposlLlon ln Lhe lona-Lerm (decadal Lo cenLurlal). 1he recalclLranL fracLlon has
been measured bv an acceleraLed aaelna Lechnlque, Lhe deLalls of whlch wlll also be publlshed
separaLelv. 1he prellmlnarv meLhod used suaaesLs LhaL 7 of Lhe carbon ln Lhe blochar ls unsLable
ln Lhe lona-Lerm (Lhe Llme perlod of relevance for cllmaLe chanae). 1herefore Lhe recalclLranL
fracLlon ls c. 92.
1hls compares reasonablv closelv Lo Lhe lncubaLlon experlmenLs uslna C8Ps underLaken bv
knoblauch eL al. over several vears of 4.4 Lo 8.3 loss of carbon ln Lhe fresh blochar (aeroblc and
aneroblc condlLlons respecLlvelv). Powever, Lhe samples ln Lhe knoblauch eL al. sLudv mlahL have
been expecLed Lo have demonsLraLed lower of carbon reducLlon, because Lhev were noL sub[ecL
Lo acceleraLed aaelna. 1hls mlahL be due Lo dlfferences ln Lhe samples, posslblv relaLed Lo Lhe
meLhod of manufacLure. (knoblauch eL al.'s samples were produced ln a much less conLrolled
fashlon Lhan Lhe C8P LhaL are obLalned from Lhe aaslfler). lL ls also lnLeresLlna LhaL decomposlLlon ls
areaLer under aneroblc condlLlons, could Lhls suaaesL LhaL aneroblc bacLerla mlahL be more effecLlve
aL breaklna down blochar Lhan bacLerla ln aeroblc condlLlons?
Lxpressed ln Lerms of equaLlon 1 ln secLlon 1,
CSl for C8P = 1 - 0.0036 - 0.07 = 0.926.
lor one Lonne of rlce husks, Lhe CC
2flx
ls Lherefore 1 x 0.33 x 0.33 x 0.926 = 0.1134 x 3.667 =- 0.416
LCC
2
L
-1
feedsLock for a 33 char vleld.

]
76
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4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across 4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across 4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across 4. 1. 2. Lst mate of the Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement Across
the L fe the L fe the L fe the L fe- -- - Uyc| e (U Uyc| e (U Uyc| e (U Uyc| e (Un vers ty n vers ty n vers ty n vers ty o oo of f f f L LL Ld nbureh d nbureh d nbureh d nbureh est mat est mat est mat est mat e) e) e) e)
1able 27 presenLs Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL resulLs for burnlna of rlce husks ln flelds, for
aaslflcaLlon-blochar, for aeroblc decomposlLlon and a mlxLure of aeroblc and anaeroblc
decomposlLlon ln fleld. A slmple decav funcLlon ls used Lo slmulaLe Lhe decomposlLlon of rlce husks
added Lo fleld. ApproxlmaLelv 10 of blomass carbon applled Lo flooded rlce flelds ls emlLLed as
meLhane (knoblauch eL al. 2010). lor everv 1 Lonne of applled blomass (sLraw or rlce husks) wlLh a C
concenLraLlon of 40 (deLermlned for oven drv sLraw) abouL 40ka of carbon ls converLed lnLo
meLhane, produclna 33 ka of CP
4
(lbld.) 1hls corresponds Lo 1,219 ka CC
2
per Lonne sLraw / husk. 1he
resL of Lhe carbon ls assumed Lo decompose aeroblcallv. 8lomass replacemenL ls Lhe assumpLlon
here, slnce Lhe rlce husk ls a resldue from aarlculLural svsLems and lL can be assumed LhaL rlce wlll
conLlnue Lo be culLlvaLed aL slmllar levels ln fuLure vears.
lndicotor 8urnino in
fie/d
6osificotion -
biochor {with
e/ectricity
oenerotion)
uirect
incorporotion
of rice husks
into fie/d -
oerobic
decomposition
2

uirect incorporotion
of rice husks into
fie/d - onoerobic +
oerobic
decomposition
l

SLarLlna
feedsLock
mass (L)
1 1 1 1
Carbon
conLenL aL
sLarL (L)
0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38
C conLenL aL
end
(sLablllsed) (L)
0.0114
1

0.1093 ?r. 0: 0.38
?r. 1: 0.14
?r. 2: 0.03
?r. 3: 0.02
?r. 4: 0.007
?r. 0: 0.34
?r. 1: 0.13
?r. 2: 0.03
?r. 3: 0.02
?r. 4: 0.006
CC
2flx(100)

(LCC
2
L
-1
)
0.042 0.416 0.026 0.022
CC
2av
- Avolded emlsslons (replacemenL of fossll fuels)
Avolded dlesel
per hour
(llLres)
23 0
Avolded CC
2

per hour
61
8lce husk
consumpLlon
raLe per hour
120 ka
4

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77
CC
2av
(LCC
2
L
-1
) 0 0.3 0 0
Carbon emlsslon facLor: 2.6391 ka CC
2
per llLre (dlesel)
CC
2rel
- CC
2
released bv blomass processlna
CC
2rel
(LCL
-1
) 0.3686 0.2703 0.373 0.334
CC
2rel
(LCC
2
L
-1
) 1.33 0.99 1.38 1.23
1oLal CC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne feedsLock (L) assumlna no blomass replacemenL
CC
2na
(LCC
2
L
-1
) - 1.31 - 0.07 -1.33 -1.21
1oLal CC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne feedsLock (L) assumlna blomass replacemenL
CC
2na
(LCC
2
L
-1
) - 1.31 0.92 -1.33 -1.21
CC
2
abaLemenL from decomposlLlon of blomass Lo meLhane assumlna 40ka of carbon ls
converLed lnLo 33ka of meLhane (assumlna a CW for CP
4
of 23)
CC
2
(CP
4
)

(LCC
2
L
-1
)
0 -1.219
1oLal CC
2
abaLemenL per Lonne feedsLock (L)
CC
2
LoLal

(LCC
2
L
-1
)
0 -2.43

1ALLL 27: ASSLSSMLN1 OF CAILON ALA1LMLN1 AND LMISSIONS ASSOCIA1LD WI1H KLY LIFL-CYCLL
S1AGLS OF 1HL GASIFICA1ION-LIOCHAI SYS1LM
1. 8ronzeoak, 2003
2. Assumes an exponenLlal decav funcLlon wlLh a decav consLanL of 1.0
3. Assumes an exponenLlal decav funcLlon wlLh a decav consLanL of 0.73
4. LquaLes wlLh lnformaLlon from Ankur LhaL 3ka of rlce husk are used Lo replace 1 llLre of dlesel
(Ankur, 2010 ).
Pence, Lhe LoLal neL carbon abaLemenL from rlce husk aaslflcaLlon (assumlna blomass replacemenL)
ls 0.92 LCC
2
L
-1
. 1hls compares Lo an emlsslon of beLween 1.31 and 1.33 LCC
2
L
-1
for burnlna and
aeroblc decomposlLlon respecLlvelv, and of 2.43 LCC
2
L
-1
where rlce husks are added Lo lrrlaaLed
paddv flelds. Where rlce husks are used as a fuel, e.a. ln brlck facLorles or combusLlon for
bloelecLrlclLv, Lhev can be consldered Lo be effecLlvelv carbon neuLral. Pence, compared Lo
alLernaLlve uses of Lhe rlce husks, Lhe aaslflcaLlon-char opLlon resulLs ln neL carbon equlvalenL
abaLemenL of beLween 0.92 LCC
2
L
-1
(husks as a fuel), 2.22 LCC
2
L
-1
(husks burnL or aeroblc
decomposlLlon) and 3.33 LCC
2
L
-1
(anaeroblc decomposlLlon ). Assumlna an averaae use of 4000
Lonnes of rlce husks per aaslfler per vear, and 33 operaLlonal aaslflers, Lhls amounLs Lo 30,800 LCC
2
eq. for Lhe exlsLlna fleeL (aaalnsL a basellne of burnlna wlLhouL enerav recoverv or aeroblc
decomposlLlon). WlLh a nomlnal carbon prlce of $10 LCC2
-1
, Lhls carbon abaLemenL could be worLh
$300k. Clven LhaL Lhere are c. 0.8 - 1.3 mllllon Lonnes of rlce husks ln Cambodla, Lhe LheoreLlcal
carbon equlvalenL abaLemenL from use of rlce husks amounLs Lo c. 1 Lo 3 mllllon LCC
2
equlvalenL
dependlna on Lhe basellne selecLed.

