INTRODUCTION

Workplace accidents have become such a serious concern in the world's developed nations that
they now kill more people than all infectious diseases combined, and more than any single
ailment save those connected to heart disease and cancer. Heinrich (1941) state that this theory
was developed more than 70 years ago, saying that 88 percent of all accidents were caused by
dangerous human behaviours, 20% by damaging technology or settings, and 2% by acts of God.
(force majeure). Although the industrial industry in Malaysia contributes considerably to national
GDP, the presence of a safety culture in this sector is still disputed.(Amirah et al., 2013).

Figure 1
Table 1 figures, the Social Security Organization (SOCSO) demonstrate that the manufacturing
sector had the greatest number of reported accidental deaths in Malaysia from 2001 to 2009.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1994 (OSHA 1994) was created in reaction to the
fact that the Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) of 1967 exclusively safeguarded worker safety
and health in the construction, mining, and manufacturing industries, with little respect for other
industries, (Ali et al., 2017). OSHA 1994 applies to all employees in the public and private
sectors, with the exception of military personnel. The Occupational Health and Safety
regulations impose penalties on firms that offer harmful working circumstances for their
employees in violation of the requirements.The objectives of OSHA 1994 are to protect workers
in the workplace, to encourage an occupational safe environment for employees at their
workplace that is tailored to their physical and psychological needs, and to provide a mechanism
for gradually changing the associated occupational safety and health legislations through a
system of regulations and endorsed industry codes of practise. (Ali et al., 2017). Work-related
accidents are increasingly well-known as a serious risk for the sectors involved.Workers in the
manufacturing business who are involved in the many activities of handling machines and other
production equipment, such as the usage of moulding machines, fabrication equipment, cranes,
prime movers, and forklifts and trucks, are also directly affected by this sort of problem..

In an attempt to foster the development of a safe and healthy workplace, since it is one of the
most essential duties of the company and its employees to perform their daily operations in a safe
and right way. Workers with a high degree of health and safety knowledge are able to do their
work effectively and professionally, potentially preventing work-related accidents. Mishaps
occurring throughout daily operations in the workplace create a bleak condition. When an
accident occurs, it should always be reported to the health and safety officer so that the company
may take immediate action. Encourage evaluation might lead to recognising the variables that
caused the accident and so preventing it in the future. A worker must also report any near-miss
accident or injury to a supervisor or a health and safety officer.
OBJECTIVES

The objectives of these reported are:

● To detect possible dangers that occur in many sectors, with a specific emphasis on the
manufacturing industry.
● To determine possible control measures and prevention in avoiding and reducing the
impact of hazards.
● To describe the related law and legislation in the manufacturing industry.

Protecting personnel from safety dangers is one of the main concerns of every plant manager in
the manufacturing business since these facilities face distinct safety risks. Heavy machinery,
electrical safety (which may produce electrical hazards), mechanical material handling safety,
welding safety, and other elements all pose safety concerns to personnel. The following are six
common manufacturing safety hazards:

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY

The major source of possible risks is the manufacturing industry's demand to employ specific
types of equipment and heavy gear such as a radial drill, guillotine cutters, shears, power presses,
milling machines, saws, power tools, and so on. Flying chips, sparks, and moving parts can all
result in crushed hands, amputation, or even death.Machinery is a substantial risk factor, perhaps
most apparent in the industrial sector. Forklift trucks, for example, are responsible for a
considerable number of accidents in the industry. These include the likelihood of endangering
human life, injuring others, and causing harm to goods and resources. According to experienced
supervisors, pressure is a major source of forklift truck driving hazards. Heigl (2018) Under
pressure to meet unrealistic deadlines, workers may take shortcuts, drive with an overloaded
cargo, or fail to keep a safe distance from racks or machines.
There are certain precautions or control measures for the machinery and equipment danger that
can enhance or aid to prevent the hazard for manufacturing employees. A broad variety of
machinery is used in the industrial industry. Much of this equipment is made to work with tough
materials such as wood, metal, and plastic. Obviously, the consequences of this technology on
human flesh can be terrible. Workers are safer when machinery is adequately guarded, but it is
also critical to properly train workers, with periodic re-testing and re-training as needed. This
assures the safe operation of heavy equipment as well as a secure working environment. Only
those who have received training and certification in the use of specialist machinery should
operate it. It is vital that managers set reasonable expectations for their personnel and prioritise
safety. Furthermore, even when expectations are reasonable, managers must monitor and train
personnel to avoid loitering during a shift and then rushing to meet a deadline. (Heigl, 2018).
Machine guarding is one approach to protect employees from such threats. The safety dangers
connected with operating heavy machinery are greatly reduced with effective machine guarding.
This will eventually reduce or eliminate the risk for manufacturing workers. Furthermore,
machine guards safeguard employees from heavy machinery threats by acting as a barrier
between the two if and when workers get negligent with the equipment. Another measure to
maintain safety is to examine machinery on a regular basis. Workers may be forced to utilize a
standardized checklist before commencing activities in order to avoid accidents from occurring.
Most machineries in industrial plants are hazardous regardless of how well they are maintained,
and they frequently constitute a persistent threat. For example, even if they are working properly,
most machines rapidly heat up and constitute an explosion or fire threat. Several substances are
permanently hazardous. As a result, they must be properly labeled so that the people who handle
them are aware of the dangers they represent.

