Thermodynamics 2 Module #2 Rankine Cycle

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.02:ME4-2NDSEM-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO. ME 4

SPECIALIZATION Mechanical COURSE TITLE Thermodynamics 2
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 9Hrs WK NO. 3-5 IM NO. 2
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Simple Rankine Cycle Analysis
II. LESSON TITLE

Introduction on Rankine Cycle
Ideal Rankine Cycle
Improving Rankine Cycle Efficiency
Ideal Rankine Engine
Actual Rankine Cycle
Actual Rankine Engine
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson provides the students an in-depth understanding of the Simple Rankine cycle.
.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

• Differentiate Rankine cycle from Carnot cycle.
• Determine Rankine cycle efficiency
• Calculate states and performance parameters for vapor power cycles based on the Rankine cycle.
V. LESSON CONTENT
Introduction:
The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle describing the process by which
certain heat engines, such as steam turbines or reciprocating steam engines, allow mechanical work
to be extracted from a fluid as it moves between a heat source and heat sink. It is a condensation
process where steam is to be condensed into water and it is the fundamental operating cycle of all
power plants where an operating fluid is continuously evaporated and condensed. The Rankine cycle
is nothing but a modification of the Carnot cycle. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a
Scottish polymath professor at Glasgow University.
The ideal Rankine cycle is very useful in steam power plants and gas power plants. Heat
energy is supplied to the system via a boiler where the working fluid (typically water) is converted to
a high-pressure gaseous state (steam) to turn a turbine. After passing over the turbine the fluid is
allowed to condense back into a liquid state as waste heat energy is rejected before being returned
to the boiler, completing the cycle. Friction losses throughout the system are often neglected to
simplify calculations as such losses are usually much less significant than thermodynamic losses,
especially in larger systems.
In an ideal Rankine cycle, the pump and turbine would be isentropic, i.e., the pump and turbine
would generate no entropy and hence maximize the network output. It is a reversible process.The
actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle because of irreversibilities in the
inherent components caused by fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings; fluid friction causes
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pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser, and the piping between the components, and as a result
the steam leaves the boiler at a lower pressure; heat loss reduces the network output, thus heat
addition to the steam in the boiler is required to maintain the same level of network output.
Work output
Steam 1
Cooling water
2
Boiler
Condenser Heat rejected
Heat
supplied
3 1-2 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
B 2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
Feed water
Pump 3 3-B Isentropic compression in a pump
B-1 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
Saturated water
Extraction pump
Work input
Note: The state points may vary for different authors of books relating to Rankine Cycle. But in this module,
state points were adopted from the book of Thermodynamics 2 by Sta Maria. Point 1 will be place before the
entry of steam at the steam turbine, point 2 after steam turbine and before the condenser, point 3 after the
condenser and before the entry at the pump, and point B will be after the pump and before the boiler. Please
see figure above.
You can start point 1 anywhere in the four process If you wish. The same values will be computed as
long as you correctly follow the process.
THE FOUR PROCESSES IN THE IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE
Process 1–2: Isentropic expansion in the engine, s=c
The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the
temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. The output in this
process can be easily calculated using the Mollier chart or Steam tables.
Dry saturated steam enters the turbine. Here steam expands isentropically and the pressure
and temperature fall from p1 to p2 and T1 to T2 with a dryness fraction x2. During this expansion, no
heat is supplied or rejected. So, there is no change in entropy, and the curve from 1-2 falls shows
the graph below.
Process 2–3: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser, p=c
The wet vapor then enters a condenser, where it is condensed at a constant pressure to
become a saturated liquid.
At this stage, Wet steam enters the condenser for condensation of steam. Heat is rejected in
the condenser at a constant temperature T 2 and pressure p2 until the total steam is condensed into
water. At point 3 conditions, T2 = T3. So, the curve of the p-v and T-s diagram is a straight line and
heat is rejected by steam is called latent heat equal to x2hfg2
Process 3–B: Isentropic compression, adiabatic pumping, s=c
The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this stage,
the pump requires little input energy.
Process B–1: Constant pressure heat addition in the boiler/ steam generator, p=c
The high-pressure liquid enters a boiler, where it is heated at constant pressure by an external
heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. The input energy required can be easily calculated
graphically, using an enthalpy–entropy chart (h–s chart, or Mollier diagram), or numerically,
using steam tables or software.
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Diagrammatic Layout for Steam Power Plant
The Rankine Cycle
Note:
a. In the ideal cycle, the state of steam leaving the steam generator and entering the
engine are the same as well as the state of feedwater leaving the pump and entering
the steam generator. This means that there is no pressure drop and no heat leakage
in the steam line and feed water line.
b. The quantity of the working substance within the system is constant. This implies
that there are no leakages in the system.
Cycle Analysis
A. Heat Added, QA
Energy Balance
Ein = Eout
QA + hB = h1
QA = h1 - hB
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B. Heat Rejected, QR
Energy Balance
Ein = Eout
h 2 = QR + h 3
-QR = -h2 + h3
QR = h 2 - h 3
C. Engine Work, W
Energy Balance
Ein = Eout
h1 = W + h2
-W = -h1 + h2
W = h 1 – h2
Considering the change in kinetic energy,
h1+K1=h2 + K2 + W
W = h 1 - h 2 + K1 - K2
𝒗𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
𝐖 = 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡 𝟐 +
𝟐𝐤
D. Pump Work. Wp
1. Exact Pump work