]
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1he upsLream emlsslons ln produclna and LransporLlna Lhe feedsLock have been omlLLed from Lhe
LCA (alven LhaL Lhe husks are verv low value relaLlve Lo Lhe rlce araln lLself). We have used an overlv-
slmple meLhod for calculaLlna Lhe avolded carbon emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh use of Lhe rlce husks -
namelv, we have used daLa from SML on Lhe replacemenL of dlesel fuel and worked ouL Lhe avolded
CC
2
emlsslons. 1hls meLhod mav noL fullv accounL for process-based emlsslons. lor example, Lar
LhaL ls produced durlna Lhe process ls collecLed and burnL, hence aeneraLlna addlLlonal carbon
equlvalenL emlsslons. upsLream emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh consLrucLlon of Lhe planL have also noL
been accounLed for. We also have noL accounLed for LransporL emlsslons assoclaLed wlLh movemenL
of Lhe rlce char from Lhe facLorv Lo Lhe fleld. 1hls ls llkelv Lo be low, however, because sulLable
aarlculLural locaLlons are verv llkelv Lo be slLuaLed close Lo rlce husk aaslflers alven Lhe hlahlv rural
characLer of Cambodla. lf we assumed a 23km round Lrlp, and a CLl of 0.272 kaCC
2
km
-1
for a 3.23
Lonne dlesel-fuelled vehlcle, Lhls would onlv be c. 3.3 kaCC
2
-1
per Lonne char.
Cn Lhe oLher hand we have noL lncluded some poLenLlallv lmporLanL addlLlonal carbon abaLemenL
arlslna from Lhe lncluslon of blochar ln solls arlslna from Lhe prlmlna of soll oraanlc carbon ln solls.
1here mav also be some suppresslon of oLher soll CPC flux (nlLrous oxlde or meLhane emlsslons)
arlslna from blochar addlLlon buL we have noL aLLempLed Lo lnclude Lhese due Lo uncerLalnLv. 1he
fleld Lrlals are belna underLaken wlLh subslsLence farmers who laraelv do noL use svnLheLlc
ferLlllsers, whlch Lend Lo be Lhe laraesL source of n
2
C (alLhouah oraanlc amendmenLs do also
aeneraLe some CPCs). 1here ls a hlah dearee of uncerLalnLv assoclaLed wlLh Lhe lndlrecL lmpacLs of
blochar ln solls, wlLh esLlmaLes ln Lhe llLeraLure ranalna from zero Lo 40 of Lhe overall CC
2
eq.
abaLemenL (Shacklev eL. al, 2011). WlLhouL emplrlcal sLudles of Lhe lmpacLs of Lhe C8Ps upon Lhe
speclflc solls ln Cambodla and under Lvplcal aarlculLural manaaemenL pracLlces, we declded LhaL lL
would be preferable Lo leave ouL Lhe lndlrecL lmpacLs.
1he neL carbon abaLemenL of C8P aL 0.9 LCC
2
L
-1
feedsLock ls slmllar Lo Lhe equlvalenL value obLalned
ln oLher sLudles of blochar, e.a. Pammond eL al (2011) aL 1 Lo 1.4 LCC
2
L
-1
and 8oberLs eL al. (2010) aL
0.8 LCC
2
L
-1
for a ranae of feedsLocks. 1hose sLudles have assumed pvrolvsls as Lhe Lhermochemlcal
converslon Lechnoloav, raLher Lhan aaslflcaLlon. As we noLed above, Lhe aaslflcaLlon of rlce husks
shares some slmllarlLles wlLh pvrolvsls, Lhls belna due Lo Lhe shleldlna of Lhe carbon maLLer bv Lhe
slllca ln Lhe rlce husks and Lhe overall carbon conservaLlon ls c. 33 compared Lo c. 30 ln slow
pvrolvsls and c. 2 - 10 ln Lvplcal aaslflcaLlon. 1he C8Ps are also hlah ln slllca, hence have a lower C
conLenL Lhan mosL forms of blochar (whlch ranae from 60 - 80 C). As a consequence, Lhe
conLrlbuLlon of Lhe sLablllsed C ln Lhe char Lo Lhe overall neL C abaLemenL ls lower Lhan ln manv
pvrolvsls-blochar svsLems (8S) (buL Lhe aeneraLlon of renewable enerav ls more efflclenL Lhan ls
assumed for manv pvrolvsls Lechnoloales). 1herefore, Lhe conLrlbuLlon of Lhe offseL carbon
emlsslons from bloenerav aeneraLlon ls hlaher for Lhe C8S Lhan fo Lhe 8S.

4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 3. 4. 1. 3. Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado Net Uarbon 0 ox de Lqu va| ent Abatement (Un vers ty of Uo| orado
est mate) est mate) est mate) est mate)

1he unlverslLv of Colorado Leam was able Lo collecL a wlde ranae of speclflc process daLa whlch
allowed a more deLalled esLlmaLe of Lhe neL CC
2
(e) abaLemenL Lhan Lhe esLlmaLe above, whlch relled
upon more aenerlc lnformaLlon from Lhe equlpmenL manufacLurer and SML 8enewables. 1he uoC

A
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]
79
Leam were also able Lo lnclude Lhe upsLream CPC emlsslons ln Lhelr calculaLlons and also Look
accounL of Lhe alobal warmlna poLenLlal of arLlculaLes from lncompleLe CombusLlon (lC) arlslna
from blomass burnlna ln fleld. lleld Lrlal and lncubaLlon sLudv resulLs from l88l were also drawn
upon whlch allowed more deLalled and emplrlcal analvsls of decomposlLlon of rlce husks and C8Ps
when lncorporaLed Lo soll (raLher Lhan relvlna upon a aenerlc model as ln 4.1.2).

llaure 31 shows Lhe prellmlnarv resulLs of an evaluaLlon of Lhe neL areenhouse aas emlsslons per Lon
of rlce husk fed Lo Lhe aaslfler. 1he calculaLlons Lake lnLo accounL caplLal embodled emlsslons (based
on Lhe lndlan lndusLrlal lnLenslLv ln ka CC
2
eq/ln8), processlna emlsslons (enerav needed Lo LransporL
Lhe feed sLock 23 km Lo run Lhe aaslfler), carbon sequesLraLlon from husk char applled Lo solls,
avolded CC
2
emlsslons from dlesel noL needed Lo run Lhe rlce mlll, and avolded basellne emlsslons
(Lhe basellne emlsslon were calculaLed based on Lhe observed mlx of uses llke open alr sLoraae,
open fleld burnlna, flrlna ln a brlck klln, and appllcaLlon ln rlce flelds). 1he resulLlna balance lndlcaLes
LhaL uslna one Lon husk ln Lhe aaslflers acLuallv saves emlsslons of one Lon of CC
2
equlvalenLs. noL
veL Laken lnLo accounL ln Lhls calculaLlon are arLlculaLes of lncompleLe CombusLlon (lCs) emlsslons
of anv process lnvolved because we dld noL have anv measuremenLs on Lhem. 1he resulL shows
close slmllarlLv Lo Lhe flndlnas of 4.1.2. and Lhe converaence of Lhe resulL provldes reassurance LhaL
lL ls reasonablv robusL.
Net GnG em|ss|ons
-1.60
-1.40
-1.20
-1.00
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
t
o
n

C
C
2
e
q
/
t
o
n

h
u
s
k
CaplLal embodled
emlsslons
rocesslna
emlsslons
Chanae ln lC
emlsslons
Char C
sequesLraLlon raLe
Avolded dlesel
emlsslons
Avolded basellne
emlsslons

FIGUIL 81: LS1IMA1LD NL1 GILLNHOUSL GAS LMISSIONS ILI 1ON OF IICL HUSK USLD IN A GASIFILI
LASLD ON 1HL OLSLIVLD VALULS FIOM ALL GASIFILI SI1LS SUIVLYLD (SLL 1ALLL 0).

1he values Lhus esLlmaLed for Lhe neL areenhouse aas emlsslons were Lhen used Lo esLlmaLe Lhe
CPC fluxes for dlfferenL scenarlos of a rlce svsLem producLlon svsLem wlLh a 3 L araln vleld per

]
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hecLare (Lhls means also 3 L ha
-1
sLraw and 1 L ha
-1
rooLs) accordlna Lo knoblauch eL al., (2010). 1he
dlfferenL scenarlos were 1) lncorporaLlon of all resldues ln Lhe soll wlLh subsequenL floodlna, 2) Cpen
burnlna ln Lhe fleld of mosL of Lhe sLraw and Lhe rlce husks, and 3) a bloenerav/blochar svsLem uslna
a aaslfler and aaslfvlna all husks and mosL sLraw (Lhouah aaslflcaLlon of sLraw ls currenLlv noL readllv
achlevable).
1he resulLlna aross CPC fluxes as well as Lhe neL CPC balance (afLer subLracLlon of Lhe CC
2
neuLral
emlsslons) are shown ln llaure 32. 1hls analvsls lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe aaslflcaLlon-blochar svsLem has bv
far Lhe lowesL CPC emlsslons and LhaL resldue lncorporaLlon has Lhe hlahesL CPC emlsslons. 1hls
analvsls does Lake esLlmaLed lC emlsslons lnLo accounL (based on llLeraLure values) buL mlahL sLlll
underesLlmaLe Lhe CP
4
emlsslons of resldue burnlna.

FIGUIL 82: LS1IMA1LD GIOSS GHG FLUXLS (IN (G CO2 LQM
2
CIOI)) AS WLLL AS 1HL NL1 GHG
LALANCL (AF1LI SUL1IAC1ION OF 1HL CO
2
NLU1IAL LMISSIONS) FOI A IADDY IICL SYS1LM WI1H A
GIAIN YILLD OF 1 HA
- 1
.

4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on 4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on 4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on 4. 2. I nanc a| v ab | ty of Uas f cat on- -- - ochar 5ystems ochar 5ystems ochar 5ystems ochar 5ystems
1he rapld adopLlon ln Cambodla ln rlce mllls and lce maklna facLorles sLronalv suaaesLs LhaL Lhev are
an aLLracLlve lnvesLmenL and en[ov a aood reLurn on lnvesLmenL. 1he uoC work on Lhe economlc
vlablllLv supporLs Lhls concluslon (see 1able 11 and 12). ln LhaL sense, Lhe C8Ps are a free bv-, or
wasLe-producL, dependlna upon wheLher a markeL exlsLs for Lhelr use. Some mllls have succeeded
ln selllna C8Ps Lo farmers aL a prlce of 300 - 400 rlel per 23ka baa, or c. $3-4 per Lonne (see llaure 33
for an example of C8Ps belna uLlllzed locallv).
Concluslve resulLs from fleld Lrlals ln slLu are noL veL avallable, buL we can use Lhe evldence from
vleld responses Lo rlce ln 2010 fleld Lrlals whlch lndlcaLed a response of beLween 1 and 3.3 lncrease
ln vleld per Lonne of C8P addlLlon. lf we assume a value of $230 per Lonne of unmllled paddv rlce,
Lhen Lhe value of Lhe C8P ls beLween $4 and $14 per Lonne. 1hls assumes zero purchase cosL and
does noL Lake accounL of LransporL and appllcaLlon cosLs. lf we assume a low LransporL and
Gross GnG f|uxes
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
3000
1 2 3
C
C
2

e
q
u
l
v
a
l
e
n
c
v

(
a

C
C
2

e
q
/
m
2
/
c
r
o
p
)
CC2 upLake
lC eml ssl ons
CP4 eml ssl ons
CC2 eml ssl ons
Net GnG em|ss|ons
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
3000
8esl due l ncorporaLl on 8esl due open burnl na 8l ochar producLl on
C
C
2

e
q
u
l
v
a
l
e
n
c
v

(
a

C
C
2

e
q
/
m
2
/
c
r
o
p
)

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81
appllcaLlon cosL of c. $1 L
-1
, Lhen Lhe value of Lhe C8P ranae from $3 Lo $13 L
-1
. lf Lhe farmer were Lo
pav $3-4 per Lonne, Lhen, aL Lhe lower end of Lhe 'value-ranae' Lhere would be llLLle aaln ln addlna
C8P Lo lrrlaaLed rlce flelds. Cn Lhe oLher hand, aL Lhe hlaher end of Lhe value-ranae, lL ls deflnlLelv
work addlna Lhe C8P.

