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Published by Express Publishing

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First published 2011

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This book is not meant to be changed in any way.

ISBN 978-1-78098-017-1
 Table of Contents

f.1
1
Answer Key . . . ........... .. .. . ... . .......... . . . .. ..... .. . . .... .. ........... 4
Audioscripts ..... . . . . ....... . . . ......... . .... . ........... . . .. .... . . .... . .... 14

~
2
Answer Key .... ... ... . .. ......... . ... .. . .. .. .......................... . .... 17
Audioscripts ..... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ............ . .... .. . . .... .. . .... . . .. .. ... . 28

a 3
Answer Key ... ... . . . ... . .... . . . .. .. ....... . ...... ... . . . . . .. ..... ...... .... . 32
Audioscripts ... . . ... . .. . . ... ...... . ..... ...... ..... . ..... . . . .. . ......... .. . 44
 Book 1 Answer Key

Unit 1 A: Well, some projects take longer than others.

1 Suggested Answers B: Exactly. Here's the engineering lab. Good luck with
your first day!
1 Technology makes our lives easier in so many
ways. In our homes we have technology that
9 Suggested Answer
greatly reduces the amount of work we need to
do: for instance dishwashers and tumble dryers. Date January 15
Cell phones and the Internet allow us to stay in Today was my first day in my new job. I will be
touch with people more easily and to easily find checking the design of a new engine. I was a bit
out information we need. These devices help us nervous and I didn't really know where I was going.
in work too. Computers and machines help us Luckily I met lan Hope. He showed me how to get to
work more safely and efficiently. Technology gives where I will be working from now on - the engineering
us better cars and even improved clothing that labs. As he showed me there we talked a little and I
can be used in all weather. Technology makes all discovered he is the person who is responsible for
aspects of our lives easier. the vehicle that the engine design I am checking will
2 Mathematics is important as it is one of the main go into.
tools used by the sciences (and social sciences)
to understand our world and society. Physics is Unit 2
important to understand our world (and beyond).
1 Suggested Answers
Together they are important as they allow us to
build structures like roads and bridges, and create 1 Some shapes are stronger than others, or are
technologies such as computers and smart- appropriate in particular situations because they
phones that improve our lives. can bear a particular load more easily. Arches are
stronger than square shapes when compressed
2 c 2 D 3 A and better suited in engineering applications such
as tunnels, whereas other shapes may be better
3 B 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 A able to resist loads that cause an engineering
structure (such as a bridge) to twist.
4 1 engineer 3 engineering 5 disciplines 2 Engineers use a wide range of shapes to
2 physics 4 mathematics construct buildings. Square and rectangular
shapes are very common in modern buildings,
5 Suggested Answer perhaps because of the availability of reinforced
materials. In older structures columns and arches
Engineers change our lives by developing new ideas
were much more common than perhaps they are
that change the world in big ways, and by creating
nowadays, although many modern bridges use
technologies that make our lives easier.
arches or elliptical shapes in their construction.
6 F 2 T 3 F
2 B 2 A 3 c
7 1 engineering 3 design 5 physics
3 1 D 3 B 5 c
2 inspect 4 engine 6 take longer
2 A 4 E 6 F
8 Suggested Answer
4 1 oval 3 arches 5 cylinder
A: Excuse me. Do. you know where the engineering 2 square 4 architect
lab is?
B: Absolutely. Right this way. Are you new here? 5 Suggested Answer
A: Yes I'm Gemma Wright. I'm here to inspect the
Shapes are important nowadays as they add support,
company's new engine design.
structure and style to modern architecture.
B: Nice to meet you. I'm lan Hope. I'm designing the
vehicle that the engine is going into.
6 T 2 F 3 F
A: I see. How is it going?
B: Pretty well. But we're still working on some of the
7 1 designs 3 space 5 increase
physics.
2 vaults 4 bigger 6 wasting

4 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

8 Suggested Answer 6 c 2 A
B: Shapely Architecture. This is Julia.
A: Hi Julia, it's Peter Svenson. I'm calling about the 7 1 estimate 3 materials 5 look great
designs that you sent me. 2 cover it 4 porcelain tile 6 ceramic tiles
B: Is there a problem?
A: Well, I'm wondering why do we need the vaults on 8 Suggested Answer
the ceilings? A: The estimate for the new office building looks a
B: Oh, vaulted ceilings create more space. little high.
A: So you mean they make rooms look bigger? B: Yeah, and our budget might not cover it.
B: Yes, exactly. The only downside is that they can A: Maybe we can make it cheaper. Let's look at
increase energy costs. some alternative materials.
A: In that case, I'd rather go with flat ceilings so that B: Okay. What materials are you thinking about
we're not wasting energy. changing?
A: Well, the estimate included porcelain tiles.
9 Suggested Answer B: What's wrong with that? Porcelain tiles look great.
Question: Why have a vaulted ceiling? A: But they're also really expensive. We could save
Benefits: creates the impression of more space. money by getting ceramic tiles instead.
Drawbacks: increased energy costs. B: That's a good idea.
Decision: Use a flat ceiling rather than a vaulted one.
9 Suggested Answer
Unit3 Engineer Name: Alexandra Caine
Materials (Check box to order item)
1 Suggested Answers Steel ./
1 My home is made of concrete. Of course there Coated Glass ./
are other materials: the doors (and some floors) Concrete ./
are made of wood; the windows have glass and Porcelain
metal frames; and the kitchen has ceramic tiles Ceramic ./
and a marble work surface.
2 Engineers decide what kind of materials to use Unit4
based on a number of factors. Their client may wish
to have a particular material used - for example 1 Suggested Answers
many businesses like to have headquarters that 1 There are a huge range of tools available to do
feature lots of glass. Cost always plays a major different jobs. Some of these tools are everyday
part. The materials chosen must fit within the items: for example a spanner to tighten up or
client's budget. Specific local factors will also loosen bolts on machines and furniture , or a
influence an engineer's choice of materials. In hammer to put a nail into some wood. Screwdrivers
areas where earthquakes are common it will be are also very common, these are used to put, or
appropriate to use reinforced materials e.g. steel remove, screws into many household items, most
reinforced concrete. commonly on electrical items and plugs. But,
many professions have their own specialist tools.
2 1 F 2 T 3 F Different types of engineers will require different
tool sets to do their jobs. Electrical engineers may
3 1 porcelain 3 lumber use soldering irons to join pieces of metal, or
2 stainless steel 4 concrete special screwdrivers that light up if there is
electricity passing through a screw.
4 1 A 3 E 5 B 7 D 2 it is vitally important to have the right tools to do
2 F 4 c 6 G a job. Any work done or repairs made might not
last as long if they are done using the wrong tools.
5 Suggested Answer Things can get broken as they are being worked
There are two types of concrete available: concrete on with the wrong tools, and the person using
and textured concrete. them may get hurt. In some cases it may be
simply impossible to do what you want to do
without the right tools.

Answer Key 5
 Book 1 Answer Key

2 B 2 A 3 D instance anti-lock braking systems (commonly

known as ABS). But the most common measures
3 1 F 3 D 5 G 7 c are those that are designed to protect the
2 E 4 B 6 A passengers in a car in the event of a crash. These
work by spreading the energy transferred during
4 A 2 c 3 B a crash over a longer time period. The fronts of
cars are designed to deform in a crash and
5 Suggested Answer absorb a large part of the energy. Seatbelts are
The manual gives instructions on how to fix a broken also used to slow down a passenger in the event
lamp. of a crash, again spreading out the energy
transfer over a longer time period to make it safer
6 T 2 F 3 T for the passenger.

7 1 looking for 3 difference 5 more for 2 F 2 F 3 T

2 wiring 4 basic 6 I'll take
8 Suggested Answer
A: Hello ma'am. Can I help you find anything?
B: Yes, I'm looking for a soldering iron.
A: Okay. We have a few different models. Can I ask
what you'll be using it for?
B: I need to repair some wiring.
A: Well, we have the Lanford 250 or the Hilldale 400.
B: Okay. What's the difference?
A: The Lanford 250 is for basic wiring. The Hilldale
400 is more for small circuits.
B: I think I'll take the Lanford.
9 Suggested Answer
Tool 1: Lanford 250 soldering iron
Purpose: The Lanford 250 soldering iron is used for
basic wiring.
Tool 2: Hilldale 400 soldering iron
Purpose: The Hilldale 400 soldering iron is used for
soldering on small circuits.
Selection: Lanford 250 soldering iron
Unit 5
1 Suggested Answers
1 There are tw~ primary types of energy: kinetic
energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy refers
to the energy something has as a result of it being
in motion. Potential energy refers to the energy
something has as a result of its position. For
instance a car moving quickly has lots of kinetic
energy, whereas an object on top of a building
has lots of potential energy.
2 Engineers make cars safer by designing safety
features. Some of these are designed to help a
car stop more quickly in an emergency, for
3 1 stopping distance, decelerate
2 potential energy, kinetic energy
3 force, work
4 A 2 D 3 c 4 B
5 Suggested Answer
The new seatbelts reduce injuries by increasing a
passenger's stopping distance in the event of a crash.
6 B 2 D
7 1 safer than 4 belt
2 stopping distance 5 pretty good
3 kinetic energy 6 testing
8 Suggested Answer
A: I heard you're working on the new seatbelt designs.
B: Yes, I am. I think I can make them safer than our
current models.
A: Really? How can you do that?
B: All I have to do is to extend the stopping distance.
A: How? Are you going to make the seatbelts stretch
more?
B: Yes, exactly. That way, the passenger's kinetic
energy will be transferred to the belt.
A: That's a pretty good idea.
B: Yeah, I think it is. We're testing it next week.
9 Suggested Answer
In most crashes car passengers are protected by a
seatbelt. But this means they are stopped very
suddenly. A large amount of energy is transferred in
a very short space of time and, usually, results in
injury. But we can extend the passengers stopping
distance by making a seatbelt stretch more. This will
extend the time over which any energy is transferred.

6 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

This will improve safety as passengers will be 9 Suggested Answer

subjected to much smaller forces over a longer Date: December 12
period of time, rather than one massive impact. 1 Simple Machine: Wheel and axle
Example: Bicycle
Unit 6 2 Simple Machine: Pulley
Example: Elevator
1 Suggested Answers
3 Simple Machine: Inclined plane
1 Some simple machines include the inclined plane, Example: Wheelchair ramp
the screw, the lever, the wheel and axle and the
pulley. More complicated machines can usually be
Unit7
thought of in terms of combinations of simple
machines. 1 Suggested Answers
2 Simple machines make work easier by allowing 1 There are a variety of types of number. Many
someone, or something, to apply a relatively small things are expressed in percentages: that is how
force from far away to move a very heavy object often something happens in one hundred events.
a much shorter distance. The amount of work For instance, if an athlete wins every second race
done in both cases is the same - the force times he or she runs we say they have a fifty percent
the distance moved - but the longer distance success rate. That is because if they raced one
traveled by the device (e.g. a lever) means that a hundred times they would win fifty races. Another
much smaller force has to be applied to move a way to express this is as a fraction. We can say
heavier object than would otherwise be necessary. that the athlete wins one in two, or a half, of their
races. We write this as 1/2.
2 F 2 F 3 T 2 If we square a number, it means we multiply it by
itself. The square of 3 is 9, because 3 multiplied
3 D 2 B 3 E 4 c 5 A by 3 equals nine. lt is called squaring because the
resulting answer is the same as the area of a
4 1 leverage 3 complicated 5 fulcrum square that has sides of that length. Cubing takes
2 pulley 4 inclined plane this a step further. In this case we multiply a
number by itself 3 times. So 3 cubed is 3 x 3 x 3,
5 Suggested Answer which equals 27. In this case the answer is equal
A wedge is used to split objects and push them apart. to the volume of a cube that has sides of that
length. More generally we call the amount of
6 F 2 F 3 T times something is multiplied by itself as its
exponent: squaring and cubing are simply particular
7 1 simple machines 4 pulleys examples of this (that are used commonly in
2 wheels 5 Good point engineering and elsewhere).
3 think of 6 inclined plane
2 1 nine hundredths 4 one tenth
8 Suggested Answer 2 105 5 three cubed
A: Hi, John. Did you have a question? 3 thirty-two percent 6 112
B: Yes. Did you say that people use simple machines
every day? 3 1 E 3 F 5 A
A: Yes. We alluse them. 2 B 4 D 6 c
B: Um, besides the wheels on my bike, I can't think
of any. 4 1 eight tenths 3 four thousandths
A: Well, think about elevators. They use pulleys to 2 ten to the sixth power 4 one hundredth
raise and lower the car.
B: Good point. I never thought of that. 5 Suggested Answer
A: And we have an inclined plane right outside this We say five tenths as a percentage is fifty percent.
classroom.
B: Oh yeah, the wheelchair ramp. 6 1 F 2 T 3 T

Answer Key 7
 Book 1 Answer Key

7 1 take a look 4 exponent is fitted to a machine or vehicle this could cause

2 off 5 ten to the it to not work properly.
3 eighth power 6 No problem
2 F 2 F 3 T
8 Suggested Answer
A: Sophie, could you take a look at these numbers? 3 1 meter 3 Iiter 5 imperial system
B: Sure. Is there a problem? 2 pounds 4 centimeter 6 toot
A: Yes. I've checked the calculations twice but
something is off. 4 1 gallons 3 metric
B: Okay. Let's see ... um, right here you multiplied by 2 kilograms 4 inch
ten to the eighth power.
A: Uh, yes I did. Is that wrong? 5 Suggested Answer
B: Well, look at the formula. That's the wrong exponent. The engineer was confused about which measurement
You need to multiply by ten to the ninth power. system to use: he was using imperial when the metric
A: Oh, I see. You're right. Thank you. I don't know how system was needed.
I missed that.
B: No problem. Hopefully that fixes it. 6 A 2 D

9 Suggested Answer 7 1 measurements 3 metric 5 meters

This morning I had a problem with a calculation that
I was doing. I was sure that I had done it correctly as
I had checked it a number of times, but it was still
wrong. Finally, I asked Sophie, my eo-worker, to take
a look at it. She checked it and noticed that I was
using the wrong exponent: I was using ten to the
eighth power when I should have been using ten to
the ninth power. Once I made this change and
recalculated I arrived at the correct result, so the
formula I was using was fine.
UnitS
1 Suggested Answers
1 Throughout history there have been a wide variety
of measurement systems. Each culture and
society found it necessary to measure certain
physical things: length and weight and so on. All
these different measurements started to cause
confusion once people from many different
countries started to interact. This lead to the
creation of more standard measurement systems
and today there are two main systems: metric and
imperial. Imperial is used primarily in the United
States, whereas the metric system is more
popular in the rest of the world.
2 Engineers .label all measurements to ensure that
anyone else who might work on, or use, something
they have created understands what types of
measurements are being used. Otherwise this
could lead to problems later on if people try to
reuse, repair or even complete something. lt could
even be dangerous, if something the wrong size
2 imperial 4 longer 6 inches
8 Suggested Answer
B: Hello, Janine. We need to talk about the
measurements you're using.
A: Okay. What's up?
B: Well, you're using imperial measurements instead
of metric measurements.
A: Oh no! I can't believe I made such a simple mistake!
B: it's okay. There's plenty of time to fix it.
A: All right. So that means we need much longer
pipes, right?
B: That's it. We need pipes that are 4.5 meters, not
four feet five inches.
A: I see. Sorry about all this. I almost never work with
the metric system!
9 Suggested Answer
Engineer 1 Name: Karen Van Derpol
Engineer 2 Name: Rob de Graaf
Incorrect Measurements: pipe - 4 feet, 5 inches,
holds 15 gallons; frame weight - 20 pounds
Correct measurements: 4.5 meters (450 centimeters),
holds 15 liters; frame weight 20 kilograms
Unit 9
1 Suggested Answers
1 People use the scientific method in a research
setting to try and understand more about our
world and the universe. The scientific method is
also used in engineering: when a problem is
encountered it must be first understood in order

8 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

to be solved. Thus when some new problem is 9 Suggested Answer

encountered the engineer must use the scientific Is problem clear? y_ I N
method to understand what they are dealing with, Is hypothesis clear? y_ I N
and possibly also to help formulate a solution to Suggestions for experiment:
the problem. Add some other materials to test how well they
2 The scientific method is important as it helps us dissipate heat, e.g. foam and rubber.
to add to the body of human knowledge in a way
that can be checked and verified. lt frees
Unit 10
experiments from personal and cultural bias,
allowing us to build an objective knowledge base 1 Suggested Answers
for the benefit of mankind. There are a few simple ways to keep workplaces
safe. Perhaps the most important is to have well
2 1 Observation: Some computer cases dissipate or understood rules so that employees know what
lose heat better than others. to look out for in order to avoid accidents, and
2 Hypothesis: Some computer case materials hold how to deal with them if and when they occur.
in heat longer than others. Proper safety precautions such as guards around
3 Methodology: Variables: glass and metal cups. machines and fences where there are dangerous
Control: a plastic cup. drops are also vitally important. Finally, the correct
clothing and personal safety equipment are also
3 1 B 3 A 5 D important.
2 E 4 c 6 F 2 To ensure safety at work workers need the
correct equipment. They must be supplied with
4 B 2 A 3 A 4 c 5 B the right safety gear such as gloves and goggles.
lt is also vitally important to have the right
5 Suggested Answer equipment in case there is an accident or a fire:
The temperature of the three cups will be recorded for instance a first aid kit or a fire extinguisher.
five minutes after adding hot water to them.
2 1 B 2 c 3 D
6 F 2 T 3 F
3 1 c 3 E 5 A
7 1 project proposal 4 variables 2 D 4 F 6 B
2 hypothesis 5 heat
3 about adding 6 Good point 4 1 precaution 3 hazard 5 injury
2 prohibited 4 first aid
8 Suggested Answer
A: Hi Ms. Jackson. Did you get a chance to review 5 Suggested Answer
my project proposal? Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock to
B: Uh, yes. You want to study how different materials people nearby.
dissipate heat right?
A: Yes. lt could really help us design better computer 6 F 2 F 3 T
cases.
B: Well, the problem and the hypothesis are clear. 7 1 accident 4 gloves and goggles
But I have a suggestion. 2 fire 5 called for help
A: Sure. What is it? 3 what exactly 6 put out
B: How about adding other materials as variables?
Maybe rubber? 8 Suggested Answer
A: Um, we already know that rubber retains a lot of A: Angela, can I talk to you about the accident today?
heat. B: The fire? Yes, of course.
B: Good point. Try to think of some other materials A: So what exactly happened?
to test. B: Well, Darren was using the blowtorch.
A: Was he wearing gloves and goggles?