Energy Balance
Ein = Eout
h 3 + Wp = h B
Wp = h B – h 3
2. Approximate Pump Work
The state of feed water leaving the pump is that of a compressed liquid. Very often,
compressed liquid tables are not available, hence, the properties of a compressed liquid are
not easily obtainable. Therefore, the exact pump work is difficult to determine.
The following assumptions are made in the determination of the approximate pump
work.
(a) Water is “practically” an incompressible liquid. Therefore, V 3 = VB
(b) The change in internal energy is negligible, u3 = uB
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Energy balance:
Ein = Eout
u3 + Wf3 + Wp = uB + WfB
Wp = WfB - Wf3
Wp = pBvB – p3v3
Wp = vf3 ( pB – p3)
E. Net Cycle Work, Wnet
Wnet = Gross work – Pump work

Wnet = W - Wp
Wnet = h1- h2-Wp
Another method of determining the net cycle work is obtaining it from the TS diagram.
Wnet = area 1-2-3-B-1
Wnet = area (1-c-b-B-1) - area (2-3-b-c-2)
Wnet = QA - QR
Wnet = (h1 – hB) - (h2 – h3)
Wnet = h1 – h2 – (hB – h3)
Wnet = h1– h2 – Wp
F. Thermal Efficiency, ec
Rankine Thermal Efficiency is the ratio between the work produced by the steam
turbine that has been reduced by the pump work, with the incoming heat energy from the
boiler.
Wnet h1 − h2 − Wp
ec = =
QA h1 − h3 − Wp
G. Steam Rate, m
Steam rate is the mass of steam used to perform a unit work or the mass flow rate of
steam consumed to produce a unit power. For good design, a lower value of steam rate is
desired. A lower value of steam rate means that a smaller quantity of steam is needed to
develop the desired power output.
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Let, P = power output in kW

W = work done by a kg of steam, kJ/kg
m = steam rate, kg/kWh
By definition
mass flow rate, kg/h

Steam rate =
power output, kW
kg kJ 1h
but Power = (mass flow rate, ) (W, ) ( )
h kg 3600 s
(mass flow rate)(W)

Power = , kW
3600
(mass flow rate, kg/h)

then, m =
(mass flow rate)(W), kW
3600
3600
m= , kg/kWh
W
For the ideal Rankine cycle
3600
mc = , kg/kWh
Wnet
The Ideal Rankine Engine