FIGUIL 88: CAILONISLD IICL HUSKS (CIHS) FIOM A GASIFICA1ION UNI1 IN AN ICL FAC1OIY LLING
COLLLC1LD IN SILM ILAI. CAMLODIA.

A furLher posslble revenue sLream ls from sale of carbon credlLs under Lhe Clean uevelopmenL
Mechanlsm (CuM) or Lhe volunLarv Carbon MarkeL (vCM) - boLh are speculaLlve aL presenL because
blochar ls noL currenLlv lncluded wlLhln Lhese mechanlsms. Assumlna a carbon prlce of $10 per
Lonne CC
2
, Lhe value of a Lonne of C8P ls a producL of prlce CC
2
L
-1
, 1/char vleld, and LoLal CC
2

abaLemenL L
-1
feedsLock. l.e. 10 x 1/0.33 x 0.92 = c. $26 L
-1
C8P. (noLe LhaL Lhls value would be c. $12
L
-1
C8P lf onlv Lhe sLablllsed carbon ln Lhe char ls accounLed for and Lhe avolded fossll fuel emlsslons
noL lncluded).
lf a basellne of burnlna or aeroblc or aneroblc decomposlLlon were accepLed, Lhen Lhe value could
be slanlflcanLlv areaLer - from $37 L
-1
Lo as hlah as $69 L
-1
. Pence, a 7.3 L ha
-1
appllcaLlon raLe could
aeneraLe an lncome of $193 ha
-1
($317 ha
-1
for an avolded anaeroblc decomposlLlon basellne),
compared Lo Lhe aaronomlc value of Lhe C8P of c. $22 - 97 ha
-1
. 1he LoLal value of Lhe C8P ls
beLween $29 L
-1
and $39 L
-1
C8P ($82 L
-1
for

an avolded anaeroblc decomposlLlon basellne) (or $13 Lo
$23 L
-1
C8P where onlv Lhe sLablllsed carbon ln Lhe C8P ls accounLed for). oLenLlallv, Lherefore, Lhe
C8Ps can be a slanlflcanL addlLlon Lo farm lncomes Lhrouah lmprovlna vlelds and especlallv lf a
carbon value for Lhe C8P could be reallsed.
Where Lhe C8Ps are alven awav for free or aL a verv low cosL, Lhe overall effecL could be Lo brlna
lncome Lo subslsLence farmers. C8Ps could lncrease ln cosL, however, as aaslfler operaLors come Lo
reallse Lhelr value Lo farmers. Commerclal producers could buv-up Lhe ma[orlLv of Lhe supplv,
Lherebv denvlna Lhe subslsLence farmers Lhe opporLunlLv Lo beneflL from Lhe avallablllLv of C8Ps.

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Copv-caL aaslflers uslna locallv avallable blomass could reduce Lhe avallablllLv of such blomass Lo
households LhaL relv upon such blomass for cooklna. Such copv-caL aaslflers are alreadv belna
consLrucLed ln Cambodla. More deLalled analvsls ls requlred Lo assess Lhe posslblllLv of Lhese
adverse lmpacLs becomlna a problem.

4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 1. 1o what extent s U5 a n che 1o what extent s U5 a n che 1o what extent s U5 a n che 1o what extent s U5 a n che- -- - techno| oey app| cat on? techno| oey app| cat on? techno| oey app| cat on? techno| oey app| cat on?

An lmporLanL conslderaLlon ls Lhe exLenL Lo whlch Lhe C8S svsLem sLudled ln Cambodla mlahL be
someLhlna of a nlche-opporLunlLv and noL amenable Lo wlde scale repllcaLlon ln oLher counLrles.
1here are several feaLures of Lhe C8S uslna rlce husks LhaL mlahL make Lhls case-sLudv a nlche.

a) 1he relaLlvelv low Cv of Lhe C8Ps (c. 13 M!ka
-1
) - Lhe hlah slllca and low carbon conLenL of
C8Ps compared Lo woodv char resulLs ln Lhe C8Ps havlna a low Cv. ConsequenLlv, Lhe C8Ps
are unllkelv Lo be brlqueLLed and used as a fuel. Where wood char ls produced, lL probablv
makes aood sense for Lhls Lo be brlqueLLed and used as a charcoal ln place of flre wood.
Ankur SclenLlflc and A81l have been lnvesLlaaLlna Lhls posslblllLv. 1herefore, onlv cerLaln
hlah-mlneral conLalnlna feedsLocks are llkelv Lo sulLable for produclna blochar for addlLlon Lo
solls.

b) Where woodv blomass ls used ln Lhe aaslflers, Lhe blochar vleld ls much lower, Lvplcallv 4-6
for Lhe Ankur aaslflers. 1he conservaLlon of carbon ls verv low, aL 3-3 compared Lo 10
where rlce husks are uLlllzed. 1hls means LhaL Lhe neL carbon dloxlde equlvalenL abaLemenL
wlll be commensuraLelv lower ln Lhe case of woodv feedsLocks - perhaps 0.1 Lonne CC
2
per
Lonne feedsLock from Lhe sLablllzed carbon ln Lhe char.

c) CaslflcaLlon lLself ls llkelv Lo be someLhlna of a nlche Lechnoloav. Where arld-elecLrlclLv ls
wldelv and rellablv-avallable, lL ls more llkelv LhaL rlce mllls would slmplv used arld elecLrlclLv
lnsLead of lnsLalllna a aaslfler for elecLrlclLv aeneraLlon. Cn Lhe oLher hand, lf arld-elecLrlclLv
were verv expenslve, and / or lf Lhe elecLrlclLv was noL rellablv avallable, Lhen lL sLlll mav
make sense for Lhe mlll (or oLher elecLrlclLv-uslna faclllLv, such as an lce-maklna facLorv) Lo
lnsLall aaslflcaLlon equlpmenL. ln Cambodla, boLh Lhe absence of an effecLlve elecLrlclLv arld
ln manv locaLlons, and Lhe hlah cosL of elecLrlclLv pre unlL where lL does exlsL, favour
lnsLallaLlon of aaslflers.

d) CaslflcaLlon ls an effecLlve means of aeneraLlna elecLrlclLv from blomass ln Lhe 10 Lo 300 kW
scale. lLs effecLlveness aL Lhe larae-scale (>300kW) ls less clear. Several schemes ln Lhe MW
scale have been developed and subsequenLlv abandoned due Lo hlah caplLal cosLs, problems
of aas clean-up, or loss of confldence bv lnvesLors (e.a. see lLerou eL al., 2008). A far more
proven Lechnoloav aL Lhe larae-scale for elecLrlclLv aeneraLlon from blomass ls use of a
blomass boller Lo ralse sLeam LhaL ls Lhen converLed Lo elecLrlcal enerav vla a sLeam Lurblne.
1he aaslfler Lechnoloav works well ln Lhe Cambodlan rlce mllls / lce-maklna facLorles,
because of Lhe modesL scale of Lhese faclllLles. ln nelahbourlna 1halland, for comparlson, Lhe
rlce mllls Lend Lo be much laraer and ln Lhese slLuaLlons bollers and sLeam Lurblnes are llkelv
Lo be a more cosL-effecLlve wav of aeneraLlna elecLrlclLv.

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ln summarv, blomass aaslflcaLlon ls llkelv Lo be someLhlna of a nlche-appllcaLlon and Lherefore
lnherenLlv llmlLed ln Lhe exLenL Lo whlch lL could accounL for larae-scale carbon abaLemenL on Lhe
alobal-scale. Cn Lhe oLher hand, mosL new Lechnoloales are deploved Lhrouah enLrv vla nlche
appllcaLlons, as expressed ln Lhe mulLl-level perspecLlve on soclo-Lechnlcal LranslLlons (e.a. Shacklev
& Creen, 2007). ln oLher words, lL ls aenerallv vla adopLlon wlLhln a nlche LhaL new Lechnoloales flnd
accepLablllLv and wlder adopLlon wlLhln soclo-Lechnlcal svsLems.

4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s 4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s 4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s 4. 3. Use of Pyro| sy s- -- - ochar ochar ochar ochar 5ystems (P5) 5ystems (P5) 5ystems (P5) 5ystems (P5)

MosL dlscusslons of blochar have cenLred on Lhe use of pvrolvsls-blochar svsLems (8S). vrolvsls
lnvolves producLlon of svnaas buL aL a slanlflcanL enerav penalLv compared Lo aaslflcaLlon, due Lo Lhe
producLlon of much laraer quanLlLles of char. lL ls noL easv Lo envlsaae whv 8S would be adopLed ln
Lhe case of rlce husks or oLher feedsLocks, lf Lhe prlme raLlonale and [usLlflcaLlon for Lhe faclllLv ls
elecLrlclLv aeneraLlon. 1he onlv case where carbonlzaLlon mlahL make aood economlc sense ls where
Lhe C8Ps Lhemselves have a reasonablv hlah markeLable value. ln !apan, for lnsLance, C8Ps (known
as kootoo) are on Lhe markeL for c. $230 per Lonne and dedlcaLed rlce husk carbonlzaLlon equlpmenL
ls ln operaLlon, as shown ln llaures 34 (Masek eL al., 2010).

FIGUIL 84: CAILONISLD IICL HUSKS FOI SALL IN 80KG SACKS IN JAIAN (LLF1) AND 1HL CAILONISLI
WI1H MAKLS 1HLM (IIGH1) (COUI1LSY OF MASLK L1 AL..2010).

kootoo ls used Lo cover and proLecL rlce nurserles, as an addlLlve Lo Lhe culLure medlum for
ornamenLal planLs, and as a componenL of arowLh medla for seedllnas and hvdroponlcs. lL was also
reporLed Lo funcLlon as an absorpLlve maLerlal for molsLure and aas and as a waLer purlfler. lL ls noL
easv Lo lmaalne LhaL such hlah prlces could be charaed ln developlna or emeralna economles,
however. lL ls also worLh noLlna LhaL rlce husks Lhemselves have value, and LhaL Lhls ls llkelv Lo varv
qulLe conslderablv beLween locaLlons and Llme. WlLh a value of c. $30-40 per Lonne (reporLed for

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1halland and Andra radesh, lndla), Lhe cosL of produclna a Lonne of C8Ps would be c. $90-120. 1hls
cosL would have Lo be recovered vla Lhe sale of Lhe C8Ps and assoclaLed elecLrlclLv aeneraLlon.
lL ls more llkelv LhaL 8S would make sense when conslderlna Lhe uLlllzaLlon of oLher Lvpes of oraanlc
wasLe and aarl- or foresLrv-resldues LhaL has a much lower (or even neaaLlve) value ln Lhe markeL-
place. lor lnsLance, Lhe alm Cll lndusLrv (Cl) produces larae amounLs of wasLe whlch leads Lo a
wasLe dlsposal problem. Conslderable lnLeresL has been emeralna ln Malavsla assoclaLed wlLh Lhe
use of Lhese sources of oraanlc wasLe Lhrouah pvrolvsls Lo produce blochar for lncorporaLlna back
lnLo planLaLlon solls (personal communlcaLlon and e-workshop correspondence wlLh Slena PuaL
kona and ur Loh Soh kheana, Pead of Lnerv & LnvlronmenL unlL, Lnalneerlna and rocesslna
ulvlslon, Malavslan alm Cll 8oard - !ulv 2010, Slem 8eap.).

