Notre Dame of Dadiangas University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Subject: ECE-PC 313 – Modulation and Coding Techniques

Topic: Digital modulation
Activity: worksheet 2

Instruction: 1. Answer the provided problem

2. Send file to moodle before the deadline
Name: Raniel Gere Gregorio BSECE 3rd Year
Define the following key terminologies of digital communication systems

1. Information
- information is sent as a sequence of digits that are first converted to an analog form by
modulation at the transmitter and then converted back into digits by de-modulation at
the receiver.

2. Digital modulation
- is the process of encoding a digital information signal into the amplitude, phase, or
frequency of the transmitted signal.

3. Digital radio
- Digital radio is the transmission and reception of sound processed into patterns of
numbers, or "digits" – hence the term "digital radio." In contrast, traditional analog
radios process sounds into patterns of electrical signals that resemble sound waves.

4. Digital communications
- Digital communication definition: This concept, also known as data communication or
data transmission, is the transfer of data or information using digital signals over a
point-to-point (P2P) channel. A P2P connection is a mode of communication between
two communication endpoints.

5. Amplitude shift keying

- If amplitude is the only parameter of the carrier wave to be altered by the information
signal, the modulating method is called amplitude-shift keying (ASK). ASK can be
considered a digital version of analog amplitude modulation.

6. Frequency shift keying

- Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals using discrete
signals. The two binary states -- logic 0 (low) and 1 (high) in a binary frequency-shift
key mechanism -- are each represented by an analog waveform.

7. Phase shift keying

- When phase is the parameter altered by the information signal, the method is called
phase-shift keying (PSK). In the simplest form of PSK a single radio frequency carrier is
sent with a fixed phase to represent a 0 and with a 180° phase shift—that is, with the
opposite polarity—to represent a 1.
8. Quadrature amplitude modulation
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM utilises both amplitude and phase
components to provide a form of modulation that is able to provide high levels of
spectrum usage efficiency.
- QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation has been used for some analogue
transmissions including AM stereo transmissions, but it is for data applications where
it has come into its own. It is able to provide a highly effective form of modulation for
data and as such it is used in everything from cellular phones to Wi-Fi and almost
every other form of high speed data communications system.

9. Information theory
- Information is the source of a communication system, whether it is analog or digital.
Information theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information
along with the quantification, storage, and communication of information.

10. Information capacity

- The maximum number of bits or other information elements that can be handled in a
particular channel per unit time.

11. Binary digit

- A binary digit (bit) is the minimum unit of binary information stored in a computer
system. A bit can have only two states, on or off, which are commonly represented as
ones and zeros. The combination of ones and zeros determines which information is
entered into and processed by the computer.
12. Bit
- a unit of information equivalent to the result of a choice between only two possible
alternatives, as between 1 and 0 in the binary number system generally used in digital
computers.

13. Bit rate

- Bit rate refers to the rate at which data is processed or transferred. It is usually measured
in seconds, ranging from bps for smaller values to kbps and mbps. Bit rate is also
known as bitrate or data rate.

14. Bit per second

- In data communications, bits per second (bps or bit/sec) is a common measure of data
speed for computer modems and transmission carriers. As the term implies, the speed
in bps is equal to the number of bits transmitted or received each second.

15. Baud
- The baud rate is the rate at which information is transferred in a communication
channel. Baud rate is commonly used when discussing electronics that use serial
communication. In the serial port context, "9600 baud" means that the serial port is
capable of transferring a maximum of 9600 bits per second.

16. Hartley’s law

- ”In which he proved "that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is
proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission.
 17. Shannon limit for information capacity
- The Shannon capacity theorem defines the maximum amount of information, or data
capacity, which can be sent over any channel or medium (wireless, coax, twister pair,
fiber etc.). What this says is that higher the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and more the
channel bandwidth, the higher the possible data rate.

18. "M" in M-ary

- M represents a digit that corresponds to the number of conditions, levels, or
combinations possible for a given number of binary variables.
-
- This is the type of digital modulation technique used for data transmission in which
instead of one bit, two or more bits are transmitted at a time. As a single signal is used
for multiple bit transmission, the channel bandwidth is reduced.

19. Symbol
- A symbol may be described as either a pulse in digital baseband transmission or a tone in
passband transmission using modems. A symbol is a waveform, a state or a significant
condition of the communication channel that persists, for a fixed period of time.

20. Signal-to-noise ratio

- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the ratio of the signal power to noise power. The higher the
value of SNR, the greater will be the quality of the received output.

REFERENCES:
https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/digital-radio

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/digital-
modulation#:~:text=Digital%20modulation%20is%20the%20process,its%20robustness%20to%
20channel%20impairments.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/digital-communication-
system#:~:text=In%20a%20digital%20communication%20system%2C%20information%20is%2
0sent%20as%20a,de%2Dmodulation%20at%20the%20receiver.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/telecommunication/Modulation#ref608218

https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=600#:~:text=Ralph%20V.%20R.,Hartley.
&text=%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20which%20he%20proved%20%22,the%20time%20of%20the
%20transmission.%22

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/shannon-
limit#:~:text=The%20Shannon%20capacity%20theorem%20defines,pair%2C%20fiber%20etc.).
&text=What%20this%20says%20is%20that,higher%20the%20possible%20data%20rate.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_snr_calculat
ions.htm#:~:text=Signal%20to%20Noise%20Ratio,quality%20of%20the%20received%20outpu
t.