The ideal Rankine engine is either a steam turbine or a steam engine. The difference between
an ideal Rankine engine and an ideal Rankine cycle is that an ideal Rankine engine does not include
pump work since it is concerned only with all the process occurring inside the engine. On the other
hand, the ideal cycle must include pump work because the pump is needed for the completion of the
cycle. And for the engine to be ideal, the expansion process should be isentropic.
Engine Analysis
A. Work, W
W = h1 - h2
B. Thermal Efficiency, ee
The definition of thermal efficiency does not directly apply to an engine because no
heat is added to it. Instead, it is charged with the enthalpy of steam entering the engine and
credited with the enthalpy of saturated liquid at the condensing temperature.
When applied to an engine the thermal efficiency, e = W/QA becomes e = W/Ec where
Ec is energy chargeable against the engine.
Ec = enthalpy of steam entering the engine – enthalpy of saturated liquid at the condensing
temperature.
𝐖 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐
𝐞𝐞 = =
𝐄𝐜 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐟𝟑
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C. Steam Rate, me
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝐦𝐞 = =
𝐖 𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭
D. Heat Rate, HR
Heat rate is the energy chargeable per unit of work or the rate of energy chargeable
per unit of power.
Energy Rate
HR =
Power
kg 𝑘𝐽
(mass flowrate,
) ( 𝐸𝑐 , )
h 𝑘𝑔
HR =
kg 𝑘𝐽 1ℎ
(mass flow rate, ) ( 𝑊, ) ( )
h 𝑘𝑔 3600𝑠
3600
HR = ( ) (Ec )
W
HR = (me ) (Ec )
𝐇𝐑 = (𝐦𝐞 ) (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐟𝟑 )
E. Relation between ee and HR
W
ee =
Ec
(HR)(W)
Ec =
3600
Then,
W
ee =
(HR)(W)
3600
3600
ee =
HR
As can be seen from the resulting equation, the thermal efficiency is inversely
proportional to the heat rate. This means that the lower the heat rate the higher the thermal
efficiency and the higher the heat rate, the lower the thermal efficiency.
The Actual Rankine Cycle
Any presence of the following conditions will transform the ideal cycle into an actual one.
a. Pressure drops in the steam generator.
b. Pressure drop in the steam line (1-1’).
c. Pressure drops in the condenser.
d. Pressure drop in the feed water line (B-B’).
e. Heat losses in the steam line.
f. Heat losses in the turbine/engine.
g. Irreversible adiabatic expansion in the turbine.
h. Inefficient pump.
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i. Subcooled condensate.
Actual Rankine System
Cycle Analysis
A. Heat Added, QA
𝐐𝐀 ′ = 𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐁 ′
B. Heat Rejected, QR
𝐐𝐑 ′ = 𝐡𝟐 ′ − 𝐡𝟑 ′
C. Engine Work, W’
1. Irreversible adiabatic expansion from 1’-2’
𝐖 ′ = 𝐡𝟏 ′ − 𝐡𝟐 ′
2. Polytropic expansion from 1’-2’
Ein = Eout
h1’ = h2’ + W’ + Qloss
W’= h1’ - h2’ - Qloss
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D. Pump Work, Wp’

ideal pump work
W𝑝′ =
nm
Where: nm = pump mechanical efficiency
E. Actual Cycle Thermal Efficiency, ec’
W ′ − 𝑊𝑝′
ec′ =
Q A′
The Actual Rankine Engine
If during the expansion process the steam undergoes a process other than isentropic process,
the engine is said to be an actual one.
Engine Analysis
A. Work,W’
W’= h1’ - h2’
B. Energy Chargeable against the Engine, Ec’
Ec’ = h1’ – hf3’
C. Thermal efficiency, ec′
𝐖′ 𝒉 𝟏 ′ − 𝒉 𝟐′
𝐞𝐜 ′ = =
𝐄𝐜 ′ 𝒉𝟏′ − 𝒉𝒇𝟑′
Definition of Terms
Turbogenerator is a generator driven by a turbine.