Work Packaee 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ne b ochar Work Packaee 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ne b ochar Work Packaee 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ne b ochar Work Packaee 5: Lxam nat on of requ rements for obta n ne b ochar
carbon cred ts from: a) U0M. and carbon cred ts from: a) U0M. and carbon cred ts from: a) U0M. and carbon cred ts from: a) U0M. and b) vo| untary carbon market. 0 scuss ons b) vo| untary carbon market. 0 scuss ons b) vo| untary carbon market. 0 scuss ons b) vo| untary carbon market. 0 scuss ons
w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps. w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps. w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps. w th experts n both markets and dent f cat on of partnersh ps.

AL Lhe Llme of wrlLlna, lnLernaLlonal neaoLlaLlons on a new cllmaLe LreaLv Lo succeed Lhe kvoLo
roLocol (k) have sLalled slnce Lhe weak Copenhaaen Accord was aareed ln laLe 2009. 1herefore,
we do noL know whaL fuLure shape such a LreaLv mlahL have or whaL mlahL be Lhe role of Lhe Clean
uevelopmenL Mechanlsm (CuM), and oLher 'flexlblllLv mechanlsms'. WhaL ls clear, however, ls LhaL
crlLlclsm of Lhe CuM has been exLenslve and LhaL, as a consequence, lL ls verv unllkelv Lo remaln ln
lLs currenL form. A few of Lhe kev lssues arlslna from posslble lmplemenLaLlon of blochar wlLhln Lhe
CuM wlll be covered below.

MosL CuM pro[ecLs lnvolve calculaLlon of off-seL fossll-fuel emlsslons. lor example, uslna renewable
enerav aeneraLlon lnvolves off-seLLlna use of coal, sav, and Lhe carbon savlna can be calculaLed.
CuM pro[ecLs enLall Lwo accounLlna and reporLlna perlods.

a) 3 x 7 vears C8:
b) 1 x 10 vears

(1he numbers are 3 x 10 vears and 1 x 30 vears for foresLrv pro[ecLs). 1he offseL carbon equlvalenL
emlsslons are Lhen calculaLed on a vearlv basls over Lhese reporLlna perlods and can be sold lnLo Lhe
CerLlfled Lmlsslons 8educLlon (CL8s) markeL. 8lochar pro[ecLs enLall a number of dlfferenL carbon
abaLemenL 'sLreams', ofLen lncludlna off-seL carbon emlsslons from fossll fuel combusLlon.

MeLhodoloales approved bv Lhe LxecuLlve 8oard of Lhe Clean uevelopmenL Mechanlsm are wldelv
avallable for calculaLlon of off-seL carbon emlsslons. MeLhods are also avallable for calculaLlna
avolded meLhane emlsslons arlslna from avolded decomposlLlon of blomass. lor lnsLance, lf landfllls
are capped, a proporLlon of Lhe meLhane aeneraLed vla decomposlLlon can be collecLed and used Lo
aeneraLe elecLrlclLv. ln such a case, Lhe pro[ecL developer mav uLlllze an approved CuM
meLhodoloav Lo calculaLe Lhe avolded CP
4
emlsslons and converL Lo CC
2
(equlvalenL) emlsslon
savlnas (ln addlLlon Lo accounLlna for off-seL fossll fuel emlsslons). 1hls rouLe can be used for
blochar where Lhe basellne case lnvolves anaeroblc decomposlLlon. lor lnsLance, where rlce husks
are added Lo lrrlaaLed flelds.

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5. 1. 5. 1. 5. 1. 5. 1. Loneev ty of the ochar n 5o | Loneev ty of the ochar n 5o | Loneev ty of the ochar n 5o | Loneev ty of the ochar n 5o |
1vplcallv Lhe laraesL slnale conLrlbuLor Lo Lhe neL carbon abaLemenL ls Lhe sLablllzed carbon ln Lhe
char lLself. Pence, calculaLlon of Lhe sLablllLv of Lhe carbon ln Lhe C8P ls absoluLelv cruclal Lo
aLLempLlna Lo obLaln a carbon credlL for blochar. 1he closesL analoaue Lo blochar ln Lhls respecL ls
probablv Carbon uloxlde CapLure and SLoraae (commonlv known as CCS), wherebv CC
2
ls removed
from power planL flue aas emlsslons and sLored below sea-level or land ln depleLed oll and aas
reservolrs, or ln sallne aqulfers. CCS also faces Lhe challenae of lonaevlLv slnce CC
2
ln aeoloalcal
formaLlons could ln Lheorv leak-ouL back Lo aLmosphere. 1he CCS communlLv has aareed LhaL a verv
low leakaae raLe should be almed for, e.a. 0.01 per vear, lmplvlna a Mean 8esldence 1lme of
10,000 vears (lCC, 2003). 1hls ls conslderablv lonaer Lhan Lhe M81 LhaL ls Lvplcallv quoLed for
blochar, of c. 100s - 1000s of vears.

1he meLhods descrlbed ln secLlon 4 are an lnlLlal aLLempL Lo calculaLe Lhe proporLlon of Lhe carbon
LhaL ls sLablllzed ln Lhe lona-Lerm vla Lhe Carbon SLablllLv lacLor. 1hese meLhods have noL, as veL,
been callbraLed aaalnsL hlsLorlcal charcoal samples. Pence, Lhev should be LreaLed as LenLaLlve
measures and, poLenLlallv, wlLh a hlah dearee of uncerLalnLv assoclaLed wlLh Lhe calculaLlon.

As parL-and-parcel of Lhe case for carbon sLoraae vla blochar, lL wlll be necessarv Lo underLake
Lhorouah fleld monlLorlna of blochar sLablllLv over Llme. 1hls could be done Lhrouah emplrlcal
measuremenLs aL deflned Llme-perlods, buL Lhls would be verv expenslve, posslblv prohlblLlvelv. A
remoLe senslna approach would be far more efflclenL lf lL could be lmplemenLed successfullv.

5. 2. 5. 2. 5. 2. 5. 2. Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty Lva| uat on of Add t ona| ty

1he CuM lmposes Lwo requlremenLs LhaL a pro[ecL should be 'addlLlonal' Lo whaL would happen
oLherwlse. 1here are Lwo sLrands Lo addlLlonallLv LesLs: envlronmenLal and flnanclal.

LnvlronmenLal addlLlonallLv requlres LhaL a pro[ecL should noL have deleLerlous envlronmenLal
lmpacLs. As noLed above, approprlaLe manaaemenL pracLlces and lncremenLal Lechnoloalcal
lmprovemenLs bv Ankur SclenLlflc, should mean LhaL some of Lhe envlronmenLal lmpacLs of Lhe
aaslflers can be dealL wlLh adequaLelv. 1he problem remalns, however, LhaL where reaulaLlon ln
counLrv ls lnsufflclenL, Lhese lmprovemenLs and manaaemenL pracLlces mlahL remaln un-
lmplemenLed.

llnanclal addlLlonallLv refers Lo Lhe condlLlon LhaL a pro[ecL should noL have been economlcallv
favourable wlLhouL Lhe CuM-derlved carbon credlLs. We know LhaL Lhe lnsLallaLlon of aaslflers aL
rlce mllls ls alreadv flnanclallv vlable wlLh a aood lnLernal raLe of reLurn. Pence, lL would noL be
posslble Lo obLaln a carbon credlL for supporLlna lnsLallaLlon of aaslflers per se. WhaL mlahL be
feaslble, however, ls Lo obLaln a carbon credlL for Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of blochar Lo farmers and lLs
addlLlon Lo solls. under cerLaln assumpLlons abouL aaronomlc value, blochar could be economlcallv
feaslble Lo lncorporaLe lnLo solls as noLed ln secLlon 4. ln Lhose cases, carbon-credlLs would noL be
requlred and Lhe pro[ecL would be lnellalble for Lhe CuM. ?eL, oLher resulLs suaaesL LhaL Lhe

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aaronomlc value of Lhe C8Ps ls much lower and noL sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL. ln Lhose cases, an
araumenL could be made LhaL Lhe carbon credlLs from CL8s wlll be requlred ln order Lo help flnance
Lhe collecLlon of Lhe C8Ps, Lhelr LransporLaLlon from source Lo slLe of fleld appllcaLlon and Lhelr
acLual lncorporaLlon lnLo Lhe fleld.

A nexL sLep for Lhe pro[ecL ls Lo explore wheLher an appllcaLlon Lo obLaln a carbon credlL from
blochar mlahL be developed uslna Lhe C8P aaslflcaLlon-blochar svsLem as Lhe pro[ecL.

4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0. .. . U UU Uonc|usons onc|usons onc|usons onc|usons

1he maln ob[ecLlve of Lhe pro[ecL was Lo aaln a beLLer undersLandlna of Lhe role of blochar for
carbon sLoraae and aarlculLural lmprovemenLs ln a ranae of envlronmenLal, soclo-economlc and
maLerlal conLexLs ln Lhree counLrles whlch Lhemselves reflecL a ranae of clrcumsLances and pollcv
condlLlons. A secondarv ob[ecLlve was Lo make pollcv recommendaLlons for furLher developmenL of
blochar as a componenL of naLlonal cllmaLe chanae, susLalnable enerav and aarlculLural pollcles. 1he
8lCCPA8M pro[ecL has demonsLraLed Lhe followlna.

