MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Lecturer : Dr. Toyyibah, SS, M. Pd

Members of 2nd Group :

1. Ismi Mumtahanah (21202022)

2. Fasya Millatina Izazi (21202039)
3. Teemi Asmaul Za‟in (21202061)
4. Nanda Mauliyah Rahmawati (21202078)

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH

STATE ISLAMIC INSTITUTE OF RELIGION (IAIN) KEDIRI

2022
 PREFACE

In the name of Allah SWT, the beneficent and merciful. All praise is
merely to The Mightiest Allah SWT, the lord of the words, for the gracious mercy
and tremendous blessing that enable the writer to accomplish this paper. This
paper entitled “ Manner of Articulation ”, is submitted to fulfill one of the
assignments in Introduction to Linguistics‟ subject.

There are many individuals who have generously suggested to improve this
paper. First of all, thanks to Dr. Toyyibah, SS, M. Pd as the Introduction to
Linguistics lecturer who gives great experience and useful knowledge to the
writers. Also all of friends who give great responses and support to this paper.
Hopefully, this paper can increase knowledges and references to readers.

The writers know this paper is not perfect. So, the writers hope that readers
can give their own suggestions and critics. For our plesure the suggestion and
critics will be received as well for upgrading this paper and next projects.

Kediri, 25th September 2022

The Writers

ii
 LIST OF CONTENTS

Cover........................................................................................................................i

Preface.....................................................................................................................ii

List of Contents.....................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1

A. Background..................................................................................................1
B. Root Problem...............................................................................................1
C. Purpose.........................................................................................................1

CHAPTER 2 CONTENTS....................................................................................2

A. Definition Manner of Articulation...............................................................2

B. Types Manner of Articulation......................................................................3
1. Stop..........................................................................................................3
2. Fricative...................................................................................................4
3. Affricate...................................................................................................6
4. Nasal........................................................................................................7
5. Lateral......................................................................................................8
6. Approximant............................................................................................9

CHAPTER 3 CLOSING......................................................................................11

A. Conclusion..................................................................................................11
B. Suggestion..................................................................................................11

References.............................................................................................................12

iii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Learning pronunciation, there is phonemes. Phonemes has different
sound in language which includes vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds are
voiced, different between consonant sounds. In consosnant sounds there are 2
types. Voice and unvoiced (voiceless). To know all of words which one is
voiced or unvoiced, there are place of articulation and manner of articulation.
Some words has same articulation but different in its way. Place of
articulation refers to the place which vocal tract take a place. Furthermore,
manner of articulation little bit special and also different with place of
articulation. Manner of articulation refers to the way of the articulators set.
Manner of articulation is important part when learning phoenetics
and pronounciation. It makes the sound of words that be produced sounds
correctly, so it will not affect to the meaning. The written words also will
correct if know all of words‟ manner of its pronounciation.

B. Root Problem
1. What is definition of manner of articulation ?
2. What are the types of manner of articulation ?

C. Purpose
1. To know the definition of manner of articulation.
2. To know the types of manner of articulation.

1
 CHAPTER 2

CONTENTS

A. Definition Manner of Articulation

Manner of Articulation is the “how” of making sounds. When
learning our first language, we don‟t usually think about how we make the
sounds we do. We just reproduce what we‟ve heard over the first few
years of our lives. We make the sounds without thinking how our mouth
tongue, and teeth are doing, unless we need the additional support of
speech therapy.
Manner of articulation in second language learning is important,
because pronunciation doesn‟t come as naturally as when learning our first
language. It‟s important to know how sounds are made so that you can
pronounce sounds correctly and speak more clearly.1
Sound can be shaped as it passes through the vocal chords, and as
the air is passed from the lungs passed the pharyngeal cavity, the nasal
cavity or the oral and labial cavities. The sound variations created by these
vocal apparatus are known as the manner of articulation. In other words,
the manner of articulation refers to the ways in which sound is althered by
manipulation of the flow of the airstream from the lungs (Finch, 1999).2
In simple terms, manner of articulation is something we study in
articulatory phonetics, as the interaction of articulators. Articulators are
speech organs, like the tongue and lips, or the palate. The manner of
articulation refers to the way the articulators are set so the resonance effect
is possible.