Ideal Work, W, is the work done by the steam during the reversible adiabatic expansion process in
the turbine.
Indicated or actual fluid work,W,W’, is the work done by the steam during an irreversible adiabatic
expansion or polytropic expansion process in the turbine.
Brake work, WB, is the useful work, i.e., the available work at the engine shaft.
Combined work, Wk, is the electrical energy available at the generator outlet.
Turbine- Generator Set
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Thermal Efficiencies
a. Ideal Thermal Efficiency,e

W
e=
Ec
b. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, ei
WI
ei =
Ec
c. Brake Thermal Efficiency, eb
WB
eb =
Ec
d. Combined Thermal Efficiency, ek
Wk
ek =
Ec
Note: e > ei > eb > ek
Steam Rates
a. Ideal Steam Rate, m
3600
m=
W
b. Indicated Steam Rate, mi
3600
mi =
WI
c. Brake Steam Rate, mb
3600
mb =
WB
d. Combined Steam Rate, mk
3600
mk =
Wk
Engine Efficiencies
a. Indicated Engine Efficiency, ni
WI
ni =
W
b. Brake Engine Efficiency, nb
WB
nb =
W
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c. Combined Engine Efficiency, nk
Wk
nk =
W
d. Turbine/ Engine Mechanical Efficiency, nme
WB
nme =
WI
e. Turbine/ Engine Mechanical Efficiency, nme
WK
ng =
WB
Heat Rates
a. Ideal Heat Rate, HR
HR = (m)(Ec )
b. Indicated Heat Rate, HRi
HR i = (mi )(Ec )
c. Brake Heat Rate, HRb
HR b = (mb )(Ec )
d. Combined Heat Rate, HRk
HR k = (mk )(Ec )
Example 1: Steam is generated at 4.10 MPa and 440°C and condensation occurs at 0.105 MPa.
a) For a Rankine engine operating between these limits, compute the thermal efficiency and the heat
rate.
b) Considering that a Rankine cycle occurs between the same limits, determine QA, QR, Wnet, and
the Rankine cycle efficiency, ec..
c) What mass flowrate is required for a net output of 30,000 kW?
Solution:
First, determine the state of the steam, t sat’n @ 4.10 MPa
By interpolation @ Table 2, Steam Tables by Keenan
Press., Mpa Temp., °C

4.0 250.40
4.1 Tsat’n
4.2 253.31
4.0 − 4.1 250.40 − 𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡′𝑛

=
4.0 − 4.2 250.40 − 253.31
Tsat’n @ 4.10 MPa=251.86°C< 440°C, therefore,the steam is super heated
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From Table 3, @ 4.10 MPa and 440°C
ℎ1 = 3305.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑠1 = 6.8911 = 𝑠2
𝑘𝑔𝐾
@ p2= 0.105 MPa, since condensation of steam occurs at that pressure, therefore the
steam is in the liquid state
From Table 2 @ 0.105 MPa,
ℎ𝑓2 = 423.24 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ; ℎ𝑓𝑔2 = 2254.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠𝑓2 = 1.3181 ; 𝑠𝑓𝑔2 = 6.0249
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑔𝐾
Solving for the quality of steam, x2
𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓2 6.8911 − 1.3181