Answer Key 9
 Book Answer Key

B: He was. But his hand slipped and something on 8 Suggested Answer

the table started burning. He was trying to put it A: So where are you working now?
out when his shirt caught on fire. B: I'm a civil engineer with Design Co.
A: Okay, and then he called for help? A: I see. What types of projects do you do there?
B: Right. I got a fire extinguisher and put out the fire. B: Mostly residential infrastructure.
A: Okay. What are you working on right now?
9 Suggested Answer B: Well, right now I'm working on a new housing
There was an accident in the factory today. One of development.
the engineers was using a blowtorch but he slipped A: Great. We work on those fairly often. Why do you
and set something on fire in front of him. He was want to leave your company?
wearing his gloves and goggles at the time, but then B: I'd like to work on municipal design projects. But
his shirt caught fire and he called for help. A eo- Design Co doesn't do them.
worker nearby came to his aid and put the fire out
using a fire extinguisher. 9 Suggested Answer
Employer Name: Design Co
Unit 11 Job Candidate Name: Hassan Aziz
Experience: The candidate mainly has experience of
1 Suggested Answers
small-scale residential , but also some commercial,
1 Civil engineers help design and construct all the projects.
major pieces of infrastructure in our society. Current Projects: The candidate is currently working
Without them modern societies would not be able on a new housing development.
to function. Roads, buildings, bridges, railway lines
and many more structures all owe their existence
Unit 12
to civil engineers.
2 Civil engineers help build and improve our cities. 1 Suggested Answers
They improve the way traffic flows by building new 1 Chemical engineering is the use of engineering
roads and bridges. They improve the quality of our knowledge and techniques in the chemical industry.
working lives by building new office buildings and lt is used to help produce large amounts of
factories. They help us live in better places by chemicals and is particularly associated with the
designing and building new flats and houses. extraction and processing of petroleum into various
grades of oil and gas. lt is also involved in the
2 B 2 D 3 A creation of new technologies, again often those
relating to fuels.
3 B 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 A 2 Chemical engineering affects the world in many
ways. Without it, it would be impossible to produce
4 1 civil engineer 4 road construction all the fuels and gas that power our economies
2 infrastructure 5 scale and our means or transportation. Also many
3 water supply products today are made from chemicals derived
from petroleum - i.e. plastics. Pesticides and other
5 Suggested Answer chemicals are used to help produce all the food
The successful applicant will have experience of that people need. These impacts are not always
designing many types of infrastructure, and knowledge positive, however. Chemical engineering can have
of water supply ISsues. He or she may also have large negative effects on the world when
experience with topographic models. something goes wrong - like a chemical spill or
an explosion at a chemical factory.
6 F 2 T 3 F
2 D 2 D 3 D
7 1 civil engineer 4 working on
2 projects 5 development 3 1 F 3 c 5 E 7 B
3 residential infrastructure 6 municipal 2 G 4 A 6 D

10 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

4 1 alternative fuel 3 fuel aided design (CAD) rather than drafting. The
2 biodegradable behaviors of these designs are then tested using
computer simulations before they are even built,
5 Suggested Answer for instance using computational fluid dynamics.
Some people are against biodiesel as they are Finally, these designs, once finalized are used as
worried that growing crops to make it will lead to food the basis for building the actual parts using
shortages. computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

6 F 2 T 3 F 2 1 pressure 3 prototypes 5 CAM

2 services 4 CAD 6 stresses
7 1 risks 3 disagree 5 non-food crops
2 biodiesel 4 demand 6 a lot of success 3 c 2 A 3 D 4 E 5 B

8 Suggested Answer 4 1 simulations 4 prototype

2 drafting 5 mechanical engineering
A: So what do you think about the risks of biodiesel?
3 mechanism
B: What do you mean?
A: Many critics say that biodiesel will cause a food
5 Suggested Answer
shortage.
B: I disagree. There are enough crops in the world You can obtain more information about Sharp & Co.'s
to supply both food and fuel. services by calling or emailing them.
A: But as the population grows, demand for both will
increase. 6 T 2 F 3 F
B: That's why we're starting to make biodiesel from
non-food crops. 7 1 pressure vessel 4 right
A: Really? What are you using? 2 prototype 5 do a lot more
B: Well, we've had a lot of success making biodiesel 3 computer models 6 talk about
from algae.
8 Suggested Answer
9 Suggested Answer A: Hi. I need a custom pressure vessel for a gas line.
Interview with: Gary Flanders B: Um, we can build a prototype, or we can work
About: the problems caused by biodiesel with a computer model.
Engineer's thoughts on risks: doesn't believe that A: Hmm ... what would you recommend?
the risks are real B: Well, computer models are faster. And they let us
Alternatives: biodiesel made with non-food crops perform a lot of simulations.
Having success with: biodiesel based on algae has A: But you also test physical prototypes, right?
been very successful B: Yes. But, obviously, you can do a lot more with a
computer model.
A: Okay. Let's talk about that.
Unit 13
1 Suggested Answers 9 Suggested Answer
1 Mechanical engineers fix a wide variety of Customer Request: Custom pressure vessel for a
problems. They are involved in the design and gas line
manufacture of industrial plants and machinery, Customer Order: Use a computer model
vehicles, engines, ships and many more things. Notes: The customer was initially unsure about what
This means they are required to fix problems in kind of modeling would be appropriate: physical
all of these areas. If a machine breaks as soon as modeling or computer modeling. I explained to him
it is used, or even after having been used for a that we do fewer tests on physical models. I
long time, mechanical engineers will look for a recommended the use of computer modeling as this
solution to stop this happening again. allows us to perform a lot of simulations.
2 Mechanical engineers now use a number of
computer methods to do their job better. Most
modern products are designed using computer

Answer Key 11
 Book 1 Answer Key

Unit 14 9 Suggested Answer

1 Suggested Answers From: Ms Sanchez
1 Electrical engineering is that part of engineering To: Production Staff
where electricity is the major focus. In the past it Subject: Deadline changes
was thought to usually relate to large scale Dear Staff,
electrical applications such as power generation We're changing the deadlines on the GR-7 and the
and transmission. But nowadays it is often seen GR-22 DVD player projects. The deadline for the GR-
to include much smaller applications that involve 7 models is next month, so we're pushing back the
electricity i.e. electronics. GR-22s. We're still making circuit card assemblies for
2 Electrical engineers make electric motors and both products. We just need to stop making GR-22
power stations and power distribution systems power supplies until then.
(the networks of cables and other equipment that Let me know if you have any questions.
supply electricity to homes and businesses in Sincerely,
most countries). They work on lighting and wiring
buildings, on household appliances (kettles,
Unit 15
toasters etc.) and telecommunications systems.
Sometimes they may be involved in producing 1 Suggested Answers
smaller scale objects using circuit boards and 1 I have flown in different kinds of airplanes when I
even integrated circuits. have gone on vacation, but not in any other kind
of aircraft. Perhaps one day I will fly in a helicopter
2 A 2 A 3 c as a special treat - over New York or the Grand
Canyon. But I don't think I will ever fly in a spacecraft!
3 B 2 c 3 A 4 D 2 Aerospace engineering has changed travel
dramatically. In the days before airplanes long
4 1 power supply 3 components distance trips could take many weeks or even
2 input voltage months. Nowadays with modern airliners everywhere
is accessible within a day, with most places only
5 Suggested Answer a few hours away. This has lead to an explosion
The GR-7 power supplies produce 3 Watts more than in travel for business and leisure purposes as
the GR-22 power supplies. companies seek out new markets and people
look for ever more exotic locations for their
6 F 2 F 3 F vacations or simply fly to another city or country
for a weekend break. Perhaps in the future space
7 1 deadlines 4 components travel will have the same effect. So far only a few
2 models 5 circuit card assemblies people have traveled into space, but there are
3 pushing back 6 power supplies already advanced plans for commercial services
to take passengers into space.
8 Suggested Answer
A: Jamie, can I talk to you for a moment? 2 B 2 c 3 c
B: Of course Ms. Sanchez. What's up?
A: We're changing the deadlines on the GR-7 and 3 1 B 3 D 5 E
the GR-22 DVD..player projects. 2 c 4 A 6 F
B: Really? Aren't we trying to finish both at the same
time? 4 1 internal fuel capacity 3 ramjet
A: The GR-7 models are due next month. So we're 2 spacecraft 4 flyaway value
pushing back the GR-22s.
B: Okay. I'll stop production on the GR-22 components. 5 Suggested Answer
A: No, don't do that. The same circuit card assemblies Designs featuring ramjets will not be accepted as
work in both products. they do not work in space.
B: Oh, that's right. We just need to hold off on GR-22
power supplies then. 6 1 T 2 T 3 F

12 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

7 1 spacecraft challenge
2 Would you like
3 propellant
4 minimum velocity of Mach 3.5
5 only has
6 makes it

8 Suggested Answer
B: Tomorrow's Tech. Can I help you?
A: Hi, I'm calling about the spacecraft challenge.
B: Okay. Would you like to register a design team?
A: I think so. But I have a few questions first. The
design can use any type of propellant right?
B: Yes, that's right.
A: And it has to reach a minimum velocity of Mach 3.5?
B: No, it only has to reach 2.5.
A: Oh, I see. That makes it easier.

9 Suggested Answer
Challenge Requirements:
Capability to launch up to 6,000 pound payload; an
internal fuel capacity of at least 5,000 pounds; at
least 16,000 pounds of thrust; a minimum velocity of
mach 2.5.
Challenge Allows:
All types of designs and propellant are acceptable.
Obviously, however, designs featuring ramjets will not
be accepted. A maximum flyaway value of 500
million euros is allowed.

Answer Key 13
 Audioscripts

Unit 1 Owner: Well, we have the Lanford 250 or the Hilldale 400.
Engineer 1 (W): Excuse me. Do you know where the Engineer: Okay. What's the difference?
engineering lab is? Owner: The Lanford 250 is for basic wiring. The Hilldale
Engineer 2 (M): Absolutely. Right this way. Are you new 400 is more for small circuits.
here? Engineer: I think I'll take the Lanford.
Engineer 1: Yes. I'm Sarah Gladstone. I'm here to inspect
the company's new engine design. Unit 5
Engineer 2: Nice to meet you. I'm Bob Sanders. I'm
Engineer 1 (M): I heard you're working on the new seatbelt
designing the vehicle that the engine is going into.
designs.
Engineer 1: I see. How's it going?
Engineer 2 (W): Yes, I am. I think I can make them safer
Engineer 2: Pretty well. But we're still working on some
than our current models.
of the physics.
Engineer 1: Really? How can you do that?
Engineer 1: Well, some projects take longer than others.
Engineer 2: All I have to do is extend the stopping
Engineer 2: Exactly. Here's the engineering lab. Good
distance.
luck with your first day!
Engineer 1: How? Are you going to make the seatbelts
stretch more?
Unit 2 Engineer 2: Yes, exactly. That way, the passenger's kinetic
Architect (W): Keystone Architecture. This is Donna. energy will be transferred to the belt.
Cl ient (M): Hi, Donna, it's Jim North. I'm calling about the Engineer 1: That's a pretty good idea.
designs that you sent me. Engineer 2: Yeah, I think it is. We're testing it next week.
Architect: Is there a problem?
Cli ent: Well, I'm wondering, why do we need the vaults Unit 6
on the ceilings?
Teacher (M): Hi, Paula. Did you have a question?
Architect: Oh, vaulted ceilings create more space.
Student (W): Yes. Did you say that people use simple
Cli ent: So they make rooms look bigger?
machines every day?
Architect: Yes, exactly. The only downside is that they
Teacher: Yes. We all use them.
can increase energy costs.
Student: Um, besides the wheels on my bike, I can't think
Client: In that case, I'd rather go with flat ceilings so we're
of any.
not wasting energy.
Teacher: Well, think about elevators. They use pulleys to
raise and lower the car.
Unit 3 Student: Good point. I never thought of that.
Eng ineer 1 (W): The estimate for the new office building Teacher: And we have an inclined plane right outside this
looks a little high. classroom.
Engineer 2 (M): Yeah, but our budget might not cover it. Student: Oh yeah, the wheelchair ramp.
Eng ineer 1: Maybe we can make it cheaper. Let's look
at som e alternative materials. Unit 7
Engineer 2: Okay. What materials are you thinking about
Engineer 1 (W): Kevin, could you take a look at these
changing?
numbers?
Engineer 1: Well, the estimate included porcelain tile.
Engineer 2 (M): Sure. Is there a problem?
Engineer 2: What's wrong with that? Porcelain tiles look
Engineer 1: Yes. I've checked the calculations twice but
great.
something is off.
Engineer 1: But they're also really expensive. We could
Engineer 2: Okay. Let's see ... um, right here you multiplied
save money by getting ceramic tiles instead.
by ten to the eighth power.
Engineer 2: That's a good idea.
Engineer 1: Uh, yes, I did. Is that wrong?
Engineer 2: Well, look at the formula. That's the wrong
Unit4 exponent. You need to multiply by ten to the ninth
Owner (M): Hello, ma'am. Can I help you find anything? power.
Engineer (W): Yes. I'm looking for a soldering iron.
Owner: Okay. We have a few different models. Can 1 ask
what you'll be using it for?
Engineer: I need to repair some wiring.