In this occupational hazard, there must be a law or legislation that needs to be followed so that
the accident or problem can be avoided. OSHA 1994 has regulated several legislation
specifically in the manufacturing industry that have to be followed by workers in that industry. In
OSHA 1994 stated that in section 15 (2), a person who designs, produces, imports, or provides
any plant for use at work in order to assure, to the greatest extent possible, that the plant is safe
and free of health concerns when used appropriately. This legislation states that a worker must be
compelled to use heavy machinery properly in order to avoid an accident. A person must
understand how to utilise heavy machinery properly since there will be severe effects or mayhem
to the employees if they do not take this topic carefully. It also ensures that enough information
regarding the purpose for which it is designed and has been tested is provided in connection with
the use of the plant at work, as well as any condition required to guarantee that, when put to that
use, it will be safe and without health hazards. In the section 15 (2) also stated it is the
responsibility of anybody who erects or install any plant for use by workers to ensure that
nothing in the manner it is constructed or placed renders it hazardous or a risk to health when
used correctly. The use of the proper tools and equipment results in a better product and a safer
working environment. It is also crucial that all equipment be cleaned, repaired, and examined on
a regular basis. To ensure the safety and health of the employees, the employer must train
employees well. Comprehensive training is required to avoid occupational injuries. Ensure that
all of your employees have access to and complete all required safety training. Section 24 (1)
stated the general duties of employees at the workplace. Every employee must take reasonable
precautions for his or her own safety and the safety and health of those who may be harmed by
his or her actions or omissions at work. Furthermore, a person on duty must wear or use any
protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer at all times in order to avoid risks to
his safety and health.
MECHANICAL MATERIAL HANDLING SAFETY

Every worker in an industry is responsible for material handling, from unloading raw materials
to delivering finished goods. Materials moved between activities in each department or factory of
the firm are also included. Mechanized material handling technology has entered the market to
replace or aid humans in the handling of big, diverse, and heavy materials. Mechanical material
handling lowers production costs while improving productivity. Simultaneously, mechanical
handling has brought a new set of hazards and accidents. Material handling accidents nearly
generally occur as a consequence of human mistake or risky conduct, rather than technical faults
or hazardous situations. The ratio of dangerous activities to unsafe situations in material handling
accidents is 4 to 1.The data below demonstrate the scope of the material handling difficulties that
must be addressed in order to eradicate dangerous activities and situations. According to Safety
in Material Handling (n.d.) For every tonne of finished product, 50 to 120 tonnes of equivalent
material must be handled; material handling accounts for two-thirds of the manufacturing cycle;
40 percent of accidents are caused by unsafe material handling; and 80 percent of material
handling accidents are caused by human error or unsafe behaviour.
Material handling is a critical component in the manufacturing or recycling industries. This is
something that can easily cause injury, whether done manually or with equipment. Material
handling injuries account for 20-45 percent of all occupational injuries, according to the National
Safety Council (NSC). Materials are handled in three methods which are manual handling, with
the help of hand tool, and mechanized material handling.

Lathe

A lathe consists of a revolving workpiece on which a workable item (in this example, metal) is
put, resulting in the product's symmetrical and accurate shape. As the product spins, various tools
are employed to cut, knurl, drill, or otherwise change the metal. Rotational friction provides a
simple method for providing a consistent effect across an object's whole circumference, making
lathes a great choice for symmetric products centred on an axis of rotation. Lathes are available
in a variety of sizes, the smallest being portable ones used for jewellery and watchmaking.
According to Metal Turning Lathes (2017) lathe dangers include heavy lifting, contact, impact,
or entanglement from moving parts/loose materials, contact with metal chips or swarf, contact
with liquid coolant, leaky hydraulic hoses, incorrect tooling and polishing procedures, noise, and
slips, trips, and falls. As a result, ear protection and eye protection are appropriate personal
protective equipment.

During load and unload, a possible hazard that can occur is heavy lifting which can cause strain
injury. The control measures include the use of a mechanical lifting aid when necessary and do
not operate lathe during loading and unloading (Overhand Planing Machines, 2017).

