Secure Digitization Of
Land Registration Using Ethereum Blockchain
Sk.Reshma
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
reshmashaik327@gmail.com
G.Kusuma
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
kusumagorijala66@gmail.com
Abstract—Globally, land registration and
maintenance process being endured with several
issues such as frauds, time consumption and
maintenance-based cumbersome issues. The
traditional approaches and methods of land
registration has many technical gaps involved. The
major goal of this work is to strengthen the land
registration procedure in terms of transparency,
time, money and reduce instances of fraud. It is
feasible to track the hand-to-hand transfers of
property using inbuilt featured Blockchain
technology. The immutable, transparency, and
distributed features of blockchain based
transactions make the system as deception less with
more feasible to validate the lands as well.
Moreover, will speed up the registration procedure
and be useful for buyers, sellers, and government
registrars in transferring land ownership from the
previous owner to the new owner. HTML,CSS,
Javascript, MetaMask, Ganache and Solidity are
the technologies used to develop the system.
Index Terms-Blockchain, Land Registration, Web
application, Transfer ownership, Verification
system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Land Registry is one of the use cases that requires a
large number of intermediaries to trust the system. The
existing solutions are no longer adequate. When you
have thousands of land records to keep track of, it can
be difficult to figure out who owns what. It is quite
common to encounter discrepancies in paperwork such
as counterfeit titles, forged documents, and complete
record loss. Such circumstances result in costly court
battles between opposing parties. Because blockchain
is transparent, it is possible to track how property
changes hands. The immutability, auditability, and
traceability of blockchain are enticing governments all
Ch. Rupa
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
rupamtech@gmail.com
G.Rochana
Dept. of CSE
VR Siddhartha Engineering College(A)
Vijayawada, India
gugulothrochana27@gmail.com
over the world to use the decentralised technology in
the land registry process.
Problems with the current land registration system:
A. Middlemen and brokers are involved:
Middlemen and brokers are essential components of
any large corporation because they are more
knowledgeable about market offerings.
Buyers and sellers typically prefer to call them to
assemble a full support team. As a result, buyers gain a
deeper understanding of the market and identify
lower/higher transaction prices.
B. The growing incidence of fraud cases:
There have been multiple instances of scammers
pretending to be a property vendor. If a fraudster is
successful in passing themselves off as the property
owner, they may be paid in full after completion and
make off with the money.
C. Timing Issues
Title registrations at the Land Registry take a very
lengthy time to complete. The time between
completion and registration may be several months.
During this prolonged period, a lot of legal issues may
potentially surface.
Blockchain could overcome the challenges in Land
Registration in the following ways:
A. Process Acceleration
Middlemen involved in the land registry process may
have information that you do not have access to, or
you may lack the necessary licence to operate in a
property transaction ecosystem. The blockchain land
registry platform, on the other hand, can provide you
with a distributed database where anyone can record
and access information without the involvement of any
centralized authority.
B. Reducing Fraud Cases
In the modern digital age, it is now easy for criminals
to use editing software to fabricate documents and title
ownership. You can upload the title documentation to
the blockchain network using the land registry
blockchain platform, where signers can affix their
signatures and other users can later verify the
information as needed.
Blockchain can verify that you are the owner of the
land title and avoid document fabrication by
maintaining an immutable record of transactions.
C. Smart Contracts Bring Transparency
Only a few people purchase property directly.Because
of administrative issues, the loan or mortgage process
is comparatively slower.Smart contracts, on the other
hand, can simplify the process by automating verified
transactions.As a seller or buyer, you can create a
digital, decentralised ID using the blockchain land
registry platform.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Gagangeet Singh Aujla, et.al [1] developed an
IoT based Healthcare monitoring system which
monitors the person and send the data to the nearby
edge devices. edge devices are created using the
decoupled blocks in blockchain so as to securely
transmit the healthcare data from sensors to the edge
nodes. The edge nodes then transmit and store the data
at the cloud using the incremental tensor-based
scheme.they have used decoupled Blockchain
approach for transition. The blockchain contribution is
to send the monitored data in a secured manner and to
maintain the data to using the cloud. This method
divides block headers and ledgers using a decoupled
blockchain-based approach, which allows rapid block
preparation and header generation while maintaining
security when transmitting the collected data. The
advanatages include to contribute and send the
monitored data in a secured manner. Maintaining
security when transmitting the collected data. The
limitations are data concurrency and throughput issues.
Jiabin Bao, et.al [2] proposed a survey on
blockchain applications in energy sector. a
comprehensive study of the energy applications where
blockchain technology has been and may be used,
encompassing everything from peer-to-peer trading to
uses for electric vehicles to carbon emissions
trading.Also, they Investigated existing architectures
and solutions, as well as existing and emerging
security and privacy problems, as well as other
possible blockchain uses in the energy industry.they
have identified and studied about some of the
blockchain characters and utilization for next
generation energy industry.they have concluded lot of
existing and emerging problems where may raise and
they hoping to inform future research efforts. The
advantages are simple to understand, helps in future
research efforts.The disadvantages no private
information of Ev’s are stored in blockchain and
detailed usage data of battery can lead to privacy
leakage.
Abbas Yazdinejad, et.al [3] developed a
decentralized Blockchain-based Security for Drones in
the Internet of Things. Drones and drone technology
are now widely used in our Internet of Things global
landscape due to its growing use in the military, safety
surveillance, agriculture, smart transportation,
shipping, and package delivery. The existing
authentication mechanisms in most drone-based
applications suffer from real-time latency difficulties
as well as security vulnerabilities for threats.They
made an effort to address these challenges by
leveraging blockchain-based security to authenticate
drones in a secure and low-latency manner.The
advantages are the existing authentication mechanisms
is most used in drone-based applications and
leveraging blockchain-based security to authenticate
drones is a secure and low-latency manner. The