14 Answer Key

Engineer 1: Oh, I see. You're right. Thank you. I don't know
how I missed that.
Engineer 2: No problem. Hopefully that fixes it.
UnitS
Engineer 1 (W): Hello, Timothy. We need to talk about
the measurements you're using.
Engineer 2 (M): Okay. What's up?
Engineer 1: Well, you're using imperial measurements
instead of metric measurements.
Engineer 2: Oh, no! I can't believe I made such a simple
mistake!
Engineer 1: it's okay. There's plenty of time to fix it.
Engineer 2: All right. So that means we need much longer
pipes, right?
Engineer 1: That's it. We need pipes that are 4.5 meters,
not 4 feet, 5 inches.
Engineer 2: I see. Sorry about all this. I almost never work
with the metric system!
Unit9
Engineer (M): Hi Ms. Smith. Did you get a chance to
review my project proposal?
Manager (W): Uh, yes. You want to study how different
materials dissipate heat, right?
Engineer: Yes. lt could really help us design better
computer cases.
Manager: The problem and hypothesis are clear. But I
have a suggestion.
Engineer: Sure. What is it?
Manager: How about adding other materials as variables?
Maybe foam and rubber?
Engineer: Um, we already know that rubber retains a lot
of heat.
Manager: Good point. Try to think of some other materials
to test.
Unit 10
Supervisor (W): James, can I talk to you about the accident
today?
Engineer (M): The fire? Yes, of course.
Supervisor: So what exactly happened?
Engineer: Well, Charles was using the blowtorch.
Supervisor: Was he wearing gloves and goggles?
Engineer: He was. But his hand slipped and something
on the table started burning. He was trying to put it
out when his shirt caught on fire.
Supervisor: Okay, and then he called for help?
Engineer: Right. I got a fire extinguisher and put out the fire.
Audioscripts
Unit 11
Employer (W): So where are you working now?
Candidate (M): I'm a civil engineer with Design Co.
Employer: I see. What types of projects do you do there?
Candidate: Mostly residential infrastructure.
Employer: Okay. What are you working on right now?
Candidate: Well, right now I'm working on a new housing
development.
Employer: Great. We work on t~ose fairly often. Why do
you want to leave your comp..any?
Candidate: I'd like to work on municipal design projects.
But Design Co doesn't do them.
Unit 12
Reporter (W): So what do you think about the risks of
biodiesel?
Engineer (M): What do you mean?
Reporter: Many critics say that biodiesel will cause a
food shortage.
Engineer: I disagree. There are enough crops in the world
to supply both food and fuel.
Reporter: But as the population grows, demand for both
will increase.
Engineer: That's why we're starting to make biodiesel
from non-food crops.
Reporter: Really? What crops are you using?
Engineer: Well, we've had a lot of success making biodiesel
from algae.
Unit 13
Employee (M): Sharp and Company. How can I help you?
Customer (W): Hi. I need a custom pressure vessel for
a gas line.
Employee: Um, we can build a physical prototype, or we
can work with a computer model.
Customer: Hmm ... what would you recommend?
Employee: Well, computer models are faster. And they
let us perform a lot of simulations.
Customer: But you also test physical prototypes, right?
Employee: Yes. But, obviously, you can do a lot more
with a computer model.
Customer: Okay. Let's talk about that.
Unit 14
Manager (M): Valerie, can I talk to you for a moment?
Engineer (W): Of course, Mr. Smith. What's up?
Manager: We're changing the deadlines on the GR-7 and
GR-2.2 DVD player projects.
Engineer: Really? Aren't we trying to finish both at the
same time?
Answer Key 15
 Audioscripts

Manager: The GR-7 models are due next month. So we're

pushing back the GR-2.2s.
Engineer: Okay. I'll stop production on all · GR-2.2
components.
Manager: No, don't do that. The same circuit card
assemblies work in both products.
Engineer: Oh, that's right. We just need to hold off on
GR-2.2 power supplies, then.

Unit 15
Receptionist (M): Tomorrow's Tech. Can I help you?
Engineer (W): Hi. I'm calling about the spacecraft challenge.
Receptionist: Okay. Would you like to register a design
team?
Engineer: I think so. But I have a few questions first. The
design can use any type of propellant, right?
Receptionist: Yes, that's right.
Engineer: And it has to reach a minimum velocity of
Mach 3.5?
Receptionist: No, it only has to reach 2.5.
Engineer: Oh, I see. That makes it easier.

16 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

Unit 1 B: We could do the same thing. Just shorten the arm

1 Suggested Answers
1 Engineering expertise was used in the Middle
Ages to make siege engines: these were
weapons designed to destroy fortifications such
as castle walls or defensive walls around towns.
9 Suggested Answer
The best known of these was the catapult, which
used engineering principles to throw heavy
objects (usually rocks) against or inside enemy
fortifications.
2 We can use these machines to remind us of the
importance of basic engineering principles, such
as mechanical advantage. The people who
designed these weapons were highly-skilled
engineers, and when faced with a related
engineering problem, it is always worth looking at
these old designs to see if lessons learned there
can be applied today.
2 F 2 F 3 T
holding the counterweight.
A: Yeah! And we make the arm closer to the pivot, it
would be a stronger support that could handle
more weight.
Dear Andrea,
I was looking at my old college books and I think the
design of the trebuchet, a c~tapult from the Middle
ages, can help us with the problem we are having
with the crane. lt uses the principle of mechanical
advantage of leverage, and we could do the same
with the crane. We can shorten the arm holding the
counterweight and bring the arm closer to the pivot
and we will have a crane that can handle a lot more
weight.
What do you think?
Sincerely,
Xavi.

3 1 projectiles, trebuchets Unit 2

2 torque, pivot
1 Suggested Answers
3 payload, mechanical advantage
1 A good engineer must be good with numbers, be
4 1 E 3 c 5 F curious about how things work and have an
2 A 4 B 6 D aptitude for solving problems. They must have
excellent communication skills to be able to
5 Suggested Answer explain their ideas to non-engineers. A good
education is important too, to ensure they are up
A trebuchet could cause so much damage because
to date with the latest developments in theory,
it was capable of launching objects that have a very
techniques and materials.
large mass.
2 Some of these qualities can be developed
through education and ongoing professional
6 D 2 B
training. Others must be nurtured and encouraged
during childhood: a child needs to be encouraged
7 1 inspiration 4 mechanical advantage
to question how things work and to try and find
2 trebuchet 5 counterweight
solutions to problems.
3 catapult 6 pivot
2 1 D 2 c 3 c
8 Suggested Answer
A: I can't believe we're still having trouble with this 3 1 F 3 A 5 E 7 c
crane design! 2 D 4 G 6 B
B: I know. I was thinking about the problem last night.
So I dug up my old college textbook for inspiration. 4 1 competence 3 interpersonal 5 courage
A: And you found something useful? 2 long-term 4 quality
B: Yeah, I did actually. Do you remember what a
trebuchet is? 5 Suggested Answer
A: Sure. it's a catapult.
An engineer must be numerate in order to assess
B: That's right. And it uses the principle of mechanical
their work and perform complex calculations.
advantage of leverage.
A: Okay, but how does that help us?
6 1 F 2 F 3 T

Answer Key 17
 Book 2 Answer Key

7 1 degree in 4 interpersonal 2 T 2 F 3 F
2 curiosity 5 clubs in college
3 looked for answers 3 B 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 A

8 Suggested Answer 4 1 c 3 F 5 B 7 G
A: So, tell me about yourself and what you can bring 2 H 4 A 6 D 8 E
to MiracleCo.
B: First of all, I have a degree in electrical engineering. 5 Suggested Answer
A: I read that on your resume. Tell me something that The seminar on quantum mechanics is only open to
I can't read about. those who hold PhDs.
B: Well, anyone can get a degree, but not everyone
has curiosity. 6 D 2 A
A: And you do?
B: I think so. Ever since I was a kid I've always looked 7 1 organizing systems 4 postgraduate degrees
for answers. 2 Ethics 5 attend
A: Can you give me an example? 3 bachelor's degree 6 get into
B: Sure. When I was ten, I took a television apart just
to see how it works. 8 Suggested Answer
A: Excellent! Now, how would you rate your A: Good morning, Samantha. How did things go
interpersonal skills? yesterday?
B: I'm very good with people. I ran several clubs in B: Great! The seminar on organizing systems was
college. fascinating.
A: I'm glad to hear it! What are you planning on going
9 Suggested Answer to today?
Interviewer: Kathy Richards B: Actually, I don't have a choice. lt has to be Ethics.
Applicant: David Demeroid A: Why's that?
Qualities: Well qualified and intellectually curious. B: Well, unlike you, I only have a bachelor's degree.
Examples: Has a degree in electrical engineering; A: Ah, yes. I noticed a few of the events require
once took a television apart to see how it worked postgraduate degrees.
when he was ten years old. B: Yeah. So ... which events do you want to attend
Recommend for hire? Yes today?
A: I'd really like to get into Complex Systems Analysis
Unit 3 11, but I can't.

1 Suggested Answers 9 Suggested Answer

1 There are essentially two types of engineering
degree: undergraduate degrees - Bachelor of
Science (BS or BSc) and postgraduate degrees-
a master's degree (MSc) and a doctorate (PhD).
In some cases an MSc can be awarded solely on
the basis of research, in which case it is denoted
MSc(Res), be eQtirely taught or, more commonly,
be a mixture of the two.
2 Engineers need a lot of education because they
deal with such a broad and complex area. lt takes
many years to learn about the various theories,
techniques and mathematics that an engineer
may require at some point in their career. And
because science is advancing all the time
engineers must continue learning throughout their
careers, by reading research and attending
seminars, to keep up with the latest developments
in their field.
Engineer Name: Samantha Alepou.
What level of education do you have?
Bachelor's degree.
What events did you attend? What were the
requirements?
Organizing systems which required a Bachelor's Degree,
and Ethics which had no attendance requirements
Were you pleased with the number of events
available to you? Please explain your answer.
I was reasonably happy with the number of events
that were available to me, but I was disappointed that
on the last day I could only attend the Ethics seminar.
Please rate your overall experience at the seminar,
with 1 being the lowest and 10 the highest.
8

18 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

Unit4 9 Suggested Answer

1 Suggested Answers Positive aspects of presentation: objective was
1 Engineers mainly give presentations at seminars and stated very clearly; discussion of design phase was
conferences, though those working in universities well-organised and easy to follow
will regularly deliver lectures. An engineer might also Negative aspects: moved around too much;
be asked to give a presentation to the client of an looked down at cue cards too often
engineering company, perhaps as part of a broader
presentation alongside marketing colleagues. Advice: be aware of your body language; know your
2 The most important thing when preparing for a material so that you don't have to rely on cue cards
presentation is to know your material. If you do
not you may get confused, especially if someone Unit 5
asks you a difficult question during the middle of
1 Suggested Answers
your presentation. Other than that, it is a good
idea to practice delivering the presentation with 1 Engineers solve all sorts of problems, depending
colleagues so you can identify any possible on the area they are working in. Civil engineers
problem areas. You could also prepare some cue solve problems such as building bridges across
cards to help you if you get stuck. rivers, while mechanical engineers might help build
a new power plant. Electrical engineers try to
2 1 T 2 F 3 F ensure that electricity is generated and distributed
efficiently across entire countries. Wherever some
3 1 B 3 A 5 D practical problem needs solving, you will find an
2 F 4 E 6 c engineer. The list is endless!
2 Engineers solve problems by applying their
4 1 objective 3 cue card 5 visual aids knowledge of the sciences to real world
2 projector 4 KISS 6 handouts applications. They use their knowledge of physics
in particular to build amazing structures and
5 Suggested Answer machines. They use their mathematical abilities
and complex computer software to help them do
The presenter should talk about all the publications
this. They may get together in teams, often using
that have been used to help them in their work at the
many people with different skills, to solve
end of their presentation.
particular problems where no one person has all
the expertise required.
6 1 F 2 F 3 T
4 help me improve
2 1 c 2 c 3 c
7 1 pretty good
2 discussion 5 body language
3 1 c 3 E 5 H 7 F
3 easy to follow 6 looking down at
2 G 4 D 6 A 8 B
8 Suggested Answer
4 1 solution 3 attack
A: Maria, what did you think of my practice 2 application 4 iteration
presentation?
B: I thought it was pretty good, Jangmin. You stated 5 Suggested Answer
your objective of optimizing mobile robots very
Charlene has tried two different designs of window.
clearly.
A: Was my discussion of the robot's design phase
6 1 F 2 T 3 F
confusing?
B: No. The general-to-specific organization made it
7 1 window problem 4 two panes for one
easy to follow.
2 iteration 5 attack that
A: Great. Do you have any advice to help me improve?
3 cost issue 6 two choices
B: Maybe you can work on your delivery a little.
A: What exactly should I change?
B: Just be aware of your body language. You were
moving around a lot. And looking down at your
cue cards too much.

Answer Key 19
 I
Book Answer Key

8 Suggested Answer 2 F 2 T 3 T
A: Hey, Kylie. Where are you with the window problem?
B: Well, we just finished the third iteration of the 3 1 concrete 4 plausible 7 norm
process. 2 out of the box 5 convention
A: Using two thicker panes? How did that go? 3 abstract 6 originality
B: The window retained enough heat and wasn't too
fragile. 4 1 verification 3 vision 5 innovation
A: What about the cost issue? 2 creative 4 feedback
B: Manufacturing two panes for one window will be
expensive. 5 Suggested Answer
A: How are you going to attack that problem? A team of leaders from the field will decide which
B: We have two choices. We could try another iteration project is best.
with one pane.
6 A 2 B
9 Suggested Answer
From: Charlene Brand 7 1 displacing warm interior air 4 passes through
To: Eric Marks 2 Not at all 5 too much energy
Subject: Problem Update 3 innovative 6 solar panels

Hi Eric, 8 Suggested Answer

I just finished the third iteration. We used two thicker
A: The City Challenge entries are so creative! Much
panes of glass. The results were encouraging: the
better than last year.
window retained heat and wasn't too fragile. However,
B: I haven't seen them yet. Which ones impress you
there's a problem: manufacturing two panes for one
the most?
window will be expensive. So now we have two
A: Well, the one that solves the problem of a city
choices: either we manufacture the window like that,
office building overheating.
or we try another iteration with just one pane again
B: How did the engineer do it?
using cheaper glass. Both choices have problems. If
A: By simply displacing warm interior air with cooler
we take the first choice, we could end up losing
exterior air.
money every time we make a window. If we take the
B: Interesting. By adding more air conditioning capacity?
second, we may end up with a window that breaks
A: Not at all. She installed an inexpensive hear pump.
too easily.
B: Not a bad idea - but it's not terribly innovative. Any
others?
Unit 6 A: Yes, there's another entry from an engineer who
1 Suggested Answers solves the problem of icy sidewalks.
B: Sounds interesting. What did the person do?
1 There are many things that can help a person
A: He installs pipes under the sidewalks. Hot water
think creatively. One of these is to spend time in
passes through the pipes and melts the ice.
new and exciting places like art galleries. Another
B: Hmm ... nice, it might take too much energy to
is to have some silence and spend time away
heat the water though.
from other distractions - this means turning off
A: No - he uses solar panels to produce electricity.
your cell and your laptop for a while! Trying
something new- can help your creativity, perhaps
9 Suggested Answer
a pottery or a dancing class. Some people have
even suggested that falling in love or getting Name of Entry: Sidewalk de-icer
enough sleep can help improve your creativity! Was the Entry's originality verified? y_ 1 N
2 Creative thinking is valuable in engineering Description of the entry: Pipes are installed under
because engineers are often faced with new a sidewalk and hot water is pumped though them to
problems that have not been seen before. This melt the ice. The energy to produce the heat is
means that standard solutions cannot be used: generated from solar panels.
instead the engineer must be able to think Evaluation of the entry: A nice idea which could
creatively to come up with a solution. work well in practice, though a lack of sunlight in the
winter months could be a problem for it.

