1 - We can describe vowels by referring to the part of the tongue which is at the

highest point in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at the highest point near
the hard palate, we have a front vowel.

2 - If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, we have a
back vowel.

3--Vowels which are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel
are called central vowels.

4- One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at
the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the height to which that part
is raised.

5- If the tongue is placed as low as possible in the mouth, the vowel which results
is an open vowel.

6- If the tongue is raised as high as possible in the mouth, without touching the
roof of the mouth, the vowel which results is a close vowel.

7- The vowel /i: /in /fi:d / and /u: /in /fu:d / are both close and the vowel / a: /in /fa:
/-far is an open vowel.

8- The position of the lips also has an effect on vowel quality. If the lips are
drawn together so that the opening between them is round, we have a rounded
vowel. And if the lips are not drawn together the vowel is a unrounded vowel.

9- According to the length vowels may be long or short.

10- A combination of vowels pronounced within one syllable is called a
diphthong.

11- If the organs of speech start in the position for one vowel and then
immediately glide to the position of another, the result is a diphthong.

12-Diphthongs are represented by two symbols in phonemic transcription, the

first shows the position of the organs of speech at the beginning of the glide,
and the second shows their approximate position at the end of the glide.

13-Labio-dental consonants are articulated by the lower lip against the upper
teeth.

14-Alveolar consonants are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the teeth
rigde.

15-Consonants that have alveolar articulation together with a simultaneous

raising of the main body of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth are called
Palato alveolar consonants.

16- Affricative is a combination of a plosive consonant with an immediately

following fricative sound.

17- Semi-vowels are gliding sounds in the production of which the organs of
speech start at or near a “close" vowel and immediately move away to some
other vowel sound.
18- Plosives are the sounds produced when the air stream is completely
stopped for a moment, after which it is allowed to rush out of the mouth with an
explosive sound.
19- Glottals are sounds articulated in the glottis.
20- Laterals are the sounds formed by the tip of the tongue firmly pressed
against the teeth-ridge or the teeth so that the air can escape at one or both
sides of the tongue.

Trắc nghiệm:
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. D
14. D
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. C
19. A
20. D