𝑥2 = = = 0.925
𝑠𝑓𝑔2 6.0249
Solving for the enthalpy at point 2, h2
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2 = 423.24𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 + (0.925) 2254.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 = 2508.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓 @ 0.105 MPa = 423.24 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓3 = 𝑣𝑓 @ 0.105 MPa = 0.0010443 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
Solving for the approximate pump work
Wp = vf3 (pB − p3 ) = 0.0010443 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 (4100 − 105)𝑁/𝑚2
Wp = 4.17 kJ/kg
423.24𝑘𝐽 4.17𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝐵 = ℎ3 + 𝑊𝑝 = + = 427.4 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
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(a) For the Rankine Engine, compute the thermal efficiency and the heat rate.
W = h1 − h2
W = 3305.7kJ/kg − 2508.6 kJ/kg = 797.1 kJ/kg
3305.7kJ 423.24𝑘𝐽
𝐸𝑐 = h1 − ℎ𝑓2 = − = 2882.5kJ/kg
kg 𝑘𝑔
𝑊 797.1 kJ/kg
𝑒= = 𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑐 2882.5kJ/kg
𝒆 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟓%
3600 3600
𝑚= = = 4.516 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑤ℎ
𝑊 797.1
𝑘𝑔 kJ 𝑘𝐽
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = (𝑚)(h1 − hf2 ) = 4.516 (3305.7 − 423.24 )
𝑘𝑤ℎ kg 𝑘𝑔
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟎𝟏𝟕. 𝟐 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝑾𝒉
(b) For the Rankine Cycle, determine QA, QR, Wnet, and the Rankine cycle efficiency, ec
kJ kJ
𝑄𝐴 = ℎ1 − ℎ𝐵 = 3305.7 − 427.4 = 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝟖. 𝟑 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
kg kg
kJ kJ
𝑄𝑅 = ℎ2 − ℎ3 = 2508.6 − 423.24 = 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟓. 𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
kg kg
𝑘𝐽 kJ
W𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Q A − Q R = 2878.3 − 2085.4 = 𝟕𝟗𝟐. 𝟗 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑘𝑔 kg
kJ kJ
Or W𝑛𝑒𝑡 = W − W𝑝 = 797.1 − 4.17 = 𝟕𝟗𝟐. 𝟗 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
kg kg
W𝑛𝑒𝑡 792.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑒= = 𝑥 100% = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟓%
𝑄𝐴 2878.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
(c) The Steam flowrate
30,000𝑘𝑊 30,000𝑘𝐽/𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 792.9 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Example 2: In an ideal Rankine cycle, steam is generated at 4.1 MPa and 480°C. The condenser is
at 32°C. Determine (a) the ideal pump work, (b) the cycle thermal efficiency, (c) For an engine with
the same end states, determine its thermal efficiency, steam rate, and mep. (d) Considering the
engine only, assume the brake engine efficiency to be 78%, the generator efficiency 92%, the steam
flowrate 163,600 kg/hr; compute the output of the combined unit.
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Note: Please review and analyze supplemental examples at Thermodynamics 2 by Sta. Maria that
was uploaded before at our MS Teams.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Brainwriting Activity
1. Why Carnot cycle is said to be the most efficient thermodynamic cycle?

2. Why Rankine cycle still being used in steam power plants instead of the Carnot cycle
considering that the Carnot cycle is higher in cycle/thermal efficiency?
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VII. EVALUATION (Synchronous Assessment through MS Teams Platform)

Module 2 Quiz will be uploaded in our MS Teams. The schedule will be announced in our GC. Please
ask questions in our GC if there are topics that you are difficult to understand for the instructor to explain
thru online consultation.
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
Directions: Please answer the following problems neatly and accurately. Draw the TS diagrams
of the Rankine cycle. Check if the state of steam is superheated or wet. Write your solutions
legibly in a short bond paper.
Note: Please answer all the problems below because some of the problems will be converted as
your quiz.
1. A Rankine cycle has the following operating condition:

Steam pressure, 2.5 MPA
Steam temperature, 280 °C
Exhaust pressure, 0.026 MPa
Indicated steam rate, 5.45 kg/kwh
Mechanical efficiency, 90%
For ideal cycle and engine, calculate (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the engine steam rate
in kg/kwh,(c) the actual condition of exhaust steam, (d) the steam flowrate in kg/h for 1
MW generator output at 94% efficiency
2. A Rankine turbo-generator unit receives 27,000 kg/h of steam at 1.2 MPa and superheat
by 122 degrees. Condensate leaves at 22°C. For brake steam rate of 4.74 kg/kwh,
mechanical efficiency of 90% and generator efficiency of 94%, determine (a) the ideal
cycle thermal efficiency, (b) the indicated engine efficiency, (c) the condition of turbine
actual exhaust, and (d) the turbo-generator output in kW.
3. The condensing pressure for a Rankine Engine is 1 Bar. Calculate the net work (kJ/kg)
for 1 kg of steam and the thermal efficiency when the steam at the beginning of expansion
is at 50 Bar and (a) saturated, (b) 350°C, and (c) 640°C
4. There are received 90,000 kg/h of steam at 2.15 MPa, 480 °C by a Rankine engine;
exhaust occurs at 0.10 MPa. For the engine, find (a) W (kW), (b) m (kg/kwh), and (c) ee .
For the Rankine cycle, find (a)Wnet (kJ/kg), and (b) ec .
5. A turbo-generator has a combined steam rate of 5.35 kg/kwh at its rated output of
20,000kW. The steam is supplied at 17 Bar, 300°C and exhaust at 0.1 Bar. Calculate (a)
the combined heat rate (kJ/kwh), (b) the combined thermal efficiency, (c) the engine
efficiency, and (d) the combined work (kJ/kg).
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IX. REFERENCES
A) Book/Printed Resources
Cengel, Y.A., (2017). Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences,5th Edition