1. 1he aaslflcaLlon-blochar svsLem ls an efflclenL and effecLlve wav of sLorlna carbon ln Lhe
lona-Lerm (hundreds Lo Lhousands of vears, so relevanL Lo cllmaLe chanae) (c. 0.9-1 LCC
2
(equlvalenL) abaLemenL per Lonne of rlce husks).
2. CuesLlons remaln reaardlna Lhe safeLv of C8Ps for human healLh. More work needs Lo be
done buL lL ls llkelv LhaL approprlaLe precauLlons and pracLlces can llmlL Lhe rlsks adequaLelv.
uncerLalnLv remalns ln wheLher such precauLlons would be lmplemenLed and enforced,
however.
3. Llkewlse, Lhere are polluLlon and conLamlnaLlon lssues assoclaLed wlLh Lhe producLlon and
sLoraae of C8P. Cur evaluaLlon Lo daLe relaLes onlv Lo use of C8P, noL Lo mlxLures of C8P
and sludae from Lhe seLLllna ponds. Such sludae conLalns hlah quanLlLles of APs, some of
whlch are known carclnoaens. 8efore C8S could be furLher promoLed as a susLalnable
opLlon, far more effecLlve and comprehenslve clean-up of Lhe black waLer, sludae, Lars and
oLher wasLe sLreams wlll be necessarv. lssues such as burnlna of Lars and sludae ln a non-
conLrolled fashlon ls of concern. 8ecenLlv, Ankur SclenLlflc has developed aaslflers whlch
dlscharae Lhe char ln drv form. A small parL of Lhls drv dlscharae can be used for waLer
LreaLmenL buL Lhe larae quanLlLv can be puL Lo use as blochar as Lhe drv dlscharae ellmlnaLes
Lhe conLacL beLween Lhe char and Lhe process waLer. 1hls lnnovaLlon ls llkelv Lo be
lmporLanL ln lmprovlna Lhe susLalnablllLv of Lhe C8S buL mav be dlfflculL, lf noL lmposslble,
Lo reLroflL on alreadv-lnsLalled unlLs.
4. 1here are some lnLeresLlna and encouraalna resulLs on Lhe aaronomlc poLenLlal of C8Ps and
oLher forms of blochar produced form malze and suaarcane wasLes. ln repllcaLed Lrlals,
sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL vleld lncreases occurred ln Lhe case of lrrlaaLed rlce Lrlals and ln poL
Lrlals wlLh leLLuce and cabbaae (uslna C8Ps). ?eL ln oLher such fleld and poL Lrlals (malze,
cabbaae), no sLaLlsLlcallv slanlflcanL resulLs were obLalned (uslna suaarcane Lrash and malze
cob char). AL Lhe presenL Llme, lL ls noL know whv dlfferenL resulLs were obLalned. lL mav,
however, have been due Lo Lhe dlfferences ln Lhe soll Lvpes, aarlculLural manaaemenL

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pracLlces, blochar Lvpe, blochar lncorporaLlon meLhod, eLc. Larae uncerLalnLles remaln on
Lhe approprlaLe blochar dose, appllcaLlon meLhods, Llmlna of appllcaLlon, medlum- Lo lona-
Lerm effecLs, comblnaLlon wlLh manures, areenwasLes, mosL responslve crops, eLc.
3. 1he value of C8Ps and of oLher forms of blochar ls currenLlv hard Lo evaluaLe because of
uncerLalnLv ln aaronomlc value and ln wheLher a carbon markeL mlahL develop for blochar
deplovmenL. Where Lhe C8P or oLher blochar are 'free' Lhen Lhelr use almosL cerLalnlv does
provlde a aood prospecL of a poslLlve reLurn on lnvesLmenL. 1hls value wlll lncrease areaLlv lf
a carbon markeL can develop whlch allows for Lhe sLablllsed and offseL fossll fuel emlsslons
Lo be valued ln carbon markeLs. 1he carbon abaLemenL value of Lhe C8P looks Lo be several
Llmes laraer Lhan Lhe aaronomlc value.
6. Where Lhe C8P are alven awav for free or aL a verv low cosL, Lhe overall effecL should be Lo
brlna lncome Lo subslsLence farmers. C8Ps could lncrease ln cosL, however, as aaslfler
operaLors come Lo reallse Lhelr value Lo farmers. Commerclal producers could buv-up Lhe
ma[orlLv of Lhe supplv, Lherebv denvlna Lhe subslsLence farmers Lhe opporLunlLv Lo beneflL
from Lhe avallablllLv of C8P. Copv-caL aaslflers uslna locallv avallable blomass could reduce
Lhe avallablllLv of such blomass Lo households LhaL relv upon such blomass for cooklna.

1he resulLs presenLed suaaesL LhaL Lhe blomass (bloenerav)- blochar svsLems sLudled here, maklna
use of a readllv avallable aarlculLural resldue (rlce husks, suaarcane Lrash, corn cobs, eLc.), offers
poLenLlal noL onlv as a wav of effecLlna Lhe lona-Lerm sLoraae of carbon buL also ln lmprovlna crop
producLlvlLv. 1he blomass-blochar svsLem can also, poLenLlallv, effecL a more susLalnable dlsposal
rouLe for wasLe bv-producLs such as C8Ps whlch oLherwlse mav be a polluLanL.

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0. . . . Iuture 0rectons Iuture 0rectons Iuture 0rectons Iuture 0rectons

We feel LhaL Lhe pro[ecL resulLs are encouraalna enouah Lo conLlnue furLher exploraLlon. More
aarlculLural Lrlals are needed Lo draw anv confldenL concluslons abouL Lhe efflcacv of blochar ln
aarlculLure ln all Lhe Lhree counLrles. Some ldeas for fuLure research are as follows.

Lona Lerm monlLorlna of currenL slLes alven LhaL Lhe lmpacLs of blochar are anLlclpaLed Lo be
dvnamlc,
lurLher measuremenL ln lncubaLlon experlmenLs and ln fleld Lrlals of Lhe lmpacL of aarl-
resldues and char addlLlons Lo soll upon areenhouse aas fluxes such as CP
4
, n
2
0, CC
2
,
lurLher LesLlna of Lhe lmpacLs of blochar upon dlfferenL soll Lvpes and ln dlfferenL aaro-
cllmaLlc zones,
lnLroducLlon of mulLlple ploLs on each Lrlal slLe Lo allow sufflclenL repllcaLlon for sLaLlsLlcal
analvsls,
use of a wlder ranae of blochar addlLlons Lo LesL Lhe effecLs of dlfferenL appllcaLlon raLes
(lncludlna lower raLes, such as 3 and 10 L ha
-1
),
1esLlna of a wlder ranae of arable and horLlculLural crops,
1he lmpacL of blochar addlLlon ln ralnfed versus lrrlaaLed aarlculLure needs Lo be explored,
lurLher LesLlna of blochar wlLh a ranae of oraanlc amendmenLs, lncludlna spenL mushroom
composL, vermlcomposL and oLher sources of areenwasLe,

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lurLher LesLlna of blochar wlLh dlfferenL levels of svnLheLlc ferLlllzer addlLlon,
lurLher Lrlals Lo explore Lhe effecL of appllcaLlon meLhods - e.a. Lo compare Lhe lmpacLs of
one-Llme addlLlon vs. lncremenLal addlLlon of blochar everv vear. (lf hlaher blochar doses
mlahL be lmmoblllzlna planL-avallable n ln Lhe soll, for example, Lhls would be a sLrona case
for avoldlna hlah doses, and posslblv uslna lncremenLal doses Lo bulld up appllcaLlon levels
over Llme),
locuslna on hlah value cash crops lncludlna peanuLs, sov bean, malze and melon,
Lonaer Lerm lnvesLlaaLlons of Lhe lmpacL of blochar on Lree crops,
uLlllsaLlon of alLernaLlve sources of blochar Lhan Lhose currenLlv LesLed ln each counLrv and
comparlson wlLh farmers' 'home-made blochar',
Comparlson of Lhe effecL of ash and sooL addlLlon Lo soll from open burnlna of aarlculLural
wasLe ln Lhe fleld as aaalnsL dellberaLe appllcaLlon of blochar,
lnvesLlaaLlon of Lhe loalsLlcal lmpllcaLlons and farmer percepLlons of blochar lncorporaLlon
lnLo a farm svsLem ln Cambodla
Llfe cvcle assessmenL of blochar producLlon and use ln lndla alona Lhe llnes Lo LhaL done ln
Cambodla for Lhe C8Ps.

Lmeralna concepLual and laboraLorv Lechnlques LhaL are movlna Lowards 'purposeful selecLlon'
of blochar could be used Lo help selecL Lrlal candldaLes from Lhe verv larae unlverse of
posslblllLles.

Peferences Peferences Peferences Peferences

8eeslev, L., Moreno-!lmenez, L. and Comez-Lvles, !. (2010), LffecLs of blochar and areenwasLe
composL amendmenLs on moblllLv, bloavallablllLv and LoxlclLv of lnoraanlc and oraanlc
conLamlnanLs ln a mulLl-elemenL polluLed soll, ovltoomeotol lollotloo
8haradwa[, A., Wana, ?., Srldhar, S., Arunachalam, v.S. ( 2004), vrolvsls of rlce husk, cotteot 5cleoce
87, 981-986.
8ond, 1. and Paolln, Sun (2003), Can 8educlna 8lack Carbon Lmlsslons CounLeracL Clobal Warmlna?
ovtl. 5cl. &1ecb., 3921.
Chan, k.?., xu, Z. (2009), 8lochar: nuLrlenL properLles and Lhelr enhancemenL ln: Lehmann, !., !oseph,
S. (Lds.), 8locbot fot ovltoomeotol Mooooemeot, LarLhscan, London, pp. 67-84.
ueparLmenL of LnvlronmenL (1996), Code of racLlce for AarlculLural use of Sewaae Sludae, 2nd ed,
London
LnvlronmenL Aaencv (2007), uk Soll and Perbaae olluLanL Survev, ukSPS 8eporL no. 9,
LnvlronmenLal ConcenLraLlons of olvcvcllc AromaLlc Pvdrocarbons ln uk Soll and Perbaae, pp.
32
Craham MC, Allan 8, lalllck AL, larmer !C. (2006), lnvesLlaaLlon of exLracLlon and clean-up
procedures used ln Lhe quanLlflcaLlon and sLable lsoLope characLerlsaLlon of APs ln
conLamlnaLed urban solls, 5cleoce of tbe 1otol ovltoomeot, 360:81-9.