disadvantages are dependency of device may raise to
IoT device connectivity issues.
Y. Qu, et.al [4] developed a fog computing, an
outgrowth of cloud computing and a cornerstone of the
Internet of Things, is flourishing quickly due to its
capacity to reduce several problematic concerns like
network congestion, latency, and local autonomy.
However, privacy concerns and the ensuing
inefficiencies are hindering fog computing
performance. While experiencing poisoning attacks,
the majority of existing works scarcely take into
account a reasonable balance between them. We
suggest an unique blockchain-enabled federated
learning (FL-Block) approach to close the gap in order
to overcome the aforementioned problems. With a
global learning model built on a blockchain and
confirmed by miners, FL-Block enables local learning
updates of end device trades. Using this as a
foundation, FL-Block allows autonomous machine
learning to maintain the global model.The advantages
are FL-Block enables local learning updates of end
device trades.FL-Block allows autonomous machine
learning to maintain the global model. The
disadvantages are raises the issues in scalability,
security issues and data modification is difficult.
X. Zhang, et.al [5] developed a safe, fast-
moving blockchain that can compete with a centralised
payment system in terms of security and throughput is
challenging in today’s blockchain system. In order to
increase system throughput while maintaining a high
level of security, sharding is one of the most valuable
developing technologies. There are two significant
drawbacks to earlier sharding- related approaches,
though. They did not take advantage of the
heterogeneity across validators, which results in
inadequate security and throughput for their random-
based sharding solution. Secondly, it can be extremely
expensive for their system to create an incentive
system that encourages cooperation. In this post, we
bring forth RepChain, a reputation-based secure and
quick blockchain system via sharding that also offers a
strong incentive to encourage node collaboration. To
explicitly describe the heterogeneity among the
validators and laypeople, RepChain uses
reputation.The advantages are security and throughput
for the random-based sharding solution and RepChain,
offers a strong incentive to encourage node
collaboration.The disadvantages are security and
communication problems.
C. Huang, et.al [6] developed one of the most
significant problems with a blockchain system is
consensus since, in a decentralised system, consensus
is a procedure that is required to come to an agreement
between a set of dispersed nodes that do not trust one
another. The majority of current blockchain consensus
works make the assumption that a block always
successfully reaches every participating node within a
time frame that is significantly shorter than the mining
time, i.e., that the time of block propagation among
separated nodes during the consensus process is
ignorable.However, the block propagation time is no
longer inegligible when blockchain is utilised in
vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), since
opportunistic communication is brought to blockchain
consensus by the dynamic connectedness of the
moving nodes in a wireless context. This article
examines the effects.The advantages include these are
utilized in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs).The
disadvantages are block propagation time has
a massive effect on the blockchain security and its time
consuming.
F. A. Sunny, et.al [7] carried out a A
Systematic Review of Blockchain Applications which
include thorough literature review To address
challenging questions about the subject of blockchain
technology for this study. To uncover works on
blockchain-based applications, this work designed a
Python algorithm that combed through numerous web
databases using an objective systematic review
approach. The characteristics, manner of operation,
and uses of blockchains in a variety of fields—
including transportation, business and industry,privacy
and security, the financial sector, government,
education, healthcare, and the Internet of Things are all
covered in this article. This study provides a
comprehensive overview of blockchain application
themes and their emerging areas for stakeholders
across industries.The advantages are the
characteristics, manner of operation, and uses of
blockchains in a variety of fields—including
transportation, business and provides a comprehensive
overview of blockchain application themes and their
emerging areas for stakeholders.The disadvantages are
provides various applications of blockchain but not the
implementation.
M. N. M. Bhutta, et.al [8] proposed A Survey
on Blockchain Technology: Evolution, Architecture
and Security. This study gives a thorough review of
Blockchain technology’s evolution,
architecture,development frameworks, and security
issues, in contrast to other Blockchain studies that
concentrate on either its applications,
challenges,attributes, or security.Along with
comparing frameworks,classifying consensus methods,
and analysing security threats and cryptographic
primitives currently being employed in the Blockchain,
it also gives comparative analyses of these
topics.Finally, this study elaborates on important future
prospects, cutting-edge use cases, and open research
problems that could be investigated by scientists to
push this subject even further.The advantages are gives
comparative analyses of classifying consensus
methods and analysing security threats and elaborates
cutting-edge use cases, and open research
problems.The disadvantages are order-execute
architecture such as sequential execution.
W. Lin, et.al [9] proposed Blockchain
Technology in Current Agricultural Systems: From
Techniques to Applications. In this work In-depth ganache is used. For implementing smart contracts on
explanations are provided for the technical ethereum blockchain we used solidity.
components, including as data structures,
cryptographic techniques, and consensus procedures.In
order to illustrate how to apply blockchain techniques,
the current agricultural blockchain applications are
grouped and examined. Additionally, examples of how
professionals leverage well-known platforms and
smart contracts to create various agricultural
applications are offered. This work explored the
attempts and potential solutions being made to address
the major issues in many future agricultural
systems.The advantages are explored the attempts and
potential solutions being made to address the major
issues in many future agricultural systems. The
disadvantages are conventional blockchain systems Fig 1.Proposed Architecture
have a slow on-chain speed.
This system consists of three modules:
III. PREREQUISITES
1. Registration of users and property
A. BLOCK 2. Validation from government authority
The blockchain is a series of data blocks linked 3. Transaction between both the parties
together. Each block may be compared to a page in a
ledger.
A. Registration of user and property:
B. BLOCKCHAIN
To sign up for the platform the user should visit
Blockchain is a method of storing data that makes it http://localhost:3000/signup.After clicking the submit
difficult or impossible to update, hack, or defraud the button, the user redirected to the login page. User must
system. enter their private key to log in. The user should
select Register Land tab from the dashboard to
C. SUPPLYCHAIN register the property.