Next, possible hazard that can occur during secure workpiece and make the cut is heavy lifting
which can cause deep cuts or amputation, bruising, and fractures. Avoid being hit, enclose parts
(such as chuck keys, tools, or swarf) in interlocked guards, use the correct chuck for the
workpiece, keep loose items away from the headstock, wearing loose clothing, jewellery, or
gloves increases the risk of entanglement, avoid reaching through the work zone by positioning
the lathe controls, and workpieces should not extend beyond the lathe headstock are the control
measures (Overhand Planing Machines, 2017). If they do, they must get proper assistance.
Moving components include drive gears, chucks/chuck keys, lead and feed screws, tools or
swarf, and oversized or insufficiently fastened workpieces. The chuck keys can be spring-loaded
to eject when the operator's hand is withdrawn. Before the interlocking guard over the chuck may
be closed, the key must be removed. Contact with metal chips or swarf, which can cause burns or
skin injury, is one of the potential dangers. Metal chips must be kept controlled to avoid
problems from arising (Overhand Planing Machines, 2017).

Drilling machine

According to Drill Press Safety Rules (n.d.) drilling machines, also known as drill presses, are
made up of a fixed drill that is attached to or bolted to a stand or workbench. Drill presses are
used similarly to handheld and power drills, but the stationary nature of drill presses requires less
effort to achieve proper drilling and is much more stable. The angle of the drill spindle, for
example, can be fixed and maintained to allow for repeatable and consistent drilling. Pedestal
drills, bench drills, and pillar drills are all examples of modern drilling machines. According to
Drill Press Safety Rules (n.d.) electrocution, injury, ill health due to exposure to dusts, exposure
to ultraviolet radiation if working outdoors, hearing damage, and burn damage are hazards that
can occur by using the drilling machine According to Drill Press Safety Rules (n.d.), the control
measures on using drilling machines are to check that the equipment has a current test tag
(within 3 months). Do not operate in wet or damp conditions. Before operating, visually inspect
the equipment and leads for signs of damage. It is recommended that this equipment be used
with a safety switch. Isolate power by disconnecting from the power source before performing
any work on the equipment, such as changing leads, tools, or bits.

Body parts and hair, as well as loose clothing and rags, should be kept away from moving parts.
Prior to drilling, ensure that all work pieces are properly secured. Wear appropriate protective
equipment, including eye protection, when operating machinery. Allow the drill bit to cool
before handling. Always allow for adequate ventilation. To avoid inhaling excessive amounts of
dust created during drilling, wear an approved dust mask. Wear a hat, sunscreen, long sleeves,
and long pants. Keep your hands, feet, and loose clothing away from the drill's moving parts.
Remove no guards or covers. Do not operate machinery while under the influence of alcohol or
drugs. Be wary of blades and bits that can catch and cause them to kick violently. Check that
drill bits, blades, discs, tool pieces, belts, and so on are securely fastened and sharp, and that they
are appropriate for the material being worked on (e.g., wood, masonry, plastic, ceramics). Keep
an eye out for debris ejected from the workpiece. Ensure that leads are securely stored and do not
pose a trip hazard.Wear protective clothing while performing the operation. Avoid coming into
contact with hot components.

Planers

According to Overhand Planing Machines (2017), planers are large-scale shaping machines that
move the metal product rather than the cutting mechanism. Planers are ideal for shaping flat or
long surfaces because the result is similar to that of a milling machine. Modern milling machines
outperform planers in most applications; however, planers are still useful when squaring off
extremely large metal components. According to Overhand Planing Machines (2017), possible
hazards caused by using planers are contact with cutters, contact or impact from thrown timber,
noise, dust, and slips, trips and falls. Ear protection such as earmuff, foot protection such as
boots, and dust protection such as mask are suitable personal protective equipment that should
wear while using planers

Possible hazards can occur during secure workpiece and feed timber to the cutters is contact with
cutters which cause deep cuts or amputation. Control measures for possible hazards are adjusting
the guarding. Maintain as small an opening as possible between the guard's end and the timber.
Keep your hands away from the timber directly above the cutters. Push short pieces of timber
with a push block, which has handles on the side opposite the timber and a shoulder to push the
timber. Retrofit braking if the braking time exceeds 10 seconds.

Next, a bridge guard is easily adjusted without tools above the cutters, with a width 1 1/2 times
the width of the cutter opening. Behind the fence, a guard watches over the cutter block. A
possible hazard can occur is contact or impact with the thrown timber which causes bruising and
fractures. In order to prevent hazards, cutters sharp must be kept so that their energy is spent
cutting rather than pushing against the timber. Present timber in the opposite direction of the
cutters. When timber is passed beneath the guard, the opening above the timber must be kept as
close to the timber as possible. When timber is passed between the guard and the fence, the gap
between the guard's end and the timber should be as small as possible. The guard should be no
higher than 10 mm above the surface of the table. When timber is dropped on the infeed table for
returns, cut-outs, or chamfers, a backstop clamped to the fence must be present to control kick-
back. Position the planer so that no one is injured by falling timber.