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CusLafsson, C., krus, M., Zencak, Z., Sheeslev, 8.!., CranaL, L., LnasLrm, L., raveen, .S., 8ao,
.S.., Leck, C., 8odhe, P. (2009). 8rown Clouds over SouLh Asla: 8lomass or lossll luel
CombusLlon? 5cleoce, 323:493-498.
Pammond !., Shacklev, S., Sohl, S. and 8rownsorL, . (submlLLed), redlcLed Llfe Cvcle Carbon
AbaLemenL for vrolvsls 8lochar SvsLems ln Lhe uk, oetov lollcv
PealLh and SafeLv LxecuLlve (2003), 8esplrable CrvsLalllne Slllca, hase 2: CarclnoaenlclLv PSL 8ooks
lA8C (1997), 5lllco. lA8C Monoaraphs on Lhe LvaluaLlon of Carclnoaenlc 8lsks Lo Pumans.
lnLernaLlonal Aaencv for 8esearch on Cancer
lC8CL (1987), Culdance on Lhe AssessmenL and 8edevelopmenL of ConLamlnaLed Land,
lnLerdeparLmenLal CommlLLee on Lhe uevelopmenL of ConLamlnaLed Land, Culdance noLe 39/63,
Second LdlLlon, !ulv 1987
lCC (2003), cotboo uloxlJe coptote ooJ 5totooe, Speclal 8eporL of Worklna Croup lll of Lhe
lnLeraovernmenLal anel on CllmaLe Chanae, Ceneva
!acobson, M.Z. (2010), ShorL-Lerm effecLs of conLrolllna fossll-fuel sooL, blofuel sooL and aases, and
meLhane on cllmaLe, ArcLlc lce, and alr polluLlon healLh, Iootool of Ceopbvslcol keseotcb, 113:23
!aln, A., (personal communlcaLlon wlLh Slmon Shacklev). Ankur SclenLlflc, vadodara, Cu[uraL, lndla,
november, 2010
knoblauch, C., MaarlfaL, AA., felffer, LM, Paefele, SM. (2010) uearadablllLv of black carbon and lLs
lmpacL on Lrace aas fluxes and carbon Lurnover ln paddv solls, 5oll 8loloov & 8locbemlsttv,
dol:10.1016/[.sollblo.2010.07.012 (ln press).
Lal, C.P., Chen, k.S., Wana, P.k. (2009). lnfluence of rlce sLraw burnlna on Lhe levels of polvcvcllc
aromaLlc hvdrocarbons ln aarlculLural counLv of 1alwan, I ovltoo 5cl (cbloo), 21:1200-7.
Lerda, u. (2009), olvcvcllc AromaLlc Pvdrocarbons (APs), lacLsheeL, 8ep. no. !8C 30087. !olnL
8esearch CenLre, Ceel, 8elalum
Lln, ., Lnallna, C., ?u, !.Z. (2010), Pumlc-llke subsLances ln fresh emlsslons of rlce sLraw burnlna and
ln amblenL aerosols ln Lhe earl 8lver uelLa 8ealon, Chlna, Atmos. cbem. lbvs., 10:6487-6300.
Masek, C., Sohl, S., klso, !. and 8oaa, k. (2010), lCC Mlsslon Lo !apan - 8lochar. uoL lnLernaLlonal
Cfflce Lravel aranL, lukuoka, !apan, 11-12Lh AuausL 2010
MacCarLv, n., Cale, u., 8ond u.S.1., 8oden C. (2008), A laboraLorv comparlson of Lhe alobal warmlna
lmpacL of flve ma[or Lvpes of blomass cooklna sLoves, oetov fot 5ostolooble uevelopmeot,
volume xll no. 2:3-14.
arnphumeesup, . and kerr, S. (forLhcomlna), SLakeholder preferences Lowards Lhe susLalnable
developmenL of CuM pro[ecLs: Lessons from blomass (rlce husk) CuM pro[ecL ln 1halland
lLerou, A., Shacklev, S. and upham, . (2008), 'ro[ecL A888L: Lessons for blo-enerav developers
and pollcv-makers', oetov lollcv 36: 2044-2030.
8amanaLhan, v., Carmlchael, C. (2008),

Clobal and realonal cllmaLe chanaes due Lo black carbon.
Notote Ceoscleoce, 1:221-227.

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8oberLs, k.C., Clov, 8.A., !oseph, S., ScoLL, n.8., Lehmann, !. (2010). Llfe Cvcle AssessmenL of 8lochar
SvsLems: LsLlmaLlna Lhe LneraeLlc, Lconomlc, and CllmaLe Chanae oLenLlal. ovltoomeotol
5cleoce & 1ecbooloov, 44, 827-833.
8uvsschaerL, C. and nellssen, v. (2010), Leaal aspecLs on Lhe use of blochar ln Lhe soll ln llanders,
8elalum, aper prepared for lnLerrea 8lochar: CllmaLe Savlna Solls pro[ecL
Shacklev S, CarLer S, Paefele, S, knowles 1, Mlddellnk, L., Sohl S (2010) SusLalnable CaslflcaLlon-
8lochar SvsLems? A Case-sLudv of 8lce-Pusk CaslflcaLlon ln Cambodla. Lnerav ollcv (submlLLed)

Shacklev, S. and Creen, k. (2007). 'Lxplorlna LranslLlons Lo susLalnable enerav: uecarbonlsaLlon of Lhe
uk', oetov, 32: 221-236

Slnah, 8. ., PaLLon, 8. !., Slnah, 8., Cowle, A. L. and kaLhurla, A. (2010), lnfluence of blochars on
nlLrous oxlde emlsslon and nlLroaen leachlna from Lwo conLrasLlna solls, Iootool of ovltoomeotol
Ooolltv, 39

Sohl, S.., krull, L., Lopez-Capel, L., 8ol, 8. (2010). A revlew of blochar and lLs use and funcLlon ln soll.
AJvooces lo Aotooomv, 103: 47-82.

1lpavarom, u., Canh, n.1.k. (2007), LffecLs from open rlce sLraw burnlna emlsslon on alr quallLv ln Lhe
8anakok meLropollLan realon, 5cleoceAslo, 33:339-343.

1ona, L. and ?oshlda, 1. (2008) CeneLlc ulverslLv of Cambodlan 8lce CulLlvars, lloot ltoJ. 5cl. 11(3):
366-367

uSLA (2007), Lcoloalcal Soll Screenlna Levels of olvcvcllc ArmoaLlc Pvdrocarbons, lnLerlm llnal,
CSWL8 ulrecLlve, 9283.7-78
van ZwleLen, L., klmbe,r S., Morrls, S., uownle, A., 8eraer, L., 8usL, !. and Scheer, C. (2010), lnfluence
of blochars on flux of n
2
C and CC
2
from lerrosol, Aosttolloo Iootool of 5oll keseotcb 48, 333-368.

verhel[en, l.C.A., !efferv, S., 8asLos, A.C., van der velde, M., ulafas, l. (2009). 8lochar AppllcaLlon Lo
Solls - A CrlLlcal SclenLlflc 8evlew of LffecLs on Soll roperLles, rocesses and luncLlons. Lu8
24099 Ln, Cfflce for Lhe Cfflclal ubllcaLlons of Lhe Luropean CommunlLles, Luxemboura, 149pp.

vlcLor, u. (2009), 1he ollLlcs of lossll-luel Subsldles. 1he Clobal Subsldles lnlLlaLlve unLold 8llllons:
lossll-luel Subsldles, 1helr lmpacLs and 1he aLh 1o 8eform, lnLernaLlonal lnsLlLuLe for
SusLalnable uevelopmenL.
Woolf, u., AmoneLLe, !., SLreeL-erroLL, A., Lehmann, !. and !oseph, S. (2010), SusLalnable blochar Lo
mlLlaaLe alobal cllmaLe chanae, Notote commoolcotloos, 1, 36, uCl:dol:10.1038/ncomms1033

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Appendx Appendx Appendx Appendx 1 11 1: Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops : Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops : Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops : Uonferences/5ymposa/Workshops

1. I ncept on Workshop 1. I ncept on Workshop 1. I ncept on Workshop 1. I ncept on Workshop

Craanlsed bv A81l, lndla, PosLed bv SML, Cambodla
uaLes: uecember 12-13, 2009
Aaenda: llrsL meeLlna of Lhe collaboraLors, decldlna on deLalls of acLlon plan, and dlscusslna flnanclal
and admlnlsLraLlve lssues.
arLlclpanLs: ur. rlvadarshlnl karve & Mr. 8.n. rabhune (A81l, lndla), ur. Slmon Shacklev & Ms.
Sarah CarLer (uk88C, uk), ur. SLephan Paffele (l88l, Lhe hlllpplnes) Mr. 1onv knowels (SML,
Cambodla)

2. M d 1erm Proeress Workshop 2. M d 1erm Proeress Workshop 2. M d 1erm Proeress Workshop 2. M d 1erm Proeress Workshop

Craanlsed bv A81l, lndla, PosLed bv A81l, lndla
uaLes: Mav 23-26, 2010
Aaenda: 8evlew of work done and prellmlnarv analvsls of daLa, aareelna on nexL sLeps Lo achleve
pro[ecL ob[ecLlves
arLlclpanLs: ur. rlvadarshlnl karve & Mr. 8.n. rabhune (A81l, lndla), Ms. Sarah CarLer (uk88C, uk,
also represenLlna SML, Cambodla), ur. SLephan Paffele (l88l, Lhe hlllpplnes) & ur. Slmon Shacklev
(uk88C, uk) - bv phone and skvpe.

3 33 3. L . L . L . L- -- - Workshop: ochar: the potent a| n As a Pac f c? Workshop: ochar: the potent a| n As a Pac f c? Workshop: ochar: the potent a| n As a Pac f c? Workshop: ochar: the potent a| n As a Pac f c?

Craanlsed bv Lhe uk 8lochar 8esearch CenLre, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah and ApproprlaLe 8ural
1echnoloav lnsLlLuLe-lndla
Mondav 23
Lh
- lrldav 29
Lh
CcLober 2010
nosted by: Pousehold Lnerav neLwork (www.hedon.lnfo).
Conducted 8y: Sarah CarLer, rlvadarshlnl karve & Slmon Shacklev
Agenda: onllne dlscusslon on blochar, coverlna Lechnoloav, use and pollcv wlLh a focus on Lhe
poverLv allevlaLlon poLenLlal of aaslflcaLlon cook sLoves, lnvlLlna parLlclpaLlon/lnpuLs from pro[ecL
developers, cook sLove producers and dlsLrlbuLors, academlcs, pollcv makers and Lhose wlLh cllmaLe
chanae / carbon offseL lnLeresL.