20 Answer Key
 Book : Answer Key

Strengths: Cheap to run 8 Suggested Answer

Suggestions: You need to test your design in reality A: Hi, Nick. Have you finished making the monthly
to see if it can really work, especially in a really cold report yet?
climate where there is little sunshine during the B: Almost - I just have to finish the last graph. But
winter. I'm just not sure which type I should use.
A: Well, what do you need to show? I mean, what will
Unit 7 the numbers represent?
B: I need to show how cost of materials has gone
1 Suggested Answers
up this year.
1 Graphs are used to illustrate (or check the A: Easy enough. A scatter plot is out of the question
existence of) mathematical relationships between of course.
different things. In practice they are heavily used B: Right. I was considering either a line graph or a
in industry to analyze how a company is bar graph.
performing. So graphs of financial performance - A: There are other graphs in the report aren't there?
for instance profits or market share - are common. What are they?
They are also used to monitor various aspects of B: Um ... so far I've just used line graphs. There are
production: such as production costs over time or at least four of them already.
how the number of product failures relates to how, A: In that case, I'd use a bar graph for sure.
or to how much, a product is used. They can also B: I think I see your point. You're saying that I need
be used to make comparisons between various more diversity.
processes, or within the same processes, over a A: Exactly. The whole point is to add visual interest.
longer period of time. I'd add some color too.
2 Graphs help engineers identify problems that are B: Great idea. I'll be sure to spice it up with some
not down to some one-off random event, but eye-catching colors.
rather are part of something more systematic.
Graphs can also be used by engineers to illustrate 9 Suggested Answer
how well some aspect of a project or production
Name: Herbert Svenson
is (or isn't) working.
Report: Production Progress Report
Problems: The presentations in the report, while
2 1 c 2 D 3 A
interesting, are all very similar. Line graphs are used
almost exclusively in the report, and there is almost
3 1 B 3 D 5 A
no calor. This makes it seem very boring, when in fact
2 E 4 c 6 F
there is some interesting and important information
found in the report and presented in those graphs.
4 1 graphs 3 axis
Recommendations: A wider variety of graphs, for
2 line graph 4 Coordinates
instance bar graphs or scatter diagrams, should be
employed to make the report more visually appealing.
5 Suggested Answer
More color should be used too, as this will again
The scatter plot in the third graph shows how often make the report more appealing but also make it
the company's cars must be repaired. easier for management to pick out key messages
and information from the graphs.
6 F 2 F 3 T
Unit 8
7 1 out of the question 4 line graphs
2 bar graph 5 add visual interest 1 Suggested Answers
3 aren't there 6 eye-catching colors 1 Engineers make drawings of things that they have
designed, for instance structures such as bridges
or dams, or new products like various types of
electronic equipment. Traditionally technical
drawings, as they are often called, were produced

Answer Key 21
 Book 2 Answer Key

using paper and pencil (and various drafting 9 Suggested Answer

accessories) but nowadays, except for some Engineer: David Tanaka
initial sketches - most drawings are produced Product: Cell phone
using Computer Aided Design (CAD). Dimensions: 6x4x0.5 inches
2 The purpose of engineers' drawings is to help Battery type: L20
others understand exactly what it is an engineer Battery dimensions: less than 0.25 inches
is proposing. The drawings also help others - Screen dimensions: the screen needs to be 2 by 1.5
clients for example - visualize exactly what the inches.
engineer's proposal will look like. They also help
discussion of a proposal with other engineers:
Unit9
once everyone can see what something might
look like that forms the basis for discussion, 1 Suggested Answers
problem identification and so on. These drawings People use a wide variety of materials to build
can also ultimately inform those involved in any structures, depending on the purpose of the
construction or manufacturing processes needed structure, where it is located, how long it must last
to create the engineer's design. for and how much it costs. Common construction
materials for structures include concrete, metal,
2 A 2 D 3 c wood and glass. Occasionally other materials such
as plastics are also used, though not generally to
3 1 c 3 D 5 F 7 B build entire structures.
2 G 4 A 6 H 8 E 2 Some materials are better suited to particular
projects than others because their properties fit
4 1 exploded view 3 CAD drawing with what is required from the project. If
2 scale 4 perimeter something is required to let light in then glass is
an obvious choice, though some transparent
5 Suggested Answer plastics may also be appropriate. If something is
The drawing will be at least four times larger than the required to be strong and long lasting then a
actual phone itself. combination of steel and concrete may be
appropriate, and so on.
6 T 2 F 3. F
2 1 Glass: transparent, brittle
7 1 cell phone CAD drawings 4 width 2 Metal: conductor, lots of luster, high ductility and
2 dimensions 5 enough room hardness
3 length 6 quarterofaninch 3 Plastic: very light, malleable

8 Suggested Answer 3 1 E 3 F 5 A
A: Dave, we have a problem. Do you have a minute? 2 B 4 c 6 D
B: Sure thing. Is it about the cell phone CAD drawings?
A: Yeah, actually. Your note didn't include the dimensions. 4 B 2 A 3 A
B: Sorry about that. So, the phone has a length of 6
inches and a width of two inches. 5 Suggested Answer
A: What about th~ depth? The main problem with plastic as a building material
B: That's going to be half an inch. is that it is very expensive.
A: Half an inch? Is there enough room for the battery?
B: Yeah, we're using the L20 battery. it's not even a 6 F 2 T 3 T
quarter of an inch thick.
A: What about the screen? 7 1 natural 4 an issue
B: We want a 2 by 1.5 inch screen. So, can you get 2 great choice 5 on a tight budget
this done by tomorrow? 3 brittle 6 hardness
A: Will do. I'll bring it over as soon as I'm finished.
B: Thanks a lot.

22 Answer Key
 Book ~ Answer Key

8 Suggested Answer 2 1 A 2 B 3 c
A: Hi Beth. I'm calling regarding the building materials
for the new park swing seat. 3 1 A 3 B 5 A
B: Okay. What can I do for you? 2 B 4 A 6 B
A: I need advice on materials for the framework. I
want to use natural materials. 4 1 rounding error 4 digits
B: Well, your two main options are wood and steel. 2 quantity 5 calculations
A: Which do you recommend? 3 order of magnitude 6 notations
B: Steel's ductility makes it a great choice. And it's
not brittle, so it won't break from frequent use. 5 Suggested Answer
A: Is it more expensive than wood? The email lists three conventions: numbers should
B: Yes, it does cost more. Is that an issue? always be rounded to three significant figures; trailing
A: Somewhat. I'm on a tight budget. zeros are always considered significant in the decimal
B: Well, wood is cheaper. But it absorbs moisture notation of integers; and when expressing very large
over time. This reduces its hardness. or small numbers scientific notation should be used.
A: So steel is better value?
B: Yes. At least in the long-term. it's very durable and 6 T 2 F 3 F
requires less maintenance than wood.
7 1 order of magnitude 4 decimal
9 Suggested Answer 2 0.5 5 pretty big mistake
Options: Wood or steel 3 leading zero 6 conventions
Benefits/Drawbacks of each material:
Steel has high ductility and it's not brittle, so it won't 8 Suggested Answer
break from frequent use. However, it is relatively A: What exactly did I do wrong?
expensive. B: When you requested a part for the machine you're
Wood is hard and is a good insulator. However, it has designing, you were one order of magnitude off.
only moderate tensile strength and it absorbs A: Oh. I thought I put down 0.5 centimeters!
moisture over time which reduces its hardness. B: As I said in the email, you forgot the leading zero
Better value: and the decimal.
On balance steel is better value, at least in the long- A: So I wrote 5 centimeters instead?
term. Although it is more expensive to begin with, it B: That's exactly right, George.
is very durable and requires less maintenance. A: That's a pretty big mistake, isn't it? What happens
now?
Unit 10 B: Just don't forget the conventions that we use and
you'll be fine.
1 Suggested Answers A: All right. Well, again, I'm really sorry about all of this.
1 Engineers work with numbers practically all the
time. They perform complex calculations to 9 Suggested Answer
understand what is required of their designs in Hi George,
terms of the forces they would be subject to. They I just thought I'd let you know that it was you who
use mathematical concepts and models to assess made a mistake when you requested a part for that
the suitability of particular materials and designs machine you are designing. You forgot the leading
for a specific project they are working on. When zero and the decimal point and ended up ordering
they present their ideas they must include relevant something 5 centimeters long, rather than 0.5
numbers there too: for instance dimensions, centimeters. You need to be careful with this in
possible costs and other quantities. future. Take care to follow the conventions that we
2 To avoid making mistakes with numbers it is have and everything will be fine.
necessary to have some sort of check-list or Maria
other procedure to follow. Otherwise mistakes will
happen quite regularly. There are conventions that
are often followed in engineering circles, particularly
with respect to the appropriate types of notation
to use. These can also greatly help to minimize
mistakes that might otherwise occur.

Answer Key 23
 Book £ Answer Key

Unit 11 B: Our new data retrieval system is faster than

1 Suggested Answers
1 it is important for salespeople to understand their
products so that they can inform their customers
correctly about what those products can and
can't do. lt also means that they can answer any
9 Suggested Answer
questions that potential customers might have,
and generally promote the product effectively.
2 Engineers can help sell products by ensuring that
their sales team can understand exactly how a
product works and what its capabilities are. In
some cases they may also help part of the sales
drive more directly, perhaps by speaking at
conferences or exhibitions. In some cases, if a
product is particularly technical, it may be
appropriate for engineers to speak to potential
(and existing) clients directly.
anything on the market.
A: Really? That sounds interesting. Anything else?
B: Of course. I can help your marketing team convey
that idea of speed in your advertisements.
Dear Agnes,
Thank you so much for agreeing to meet with me the
other day. As we discussed, our new data retrieval
system is faster than anything on the market and will
really help to make your product better than your
competitors. In addition, I would be available whenever
you needed me to help your sales team convey the
idea of that speed in your advertisements.
Sincerely,
Greg Hanson

2 A 2 D 3 A Unit 12
1 Suggested Answers
3 1 B 3 c 5 E
2 A 4 F 6 D 1 Agricultural engineers work in a wide variety of
areas in agriculture. They are most commonly
4 1 market research 4 expertise employed in schemes that deliver water to and
2 competitors 5 marketing from crops i.e. irrigation. But they are also involved
3 commission 6 liaison in the designing and building of the machines
used in agriculture as well as studying production
5 Suggested Answer methods to see how further efficiencies could be
realized.
Hanson Design's hardware is better than its
2 Agricultural engineering is vitally important as the
competitors as it has a faster coder/decoder chip
world relies on the production of crops to be fed.
and greater on-chip memory.
Without the advanced techniques that agricultural
engineers have developed it would be difficult to
6 T 2 F 3 T
feed everybody. Certainly most people's standard
of living would fall without them as food prices
7 1 modify 4 Anything else
would be much higher.
2 capable of assisting 5 marketing
3 competitors 6 advertisements
2 A 2 B 3 B
8 Suggested Answer
3 1 F 3 A 5 B 7 D
B: So, can you tell me a little bit about your company's 2 E 4 G 6 c
needs?
A: We sell a fairly.. wide range of MP3 players, and 4 1 tillage 4 water rights
one of our older products needs to be updated. 2 drainage 5 irrigation
B: I see. And you're looking to modify the firmware 3 distribution uniformity
on that item, correct?
A: That's right. We don't make our own data retrieval 5 Suggested Answer
system.
PlantCo offer three different types of irrigation: flood-
B: Well, our engineers are more than capable of
irrigation, localized irrigation and pivot-irrigation.
assisting you with that.
A: Okay. So what can you offer that your competitors
6 1 T 2 T 3. F
can't?

24 An swer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

7 1 localized irrigation 4 pivot-irrigation minimization of waste in industrial processes.

2 cash crop 5 flooding Industrial engineers can also be found working on
3 still not sure 6 drainage services ergonomics, supply chain management, process
engineering and many other areas.
8 Suggested Answer 2 Industrial engineers solve a variety of problems
A: I'm having trouble with my crops. relating to the many areas that they work in. For
B: Okay. I can help you with that. What kind of plant instance they might be called into a factory to help
are you growing? improve productivity by addressing issues relating
A: Right now I'm growing tomato plants to ergonomics, the positioning of manufacturing
B: Okay, in that case I recommend a localized irrigation equipment and in fact almost anything relating to
system. the supply chain.
A: I don't know. I hear that can get a bit expensive.
B: lt's actually a worthwhile investment with a cash 2 B 2 c 3 c
crop like tomatoes.
A: I'm still not sure. Are there any other options? 3 1 D 3 F 5 c
B: Pivot-irrigation is also an option. lt sprays water 2 A 4 B 6 E
around in a circular motion.
A: I don't think that's a good idea. Tomatoes are 4 B 2 A 3 c 4 c 5 B
sensitive to flooding and soggy soil.
B: Yes, that can happen with pivot-irrigation. But if 5 Suggested Answer
you use our drainage services, we can get rid of The factory can be changed to help workers produce
the excess. more by raising the height of the conveyor. The
A: Okay, I'll think about it then. arrangement of the assembly line could also be
improved to help the workers produce more.
9 Suggested Answer
Dear Andreas, 6 T 2 F 3 F
Thanks for taking the time to talk to me yesterday
about how PlantCo can help you. This is just a note 7 1 fairly easy 4 Not much
to remind you of the irrigation options we discussed. 2 reduce strain 5 your really think
Firstly, we offer flood-irrigation for your grains like 3 complained about 6 speed up
wheat and rice. Alternatively, we offer localized
irrigation for those plants that need the most 8 Suggested Answer
irrigation. Finally, we offer pivot-irrigation. All these A: The first option seems less expensive doesn't it?
systems assure a high distribution uniformity so that B: Yes, and it's fairly easy. One quick fix is to raise
you can be sure your plants will be evenly watered. the conveyor.
In addition we also offer drainage services to ensure A: What exactly will that do?
that your land is kept well drained and free from B: it will help reduce strain on your workers. Some
excess water. Let me know if you require any further of them complained of back pain.
information. A: Well, how high do you suggest raising it?
Sincerely, B: Not much. Even a few inches will help.
May A: And you really think this will help improve our
productivity?
Unit 13 B: Yes. it would enhance the workers' efficiency. And
speed up their pace on the assembly line.
1 Suggested Answers
1 Industrial engineers work in a wide range of fields. 9 Suggested Answer
But they are perhaps most commonly found Suggestions: raise the conveyor belt or alter the
planning factory layouts, i.e. where machines arrangement of the assembly line.
should be placed and organized to maximize Raising conveyor will:
productive capacity. They are also commonly Reduce the strain on workers' backs.
involved in what is sometimes called lean Enhance worker's efficiency.
engineering, which is essentially about the Speed up their pace on the assembly line.

Answer Key 25
 Book 2 Answer Key

Unit 14 B: None so far. Next up, we're going to verify that

1 Suggested Answers images can be stored and retrieved in different
formats.
1 Essentially a software engineer employs
A: What are you looking for?
engineering disciplines and tools, especially
B: We need to see how it saves images in different
mathematics, to write computer software. When
formats to ensure the image can be consistently
a piece of software has been written software
reproduced in any layout.
engineers will spend time checking to see that it
works properly. Even after some software has
9 Suggested Answer
been released and installed on a customer's
hardware a software engineer will be employed From: Mathias Engers
to fix any problems that only become apparent To: Valeria Trokov
once it is in use. Subject: Project update
2 Usually people become software engineers by Hi Valeria,
gaining a degree, and possibly some form of Just a short note to let you know how the project is
professional certification, and then going to work going. We are now well into the testing stage and
in the area. However, in some instances these everything is working well so far. The software
skills may be acquired by on the job training, for conforms to the operational specifications of its
instance in the military. design very well. Right now we are testing the
brushes and other tools to make sure they work ok.
2 A 2 D 3 c So far they seem fine too. Once that is done we will
check that the images can be stored and retrieved
3 1 A 3 B 5 G 7 H 9 F in different file formats. Once that is done we should
2 E 4 c 6 D 8 I be ready for the launch!
Mathias
4 quality 2 Testing 3 Verification
Unit 15
5 Suggested Answer
1 Suggested Answers
Software engineering is different to computer
1 Genetic engineering is important to understand as
science as it is more narrowly focused on creating,
it is a fast growing field whose work could make a
designing and operating software, whereas computer
major difference to life as we know it. The ability
science is a broader discipline that deals with the
to alter and create new forms of life that could not
interaction of software and hardware.
exist within nature is a new ability that may raise
practical and ethical issues. lt is accomplished by
6 F 2 F 3 T
inserting new genetic material into a living
organism of some kind. lt could lead to a
7 1 verifying 4 No unexpected hiccups
revolution in agriculture as crops genetically
2 specifications 5 None so far
engineered to be resistant to certain diseases and
3 Good news 6 different file formats
pesticides are brought onto the market. New
medicines and techniques can be developed by
8 Suggested Answer
studying animals that have been genetically
A: What phase are you in? altered to suffer from human diseases.
B: We're currently testing the program. 2 lt is hard to say if genetic engineering, in itself, will
A: So you're verifying the software's functionality? help or hurt people. Advances in science can help
B: Yes. The software is conforming to the operational or hurt people depending on how they are used.
specifications of its design very well. Those who advocate genetic engineering usually
A: Good news. So what are the specific functions point to how the introduction of crops that are
you are testing? resistant to disease could help feed people in
B: Right now we're just testing all the different brushes poor countries. Those against them note that
and tools to make sure they work correctly. there is already enough food in the world to feed
A: And things are going well? No unexpected hiccups? everyone, and that these crops are simply being

26 Answer Key
 Book ~ Answer Key

engineered to increase the profits of the

companies that make them. Many argue more
generally against genetic engineering, saying that
since we can't yet know the consequences of its
use, we should proceed with great caution. Others
object on religious grounds, saying we have no
right to tamper with nature.

2 1 c 2 A 3 D

3 1 c 3 E 5 A 7 F ...
2 B 4 D 6 G

4 1 transformation 4 molecular cloning

2 select 5 DNA probe
3 gene

5 Suggested Answer
Many groups are opposed to the spread of Golden
Rice because of the possible environmental and
health risks that may be associated with GMOs.