According to Section 15 dangerous parts of machinery of the Factories and Machinery Act 1967
(FMA1967), every dangerous part of any machinery shall be securely fenced unless it is in such
a position or of such design that it is as safe to every person employed, working on, or entering
the premises as it would be if securely fenced; provided, however, that where the safety of a
dangerous part of any machinery cannot be secured by means of a fixed guard due to the nascent
nature of the machinery. Section 24 of the Act states that when workers in a factory are exposed
to a wet or dusty process, noise, heat, or any poisonous, corrosive, or other injurious substance
that is liable to cause bodily harm to those workers, the Minister may prescribe the provision and
maintenance of suitable and adequate personal protective clothing and appliances, such as
goggles, gloves, leggings, caps, foot-wear, and protective ointment.
TRANSPORT AND VEHICLE SAFETY

Every workplace will have dangers that are unique to the location, nature of work, people
employed, vehicles utilized, and procedures. Every year, individuals are killed or critically
injured in workplace transportation incidents. Non-personal injury accidents can cause damage to
property, plant and equipment, and the vehicle itself.

Forklift

A forklift is a compact industrial vehicle used in various industries that has a power driven
forked platform connected at the front that can be raised and lowered for insertion beneath a
cargo to lift or transport it. Forklifts are used in a variety of sectors, including warehouses and
huge storage facilities. Electric batteries or combustion engines power forklifts. Some forklifts
enable drivers to sit while driving and controlling the equipment, while others require them to
stand. It is widely employed in the transportation of resources and commodities across the
industry.

In transport and vehicle safety, there are four major hazards that can occur by using a forklift
which are attachments, pedestrians, work environment and loads. Forklift attachments play a
vital part in the proper operation of the forklift since they can impact the capacity of the forklift
in a variety of ways. Attachments include carton clamps, drum clamps, paper-roll clamps,
rotators, and push-pull components. Attachments provide the capacity to increase the forklift's
length and breadth, resulting in a change in operational clearances. The weight that a forklift can
carry is obviously affected by attachments. For example, if a forklift has a capacity of 2400
pounds and currently has a weight of 1200 pounds on it, the capacity will be lowered by 1200
pounds. Forklift attachments determine the forklift's balance, stability, and center of gravity. If
the load is shifted away from the forklift's vertical forks, it lowers the forklift's capacity and
limits the maximum load it can carry, as well as the forklift's balance and road-grip.

Pedestrians are a primary cause of forklift dangers and accidents. Here are some of the most
typical pedestrian-related mishaps. Impartial vision- the operator's view is often obscured by the
high weights on the forklift's head, making it harder for them to spot pedestrians in their path.
Turning the forklift towards the direction of a pedestrian who is in front of or alongside the
forklift. Speeding, preventing the forklift from stopping in time to avoid the pedestrian. Even
without the presence of a pedestrian, this is risky. Being ignorant of nearby pedestrians. Forklifts
are designed to handle only cargo; the operator must not transport passengers on the forklift.

The environment in which the forklift operates is particularly essential since it might be the
source of an accident or hazard. For example, operating a combustible fuel-powered forklift in a
poorly ventilated environment might result in the forklift emitting carbon monoxide or carbon
dioxide. If the working space contains many ramps that the forklift must traverse, the risks of a
forklift accident rise. Crossing railroad rails can cause a forklift to become unbalanced. Speeding
and braking on slick surfaces. Working with dirt and gravel. Lighting that is inefficient. There
are a few potential risks in the workplace that might lead to a forklift accident. These dangers
include floor holes and pits, limited lanes in a warehouse/workstation, and the presence of
flammable and combustible materials in the workspace.

Unbalanced loads are one type of load-carrying danger. Loads containing combustible
substances. Heavyweights are carried on high forks. Loads that fully obscure the operator's
eyesight. Stacking and unstacking on racks that are unmonitored.

Forklift operators must be taught and qualified to recognize all of the possible risks that surround
them in order to do their work properly. It will also lower the likelihood of accidents and injury
to coworkers. Here are some control measures and preventative actions that competent operators
can perform to avoid dangers. Operators must be dressed appropriately. Before using the
equipment, it must be inspected for damage. Examine the safety of the workplace. Maintain a
safe speed. Make certain that the load is steady and secure. Make sure you have a good view of
the path ahead of you. Carry no storage materials or people. Check that the forklift is not
overburdened. Drive down the ramps in reverse gear; do not turn on the ramps.