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Contr|butors: Chrls Adam, SLuarL 8rown, AnneLLe Cowle, Cerbe uellava, karabl uuLLa, Mamadou lall,
!ohn lleld, !ohn CaunL, Wlm CeLkaLe, SLephan Paefele, 8rvan Pualll, Craham knlahL, Slena PuaL
kona, rakash !ha, !ames !ovce, 8on Larson, Lucv Lu, Luca ue Moses, Lewls eake, Sal 8haskar 8eddv
nakka, 8uv korscha ue La 8osa, 1revor 8lchards, aal Wendelbo, kelple Wllson, uomlnlc Woolf.
LlsL of realsLered parLlclpanLs:
User Iob t|t|e Locat|on:
cont|nent
8enson Zevl nA nA
Luka ue Moses nA nA
Marco Alcalde Cunnlnaham nA nA
eLer 8ussell nA nA
Lone Andersen nA nA
ChrlsLa 8oLh nA nA
8lchard lllffe nA nA
!an lleLen nA nA
karabl uuLLa 8lomass Lnerav ConsulLanL Asla
!eremlah klplaaaL 1uLorlal fellow Afrlca
sahadev kunapull nA Asla
aulo Lopes Carbon ManaaemenL ConsulLanL Lurope
nlLln aaare ro[ecL Manaaer Lurope
aal Wendelbo 1echnlcal advlser Lurope
8apLlsLe lllpo nA Lurope
Craham knlahL ulrecLor Lurope
8onal Larson resldenL Amerlca norLh
Mamadou lall lreelance consulLanL Afrlca
Cerbe uellava ro[ecL/roducL ueveloper Asla
rlvadarshlnl karve ro[ecL Co-ordlnaLor Asla
Sarah CarLer 8esearch AsslsLanL Lurope
Mbaarl klnva LxecuLlve ulrecLor Amerlca norLh
ArL uonnellv ulrecLor Amerlca norLh

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ClemenL Alaboaun ulrecLor Afrlca
lrancesco vlLall hu sLudenL Lurope
PamzaL Lawal nA Afrlca
Abhlshek Saxena AssL. rofessor Asla
Ckechukwu uawu ro[ecL Cfflcer Afrlca
Sandeep uunaduna nA Asla
1awanda Madovl Manaalna ulrecLor Afrlca
uava 8am nhuchhen SLudenL, M L ln Lnerav 1echnoloav Asla
Wlm CeLkaLe ManaaemenL Advlsor Afrlca
8ebecca 8owe 8esearcher Lurope
lsaac Zama nA Amerlca norLh
8ebeca 8amlrez AcosLa enalneer Lurope
kelple Wllson CommunlcaLlons LdlLor for lnLernaLlonal 8lochar
lnlLlaLlve
Amerlca norLh
vo[Lech klusak osLuoc Lurope
1revor 8lchards nA Asla
lucv lu nA Amerlca norLh
eLer ClLhln[l nA Lurope
8rvan Pualll naLural 8esource ManaaemenL SpeclallsL Asla
Lvobel C/senbeL Lnerav experL Afrlca
Amanda 8avenhll nA Amerlca norLh
Pannah Werdmuller nA Lurope
uomlnlc Woolf nA Lurope
Maura ShelLon hu candldaLe Amerlca norLh
Lewls eake hu sLudenL Lurope
kelll 8oberLs nA Amerlca norLh
!ohn lleld nA Amerlca norLh
Malrl 8lack 8esearch AssoclaLe Lurope
nelson ko PLuCn sofLware developmenL Amerlca norLh

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CranL 8allard-1remeer ulrecLor Lurope
Slena PuaL kona osL-CraduaLe Asla
vlnda Levv nA Asla
8arakoLura 8arakoLura nA Lurope
rakash Chandra !ha v.p Asla
SLuarL 8rown Lead consulLanL Asla
AnneLLe Cowle nA Cceanla
Sallm Mavekl Shaban resldenL Afrlca
SLephan M Paefele Senlor SclenLlsL for soll sclence and aaronomv Asla
Slmon Shacklev LecLurer Lurope
marle hlll Manaaer Asla
8oberL Polmer 8ealonal ulrecLor, LasL and SouLheasL Asla Asla
Anll kumar vempaLv Manaalna ulrecLor Asla
L8SLS 8lLlMC8lA CLC Anu lCunuL8 Asla
Sohel Ahmed 8esearch AssoclaLe Lurope
aul 1anaer nA Amerlca norLh
Chrls Adam sLove deslaner, approprlaLe LechnoloalsLe, hu
CandldaLe,
nA
!an Sorensen Man ulr Lurope
nlck Marshall ulrecLor Lurope
Sal 8haskar 8eddv nakka Chlef LxecuLlve Cfflcer Asla
8ob 8rvanL nA Lurope
Svamasundar 8eddv AssL. rofessor Asla
8elne Marle ndew ulCP nA Afrlca
lan McChesnev ulrecLor Lurope
Lvan Palaler LxecuLlve ulrecLor Amerlca norLh
!uan ablo MarLlnez
Mansllla
CLC Amerlca SouLh

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4 44 4. Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU . Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU . Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU . Nat ona| Uonsu| tat on on ochar and Uarbon Lm ss on Peduct on (NU - -- -
ULP) ULP) ULP) ULP)

OtooolseJ bv. Apptoptlote kotol 1ecbooloov lostltote (Ak1l)
uotes. 22-2J Novembet. 2010
veooe. ut. Moolbbol uesol Mooooemeot 1tololoo ceotet. 8bottlvo Aoto loJosttles loooJotloo
(8All). ut. Moolbbol uesol Nooot. Notloool nlobwov No.4. wotje. looe
1he roaramme of Lhe ConsulLaLlon was as follows:
November 22, 2010
8.30-9.30 8ealsLraLlon & 8reakfasL
9.30-10.00 lnauauraLlon and lnLroducLlon of arLlclpanLs
10.00-11.00 8lochar: lnLernaLlonal erspecLlve
kev noLe Address bv rof. Slmon Shacklev (30 mln + 10 mln)
11.00-11.30 1ea 8reak
11.30-1.30 Lxperlence Sharlna - 1
A81l's charcoal maklna Lechnoloales - Mr. n.!. Zende (20 mln + 3 mln)
8lochar bv aasolvsls - Mr. nllesh lnamdar (20 mln + 3 mln)
8lomass CaslflcaLlon and blochar - Mr. C.. naaorl (20 mln + 3 mln)
8lochar experlence from Lhe fleld - Ms. nlshlLa vasanLh (20 mln + 3 mln)
lnLroduclna SocleLv for 8lochar lnlLlaLlves - Mr. erses 8lllmorla (20 mln)
1.30-2.30 Lunch
2.30-3.30 8lochar roducLlon and uses
1hemaLlc 1alk bv ur. Sal 8haskar 8eddv (30 mln + 10 mln)
3.30-4.00 Cpen lorum
3.00-7.30 ubllc luncLlon Lo lellclLaLe ur. A.u. karve on 73
Lh
blrLhdav
venue: vedshaLroLLe[ak Sabha, near Sanas Cround, une.
7.30 - ulnner
November 23, 2010
10.00-11.00 AarlculLure wlLhouL ferLlllzer - new perspecLlves
1hemaLlc 1alk bv ur. A.u. karve (30 mln + 10 mln)

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96
11.00-11.30 1ea 8reak
11.30-1.30 Lxperlence Sharlna - 2
WC18's work ln oraanlc farmlna - Mr. Sushll 8a[pal (20 mln + 3 mln)
llrsL hand experlence of blochar based urban aarlculLure - Mr. Sunll 8hlde (20
mln + 3 mln)
romoLlna Craanlc larmlna - Mr. 8avlndra karve (20 mln + 3 mln)
A81l's blochar experlmenLs - Mr. 8.n. rabhune (20 mln + 3 mln)
1.30-2.30 Lunch
2.30-3.30 8lochar, CllmaLe chanae and llnance
lnLroducLlon Lo nexus Carbon for uevelopmenL - ur. rlvadarshlnl karve (13 mln
+ 3 mln)
lnLernaLlonal ollcv lssues - ur. Slmon shacklev (13 mln + 3 mln)
8ole of Mlcroflnance ln SusLalnable 1echnoloav romoLlon - Mr. Saurabh LkboLe
(13 mln + 3 mln)
3.30-4.30 Cpen lorum
November 24, 2010
8.00-3.00 lleld vlslL Lo A81l Lralnlna cenLer, halLan (CpLlonal)

1he llsL of parLlclpanLs ls alven below:
name CraanlsaLlon hone e-mall
1 ur. Slmon Shacklev uk 88C, unlv of
Ldlnborouah, uk
nA slmonshacklev.ed.ac
.uk
2 Mr. erses 8lllmorla 1he SocleLv of 8lochar
lnlLlaLlves, Mumbal,
MaharashLra
9821030328 earLhsoullndlaama
ll.com
3 ur. C.. naaorl ankur SclenLlflc,
vadodara, Cu[araLh
2632783098 apnaaorlankurscle
nLlflc.com
4 ur. Salbhaskar 8eddv CLC Lnalneerlna,
Pvderabad, Andhra
radesh
9246332018 salbhaskarnakkaa
mall.com
3 Ms. nlshlLa vasanLh Shola LrusL, Cudalur,
1amll nadu
9480322881 nlshlLaLhesholaLru
sL.ora

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97
6 Mr. Sahadev kunapalll ravuLa olam 8adl
(larmers' lleld School),
Chanpur, ulsL
Waranaal, Andhra
radesh
944379870 k_sahadevredlffm
all.com
7 Mr. kashlnaLh navak !lvan Slkhshan
raLlshLhaan, 8elaaon,
karnaLaka
nA
8 Mr. 8amesh Paalrdarl !lvan Slkhshan
raLlshLhaan, 8elaaon,
karnaLaka
nA
9 Mr. Madhav
Sahasrabuddhe
ravas, une,
MaharashLra
020 23469839 madhavsahasrabudh
eamall.com
10 Mr. Sushll 8a[pal WC18, une,
MaharashLra
nA vandana.salvlwoLr
.ora.ln
11 Mr. nllesh lnamdar aLperL
LeknowsvsLems, une,
MaharashLra
9011094984 nlleshlnamdarpaL
perL.com
12 Mr. Sura[ Mundhe aLperL
LeknowsvsLems, une,
MaharashLra
8888828043 sura[mundhepaLp
erL.com
13 Ms. 8upall ChaLe Creen LarLh, une,
MaharashLra
020-23466103 rupallahaLeamall.c
om
14 Mr. Sourabh LkboLe LlecLronlca llnance LLd,
une, MaharashLra
9637107416 s.ekboLeelecLronlc
aflnanceora
13 ur. C.S. 1asaaonkar Zeal LducaLlon SocleLv,
une, MaharashLra
9822334204
16 Mr. Mlllnd aLll olvfab, une,
MaharashLra
9823187231
polvfab_epsvsnl.n
eL
17 Mr. San[av 8hosale MaharashLra
navnlrman Sena, une,
MaharashLra
9890048676 san[av_bhosale_mns
amall.com
18 Mr. Prlshlkesh
ueshpande
Lnalneer lnLeresLed ln
WasLe ManaaemenL,
Pvderabad, Andhra
radesh
9704990147 hrlshl_63vahoo.co
m