6 F 2 F 3 F

7 1 differences between 5 gene

2 DNA 6 use vectors
3 manipulate 7 GMO
4 transfer

8 Suggested Answer
A: Would you mind telling us more about the
differences between Golden Rice and normal rice?
B: Well, the difference basically lies in their DNA.
A: I see. And you manipulate that, correct?
B: Yes, we transfer the beta-carotene gene into the
common rice that we're modifying.
A: How do you do that?
B: We use vectors to transform the cells of common
rice. The result is Golden Rice.
A: Aren't you worried about the fact that it's a GMO?
B: I actually think GMOs are quite safe.

9 Suggested Answer
Genetic Engineer Name: June Bernard
How Golden Rice is different: Golden Rice is a GMO
that has been created by inserting beta-carotene into
the cells of normal rice.
Benefits of Golden Rice: Golden Rice has more
vitamin A in it. This could help save the lives of those
in poor countries who are suffering from a lack of
Vitamin A.

Answer Key 27
 Audioscripts
Unit 1
Engineer 1 (M): I can't believe we're still having trouble
with this crane design!
Engineer 2 (W): I know. I was thinking about the problem
last night. So I dug up my old college textbook for
inspiration.
Engineer 1: And you found something useful?
Engineer 2: Yeah, I did, actually. Do you remember what
a trebuchet is?
Engineer 1: Sure. it's a catapult.
Engineer 2: That's right. And it uses the mechanical
advantage of leverage.
Engineer 1: Okay, but how does that help us?
Engineer 2: We could do the same thing. Just shorten
the arm holding the counterweight.
Engineer 1: Yeah! And if we make the arm closer to the
pivot, it would be stronger support that could handle
more weight.
Engineer 2: Exactly. Don't you think that solves the problem?
Engineer 1: Absolutely. You should bring that textbook in
to work!
Engineer 2: That might not be a bad idea.
Unit 2
Interviewer (W): So, tell me about yourself and what you
can bring to MiracleCo.
Engineer (M): First of all, I have a degree in Electrical
Engineering.
Interviewer: I read that on your resume. Tell me what I
can't read about.
Engineer: Well, anyone can get a degree, but not everyone
has curiosity.
Interviewer: And you do?
Engineer: I think so. Ever since I was a kid I've always
looked for answers.
Interviewer: Can you give me an example?
Engineer: Sure. When I was ten, I took a television apart
just to see how it works.
Interviewer: Excellent! Now, how would you rate your
interpersonal skills?
Engineer: I'm very good with people. I ran several clubs
in college. ~ Unit 5
Interviewer: Oh? Could you elaborate on that, please?
Engineer: I'd run the meetings with members and
coordinate our activities.
Unit 3
Engineer 1 (M): Good morning, Samantha. How did things
go yesterday?
Engineer 2 (W): Great! The seminar on organizing systems
was fascinating.
28 Answer Key
Engineer 1: I'm glad to hear it! What are you planning on
going to today?
Engineer 2: Actually, I don't have a choice. lt has to be
Ethics.
Engineer 1: Why's that?
Engineer 2: Well, unlike you, I only have a bachelor's degree.
Engineer 1: Ah, yes. I noticed a few of the events require
postgraduate degrees.
Engineer 2: Yeah. So ... which events do you want to
attend today?
Engineer 1: I'd really like to get into Complex Systems
Analysis 11 , but I can't.
Engineer 2: Really? I thought you could go to anything
with a PhD!
Engineer 1: it's not that, actually. I didn't attend Complex
Systems Analysis I yesterday.
Engineer 2: Oh, I see. Now you know how I feel!
Unit4
Presenter (M): Janet, what did you think of my practice
presentation?
eo-worker (W): I thought it was pretty good, Jangmin.
You stated your objective of optimizing mobile robots
very clearly.
Presenter: Was my discussion of the robot's design phase
confusing?
eo-worker: No. The general-to-specific organization
made it easy to follow.
Presenter: Great. Do you have any advice to help me
improve?
eo-worker: Maybe you can work on your delivery a little.
Presenter: What exactly should I change?
eo-worker: Just be aware of your body language. You
were moving around a lot. And looking down at your
cue cards too much.
Presenter: I didn't realize that. Did that look bad?
eo-worker: Well, it made you look nervous - and not very
confident.
Presenter: Okay, I'll work on that. Thanks for your input!
eo-worker: No problem. Good luck with the talk!
Engineer 1 (M): Hey, Charlene. Where are you with the
window problem?
Engineer 2 (W): Well, we just finished the third iteration
of the process.
Engineer 1: Using two thicker panes? How did that go?
Engineer 2: The window retained enough heat and wasn't
too fragile.
Engineer 1: What about the cost issue?
Engineer 2: Manufacturing two panes for one window will
be expensive.

Engineer 1: How are you going to attack that problem?
Engineer 2: We have two choices. We could try another
iteration with one pane.
Engineer 1: But we know that's too expensive. What's the
other choice?
Engineer 2: We can look for cheaper glass.
Engineer 1: I don't know. Cheap glass breaks easily.
Engineer 2: True. We'd have to test its strength.
Unit 6
Engineer 1 (W): The City Challenge entries are so creative!
Much better than last year.
Engineer 2 (M): I haven't seen them yet. Which ones
impress you the most?
Engineer 1: Well, one of them solves the problem of a
city office building overheating.
Engineer 2: How did the engineer do it?
Engineer 1: By simply displacing warm interior air with
cooler exterior air.
Engineer 2: Interesting. By adding more air conditioning
capacity?
Engineer 1: Not at all. She installed an inexpensive heat
pump.
Engineer 2: Not a bad idea - but it's not terribly innovative.
Any others?
Engineer 1: Yes, there's another entry from an engineer
who solves the problem of icy sidewalks.
Engineer 2: Sounds interesting. What did that person do?
Engineer 1: He installs pipes under the sidewalks. Hot
water passes through the pipes and melts the ice.
Engineer 2: Hmm ... nice, it might take too much energy
to heat the water though.
Engineer 1: No - he uses solar panels to produce electricity.
This electricity is then used to heat the water!
Unit 7
Engineer 1 (W): Hi, Ted. Have you finished making the
monthly report yet?
Engineer 2 (M): Almost - I just have to finish the last
graph. But I'm just not sure which type I should use.
Engineer 1: Well, what do you need to show? I mean, what
will the numbers represent?
Engineer 2: I need to show how cost of materials has
gone up this year.
Engineer 1: Easy enough. A scatter plot graph is out of
the question, of course.
Engineer 2: Right. I was considering either a line graph
or a bar graph.
Engineer 1: There are other graphs in the report, aren't
there? What are they?
Audioscripts
Engineer 2: Um ... so far, I've just used line graphs. There
are at least four of them already.
Engineer 1: In that case, I'd use a bar graph, for sure.
Engineer 2: I think I see your point. You're saying that I
need more diversity.
Engineer 1: Exactly. The whole point is to add visual
interest. I'd add some color too.
Engineer 2: Great idea. I'll be sure to spice it up with
some eye-catching colors.
...
UnitS
Engineer 1 (W): Dave, we have a problem. Do you have
a minute?
Engineer 2 (M): Sure thing. Is it about the cell phone CAD
drawings?
Engineer 1: Yeah, actually. Your note didn't include the
dimensions.
Engineer 2: Sorry about that. So, the phone has a length
of 6 inches and a width of 2 inches.
Engineer 1: What about the depth?
Engineer 2: That's going to be half an inch.
Engineer 1: Half an inch? Is there enough room for the
battery?
Engineer 2: Yeah, we're using the L20 battery. it's not
even a quarter of an inch thick.
Engineer 1: What about the screen?
Engineer 2: We want a 2 by 1.5 inch screen. So, can you
get this done by tomorrow?
Engineer 1: Will do. I'll bring it over as soon as I'm finished.
Engineer 2: Thanks a lot.
Unit9
Client (M): Hi Beth. I'm calling regarding the building
materials for the new park swing set.
Engineer (W): Okay. What can I do for you?
Client: I need advice on materials for the framework. I
want to use natural materials.
Engineer: Well, your two main options are wood and steel.
Client: Which do you recommend?
Engineer: Steel's ductility makes it a great choice. And
it's not brittle, so it won't break from frequent use.
Client: Is it more expensive than wood?
Engineer: Yes, it does cost more. Is that an issue?
Client: Somewhat. I'm on a tight budget.
Engineer: Well, wood is cheaper. But it absorbs moisture
over time. This reduces its hardness.
Client: So is steel better value?
Engineer: Yes. At least in the long term. it's very durable
and requires less maintenance than wood.
Answer Key 29
 Audioscripts
Unit 10
Supervisor (W): George, did you get the email that 1sent
out to the staff?
Engineer (M): I did. Why do you ask?
Supervisor: Well, it was actually your calculation that 1
was talking about.
Engineer: Mine? I'm so sorry! I never make mistakes like
that! What exactly did I do wrong?
Supervisor: When you requested a part for the machine
you're designing, you were one order of magnitude off.
Engineer: Oh. I thought I put down 0.5 centimeters!
Supervisor: As I said in the email, you forgot the leading
zero and the decimal.
Engineer: So I wrote 5 centimeters instead?
Supervisor: That's exactly right, George.
Engineer: That's a pretty big mistake, isn't it? What
happens now?
Supervisor: Just don't forget the conventions that we
use and you'll be fine.
Engineer: All right. Well, again, I'm really sorry about all this.
Unit 11
Engineer (W): Good morning, sir.
Client (M): Good morning. Thanks for coming in.
Engineer: My pleasure. So, can you tell me a little bit
about your company's needs?
Client: We sell a fairly wide range of MP3 players, and
one of our older products needs to be updated.
Engineer: I see. And you're looking to modify the firmware
on that item, correct?
Client: That's right. We don't make our own data retrieval
system.
Engineer: Well, our engineers are more than capable of
assisting you with that.
Client: Okay. So what can you offer that your competitors
can't?
Engineer: Our new data retrieval system is faster than
anything on the market.
Client: Really? That sounds interesting. Anything else?
Engineer: Of course. I can help your marketing team
convey that idea of speed in your advertisements.
Client: Excellent. Let's hear how it works.
Unit 12
Engineer (W): This is PlantCo. My name is May. How can
I help you?
Customer (M): Hi, May. I'm having trouble with my crops.
Engineer: Okay. I can help you with that. What kind of
plant are you growing?
Customer: Right now I'm growing tomato plants.
Engineer: Okay, in that case I recommend a localized
irrigation system.
30 Answer Key
-
Customer: I don't know. I hear that can get a bit expensive.
Engineer: it's actually a worthwhile investment with a
cash crop like tomatoes.
Customer: I'm still not sure. Are there any other options?
Engineer: Pivot-irrigation is also an option. lt sprays water
around in a circular motion.
Customer: I don't think that's a good idea. Tomatoes are
sensitive to flooding and soggy soil.
Engineer: Yes, that can happen with pivot-irrigation. But
if you use our drainage services, we can get rid of the
excess.
Customer: Okay, I'll think about it, then.
Unit 13
Owner (M): Sally, do you have a minute? I'd like to discuss
your operations report.
Engineer (W): Sure. What's on your mind?
Owner: it's about our productivity. Do you think we can
raise it easily?
Engineer: Definitely. One, by improving the workstation
ergonomics. And two, by modifying the assembly line.
Owner: The first option seems less expensive, doesn't it?
Engineer: Yes, and it's fairly easy. One quick fix is to raise
the conveyor.
Owner: What exactly will that do?
Engineer: lt will help reduce strain on your workers. Some
of them complained about back pain.
Owner: Well, how high do you suggest raising it?
Engineer: Not much. Even a few inches will help.
Owner: And you really think this will increase our
productivity?
Engineer: Yes. lt would enhance the workers' efficiency.
And speed up their pace on the assembly line.
Unit 14
Manager (W): Good morning, Martin. How is the Image
Suite project going?
Engineer (M): it's going well, Ms. Donald. it's a very
powerful program.
Manager: What phase are you in?
Engineer: We're currently testing the program.
Manager: So you're verifying the software's functionality?
Engineer: Yes. The software is conforming to the
operational specifications of its design very well.
Manager: Good news. So what are the specific functions
you're testing?
Engineer: Right now we're just testing all the different
brushes and tools to make sure they work correctly.
Manager: And things are going well? No unexpected
hiccups?
Engineer: None so far. Next up, we're going to verify that
images can be stored and retrieved in different formats.
 Audioscripts

Manager: What are you looking for?

Engineer: We need to see how it saves images in
different file formats to ensure the image can be
consistently reproduced in any layout.

Unit 15
Reporter (W): Would you mind telling us more about the
differences between Golden Rice and normal rice?
Engineer (M): Well, the difference basically lies within
their DNA.
Reporter: I see. And you manipulate that, correct?
Engineer: Yes, we transfer the beta-carotene gene into
the common rice that we're modifying.
Reporter: How do you do that?
Engineer: We use vectors to transform the cells of
common rice. The result is Golden Rice.
Reporter: Aren't you worried about the fact that it's a
GMO?
Engineer: I actually think GMOs are quite safe.
Reporter: Not a lot of testing is done on them, though.
Engineer: No, but we know for sure that people
desperately need Vitamin A.
Reporter: That's true. Do you think Golden Rice will lead
to more GMOs?
Engineer: I hope so. GMOs could solve many problems.

Answer Key 31
 Book 3 Answer Key
Unit 1
1 Suggested Answers
1 lsaac Newton made a large number of discoveries
in the fields of physics and mathematics. But he
is most famous for his three Laws of Motion. His
First Law states that a body will remain at rest, or
moving at a constant velocity, unless another net
force acts upon it. His Second Law states that if
a body with a mass m is subject to a force F it
will experience an acceleration a that is directly
proportional to the Force F and inversely
proportional to its mass m. This is usually stated
as the equation F=ma. Finally, Newton's Third Law
states that action and reaction are equal and
opposite. In other words if a force is applied to
one object by a second object, that second
object will apply the same force back against the
first object, but in exactly the opposite direction.
2 Newton's Laws are used almost constantly by
engineers. They are vital in the field of civil
engineering, where they are used to help construct
structures and understand what loads they are
capable of dealing with. They are used when
designing spacecraft and planning spaceflights,
and in testing how vehicles behave when they
crash and many, many other applications.
2 First law: a net force is necessary to propel
rocket forward
2 Second law: acceleration relies upon force
vector of propellants and mass of rocket
3 Third law: force of expulsion of gas backwards
creates reaction that propels rocket forward
3 1 c 3 E 5 D
2 A 4 F 6 B
4 1 velocity 4 friction
2 rest 5 net force
3 mass 6 Newton's third law
5 Suggested Answer
Newton's Second Law tells us how quickly the rocket
will gain speed, as long as we know its mass and the
force applied to it.
6 F 2 F 3 T
7 1 right here 4 too much fuel
2 third law 5 think about that
3 net force 6 air friction
32 Answer Key
-
8 Suggested Answer
A: Hey Kirsten. Did you see Gary's email?
B: Yes, I have it right here.
A: What do you think of the advice? About focusing
on the basic principles of motion?
B: I think it'll help. Especially if we focus on Newtons
third law.
A: How will that help us?
B: Well, we need a net force backwards to create
an equal force forward, right?
A: Yes. But our calculations show we need too much
fuel to create that force.
B: Well, let's think about that. We have to counteract
the mass of the rocket.
A: Yes, and the air friction that occurs too.
B: That's right. So the force must equal the rocket's
mass plus air friction.
A: Correct. But creating that force requires too much
fuel.
B: Wait a second. I think we made a mistake.
A: Our calculations assume that air friction is present
throughout the trip. But that's not correct.
B: You're right! There will be on air friction in space.
A: Exactly. We don't need so much fuel after all.
9 Suggested Answer
We've encountered a few problems building the Astro
rocket, but it looks like they have been solved now.
We used Newton's laws to calculate what force was
required to get the rocket into space. But we made
a mistake. We assumed that air friction would be
present throughout the trip. We went back and
thought about the design again by going back to
Newton's laws. Then we remembered that there is no
air friction in space! This means that we can use less
fuel and the rocket should be able to lift off properly
and get into orbit. We will keep you informed of the
progress we make.
Unit 2
1 Suggested Answers
1 Some materials behave differently according to the
temperature. In particular some materials behave
differently at very low temperatures compared to
the normal temperatures we experience. For
example, their electrical resistance falls, in some
cases to zero at very low temperatures. lt is
important for scientists to understand very low
temperatures as these are the temperatures
found throughout most of the universe. Thus it is
important for understanding how the universe
works, as well as being important for space travel.
 Book 3 Answer Key

it may also help scientists to build more powerful A: I see.