A supplychain is the network that connects all of the
people, organisations, resources, activities, and
technology involved in the manufacture and sale of a
product.
D. METAMASK
MetaMask is a cryptocurrency wallet that uses
software to communicate with the Ethereum network.
E. GANACHE
Ganache is a personal blockchain that allows for the
quick implementation of Ethereum and Corda
distributed applications .
IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The entire process is carried out in the form of smart
contract which ensures that it is immutable,secured and
digitized. To develop, deploy and test the dApp
Algorithm: Registration of users and property
Step-1: User Registration
for j = user “1” to user “n”
if entered private key == private key
goto step 2 otherwise step 3
Step-2: Login User
Step-3: The user must register by providing the
necessary details
Step-4: For registering the land the user selects
Register land tab from dashboard
Step-5: The user and their property are successfully
registered
B. Validation from government authority:
The government authority audits the user's land
information in this step Users must upload legal
documents of land during the registration process.If the
application is rejected, the user must submit a new
application, which cannot be purchased by other users.
The user will receive mail and SMS notifications as
soon as the government approves or denies the request.

C. Transaction between both the parties:

Buyer sends a purchase request to the landowner. Once

the landowner has verified that the requester's address
is accurate, the seller approves the request. When the
request is approved, the buyer will be able to purchase
the property. If the property is approved, the amount is
deducted from the buyer's account and transferred to Fig 3.Land Resgistration Application
the land owner's account.

Algorithm:Transaction between both the parties

Step-1: Buyer sends a purchase request to the Land

owner
Step-2: Land owner verifies the request
Step-3: Land owner approves the request
Step-4: Amount is deducted from buyers account and
transfered to the Land owners account
Amount = x
Buyers Balance = Buyers Balance - x
Land owners Balance = Land owners
Balance + x
Step-5: Transfer the ownership of the asset form Land Fig 4.Registeration portal for users and property
owner to Buyer.

Fig 5.Login Page for registered users

Fig 2.Sequence Diagram

V. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Fig 6.Transaction details in ganache

 VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 59155-59177, 2022, doi:
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Technology: Evolution, Architecture and Security," in
many middlemen to build trust in the system is the
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