In the manufacturing industry, there are certain regulations that have been regulated by The
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1994 (OSHA 1994) in transport and vehicle hazards.
OSHA Act 1994 says that in order to carry out employer obligations, the employee is expected to
work with the employer and other people. If an employee fails to follow a safe work system
offered by the company, he will be labeled uncooperative. For instance, the driver should
undertake daily checks to ensure that the vehicle is in compliance with procedures and the
employer provides a checklist. This has been stated in OSHA Act 1994 Section 24(1b) that “It
shall be the duty of every employee while at work”. This Act also says that manufacturers,
designers, importers, and suppliers must offer instructions on correct plant usage, such as vehicle
manual handling, and provide training as needed.
WELDING SAFETY

Welding is a manufacturing method that involves fusing two or more pieces together with heat,
pressure, or both to produce a join while the parts cool. Welding is commonly done on metals
and thermoplastics, but it may also be done on wood. A weldment is the final welded junction.
Certain materials need the use of certain methods and techniques. Several are classified as
'unweldable,' a phrase rarely seen in dictionaries yet helpful and descriptive in engineering. A
parent material is the substance that connects the pieces. The substance used to assist create the
connection is referred to as a filler or consumable. These materials are known as parent plate or
pipe, filler wire, consumable electrode (for arc welding), and so on.Consumables are normally
chosen to be identical in composition to the source material, resulting in a homogenous weld,
however there are situations when a filler with a significantly different composition and hence
characteristics is employed, such as when welding fragile cast irons. This is referred to as a
heterogeneous weld.

Friction welding

Mechanical friction is used to join materials in friction welding techniques. This can be done in a
variety of ways on various welding materials such as steel, aluminum, and even wood.

Mechanical friction generates heat, which softens the materials, allowing them to mix and form a
bond as they cool. The exact process used determines how the joining takes place.

Electro beam welding

To join materials, a beam of high-velocity electrons is used in this fusion joining process. When
the electrons collide with the workpieces, their kinetic energy is converted into heat, causing the
materials to melt together.

Laser beam welding

This method of connecting thermoplastics or metal parts employs the use of a laser to create
focused heat perfect for barrow, deep welds, and high joining speeds. This method is suited for
big volume applications, such as those in the automobile sector, because it is readily automated
and has a fast welding speed. Unlike electron beam joining, laser beam welding may be done in
air rather than a vacuum. According to Martinelli (2018), welding activities offer a variety of
hazards to both individuals conducting the task and those around. As a result, it is critical to
understand the dangers and hazards of welding, as well as the preventative steps that may be
done to avoid injury.

Welding exposes the body to invisible gaseous fumes such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, chromium
and nickel oxides, and carbon monoxide, all of which can easily enter the lungs. The severity of
the damage depends on the gas or fume, the concentration, and the duration of your exposure.
Welding fumes has no safe minimum exposure limit. Employers are legally required to control
all types of welding fumes, including mild steel welding fumes. Welding fumes and gasses can
cause illness such Pneumonia where regular exposure to welding fumes and gasses can cause a
lung infection, which can progress to pneumonia. While antibiotics can usually treat the
infection, severe pneumonia can lead to hospitalization, serious illness, and even death. Asthma
caused by work. Asthma can be caused by chromium oxides and nickel oxides produced by
stainless steel and high nickel alloy welding. Cancer where all welding fumes are classified as
'carcinogenic' on a global scale. Metal fume sickness Welding or hot work on galvanized metal,
as well as high steel weld fume exposure, can frequently cause 'flu-like' symptoms, which are
usually worse at the start of the work week. Irritation of the throat and lungs, including throat
dryness, tickling, coughing, and tight chests.

During the arc welding process, live electrical circuits are employed to form a pool of molten
metal. As a result, during welding, the body is vulnerable to electric shock. The most significant
hazard posed by welding is electric shock, which can result in major injuries and fatalities, either
directly or as a result of a fall from a height following a shock. If the body comes into contact
with a portion of the welding or electrode circuit while welding, it runs the danger of suffering a
secondary electric shock. While undertaking welding tasks, they are likely to be exposed to loud,
prolonged sounds. A loud noise is one that is louder than 85 decibels (A), and welding activities
such as flame cutting and air arc gouging may create noise levels that are louder than 100
decibels (A) (A). This can be severely damaging to the ears and lead to hearing loss. Repeated or
immediate exposure to loud noises can cause noise-induced hearing loss.
According to Martinelli (2018), it is vital to maintain high levels of safety when doing any
welding operation. Employers are legally mandated to analyse, regulate, and monitor workplace
risks. They must guarantee that a risk assessment is completed for your workplace and work
activities, either by themselves or by another qualified person. It is the employer's or manager's
obligation to supply suitable Personal Protective Equipment to employees (PPE). The PPE you
will most likely get will comprise lung protection equipment (RPE). RPE must be installed when
engineering controls alone are insufficient to appropriately control welding fume exposure.
Anyone welding outside must have safety gear. The respirator must be appropriate for the task
being done as well as your unique needs, and it must be properly inspected by a professional
expert at regular intervals.