1
Giordano, Andrea. 2019. “English Lesson : Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation “,
https://www.studywithandrea.com/learn-english/english-lesson-manner-of-articulation-and-place-
of-articulation/, accessed at 08.14 on 26 September 2022.
2
Tulloch, John. 2013. “Places and Manners of Articulation”,
http://jonbtulloch.blogspot.com/2013/04/places-and-manners-of-articulation.html?m=1, accessed
at 05.00 on 27 September 2022.

2
 B. Types Manner of Articulation
There are six principal types of manner for consonant sound, such as :
1. Stop
A stop sound, or plosive sounds are a result of blocking of the oral
vocal tract, and thus there is no nasak air flow involved, as the air stop
completely. It can be classified in two categories; of voiced sounds and of
voiceless sounds. It the consonant is voiced, then the sound made is during
the occlusion or blockage. While if it is voiceless sound, then the stop is
completely silent. 3
Finch (1999) states plosive sounds is “Sounds in whose
articulation the airstream is stopped by a brief closure of two speech organs
and then realeased in a quick burst”.
Plosive or stop is a manner which complete closure is made
somewhere in the vocal tract, and the soft palate is also raised. Air pressure
increases behind the closure, and is then realeased „explosively‟.

The examples of stop sounds are :

a) /p/
- pen - price
- open - carpet
- cup - stop
b) /b/
- be - boss
- able - above

3
Zabir, Ahmad. 2020. “What is the Manner of Articaltion in Linguistics”,
https://ahmadzabir.medium.com/what-is-the-manner-of-articulation-in-linguistics-be9d66a988c3 ,
accessed at 06.01 on 30 September 2022.

3
 - cab - tube (/p/ and /b/ are bilabial)
c) /t/
- top - time
- atom - butter
- set - heart
d) /d/
- do - drive
- rider - ready (/t/ and /d/ are alveolar)
- read - hard
e) /k/
- cat - key
- soccer - aqua
- back - six
f) /g/
- get - ghost
- again - bigger
- exotic - bag (/k/ and /g/ are velar)

2. Fricative
George Yule (2010) states “The manner of articulation used in
producing the set sounds /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ involves almost blocking
the air stream and having the ai push through the very narrow opening. As the
air is pushed through, a type of friction is produce and the reselting sounds are
called fricatives”. 4
In simple ways, fricative is when two vocal organs come close enough
together for the movement of air between them to be heard. Glottal sound /h/
also includes in fricative manner.

4
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language. New York : Cambridge University. (p. 31-32)

4
 Manner of Fricative sounds :

The examples of fricative sounds :

a) /f/
- feed - fish
- after - office
- if - laugh
b) /v/
- visit - vote
- seven - avoid
- love - cave (/f/ and /v/ sounds are labio-dental )

c) /θ/
- think - three
- ethical - month
- both - path
d) /ð/
- they - the
- weather - other
- breathe - soothe (/θ/ and /ð/ sounds are dental)

5
 e) /s/
- see - school
- face - inside
- fix - boss
f) /z/
- zip - zoo
- lazy - amazing
- realize - organise (/s/ and /z/ are alveolar )

g) /ʃ/
- shoe - she
- pressure - potential
- mesh - push
h) /ʒ/
- vision - measure
- closure - explosion
- illusion - Asia (/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are palato-alveolar)

i) /h/
- help - whole
- home - perhaps
- behave - unhealthy

(/h/ is glottal sound)

3. Affricate
Affricate is combination between a brief stopping of the air stream with
an obstructed realease which causes some friction. It will able to produce /tʃ/
and /dʒ/. These are called affricates and occur at the beginning of the words
cheap and jeep. 5
In other words, a complete closure is made somewhere in

5
Ibid. (p.32)

6
 the mouth, and the soft palate is raised. Air pressure increases behind the
closure, and is then realease more slowly than in plosive.

