1. A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally using PCM.

Assume the
audio signal is band limited to be 3 KHz and has maximum signal amplitude 1
V. The sampling rate is 50% higher than the Nyquist rate. If the speech signal is
quantized into 4096 levels, then determine the quantization step, the signal-to-
quantization noise ratio and the bit rate required to encode the given audio
signal.
Solution:
Band width of input signal W = 3 kHz, Maximum signal amplitude Vmax = 1 V
The Nyquist rate rN = 2 W samples/sec = 6 k samples/sec.
Thus, sampling rate rs = 1.5 × rN = 1.5 × 6 k = 9 k samples/s
Number of quantization levels L = 4096, Then
2Vmax 2
Quantization step size     0.0004883 Volts
L 4096
Number of bits per sample n  log 2 4096  log 2 212   12  
SQNR = 1.8 + 6n = 73.8 dB Bit rate rb = n×rs = 12 × 9 k = 108 kbps
• A signal 3.5 KHz is sampled, quantized and coded by PCM system with
transmission rate of 50 Kbps. Calculate the maximum SQN with peak voltage
of 2V and power of 0.04W.
• The signal i/p to the PCM is 4 KHz. I/P varies from -3.8 to 3.8 v with average
power of 30mW. The required SQN is 20dB. Modulator produces binary o/p
with uniform quantization. i) Calculate the no.of bits ii) O/P of 30 PCM coders
are time multiplexed , what is BW.
2. An Analog signal whose voltage is varying between 0V–2V and it is given as
input to 2bit PCM with Midrise type quantizer of Δ = 0.5. Let
x[k]={0.2,0.7,1.3,1.7} be the sample values of the given analog signal. (a) Find
the Quantized signal xq[k]. (b) Find the Encoder output in terms of Binary
digits. (c) Draw NRZ Unipolar and Polar signal for the Encoder output.
Solution:
(a) Quantized signal xq[k] = {0.25, 0.75, 1.25, 1.75}
(b) Encoder output in terms of Binary digits = {00, 01, 10, 11}