Welding helmets with side shields Welding helmets shield workers from UV rays, particulates,
debris, hot slag, and chemical burns. It is vital that you use the correct lens shade for the job.
Following the manufacturer's recommendations, progressively adjust the lens filter until
adequate sight is achieved without causing eye discomfort. Wear a fire-resistant hood under the
helmet to protect the back of the head. Employees must always wear helmets when welding or
working near another welder. While the strength of the radiation generated reduces as one goes
away from a welding arc, people within 10 metres of the arc are still at danger of arc-eye. As a
result, even if no personnel are executing the welding operation, you must remain behind
welding curtains or wear the required PPE. Fire-resistant apparel. Fire resistant clothing guards
against burns and the heat, fire, and radiation created during the welding process. Cuffs are not
permitted, and pockets should be covered with flaps or sealed shut. Synthetic garments should be
avoided.Instead, choose for leather or flame-resistant treated cotton. Rolling up sleeves or pants
exposes molten metal or sparks that can become stuck in the folds and cause serious burns. Work
pants should never be tucked into boots.

Amplification devices. Hearing protection protects against possibly damaging sounds. Wear
suitable ear protection for the noise levels in the job, and if there is a possibility of sparks or
spatter entering the ear, use fire resistant ear muffs. It is necessary to wear boots and gloves.
Electric shocks, heat, fire, burns, and falling items are all avoided using insulated, flame-resistant
gloves and steel-toed safety shoes.
Visually examine the welding set before each use to confirm that the welding and current return
cables are not damaged, that all connections are clean, undamaged, and properly rated for the
needed current, and that the conductor is thick enough to safely transport the current. Employees
should be provided instructions on how to do these checks as part of their employer's training
and information. Never use insulated welding wires, plugs, clamps, or torch/electrode holders
(Martinelli, 2018).

Welding dangers are controlled by The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1994 (OSHA
1994) in the manufacturing industry. According to the OSHA Act of 1994, employees must
always wear or use personal protective equipment or gear provided by the employer. If an
employee learns that his or her personal protective equipment is inadequate, he or she must alert
the employer. For example, if an employee is welding, he or she must use the employer-provided
personal protective equipment to shield himself or herself from potential safety and health
threats. According to Section 24(1c) of the OSHA Act of 1994, "it shall be the obligation of
every employee while at work."
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

A growing number of firms are becoming actively interested in electrical safety. Because safety
may have an impact on the bottom line, smart businesses promote it and incorporate it into their
culture. Electrical safety starts with being aware of and detecting possible hazards. The human
body is often assumed to carry electricity. If direct body contact is made with an electrically
energised part while another conductive surface with a different electrical potential is made
concurrently, a current will flow, entering the body at one contact point, traversing the body, and
then exiting at the other contact point, usually the ground. Many employees suffer anguish,
damage, and death as a result of electric shocks each year (“Electrical Safety in the Workplace”
“Electrical Safety in the Workplace” 2, 2008). Electrical dangers in manufacturing facilities can
include shock, arc flash/blast, and fire. Electrocution is also one of the most prevalent risks on
construction sites. There are few electrical hazards in the manufacturing industry. Inadequate
wiring also can bring hazard to the workers in the manufacturing industry. When the wire's
gauge is too tiny for the current it will carry, an electrical danger occurs. The circuit breaker in a
circuit is usually suited to the wire size. Branch lines for permanent ceiling light fixtures might,
however, be connected with a lower gauge than the supply cable in earlier wiring. A light fixture,
for example, is replaced with a more current-consuming gadget. The branch wire's current
capacity (ampacity) may be exceeded. When a wire is too tiny for the current it is designed to
carry, it heats up. The hot wire has the potential to start a fire. (ELCOSH : Electrical Safety:
Safety & Health for Electrical Trades (Student Manual), 2022).
There are several electrical safety precautions that may be taken to limit or avoid accidents. The
first safeguard against risks is the use of protective equipment. Employees working in potentially
hazardous environments must be equipped with and use suitable electrical protection equipment
for the parts of the body to be protected and the task at hand. Electrical Protective Devices, 29
CFR 1910.137, mandates that protective equipment be kept safe and reliable, and that it be
checked or tested on a regular basis. 2022) (Electrical Safety). When the insulating function of
protective equipment is impaired during use, it must be protected by covering it with leather or
other appropriate materials. Nonconductive head protection must be utilised whenever there is a
danger of head harm from electrical shock or burns from contact with exposed electrified
materials. Where there is a risk of eye and/or facial harm from electric arcs and flashes or flying
items caused by electricity, eye protection must be worn. Second, alerting devices must be used
to notify and protect employees against electrical shock hazards, burns, or the failure of electric
equipment parts. When applicable, safety signs, safety symbols, or accident prevention tags must
be used to warn employees of electrical hazards that may endanger them. Barricades should be
used in conjunction with safety warnings to prevent or restrict employee access to work areas
that expose employees to electrified uninsulated wires or circuit components. Conductive
barriers should not be used in situations where electrical contact is possible. An attendant should
be stationed to notify and protect employees when signs and barriers do not provide enough
notice and protection. Finally, employees who operate in close proximity to exposed electrified
conductors or circuit parts must use insulated tools and handling equipment if the tools and/or
equipment will come into contact with the conductors or parts. In regions where the insulating
material of tools and equipment is prone to injury, it must be protected. When the fuse terminals
are energised, insulated fuse handling equipment must be used to remove or install fuses. Around
exposed electrical components, nonconductive ropes and handlines must be utilised. Protective
shields, protective barriers, or insulating material must be used to protect employees from shock,
burns, or other electrical injuries while working near exposed electrified items that may be
handled or where damaging electric heating or arcing may occur. When normally enclosed live
parts are exposed for maintenance or repair, they must be guarded to keep unqualified personnel
away from the live parts.