The examples of affricate :

a) /tʃ/
- chin - chip
- lecture - virtue
- rich - batch
b) /dʒ/
- jail - giraffe
- major - angel
- damage - edge (/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are palato-alveolar)

4. Nasal
Sounds in whose articulation the airstream is diverted through the nasal
cavity as a consequence of the passage through the oral cavity being blocked
by the lowering of the soft palate or velum (Finch, 1999). 6 Most sounds are
produced orally with the velum raised, preventing airflow from entering the
nasal cavity. However, when the velum is lowered and the air stream is
allowed to flow out throughthe nose to produce /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/, the sound are
described as nasals. These three sounds are all voiced.7

6
Tulloch, John. 2013. “Places and Manners of Articulation”,
http://jonbtulloch.blogspot.com/2013/04/places-and-manners-of-articulation.html?m=1 ,
accessed at 09.46 on 30 September 2022.
7
Ibid.

7
 Nasal is a closure which made by the lips, or by the tongue against the
palate, the soft palate is lowered, and air escapes through the nose.

The examples of nasal sound :

a) /m/
- me - mine
- amaze - army
- some - communication

b) /n/
- next - near
- any - send
- vibration - sun

c) /ŋ/
- long - song
- singer - banker
- waiting - hunger

5. Lateral
The initial sounds in led is described as liquids. That is voiced. The
sound is called a lateral liquid and is formed by letting the air stream flow
around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the
middle of the alveolar ridge8. English pronunciation has one lateral, that is /l/.
More simply, lateral is a partial closure is made by the blade of the tongue

8
Ibid. (p. 32-33)

8
 against the alveolar ridge. Air is able to flow around the sides of the tongue.
The examples of spellings for lateral sound are :
- look - talent
- long - along
- listen - tall
- lemon - follow
- lock - unless

6. Approximant
Sounds in whose articulation two speech organs approach each other
and air flows continuously betwee them without friction (Finch, 1999). 9In
this manner, vocal organs come near to each other, but not so close as to
cause audible friction.

The examples such as :

a) Lateral Approximant (liquids)

Liquids are a type of approximants tht are pronounced with the side of
the tongue. The example /ɹ/.

- red - purring
- around - write
- carrot - rhythm

9
Tulloch, John. 2013. “Places and Manners of Articulation”,
http://jonbtulloch.blogspot.com/2013/04/places-and-manners-of-articulation.html?m=1, accessed
at 11.00 on 30 September 2022.

9
 b) Semivowel (glides)
A semivowel also called glides, is a type of approximant which is
pronounced like a vowel but the tongue is closer to the roof of the mouth, this
creating a slight turbelence. The examples are /w/ and /j/. Both are glides and
voiced.
/w/ : /j/ :
- want - yes
- will - yellow
- what - use
- fewer - unit
- one
- once

Voicing, manner and place of articulation are together summarized in the

following table :

1
 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Manner of articulation is important part when learning phoenetics
and pronounciation. It refers to the way of articulators are set so the sounds
are possible to produced. There are 6 manner of articulation. Which all of
them, should be learned hearty. The aim is for know what is correct
manner to produce words or sounds. Each of them has own characteristic
to produce sounds. Plosive or stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, lateral and
approximant, all of them have their definition or manner.
Manner of articulation also has correlation with voicing and place
of articulation. Which these 3 parts can not be separated. Some sounds
maybe have same manner of articulation, but different in its place of
articulation. It also can relate to its voicing which voiced sounds or
unvoiced sounds.

B. Suggestion
The writers know this paper is not perfect. In it we‟re aware that
there are flaws and errors. So, the writers hope that readers can give their
own suggestions and critics also honestly advice. For our pleasure the
suggestion and critics will be received as well for upgrading this paper and
next projects. Hopefully with this paper will provide insight on
introduction to linguistics especially in manner of articulation and will
then provide for all of us as potential educators.

1
 REFERENCES

Giordano, Andrea. 2019. “English Lesson : Manner of Articulation and Place of

Articulation “, https://www.studywithandrea.com/learn-english/english-lesson-
manner-of-articulation-and-place-of-articulation/, accessed at 08.14 on 26
September 2022.

Tulloch, John. 2013. “Places and Manners of Articulation”,

http://jonbtulloch.blogspot.com/2013/04/places-and-manners-of-
articulation.html?m=1, accessed at 11.00 on 30 September 2022.

Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language. New York : Cambridge University.
(p. 31-32)

Zabir, Ahmad. 2020. “What is the Manner of Articaltion in Linguistics”,

https://ahmadzabir.medium.com/what-is-the-manner-of-articulation-in-linguistics-
be9d66a988c3 , accessed at 06.01 on 30 September 2022.