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98
19 Mr. 8avlndra karve romoLer of Craanlc
larmlna, Sanall,
MaharashLra
9766607317 ravlndrakarvepca
mall.com
20 Ms. ushaprabha aae romoLer of Craanlc
larmlna, une,
MaharashLra
9422647433 ushaprabhapaaea
mall.com
21 Mr. rabhakar andlL Sclence CommunlcaLor,
une, MaharashLra
9326994383
22 Mr. Sunll 8hlde Craanlc farmer, une,
MaharashLra
9420481731 sunbhldeamall.co
m
23 Mr. Arvlnd ChlLale lnLeresLed ln Craanlc
farmlna, une,
MaharashLra
9637106366 amchlLalevahoo.c
om
24 Mr. Suvoa lulbadave AarlculLure SLudenL,
une, MaharashLra
nA suvoa_fulbadavea
mall.com
23 Mr. Mohlnlra[ Somanv lnLeresLed ln Craanlc
farmlna, une,
MaharashLra
020-26832369 nA
26 Mr. urushoLLam
SumanL
lnLeresLed ln Craanlc
farmlna, une,
MaharashLra
nA purushoLLam_suma
nLredlffmall.com
27 ur. rlvadarshlnl karve A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9822338743 pkarvearLl-
lndla.ora
28 ur. A.u karve A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9881309623 adkarveamall.com
29 Mr. narendra Zende A81l, halLan, uls.
SaLara, MaharashLra
9226369688 wLparLlamall.com
30 Mr. 8. rabhune A81l, halLan, uls.
SaLara, MaharashLra
9423033331 rnpabhunevmall.c
om
31 Mr. 8.u ueshmukh A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9226894301 arLl_punevsnl.com
32 Mr. 8.k. ?adav A81l, une,
MaharashLra
9923233806 arLl_punevsnl.com
33 Mr. A.S. aLwardhan A81l 9423322991 arLl_punevsnl.com
34 Ms. CeeLa opLanl A81l - lnLern, une,
MaharashLra
9730936488 aeeLa.popLanlama
ll.com

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99
5. I na| Pro[ ect Workshop 5. I na| Pro[ ect Workshop 5. I na| Pro[ ect Workshop 5. I na| Pro[ ect Workshop

Craanlsed bv: A81l, lndla
venue: Slem 8eap, Cambodla

uaLes: november 23-29, 2010

Aaenda: CollaLlna daLa from all Lhree counLrles, collecLlvelv analvzlna daLa, dlscusslna resulLs and
concluslons, collecLlvelv preparlna flrsL skeleLal drafL of flnal reporL

arLlclpanLs: ur. rlvadarshlnl karve & Mr. 8.n. rabhune (A81l, lndla), Ms. Sarah CarLer (uk88C, uk,
also represenLlna SML, Cambodla), ur. SLephan Paffele (l88l, Lhe hlllpplnes)

6. Add t ona| I n 6. Add t ona| I n 6. Add t ona| I n 6. Add t ona| I nformat on d ssem nat on act v t es format on d ssem nat on act v t es format on d ssem nat on act v t es format on d ssem nat on act v t es

8|og: http://b|ocharm.wordpress.com
1he pro[ecL bloa ls open access, and alves lnformaLlon abouL Lhe currenL sLaLus and acLlvlLles of Lhe
pro[ecL. lL also provldes a forum for dlscusslon slnce lnLeresLed parLles can conLacL us and leave
commenLs Lo share lnformaLlon. 1oLal vlews of Lhe bloa as of 20.12.2010 were 3821. 1he bloa wlll be
onllne afLer Lhe end of Lhe pro[ecL, and end of pro[ecL reporLs wlll be avallable Lhere.

FIGUIL A1: SCILLN SHO1 OF 1HL LIOCHAIM LLOG SI1L

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100

Appendx 2: Iundne 5ources other than APN Appendx 2: Iundne 5ources other than APN Appendx 2: Iundne 5ources other than APN Appendx 2: Iundne 5ources other than APN

uk 8lochar 8esearch CenLre, unlverslLv of Ldlnburah
ConLrlbuLlon-ln-klnd: $33,000

Carbon CapLured LlmlLed (uk):
ConLrlbuLlon Lowards Lravel and subslsLence cosLs for ur Slmon Shacklev: $3000

Appendx 3: Youne 5centsts Appendx 3: Youne 5centsts Appendx 3: Youne 5centsts Appendx 3: Youne 5centsts

5arah Carter (scarter@staffma||.ed.ac.uk)

AsslanmenL: Provide on-the-ground assistance for the field trails undertaken in Cambodia, and in
general assist in co-ordination of project activities.

lt wos o oteot expetleoce to wotk oo tbls ptoject. ooJ toke oo oew tespooslbllltles. locloJloo floooclol
ploooloo. mooooloo flelJ ttlols ooJ moJetotloo oo e-wotksbop. wblcb wos cbolleooloo bot tbe botJ
wotk polJ off! 1bese oew skllls wlll be exttemelv osefol ooJ l bope to be oble to ose tbem lo mv oext
ossloomeot. l olso boJ tbe oppottooltles to lotetoct wltb oew otooolsotloos. ooJ os o tesolt leotoeJ o
lot ftom some expetts lo Jlffeteot flelJs. wotkloo lo Aslo olso oove tbe cbooce to expetleoce oew
coltotes. ooJ ttovel to oew ploces. wblcb wos oo oJJeJ booos.

Appendx Appendx Appendx Appendx 4 44 4: Peports of Uonferences/Workshops : Peports of Uonferences/Workshops : Peports of Uonferences/Workshops : Peports of Uonferences/Workshops

ALLached:

LWorkshop8eporL.pdf
nC8CL88eporL.pdf

8eporLs of relaLed workshops (noL funded Lhrouah Lhls pro[ecL):
8locharroducLlon&use_lndla2010.pdf
8locharroducLlon&use_Cambodla2010.pdf

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103

Mater|a| Lab code 8atch Iresh
we|ght
Dry
we|ght
Water

MC

Mean
MC
(gms) (gms) () ()
8lce SLraw 60910 18 18.82 17.34 1.28 6.80 6.75
8lce SLraw 61110 18 18.63 17.23 1.40 7.31
8lce SLraw 60910 28 23.04 21.63 1.41 6.12
8lce SLraw 61110S 28 19.96 18.67 1.29 6.46
8lce SLraw 60910 38 23.66 21.98 1.68 7.10
8lce SLraw 61110S 38 27.17 23.41 1.76 6.48

8lce Pusk 61110P 18 10.26 9.22 1.04 10.14 6.96
8lce Pusk 60810 18 32.34 30.78 1.76 3.41
8lce Pusk 61110P 28 12.89 11.74 1.13 8.92
8lce Pusk 60810 28 39.09 37.17 1.92 4.91
8lce Pusk 61110P 38 11.28 10.44 0.84 7.43
8lce Pusk 60810 38 30.34 29.03 1.31 4.94

Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 61110S 1L 43.28 44.60 0.68 1.32 3.75
Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 60910 1L 18.64 17.30 1.14 6.31
Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 6410S 2L 36.87 33.88 0.99 1.77
Carbonlsed rlce sLraw 61110S 3L 39.22 38.31 0.71 1.84

Carbonlsed rlce husk 60810 1L 26.37 23.79 0.78 3.02 2.85
Carbonlsed rlce husk 61110P 1L 27.76 26.87 0.89 3.31
Carbonlsed rlce husk 60810 2L 20.66 19.98 0.68 3.40

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104
Carbonlsed rlce husk 60810 3L 23.97 23.06 0.91 3.93

TADIE A2: MOIS1UIL CON1LN1 OF SAMILLS FIOM 1HL LA1CH GASIFILI 1LS1 IUNS A1 IIII. CONDUC1LD
JULY 2010. 1HL SAMILLS WLIL 1AKLN DIILC1LY LLFOIL AND AF1LI 1HL GASIFICA1ION.

5amp|e code/deta||s DC51 samp|e code neat|ng va|ue,
81U/|b
neat|ng
va|ue,
MI/kg
L|teratur
e va|ue,
MI/kg
(A51M D2015)
AdlabaLlc bomb
calorlmeLer

lresh 8lce SLraw (8S) 18 60910 &
61110, 28 60910 & 61110S and 38
60910 & 61110S
2010 987- 1 8S 3986 13.9 13.7
lresh 8lce Pusk (8P) 18 61110P &
60810, 28 61110P & 60810, 38
61110P & 60810
2010 987- 2 8P 3980 13.9 13-13

Carbonlsed 8lce SLraw (C8S) 1L
61110S and 60910
2010 987- 3C8S 1L 831 2.0
6410S and 60910
2010 987- 4C8S 2L 1118 2.6
61110S and 60910
2010 987- 3C8S 3L 1473 3.4

Carbonlsed 8lce Pusk (C8P) 1L
61110S and 60910
2010 987- 6C8P 1L no CombusLlon noL
deLecLable

6410S and 60910
deLecLable

61110S and 60910
deLecLable

TADIE A8: ANALYSLS OF SAMILLS SULMI11LD 1O S1ANDAIDS AND 1LS1ING DIVISION. INDUS1IIAL
1LCHNOLOGY DLVLLOIMLN1 INS1I1U1L (DOS1). SLI1LMLLI 2010. 1HLSL WLIL SAMILLS FIOM 1HL
GASIFICA1ION 1IIALS DONL A1 IIII 1OGL1HLI WI1H JOHN FILLD USING 1HL LA1CH GASIFILI. JULY

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]
103
2010. 2824.4 IS 1HL CONVLISION FAC1OI FIOM L1ULL 1O JKG. 1.000.000 IS FOI CONVLISION 1O
MJKG

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