According to Section 5 (1) of the OSHA 1994 Act, each employer is expected to offer each of
his workers with employment and a working environment that are free of known hazards that are
causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees. That implies that
the employer is required to offer a safe working environment for the employees since the
repercussions to the employees might be severe or death. OSHA 29 Code of Federal Regulations
Part 1910 Subpart S, which is necessary to keep employees safe, covers electrical safety
requirements. It addresses electrical system design standards, safe work practises and
maintenance requirements, as well as special equipment safety requirements. OSHA
recommends that businesses evaluate consensus standards such as NFPA 70E2004 to identify
safety measures that can be used to comply with or supplement OSHA's guidance for preventing
or protecting against arc-flash threats. The NFPA 70E specifies occupational safety requirements
for electrical equipment. It also addresses safe work practises, maintenance standards, and the
special safety needs of equipment. Disclaimer for Electrical Safety Training in the
Manufacturing Industry, n.d. For example, Section 130.3 of the NFPA standard includes its own
essential rules for flash-hazard-analysis, which establishes the criteria for identifying a flash-
protection border and the personal protective equipment for use by employees within the flash-
protection boundary. This precaution is intended to lessen the likelihood of getting hurt by an
arc-flash. A task-specific research determines the worker's incident energy exposure (in calories
per square centimeter). NFPA 70E requires the use of flame-resistant clothing and personal
protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with the Hazard/Risk Category Classifications and
Protective Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The Factories and Machinery Act
of 1967, Section 11 stated that in any factory where people are at danger of being injured by
explosive, flammable, toxic, or corrosive chemicals or ionizing radiations, such precautions as
may be recommended must be taken to eliminate the risk. (Thalbi Md & Ismail, 2014).

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OFFICE SAFETY

It is critical to know what to look for when detecting and correcting ergonomic dangers. An
ergonomic hazard is any workplace aspect that may cause harm or health problems, such as
musculoskeletal injuries. The three basic forms of ergonomic hazards that might result in bad
posture or unpleasant working circumstances are objects, surroundings, and systems. There are
several types of ergonomic dangers in the workplace, such as task chairs that are unsupportive or
ill-suited to the specific employee. Another hazard might be a poorly constructed workstation, an
inadequate display height for the employee, or equipment (such as a computer mouse) that is not
ergonomically designed or positioned appropriately. Additional ergonomic dangers might
include things you don't generally check for, such as overly bright lighting and loud equipment,
which can cause headaches and eye strain. Encouraging sedentary labor for lengthy periods of
time can also pose an ergonomic danger to employees, increasing their risk of back discomfort
and stiff muscles. Employees who operate in non-ergonomic surroundings, for example, are
more prone to suffer repetitive strain injuries as a result of adjusting an unnatural working stance
or painful repeated actions. Hand and wrist discomfort is a typical complaint among office
employees, particularly those who work in an unsuitable environment. (CMD Ltd - Connecting
Power, People and Organisations, 2016). Slumping can create back and neck pain if staff are not
encouraged to sit with excellent posture. Back and neck pain can sometimes be an indication of
something more serious, such as disc degeneration.