and efficient computers. B: So by recreating this temperature, we can
2 Engineers must understand the laws of understand how things such as expanding gasses
thermodynamics as a very large number of behave in such extreme cold.
machines rely on these to function. For example air
conditioning units and fridges both rely on the 9 Suggested Answer
Second Law of Thermodynamics. Engineers working Have you ever wondered about the laws of
on space programs must understand them to design thermodynamics? These important principles are
spacecraft that are safe for humans to travel in. used by engineers in a variety of fields. The first law
states that energy can neither be created nor
2 1 A 2 A 3 A destroyed: it just changes fro~ one form to another.
Absolute zero is a key component of the laws: this is
3 1 c 3 E 5 G 7 B the lowest temperature that is theoretically possible.
2 A 4 F 6 D The third law states that this temperature can never
actually be reached: a system at absolute zero would
4 1 equilibrium 4 conservation of energy receive heat from other systems. If absolute zero
2 entropy 5 absolute zero could be achieved this would mean the system's
3 Kelvin entropy (how organised a system is) reaching its
minimum value. This is the Second Law of
5 Suggested Answer Thermodynamics. Hope that helps!
The temperature absolute zero can never be reached
because a system could not reach equilibrium with its Unit 3
surrounding environment. it would receive heat from its
surrounding environment and therefore could not be 1 Suggested Answers
at absolute zero, where a system has no heat energy. 1 The flow of liquid is important to engineers across
a variety of disciplines. lt determines how aircraft
6 T 2 T 3 F perform (because air can be thought of as a
liquid), and how liquids travel through pipes: be it
7 1 impossible water into peoples houses or petrol traveling
2 removed from the universe along great pipelines. Even the weather can be
3 equilibrium thought of, and modeled, as a liquid flowing
4 neighboring across the Earth's surface.
5 study 2 Rate processes are those processes which
6 deep space change with the amount of time passing.
7 temperature of space Engineers consider rate processes in a variety of
8 expanding gases situations: mostly commonly those involving the
transport of fluids, but also in engineering
8 Suggested Answer applications relating to electricity.
A: The first reader wants to know why reaching
absolute zero is impossible. 2 c 2 D 3 B
B: Well, reaching absolute zero can't be done
because a system that is at absolute zero would 3 1 inlet, outlet 3 resistance, viscosity
have to be removed from the universe. 2 driving force, pressure 4 flux, rate
A: Why is that?
B: Systems always seek equilibrium, so heat will always 4 1 superfluid 3 flow rate
transfer between systems. A system at absolute 2 diameter 4 Poiseuille equation
zero would receive heat from other systems.
A: Interesting! Okay, here's another. Why is it important 5 Suggested Answer
to study absolute zero? The water pressure is believed to be low because
B: lt helps us understand deep space. the driving force behind the water is too weak.
A: How's that?
B: The temperature of space is 2.73 degrees Kelvin , 6 1 T 2 F 3 F
which is pretty close to absolute zero.

Answer Key 33
 ------

Book 3 Answer Key

7 1 viscosity 5 flow 2 Statics and dynamics are both important to

2 diameter 6 too expensive engineers. Static analysis allows engineers to
3 smaller hoses 7 inlets understand the forces, and turning moments, that
4 driving force a structure is subject to when it is not moving.
This allows them to assess if a structure, such as
8 Suggested Answer a building or a bridge, is safe. Dynamics is used in
A: Well, your firefighters say that the flow of water engineering to see how a structure or system will
from their fire hoses is too weak, correct? react to some change in the forces, or other
B: That's right. physical phenomena, experienced by it. For
A: I see. Well, I think I've found a solution. instance how a structure might respond to very
B: What's that? high winds or an earthquake.
A: The water viscosity is obviously the same across
the entire city, so that's not the issue. 2 A 2 B 3 c
B: That makes sense.
A: Instead, we believe the diameter of your hoses is 3 1 A 3 G 5 E 7 D
too big for the amount of pressure you're getting 2 c 4 B 6 F
at the inlet.
B: I see. So we need smaller hoses? 4 1 load 3 stability
A: Correct. If the driving force behind the water 2 free body diagram 4 magnitude
entering the hose stays the same, a smaller hose
would increase flow at the outlet. 5 Suggested Answer
B: I'm not sure that'!! work. lt would probably be too The static testing of the bridge can be undertaken
expensive. efficiently by using a portable device which requires
A: Well then you've only got one other option, and minimal assembly.
that's to replace all the inlets you are using.
6 F 2 F 3 T
9 Suggested Answer
The flow rate on the fire hoses we examined is lower 7 1 structural testing system
than our client would like it to be. This is because 2 have one concern
there is not enough driving force behind the water 3 regular statics testing
supply. The viscosity of the water is not an issue as 4 defeat the purpose
the same water supply is used across the city. We 5 not comfortable switching
should tell the client that there are two ways to 6 with traditional testing
increase the flow rate. Firstly, they can reduce the 7 accurate as regular tests
diameter of the hoses they are using. This would
cause an increase in resistance, forcing the water to 8 Suggested Answer
speed up as it goes through the hose and increasing B: Hey Marty. I got your email about the structural
the flow rate. Alternatively they could replace the testing system.
inlets which would have a similar effect. A: Yeah. What do you think about it?
B: I like the sound of it, and I definitely think it will
Unit4 make things faster.
A: That's great. Are you approving it, then?
1 Suggested Answers B: I am, but I have one concern.
1 Statics involves examining an object at one point A: Which is?
in time or, when examining a system, assuming B: I think we should do the regular statics testing, too.
everything happens at the same time: if something A: Doesn't that defeat the purpose of getting a new
is static this is usually taken to mean that it doesn't system?
change over time. Something dynamic is assumed B: I'm just not comfortable switching to a new system
to change, either as a result of time passing or due yet.
to interaction with elements of its own system or A: So you want to compare the effectiveness of the
other systems, as appropriate. device with traditional testing?
A: Exactly. If it's just as accurate as regular test, then
we'll switch to it in the future.

34 Answer Key

9 Suggested Answer
Dear Sally,
I think for that bridge we are assessing we should
use a structural testing system. it's a portable device
and it only requires a minimal surface set up to test
the structure. Other benefits are that it doesn't require
much putting together and it even comes with its
own testing software. As always we will need to do
both static and dynamic tests. We would use the new
system to do the static tests and also to measure
the turning moment by sending a heavy truck across
the bridge. Regular dynamic tests will also be
necessary as the bridge is in an earthquake zone.
We need to know how much force from vibrations
could potentially damage the bridge.
Unit 5
1 Suggested Answers
1 Electricity can be dangerous in a number of ways.
The main danger to people is electric shock, when
a person touches a live electrical source and a
current passes through them. If this is large it can
damage the heart and even kill someone. People
may also get hit by lightning and this too can
prove fatal, though not always as the electrical
current involved is usually small (although the
voltage may be extremely high). Alternatively, if
electricity flows where it is not supposed to
because of some fault, a problem with wiring for
example, this can cause fires or even an explosion
depending on the circumstances. Again, this is
very dangerous for people.
2 Electrical engineers spend all their time working
with electricity. They are involved in designing and
maintaining plants that generate electricity as well
as the distribution systems (the cables and
various other systems that make it up). Other
engineers may utilize these as well as electric
motors in cars and other applications. Elsewhere
electrical control is used in industry to control
machines as well as household appliances such
as washing machines. Electrical engineers also
install and maintain lighting, wiring and other
electrical systems in buildings.
2 F 2 F 3 T
3 1 vent hole, separator sheet
2 insulator, conductor
3 cathode, anode
4 1 c 3 B 5 D
2 E 4 F 6 A
Book 3 Answer Key
5 Suggested Answer
A separator sheet ensures that a cathode and an
anode in a battery do not touch each other, as this
could cause a large current to pass through them
and set the battery on fire.
6 1 B 2 D
7 1 consumer safety group 5 switch
2 separator sheet .. 6 vent hole
3 batteries 7 uninspected
4 electrodes batteries
8 Suggested Answer
A: So what do you think the problem is?
B: Actually, I think those consumer safety group
people probably have it right.
A: I do too. I don't think it's the separator sheet, though.
B: Why's that?
A: Well, the batteries I've inspected didn't have
punctured sheets. That means the electrodes
couldn't touch.
B: The one I saw didn't have a punctured separator
sheet, either.
A: So you think it's the switch, then?
B: Probably. The switch must have failed to open the
vent hole and release the pressure.
A: That would definitely cause it to explode.
B: Right. Do you have any uninspected batteries we
could look at to back this idea up?
9 Suggested Answer
Hi Jo,
I've been looking at some of the damaged batteries
that have been returned to us after they had
exploded. The batteries that have been inspected so
far show considerable damage. But I haven't seen
any sign of their having punctured separator sheets,
so I don't think this is causing the problem. I think the
problem is caused by faulty switches which fail to
open the vent holes and release the pressure. I will
examine the remaining uninspected batteries to see
if this is really the cause of the problem and then get
back to you.
Regards
Unit 6
1 Suggested Answers
1 I am familiar with the SI, or the metric as it is
commonly called, system of measurement. I have
used this all my life and it would be very strange
to think about things like speed and distance or
weight using other units. it must be very confusing
Answer Key 35
 Book 3 Answer Key

when you have to work using another system: for
instance in the US the imperial system is still
widely used.
2 The SI system of units allows you to measure all
the basic physical units like mass, distance, time
etc. There are seven basic measurements, and a
huge number of other units are derived from these
(i.e. based on combinations of these) for example
speed is measured in meters per second. This
allows pretty much everything that you desire to
be measured in terms of these base units. Often
the measurements of these combined quantities
have their own names but they are all derived
from these basic seven measurements.
9 Suggested Answer
Parker Engineering have developed a new light-
reflecting material. This article briefly looks at its uses
and characteristics and why it is better than what is
offered by our competitors. The new material is
designed to be used on clothing for safety workers.
Small strips placed on uniforms can reflect large
amounts of light. lt is both lightweight and highly
reflective. In fact it is twice as reflective as other
reflective materials on the market. And at 95 grams
per square meter it is also lighter than many other
available reflective materials. These two points
combined means that our material is ideal for safety
workers' clothing.

2 T 2 T 3 F
Unit 7
3 1 c 3 B 5 F 7 D 1 Suggested Answers
2 E 4 G 6 A 1 There are a number of steps in the engineering
design method. Since engineers are concerned
4 1 gram 4 square meters with meeting people's needs, some sort of
2 candelas 5 luminance statement of what exactly is required must be
3 measurements produced at the beginning of the design process.
Nowadays most projects are too complicated to
5 Suggested Answer be done by one person, so a team with the
The new material weighs 95 grams per square meter appropriate set of skills must be assembled. Once
(that is a piece of material that is 1 meter long and 1 this has been done some sort of creative stage
meter wide). is necessary to identify possible solutions. These
will then be narrowed down by determining what
6 B 2 c constraints there are on the design. Once a
design has been selected it is then necessary to
7 1 taking the time 4 per square meter construct a test model (or perhaps undertake
2 luminance 5 a bit pricy computer-based testing) to evaluate the design.
3 safety workers 6 sounds promising Assuming this goes well a more detailed model
will then be produced. In some cases several
8 Suggested Answer solutions may be tested and this process helps to
B: Ms. Hammond, thanks for taking the time to meet determine which is best.
with me. 2 Using a design method is important to ensure that
A: My pleasure. So, what's this great new product no vital steps are missed out in the design
you mentioned on the phone? process. Missing out important steps can be costly
B: it's a highly reflective material. Its luminance is in terms of time and money wasted. For example,
very high. .. the best design in the world is not a viable solution
A: And what exactly is it designed for? to a need if there is not the money available to
B: lt would work great for safety workers. Small strips produce, or even purchase, such a solution.
placed on uniforms can reflect large amounts of
light. 2 D 2 B 3 B
A: And how much does it cost?
B: Well, the production process is rather lengthy. So 3 1 F 3 G 5 B 7 H
it costs about 70 dollars per square meter. 2 E 4 c 6 D 8 A
A: That's a bit pricey. Other reflective materials are
available for less. 4 1 sketch 3 feasibility study
B: But ours reflects twice as much light as the 2 criteria 4 narrow
others. So you use less of it.
A: Good point. it sounds promising.
36 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

5 Suggested Answer traditional methods: for example using physical

The designers might show the prototype to customers models or prototypes. They allow any problems
just to check the market reaction: that is to see what with designs to be identified early and changes
they think of it and whether they would buy it. made and evaluated, before prototypes are built
or production/construction begins. They may also
6 F 2 F 3 T considerably speed up the testing process, as
powerful computer programs can be used to
7 1 travel mug 4 heat retention simulate a wide variety of situations in relatively
2 took up less space 5 insulates short periods of time, or even overnight when
3 on their shelves 6 plastic version most engineers are not working.
2 Engineers use models in a wide variety of
8 Suggested Answer situations. They are used to model physical
processes - perhaps the weather and its impact
A: Regas, thanks for the email update earlier. How's
on a structure - and other dynamic activities such
the project going now?
as traffic flow or crowd behavior. They are used
B: it's going well! We're just about done with the
to model how well a particular design might
travel mug.
perform under a variety of the conditions that the
A: What did you decide on: a handle or grips?
final product or structure would be expected to
B: We liked the look of the handle, but decided that
operate under.
it took up less space with grips.
A: What's the benefit of less space?
2 F 2 T 3 T
B: Well, companies can ship more and stores can
stock more of them on their shelves.
3 1 mathematical model
A: That makes sense. And the heat retention is all
2 physical model
figured out?
3 empirical
B: Yes, the interior is metal and the outside rubber
4 UML
grip insulates it.
A: it doesn't get too hot because of the metal?
5 IDEF
6 qualitative model
B: The cup gets warm, but not unbearably hot.
7 analog computer models
A: Why didn't the plastic version work?
B: The plastic got very hot, so it would have needed
8 simulation
a handle.
4 1 modeling languages 3 3-D
2 VRML 4 Digital computer models
9 Suggested Answer
Designing a product is a process. Firstly, the 5 Suggested Answer
customer's need must be identified and understood.
Hillary's qualitative models were used to analyze
A team must be assembled and designs generated
driver behavior in heavily congested areas.
and the constraints on the product identified. We
identified that the product must be simple, effective,
6 B 2 c
highly-affordable and travel friendly. A prototype (or
prototypes) is then built and tested. A final version is
7 1 District of Columbia 5 behavior
then selected and built and checked against the
constraints to verify that it meets all the criteria. In
2 qualitative 6 3-D
3 learn 7 VRML
the case of designing a travel mug, considerations
4 empirical information
that need to be made during the process are;
whether there is a need for finger grooves to grip it
8 Suggested Answer
or to use a handle.
A: Indeed. Tell me about your time with the District
of Columbia.
UnitS
B: All right. That was my first job out of college, so it
1 Suggested Answers gave me a great chance to get some experience.
1 Computer models are helpful to model complex A: Which types of modeling did you do?
situations that could not be modeled, or that B: Well, I created qualitative models of driver behavior.
would be very expensive to model, using A: Interesting. What did you learn from that experience?