Cengel, Y. A. and Boles M. A., (2002). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7th ed.,
McGraw-Hill,
Eastop, T.D & Mc Conkey, A. (2009). Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists
Huang, F.F. (1988). Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed.
Moran, M.J. (2014). Engineering thermodynamics. 8th Edition: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Moran, M. J. et. al. (2011). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th ed., Wiley.
Powers, J. M., Lecture Notes on Thermodynamics. Department of Aerospace and Mechanical
Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637 USA
updated 20 March 2019, 11:13 am
Sta. Maria, H.B. (2008). Thermodynamics 1&2
Sonntag R. E., Borgnakke C., Van Wylen G. J., (2003) Fundamentals of Thermodynamics,
6th ed., Wiley.
Wu, Chih. (2006). Thermodynamics and Heat Powered Cycles: A Cognitive Engineering
Approach
B) e-Resources
Thermodynamics e-books and articles from different websites:
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
https://www.learnthermo.com/
Prepared by:
ENGR. LARRY P. REMOLAZO

Associate Professor II
Recommending Approval:
ENGR. LARRY P. REMOLAZO

Program Chair, BSME
Approved by:
ENGR. MARY B. PASION, D.Eng

Dean, College of Engineering
IM No.02:ME4-2NDSEM-2021-2022
Please Read!!!!!
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Thermodynamics 2 Module #2 Rankine Cycle

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSME COURSE NO. ME 4

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Simple Rankine Cycle Analysis

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

THE FOUR PROCESSES IN THE IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

Process 1–2: Isentropic expansion in the engine, s=c

Process 2–3: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser, p=c

Diagrammatic Layout for Steam Power Plant

The Rankine Cycle

Considering the change in kinetic energy,

1. Exact Pump work

2. Approximate Pump Work

E. Net Cycle Work, Wnet

Wnet = Gross work – Pump work

Wnet = area 1-2-3-B-1

Wnet = area (1-c-b-B-1) - area (2-3-b-c-2)

Wnet = (h1 – hB) - (h2 – h3)

Wnet = h1 – h2 – (hB – h3)

Let, P = power output in kW

mass flow rate, kg/h

(mass flow rate)(W)

(mass flow rate, kg/h)

For the ideal Rankine cycle

The Ideal Rankine Engine

𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞

𝐇𝐑 = (𝐦𝐞 ) (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝐟𝟑 )

E. Relation between ee and HR

The Actual Rankine Cycle

Actual Rankine System

1. Irreversible adiabatic expansion from 1’-2’

2. Polytropic expansion from 1’-2’

h1’ = h2’ + W’ + Qloss

W’= h1’ - h2’ - Qloss

D. Pump Work, Wp’

Where: nm = pump mechanical efficiency

E. Actual Cycle Thermal Efficiency, ec’

The Actual Rankine Engine

W’= h1’ - h2’

B. Energy Chargeable against the Engine, Ec’

Ec’ = h1’ – hf3’

C. Thermal efficiency, ec′

Turbogenerator is a generator driven by a turbine.

Turbine- Generator Set

a. Ideal Thermal Efficiency,e

b. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, ei

c. Brake Thermal Efficiency, eb

d. Combined Thermal Efficiency, ek

Note: e > ei > eb > ek

a. Ideal Steam Rate, m

b. Indicated Steam Rate, mi

c. Brake Steam Rate, mb

d. Combined Steam Rate, mk

a. Indicated Engine Efficiency, ni

b. Brake Engine Efficiency, nb

c. Combined Engine Efficiency, nk

d. Turbine/ Engine Mechanical Efficiency, nme

e. Turbine/ Engine Mechanical Efficiency, nme

a. Ideal Heat Rate, HR

b. Indicated Heat Rate, HRi