To prevent this from happening, there are a few prevention and control measures that can be
taken. The first prevention that can be taken is to maintain a neutral stance. Individuals should
have their elbows at a 90-degree angle with the back of the hand in line with the outside forearm,
which means no bending inwards or outwards. Operators should keep their heads straight and
their shoulders relaxed, and they should not slouch forward at the waist or raise their arms over
shoulder height. A worker in their workplace should make movement and stretching because
usually the workers that work in the office are eight hour minimum. Working in a static position
for lengthy periods of time will exhaust your body. This is referred to as static load. It is
beneficial to undertake frequent stretches and take dynamic movement breaks during the
workday to get your blood flowing and your energy levels up. Reducing excessive force and
motion is a part of prevention of ergonomic hazards in the manufacturing industry. Excessive
force can be reduced by employing mechanical assistance, counterbalance devices, adjustable
height lift tables and workstations, powered equipment, and ergonomic gadgets meanwhile if at
all possible, excessive or needless motion should be avoided. In cases when this is not
practicable, try to avoid using excessive force and adopting uncomfortable postures. Work
expansion, job rotation, and counteractive stretch breaks are some control measures to consider.
(Ergonomics in the Manufacturing Sector | Croner-i, 2014).

In the manufacturing industry, there are certain regulations that have been regulated by The
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1994 (OSHA 1994) in office safety hazards. The OSHA
1994 Act strives to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of workers and to safeguard others in
respect to workplace activities or workers. This Act's aims are divided into four categories: to
ensure the safety, health, and welfare of workers. The next one is to protect the person (other
than the person at work) at the workplace. To create an occupational environment that is adaptive
to a person's physiological and psychological needs, and finally, to offer the means for a
legislative system based on regulation and industry standards of practice in conjunction with the
Act's provisions. The third goal of the Act is to foster a proper work environment that meets the
demands of employees. Its goal is to tailor the process and the workstation to the physiological
and psychological demands of the personnel. The working environment should be beneficial to
human physiology, for example, working in a heated atmosphere would necessitate an adequate
rest-work routine; a trolley to aid transporting large weights exceeding an individual's
capabilities. It should also address employees' psychological demands, for example, staff should
not be overworked; a reasonable degree of stressor that maximizes production without resulting
in a stressed employee. Section 15(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1974 states
that "it shall be the obligation of every employer and self-employed person to safeguard, so far as
is feasible, the safety, health, and welfare at work of all his workers."

Manual handling publications from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) are
available. ISO 11228-1:2003 defines suggested limits for manual lifting and carrying while
taking into consideration the task's severity, frequency, and duration. It is intended to give
guidelines on the assessment of many job characteristics, allowing the working population's
health hazards to be assessed. It applies to the physical handling of objects weighing 3 kg or
more and excludes holding objects (without walking), pushing or dragging objects, lifting with
one hand, lifting while seated, and lifting by two or more people. ISO 11228-2:2007 also helps to
regulate ergonomic hazards by recommending limits for whole-body pushing and pulling. It
makes suggestions on the evaluation of risk variables regarded relevant to manual pushing and
pulling, allowing the health dangers of the working population to be measured. The
recommendations are intended to protect the great majority of the healthy adult working
population. These recommendations are based on experimental studies of push-pull exercises and
the levels of musculoskeletal loading, discomfort/pain, and endurance/fatigue that they cause.
Other than that, ISO 11228-3:2007 also specifies ergonomic guidelines for repetitive job tasks
that require manual handling of modest weights on a frequent basis. It gives guidelines on the
identification and assessment of risk factors usually associated with handling modest loads at
high frequency, allowing for the assessment of the associated health hazards to the working
population. The recommendations are designed to provide reasonable protection for virtually all
healthy people in the adult working population. Those suggestions on health hazards and control
strategies are mostly based on experimental investigations on musculoskeletal loading,
discomfort/pain, and endurance/fatigue associated with working practices. The purpose of ISO
11228-3:2007 is to give information to all people engaged in the design or redesign of work,
jobs, and goods.
CONCLUSION

Knowledge of occupational safety in the manufacturing industry is important. This is because

workplace accidents have become such a serious concern in the world's developed nations that
they now kill more people than all infectious diseases combined, and more than any single
ailment save those connected to heart disease and cancer. Having knowledge of occupational
safety can help to detect possible dangers that occur in many sectors, with a specific emphasis on
the manufacturing industry, determine possible control measures and prevention in avoiding and
reducing the impact of hazards, and describe the related law and legislation in the manufacturing
industry. It also increases the reduction of injuries or death incidents at the workplace where
employers and employees are alerted about the safety they must follow in the manufacturing
industry. Occupational safety in the manufacturing industry is the knowledge that is very
important for employers and employees to learn for the sake of their safety at the workplace.