Answer Key 37
 Book Answer Key
B: We had great empirical information, but it didn't
come quite together like I'd hoped.
A: I see. Tell me about your current position.
B: All right. Now I'm doing a lot of 3-D modeling using
VRML.
9 Suggested Answer
So far in my career I have used a variety of computer
models, including digital computer models (3-D
models and simulations) as well as analog computer
models. I have modeled traffic patterns, driver
behavior in heavily congested areas and traffic flow
in urban areas. The modeling of traffic patterns was
based on information generated by mathematical
models. The modeling of driver behavior in heavily
congested areas and traffic flow were based on
empirical evidence. I am currently doing a lot of 3-D
modeling using VRML. My models and simulations
have been used in consultations with the City of
Dover on traffic flow issues.
Unit9
1 Suggested Answers
1 Engineers utilize accounting to analyze what is
happening in production processes. This allows
them to understand the manufacturing process
and, where appropriate, help them identify
problems with it, or at least ways in which it might
be improved to reduce waste and/or costs.
2 Accounting is needed to help engineers identify
constraints on the production of a product. For
example whether the design they have in mind
can make a profit. This helps in the engineering
design phase. lt is also needed once production
has begun to try and make that process as
efficient as possible.
2 D 2 c 3 B
3 1 B 3 H 5 c 7 D
2 A 4 G 6 F 8 E
4 1 universal accounting equation
2 generation
3 extensive quantity
4 state quantity
5 Suggested Answer
The engineer suggests reducing the shipping distance
in order to decrease consumption.
6 1 F 2 T 3 T
38 Answer Key
7 1 steady state
2 moving the plant
3 reduce a path quanity
4 shipping distance
5 cut down on consumption
6 factory equipment
8 Suggested Answer
A: Hello, Ms. Marriot. I'd like to get some clarifications
on that report about a steady state.
B: Of course, Mr. Brown. How can I help?
A: First of all, you suggested moving the plant. Is that
really the best option?
B: lt might be, assuming that it's otherwise impossible
to reduce a path quantity like shipping distance.
A: I see. To be honest, I can't move the plant or
reduce shipping distance.
B: Well, there could be another way to cut down on
consumption.
A: Really? I'd love to hear it.
B: I noticed this just before you called. it's the
equipment.
A: The equipment? What do you mean?
B: lt turns out that about 500 of the units were
damaged by factory equipment.
9 Suggested Answer
I've looked into your goal of achieving a steady state
of production, and I believe that the universal
accounting equation can help you. This equation allows
me to account for everything in your system and make
recommendations on how to achieve your goal. My
analysis suggests that the main factor keeping the
plant from achieving a steady state is its location. This
is a state quantity so the ideal solution is to move the
plant to reduce the shipping distance, as most units
are damaged in transit. Another factor is the equipment
you are using: this also causes damage to a lot of
products. If you are unable to move the plant then you
should try and change your equipment.
Unit 10
1 Suggested Answers
1 Statistics help people to be informed about a
certain topic, and are also commonly used as an
aid to decision making. Many times statistics are
used to describe certain features of a group being
examined. In other cases some attempt is made
to try and understand what the statistics might
mean more generally, for example in terms of
people's likely behavior in particular circumstances.
They are used in a wide variety of professions:
 Book ~ Answer Key

pharmaceutical companies use statistics to test 9 Suggested Answer

the effectiveness of drugs, economists use them • We are studying traffic patterns on Washington
to analyze the economy and for forecasting Street, in response to the City of Dunlop's call for
purposes, scientists use them in experiments and analysis. In particular we are using statistical
so on. Engineers also make considerable use of quality control to assess whether the existing
statistics. roads need upgrading.
2 Engineers use statistics for a wide variety of • We are taking a sample of the traffic at the
purposes. In civil engineering, statistics relating to intersection of Washington and First Street for one
roads are gathered and used to determine week. Every day we are recording the hourly
whether they have sufficient capacity. If this is not frequency of vehicles that pass through the
the case engineers may use this information to intersection. The data is then being sorted into
design new roads to deal with the amount of groups, plotted on a histogram and analyzed.
traffic that either exists or if forecast to exist in • We do not have any results yet, but we expect to
the future given the statistical evidence that they find that there will be a range of heavy traffic
have gathered. between 4.00 pm and 7.00 pm. The highest traffic
will probably occur around 5 pm.
2 1 traffic 3 frequency 5 discard
2 sample 4 sort 6 analyze
Unit 11
3 1 E 3 D 5 F 7 G 1 Suggested Answers
2 c 4 B 6 A 1 Computer engineering is a rapidly expanding field
because computers are being used in more and
4 B 2 A 3 B 4 c 5 A more applications throughout society. This means
there is a very large requirement for people who
5 Suggested Answer can design, build and maintain computers. The
The number of vehicles will be measured hourly increasing use of robots, both in industry and the
throughout the day. home also means that the demand for computer
engineers is growing rapidly.
6 T 2 F 3 F 2 Computer engineers do a wide range of work. They
design both hardware (such as computer chips and
7 1 your proposal 4 road tubes other devices) as well as computer programs and,
2 collect the raw data 5 pretty inexpensive perhaps most importantly, work to ensure that
3 a couple of 6 all kinds of these things work well together. They also work in
industry and telecommunications. They may be
8 Suggested Answer involved in designing and maintaining networks as
A: Hi Mr. Tennant. I received your proposal today. well as working in the field of robotics to design
B: Great. What are your thoughts? entire new robots or improved parts for them.
A: We're interested in some of your services, but we
have some questions. 2 D 2 c 3 A
B: Sure. What would you like to know?
A: First, how exactly do you plan to collect the raw 3 A 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 B
data for the sample?
B: Well, we have a couple of options. We could use 4 1 c 3 E 5 G 7 B
road tubes or video detection devices. 2 D 4 A 6 F
A: What are the benefits of road tubes?
B: They're pretty inexpensive. But they're not always 5 Suggested Answer
reliable. A heavy vehicle could damage the tubes. Burlington will offer new undergraduate degrees in
A: What about the video detection services? robotics and artificial intelligence.
B: They can record all kinds of information. But
they're much more expensive. 6 1 F 2 T 3 T

Answer Key 39
 Book 3 Answer Key

7 1 Department of Engineering Unit 12

2 department 1 Suggested Answers
3 comparable universities
1 Knowledge of geology is necessary for many
4 higher-quality
materials engineers. This is because, ultimately,
5 computer engineering
most materials are extracted from the ground. So
6 fault-tolerant
it is vital they have knowledge of how this can be
brought to the surface in the most efficient and
8 Suggested Answer
environmentally friendly way. This can involve
A: Why are you expanding the Department of digging mines or wells, sometimes under the sea,
Engineering? to extract petroleum or natural gas. Materials
B: Well, our department has been smaller than those engineers may oversee the entire process from
of comparable universities for decades. extraction right the way through to refining and
A: So you think this expansion will help the university? distribution.
B: Yes, I believe it will bring higher-quality students 2 1 think that in the future advanced materials are
to Burlington. likely to weigh less and less but also offer higher
A: Why? performance: be it greater heat insulation, or
B: We'll be giving them more opportunities to excel conductivity and so on. I also think that they may
in computer engineering. less and less be extracted from the ground, but
A: Tell me about some of those new opportunities. rather grown in laboratories.
B: Sure. We're going to be offering master's degrees
in three key new areas, including fault-tolerant 2 B 2 c 3 B
computer system design.
A: Why have you identified that as a "key" area? 3 1 E 4 F 7 J 10 H
B: Advanced space travel will require advances in 2 A 5 c 8 I 11 B
computer engineering. For a spacecraft to be 3 K 6 G 9 D
reliable enough for long-distance travel, it would
need fault-tolerant computer systems. 4 1 research and development 3 refining
A: Interesting. What about some of the new bachelor's 2 drilling 4 raw materials
degrees?
B: Those are also very exciting. Personally, I find 5 Suggested Answer
artificial intelligence to be the most attractive.
These jobs are advertised on the website
We're going to focus initially on reasoning and
'hireengineers.com'.
problem solving.
6 T 2 T 3 F
9 Suggested Answer
The Dean of Engineering at Burlington has just 7 1 plastics engineer
announced that the university's computer engineering 2 Chemical Engineering
program will expand next year. He thinks that the 3 learned the ropes
expansion will help the university by attracting higher 4 processes
quality students. lt will do this by giving them more 5 research and development
opportunities to excel in computer engineering. 6 lightweight polymers
Concentrations in complex fields such as digital signal
processing and VL'SI design will be offered. At some 8 Suggested Answer
point in the future concentrations in algorithms and
A: First of all, thank you for applying for the plastics
circuit analysis are also likely to be added. A large
engineer position.
number of new degree programs will be added to the
B: Thank you for interviewing me.
Department of Engineering. These include Master's
A: Lets start off with your experience. So, you majored
degrees in fault-tolerant computer system design,
in Chemical Engineering in college?
human-computer interaction and control engineering.
B: That's right. But I focused on polymers and plastics.
A: And your first job was at a factory?
B: Well, 1 interned for a while in college and learned
the ropes before I got a real job.

40 Answer Key

A: So you know the processes, but we want more
than that. How good are you with innovation?
B: Oh, research and development is actually one of
my passions.
A: Is that so? Tell me about it.
B: One of my first projects when I officially started
working was trying to create more lightweight
polymers.
9 Suggested Answer
A major force in the petrochemical industry is now
hiring. We are looking for a plastics engineer to create
new products from polymers. The ideal candidate will
have a degree in Materials Engineering or Chemical
Engineering and several years experience in the
industry. Because of the focus on product creation,
experience in research and development is essential.
You will have extensive knowledge of the processes
used within the industry such as injection molding and
extrusion, as well as familiarity with the raw materials
involved. The successful candidate will be passionate
about innovation and have a successful track record
in the area.
Unit 13
1 Suggested Answers
1 Almost all human activity has the potential to harm
the environment. Extracting materials from the
earth, such as petroleum, can (and has) caused
major damage to the environment. Industry then
uses these materials to create products for people
to use and again this can (and has) caused
enormous damage to the environment. Waste from
factories is a particular problem: this must go
somewhere or be treated otherwise it can cause
great harm to the environment. Waste from people
is also a major problem and again, must be
disposed of in an appropriate fashion if the
environment is to be protected.
2 Engineers can improve the environment, or at least
minimize the damage to it from our making and
using things, by taking it into account when they
design products, structures and buildings. When
the environment is considered from the start of the
design process, rather than simply as an add-on
at the end, this can lead to much better outcomes.
2 1 c 2 D 3 B
3 1 D 3 F 5 E 7 H
2 c 4 A 6 B 8 G
4 1 B 2 B 3 A 4 c
Book 3 Answer Key
5 Suggested Answer
The cheapest way to deal with potential problems at
the plant is to install special storage tanks that help
contain spills.
6 F 2 F 3 T
7 1 sewage treatment 4 the best option
2 do you think 5 replace them
3 detoxification 6 cost a lot
8 Suggested Answer
A: Darren, did you see this report about the sewage
treatment facility?
B: Yes, I just read it.
A: What do you think of the mitigation measures?
B: Well, many facilities are switching to alternative
treatment methods. Like the use of ultraviolet light
for detoxification.
A: Do you think that would work for the Hudson plant?
B: it could. But I don't think it's the best option.
A: Why not?
B: The lamps require a lot of maintenance. And you
have to replace them fairly frequently.
A: So it's fairly expensive?
B: Yes, both the installation and maintenance would
cost a lot.
9 Suggested Answer
The sewage treatment facility would work by drawing
in waste water from industrial and residential buildings
and then treating it using a detoxification process.
The treated water would then be directed out into
nearby bodies of water. This process could have
some potential environmental effects. If there was a
spill or a leak there would be sewage runoff
containing compounds that would be hazardous to
the plants and animals that live in nearby lakes and
streams. If some of the available mitigation measures
are used however, this problem could be avoided.
The cheapest option would be to install special
storage tanks to help contain spills. Another option
would be to use alternative treatment measures like
ultraviolet lamps instead of harmful chemicals.
Unit 14
1 Suggested Answers
1 Nuclear power is sometimes seen as desirable
because it creates energy without using fossil
fuels like oil or coal. This means that is does not
generate the pollution associated with energy
production from those sources. Also those fossil
Answer Key 41
 Book 3 Answer Key

fuels will run out at some point in the not too
distant future and nuclear fuel is a potential
alternative power source. However, nuclear power
has its own problems. Once the fuel has been
used it can be reprocessed and used again, but
ultimately there are radioactive materials that
must be disposed of somehow. Its safety record
is also being increasingly questioned in light of a
number of incidents in recent years where
radiation has been released into the environment.
2 Reprocessing of the fuel used in nuclear reactors
can make nuclear power safer, as it can be used
again rather than having to be disposed of. In
theory this reprocessed fuel can then be used in
special breeder reactors and never need to be
disposed of, meaning that almost no waste is
created while generating nuclear power. However,
transporting reprocessed fuels for reprocessing is
very risky, as an accident involving these could
cause massive pollution.
A: How do you figure that?
B: it's simple. Those breeder reactors create more
plutonium than they use up!
9 Suggested Answer
The pros of nuclear fuel rod reprocessing:
• Reprocessing nuclear fuel rods means that they
do not have to be disposed of in the ground. This
is helpful for the environment as areas where
nuclear waste is stored become contaminated far
into the future.
• Reprocessing nuclear fuel rods is more efficient
than finding new uranium-235. lt allows existing fuels
to be re-used rather than going to the expense of
finding and extracting more uranium-235.
The cons of nuclear fuel rod reprocessing:
• nuclear fuel rod reprocessing is potentially
dangerous, as the plutonium from spent fuel rods
can be used to make nuclear weapons.

2 D 2 B 3 D Unit 15
1 Suggested Answers
3 1 E 3 c 5 B 7 D 9 I
2 A 4 H 6 F 8 G 1 Biomedical engineers use engineering techniques
and knowledge to help out in the field of
4 1 uranium-235 3 reprocessing healthcare. This involves creating medical
2 nuclear fission technology, for example x-ray and MRI machines,
to examine particular problems inside patients'
5 Suggested Answer bodies without having to operate on them.
Additionally, biomedical engineers design devices
lt is a bad idea to store used nuclear fuel in the ground
to help peoples' bodies function e.g. machines
as this contaminates the area far into the future.
that regulate heart rate and even some artificial
body parts. Biomedical engineers may also be
6 F 2 T 3 T
involved in the production of pharmaceuticals and
even genetic engineering.
7 1 pretty biased 4 secure the rods
2 There are a large number of benefits to biomedical
2 for one thing 5 uranium-235
engineering. Many people today would not be alive
3 plutonium 6 nuclear fuel
if the devices invented by biomedical engineers
did not exist. Countless more would have a much
8 Suggested Answer
lower quality of life. Biomedical engineering gives
A: Well, I think it's pretty biased. I don't think hope to those with illnesses that were previously
reprocessin~ fuel rods is a good idea. untreatable, and even to those whose conditions
B: I think it's a great idea! Why don't you like it? are currently untreatable because advances in this
A: For one thing, it's dangerous. Plutonium from spent field are being made so quickly.
fuel rods can be used to make nuclear weapons.
B: I suppose, but I'm sure they would be careful to 2 B 2 B 3 D
secure the rods.
A: That may be, but I also disagree with it because 3 1 D 3 F 5 I 7 B 9 H
of the expense. 2 G 4 A 6 E 8 c
B: The expense?
A: Yeah! Just going out and finding uranium-235 in 4 1 diagnosis 4 prosthetic
the ground is not cheap! 2 pacemaker 5 medical imaging
B: That may be, but reprocessing fuel rods is a much 3 dialysis 6 treatment
more efficient way of getting new nuclear fuel.
42 Answer Key

L
 Book 3 Answer Key

5 Suggested Answer
BioCare's ultrasound machines are particularly useful
in prenatal care where they offer superior imaging to
diagnose and monitor patients.

6 F 2 T 3 F

7 1 returning a call
2 My pleasure
3 CT scanner you've developed .
4 256 slices
5 64 slice
6 putting patients at risk

8 Suggested Answer
B: Hello, this is Paul Heap at BioCare. I'm returning a
call for Dr. Mary Wilson.
A: Hi Paul, this is Mary. Thanks for calling me back.
B: My pleasure. What can I do for you?
A: I have a few questions about that new CT scanner
you've developed.
B: Yes, the BioCare2000. What can I tell you?
A: Well, I see that it offers 256 slices. Is that really
possible?
B: lt is. We're the only manufacturer that offers such
a high number.
A: I know. The most I've ever seen is a 64 slice
scanner.
B: And that's not bad. But with 256 slices, you'll get
a clearer picture than ever before.
A: I would imagine so! But with so many slices, aren't
we putting patients at risk?
B: Are you talking about the radiation?
A: Exactly. More slices must mean more x-rays, right?
B: Actually, it's just the opposite. With our
improvements, the new unit uses fewer x-rays
than a 64 slice scanner.

9 Suggested Answer
Biocare offers a wide range of biomedical equipment
to help with both treatment and diagnosis. We offer
respirators to help with patients' breathing and
infusion pumps to provide them with their nutritional
and medicinal requirements. Our pacemakers and
dialysis machines keep patients with heart and kidney
problems alive.
Our medical imaging technology is the best on the
market. The BioCare 2000 CT scanner offers 256
slices giving much clearer pictures. Our closest rival
can only offer a quarter of that, just 64 slices. Our
MRI and ultrasound machines also offer superior
imaging to diagnose and monitor patients.
Finally our incubators ensure that any babies born
prematurely are given the best healthcare possible.
Answer Key 43
 Audioscripts
Unit 1
Engineer 1 (M): Hey, Tammy. Did you see Gary's email?
Engineer 2 (W): Yes, I have it right here.
Engineer 1: What do you think of the advice? About
focusing on the basic principles of motion?
Engineer 2: I think it'll help. Especially if we focus on
Newton's third law.
Engineer 1: How will that help us?
Engineer 2: Well, we need a net force backwards to
create an equal force forward, right?
Engineer 1: Yes. But our calculations show that we need
too much fuel to create that force.
Engineer 2: Well, let's think about that. We have to
counteract the mass of the rocket.
Engineer 1: Yes, and the air friction that occurs, too.
Engineer 2: That's right. So the force must equal the
rocket's mass plus air friction.
Engineer 1: Correct. But creating that force requires too
much fuel.
Engineer 2: Wait a second. I think we made a mistake.
Engineer 1: What do you mean?
Engineer 2: Our calculations assume that air friction is
present throughout the trip. But that's not correct.
Engineer 1: You're right! There will be no air friction in
space.
Engineer 2: Exactly. We don't need so much fuel after all.
Unit 2
Reporter (M): Thank you for agreeing to meet with me
again, Dr. Carmichaels.
Engineer (W): My pleasure.
Reporter: Why don't we start off with the questions that
readers sent in to me?
Engineer: Yes, let's do that.
Reporter: The first reader wants to know more about
why reaching absolute zero is impossible.
Engineer: Well, reaching absolute zero can't be done
because a system that is at absolute zero would
have to be removed from the universe.
Reporter: Why is that?
Engineer: Systems always seek equilibrium, so heat will
always transfer 'between systems. A system at
absolute zero would receive heat from neighboring
systems.
Reporter: Interesting! Okay, here's another. Why is it
important to study absolute zero?
Engineer: lt helps us understand deep space.
Reporter: How's that?
Engineer: The temperature of space is a constant 2.73
degrees Kelvin, which is pretty close to absolute
zero.
Reporter: I see.
44 Answer Key
Engineer: So by recreating this temperature, we can
understand how things such as expanding gases
behave in such extreme cold.
Reporter: So have you reached 2.73 degrees Kelvin?
Engineer: Actually, yes. We've even reached 1 degree
Kelvin, which is the coldest natural temperature ever
recorded. We'd still like to see how close to absolute
zero we can get, though.
Unit 3
Fire Chief (M): Thanks for meeting with me today, Marsha.
Engineer (W): No problem, Chief. it's my pleasure.
Fire Chief: So, what did you find out?
Engineer: Well, your firefighters say that the flow of water
from their fire hoses is too weak, correct?
Fire Chief: That's right.
Engineer: I see. Well, I think we've found a solution.
Fire Chief: What's that?
Engineer: The water viscosity is obviously the same
across the entire city, so that's not the issue.
Fire Chief: Okay. That makes sense.
Engineer: Instead, we believe the diameter of your hoses
is too big for the amount of pressure you're getting
at the inlet.
Fire Chief: I see. So we need smaller hoses?
Engineer: Correct. If the driving force behind the water
entering the hose stays the same, a smaller hose
would increase the flow at the outlet.
Fire Chief: I'm not sure that'll work. lt would probably be
too expensive.
Engineer: Well then you've only got one other option, and
that's to replace all of the inlets you're using.
Fire Chief: That would cost more than replacing the
hoses! Are you sure that using a smaller diameter fire
hose will solve the problem?
Engineer: Absolutely.
Unit4 •
Supervisor (W): Hey John. I got your e-mail about the
structural testing system.
Engineer (M): Yeah? What do you think about it?
Supervisor: I like the sound of it, and I definitely think it
will make things faster.
Engineer: That's great. Are you approving it, then?
Supervisor: I am, but I have one concern.
Engineer: Which is?
Supervisor: I think we should do regular statics testing, too.
Engineer: Doesn't that defeat the purpose of getting a
new system?
Supervisor: I'm just not comfortable switching to a different
one yet.
Engineer: So you want to compare the effectiveness of
the device with traditional testing?

Supervisor: Exactly. If it's just as accurate as regular
tests, then we'll switch to it in the future.
Engineer: But won't that take even more time?
Supervisor: Yes, but in the long run it will be worth it.
Engineer: Okay, I can appreciate that.
Supervisor: How soon can you have the device?
Engineer: I'll pick it up later today.
Unit 5
Engineer 1 (M): Hey, I heard you're working on the
exploding batteries problem.
Engineer 2 (W): Yeah, I am. Are you working on it too?
Engineer 1: I just got assigned to it a few days ago. We
really need to figure out what's going on.
Engineer 2: I know. The press is all over us on this one.
Engineer 1: Yeah, this is really damaging Morioka's
reputation.
Engineer 2: So what do you think the problem is?
Engineer 1: Actually, I think those consumer safety group
people probably have it right.
Engineer 2: I do too. I don't think it's the separator sheet,
though.
Engineer 1: Why's that?
Engineer 2: Well, the batteries I've inspected didn't have
punctured sheets. That means the electrodes couldn't
touch.
Engineer 1: The one I saw didn't have a punctured
separator sheet, either.
Engineer 2: So you think it's the switch, then?
Engineer 1: Probably. The switch must have failed to open
the vent hole and release the pressure.
Engineer 2: That would definitely cause it to explode.
Engineer 1: Right. Do you have any uninspected batteries
we could look at to back this idea up?
Engineer 2: I do. They're right over here.
Unit 6
Engineer (M): Ms. Platt, thanks for taking the time to meet
with me.
Clothing Manufacturer (W): My pleasure. So, what's this
great new product you mentioned on the phone?
Engineer: it's a sure reflective material. Its luminance is
very high.
Clothing Manufacturer: And what exactly is it designed
for?
Engineer: lt would work great for safety workers. Small
strips placed on uniforms can reflect large amounts
of light.
Clothing Manufacturer: And how much does it cost?
Engineer: Well, the production process is rather involved.
So it costs about 70 dollars per square meter.
Clothing Manufacturer: That's a bit pricy. Other reflective
materials are available for less.
Audioscripts
Engineer: But ours reflects twice as much light as others.
So you use less of it.
Clothing Manufacturer: Good point. it sounds promising.
Engineer: Would you be interested in purchasing some
when it's ready?
Clothing Manufacturer: Well, I'm worried about more
than just costs. Safety workers can't do their jobs in
heavy clothes.
Engineer: We thought of that, too. This material is
extremely lightweight.
Clothing Manufacturer: That's great. How much does it
weigh?
Engineer: it's about 95 grams per square meter.
Clothing Manufacturer: Well, I'm definitely interested. Let
me know when you begin production.
Unit 7
Supervisor (M): Helen, thanks for the e-mail update earlier.
How's the project going now?
Engineer (W): it's going well! We're just about done with
the travel mug.
Supervisor: What did you decide on: a handle or grips?
Engineer: We liked the look of the handle, but decided
that it took up less space with grips.
Supervisor: What's the benefit of less space?
Engineer: Well, companies can ship more and stores can
stock more of them on their shelves.
Supervisor: That makes sense. And the heat retention is all
figured out?
Engineer: Yes, the interior is metal and the outside rubber
grip insulates it.
Supervisor: lt doesn't it get too hot because of the metal?
Engineer: The cup gets warm, but not unbearably hot.
Supervisor: Why didn't the plastic version work?
Engineer: The plastic got very hot, so it would have
needed a handle.
Supervisor: it seems pretty involved. lt won't cost a lot,
will it?
Engineer: Not at all. Part of the goal was making it
affordable.
Supervisor: All right, sounds like it's ready to move forward
to the client.
Engineer: I'll prepare the final product for presentation.
UnitS
Supervisor (M): Good morning, Hillary.
Engineer (W): Good morning. Thank you so much for
meeting with me.
Supervisor: My pleasure. Let's dive right in. Tell me about
some of your modeling experience.
Engineer: Well, as you can see from my resume, I've
actually done quite a bit of that.
Answer Key 45
 Audioscripts
Supervisor: Indeed. Tell me about your time with the
District of Columbia.
Engineer: All right. That was my first job out of college,
so it gave me a great chance to get some
experience.
Supervisor: Which types of modeling did you do?
Engineer: Well, I created qualitative models of driver
behavior.
Supervisor: Interesting. What did you learn from that
experience?
Engineer: We had great empirical information, but it didn't
quite come together like I'd hoped. People's behavior
can be difficult to model.
Supervisor: I see. Tell me about your current position.
Engineer: All right. Right now I'm doing a lot of 3-D
modeling using VRML.
Supervisor: What types of things are you modeling?
Engineer: I'm actually creating models and simulations of
traffic patterns.
Supervisor: How's that been going?
Engineer: it's been great, actually. My mathematical
models have been able to accurately predict traffic
behavior.
Unit9
Producer (W): Hello, Mr. Sherman. I'd like to get some
clarifications on that report about a steady state.
Engineer (M): Of course, Ms. Howe. How can I help?
Producer: First of all, you suggested moving the plant. Is
that really the best option?
Engineer: Yes, assuming that it's otherwise impossible to
reduce a path quantity like shipping distance.
Producer: I see. To be honest, I can't move the plant or
reduce shipping distance.
Engineer: Well, there could be another way to cut down
on consumption.
Producer: Really? I'd love to hear it.
Engineer: I noticed this just before you called. it's the
equipment.
Producer: The equipment? What do you mean?
Engineer: lt turns out that 500 of the units were damaged
by factory equipQJent.
Producer: Oh, no! Why so many?
Engineer: lt turns out that this factory's equipment is
actually rather outdated.
Producer: So you'd recommend that I update the machines
there?
Engineer: That should decrease the number of units
damaged at the factory.
Producer: lt sounds like it could get expensive.
Engineer: True. But you'll save money overall, since you
won't lose so many units.
46 Answer Key
Unit 10
Planner (M): Hi Ms. Roberts. I received your proposal
today.
Engineer (W): Great. What are your thoughts?
Planner: We're interested in your services, but we have
some questions.
Engineer: Sure. What would you like to know?
Planner: First, how exactly do you plan to collect the raw
data for the sample?
Engineer: Well, we have a couple of options. We could
use road tubes or video detection devices.
Planner: What are the benefits of road tubes?
Engineer: They're pretty inexpensive. But they're not
always reliable. A heavy vehicle could damage the
tubes.
Planner: What about the video detection devices?
Engineer: They can record all kinds of information. But
they're much more expensive.
Planner: Well, do you think the road tubes would be
sufficient?
Engineer: Yes, I think they would work just fine to study
this population.
Planner: Okay, let's use them. And I have one more
question.
Engineer: Sure, what is it?
Planner: What kind of results would indicate that we
need a new road?
Engineer: Well, we expect the results to reveal heavy
traffic from 4:00 PM to 7:00 PM. If the actual range
exceeds certain limits, we would recommend
expanding the road.
Unit 11
Reporter (W): Thank you so much for speaking with us,
Dr. Boyle.
Dean (M): My pleasure.
Reporter: Why are you expanding the Department of
Engineering?
Dean: Well, our department has been smaller than those
of comparable universities for decades.
Reporter: So you think this expansion will help the
university?
Dean: Yes, 1believe it will bring higher-quality students to
Burlington.
Reporter: Why?
Dean: We'll be giving them more opportunities to excel
in computer engineering.
Reporter: Tell me about some of those new opportunities.
Dean: Sure. We're going to be offering master's degrees
in three key new areas, including fault-tolerant
computer system design.
Reporter: Why have you identified that as a "key'' area?

Dean: Advanced space travel will require advances in
computer engineering. For a spacecraft to be reliable
enough for long-distance travel, it would need fault-
tolerant computer systems.
Reporter: Interesting. What about some of the new
bachelor's degrees?
Dean: Those are also very exciting. Personally, I find
artificial intelligence to be the most attractive. We're
going to focus initially on reasoning and problem
solving. Machines capable of these things would be
very valuable.
Unit 12
Interviewer (M): First of all, thank you for applying for the
plastics engineer position.
Engineer (W): Thank you for interviewing me.
Interviewer: Let's start off with your experience. So, you
majored in Chemical Engineering in college?
Engineer: That's right, but I focused on polymers and
plastics.
Interviewer: And your first job was at a factory?
Engineer: Well, I interned for a while in college and learned
the ropes before I got a real job.
Interviewer: So you know the processes, but we want
more than that. How good are you with innovation?
Engineer: Oh, research and development is actually one
of my passions.
Interviewer: Is that so? Tell me about it.
Engineer: One of my first projects when I officially started
working was trying to create more lightweight
polymers.
Interviewer: Okay. Let's say we give you a raw material,
what's the first thing you think of?
Engineer: I think, "How can I make something new and
useful out of this?"
Interviewer: And you've been working R & D for how long?
Engineer: Six years next month.
Interviewer: And you'd be interested in doing the same
for our company?
Engineer: Yes, I would. I love the challenge.
Unit 13
Engineer 1 (M): Emily, did you see this report about the
sewage treatment facility?
Engineer 2 (W): Yes, I just read it.
Engineer 1: What do you think of the mitigation measures?
Engineer 2: Well, many facilities are switching to alternative
treatment methods. Like the use of ultraviolet light for
detoxification.
Engineer 1: Do you think that would work for the Hudson
plant?
Audioscripts
Engineer 2: it could. But I don't think it's the best option.
Engineer 1: Why not?
Engineer 2: The lamps require lots of maintenance. And
you have to replace them frequently.
Engineer 1: So it's fairly expensive?
Engineer 2: Yes, both the installation and maintenance
would cost a lot.
Engineer 1: How about the special storage tanks?
Engineer 2: They're a better option. They have double
walls to catch spills. But a major leak can still pose a
serious pollution problem.
Engineer 1: Is there any way to address that issue?
Engineer 2: Actually, there are leak detection sensors
you can purchase. They alert you to any ruptures in
the tanks and pipes. ,
Engineer 1: So would those combined with the special
tanks be the best solution?
Engineer 2: I think so. Installing leak sensors on the tanks
would probably limit sewage runoff significantly.
Unit 14
Engineer 1 (W): Have you read the new Energy Tomorrow
article on reprocessing nuclear fuel rods?
Engineer 2 (M): Yeah, I have. I didn't really like it, though.
Engineer 1: Why's that?
Engineer 2: Well, I think it's pretty biased. I don't think
reprocessing fuel rods is a good idea.
Engineer 1: I think it's a great idea! Why don't you like it?
Engineer 2: For one thing, it's dangerous. Plutonium from
spent fuel rods can be used to make nuclear weapons.
Engineer 1: I suppose, but I'm sure they would be careful
to secure the rods.
Engineer 2: That may be, but I also disagree with it
because of the expense.
Engineer 1: The expense?
Engineer 2: Yeah! Just going out and finding uranium-235
in the ground is not cheap!
Engineer 1: That may be, but reprocessing fuel rods is a
much more efficient way of getting new nuclear fuel.
Engineer 2: How do you figure that?
Engineer 1: it's simple. Those breeder reactors create
more plutonium than they use up!
Engineer 2: I suppose that's true.
Engineer 1: Besides, think about the environmental
benefit of reprocessing the waste instead of burying
it. Burying radioactive fuel rods is very harmful.
Engineer 2: You're definitely right about that. I'm still not
convinced, though.
Answer Key 47
 Audioscripts

Unit 15
Engineer (M): Hello, this is Frank Janson at BioCare. I'm
returning a call for Dr. Ellen Baker.
Doctor (W): Hi Frank, this is Ellen. Thanks for calling me
back.
Engineer: My pleasure. What can I do for you?
Doctor: I have a few questions about that new CT scanner
you've developed.
Engineer: Yes, the BioCare2000. What can I tell you?
Doctor: Well, I see that it offers 256 slices. Is that really
possible?
Engineer: lt is. We're the only manufacturer that offers
such a high number.
Doctor: I know. The most I've ever seen is a 64 slice
scanner.
Engineer: And that's not bad. But with 256 slices, you'll
get a clearer picture than ever before.
Doctor: I would imagine so! But with so many slices,
aren't we putting patients at risk?
Engineer: Are you talking about the radiation?
Doctor: Exactly. More slices must mean more X-rays, right?
Engineer: Actually, it's just the opposite. With our
improvements, the new unit uses fewer X-rays than
a 64 slice scanner.
Doctor: That's fantastic. What about speed?
Engineer: lt can take a little longer for larger scans.
Doctor: That's not too bad, considering the improvements.
Now, let's talk about price.

48 Answer Key
Career Paths: Engineering is a new educational resource for engineering
professionals who want to improve their English communication skills in a work
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by leaders within the engineering industry, each unit offers step-by-step
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reading , listening , speaking , and writing . Career Paths: Engineering addresses
topics including tools, materials, numbers, engineering concepts, converting
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The series is organized into three levels of difficulty and offers over 400 vocabulary
terms and phrases. Every unit includes a test of reading comprehension, vocabulary,
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• Over 400 vocabulary terms and phrases
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The audio COs contain all recorded material in American English and British English.

Books 1-3 of Career Paths: Engineering are rated for the Common European
Framework of Reference for Languages at A 1, A2 and B1 respectively.

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