CITATIONS

CSI (2021)
Fake news is fabricated information that mimics the credible news agency
and sites in order for it to become more credible and easily gain trust.
Disinformation harnesses the dissemination of false or inaccurate
information in order to create discredit to the content.

Menczer & Hills (2020)

Social Media is overloaded of information, resulting trends on overpowering
reputable sources of information.

De Paor & Heravi (2020)

Unregulated news and information overwhelming growth due to huge
consumption of information is becoming a problem.

UNESCO (2016)
Media information literacy is composed of competencies to access, retrieve,
understand, critically evaluate and use information to combat against Cyber
Issues.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Gu & Yarochkin (2017)

Fake news and misinformation are emblems of a broader societal issue: the
use of public opinion to influence the real reality.
Caplan et al. (2017)
Facebook and Twitter have been blamed for spreading fake news.

Adriani (2019)
In a post-truth society, even corporate
competitiveness can be influenced by fake news, which is fueled by the
manipulation of new powerful technologies.

Potter (2004) THEORY OF MEDIA LITERACY

Absorption of the information gives a condition to the mind of
the reader, will give way the acceptance of information without validating it.
With this, the reader can be part of disinformation that the content
possesses.

Carlsson (2019)
MTL is a set of life skills. The ability to make informed decisions, gain access
to information, and interpreting it.
Can identify the information if it’s just marketing technique (TREND), or solid
research-based facts.

Courtney (2018)
MTL is ultimately about empowering individuals to recognize how to use
information in their educational, social, and professional lives.
Gerbner (1960) THEORY OF CULTIVATION
Readers/Viewers are divided due to huge amount of information and be
influenced by valid and invalid depiction.

(Shrum 2017, as cited in Gerbner,1960)

The lack of content checking in the media platform will led the user on facing
disinformation and could affect others.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Leaning (2019)
Information and media technology literacy is a foundation in understanding
the role of media technology in the present time. Because internet and its
platforms are being flooded with information to the point it can no longer be
identified as credible.

Yap & Manabat (2018)

The new concept of literacy will create an effective approach in evaluating
information in the internet and its platforms that it possesses.

Pullinger (2018)
Posting a status post involves a variety of social connections, ranging from
close family members to coworkers. That is why the users are less likely to
experience it and are more likely to spread it because it originates from their
social media.

Bautista (2021)
The goal of the MIL is to assist the educator and also the learners to become
responsible users of social media, "particularly in recognizing the media's
impact on diverse disciplines,"

Varda & Kayza (2021)

The aim is to allow individuals to become more engaged citizens and
responsible decision-makers. By accurately assessing the source, the
context, the message and the medium within which it is received,
considering its representations and its intended audience, as well as the
institutional context from which the message emerges
Mapa (2019)
Based on the results of 2019 Functional Literacy, Education, and Mass Media
Survey (FLEMMS), in which there is an increased functional literacy rates
among Filipinos ages 10-64 yrs old, due to their access to different forms of
media.
Having Information and media technology literacy means that our citizens
and especially the young learners are critical thinkers. Critical thinking is an
invaluable asset for our citizens and especially for our young learners as
they always need to be able to solve problems, find information, form
opinions and evaluate whether sources are valid or not.

Bonifacio & Naparo (2021)

They note that it does not end by just consuming information. It works
effectively when it is being produced, reproduced or shared.

Sunuga (2016)
Fake news, bias and disinformation is very rampant nowadays, in order to
come up with reliable data and information, it is important to be careful in
accessing and locating factual information and content in the media,
whereas the skills must be present to do it. This is where the MIL provides
its significance.

Prier (2017)
The viral topics known in social media have the ability to affect the
community's public agenda. With the ability of any propaganda provided by
any public figure in social media, in enough shares the public can easily
perceive it as a fact and would certainly believe it.

Kalsnes (2018)
Its creation involves producing fake news that is often given time either
financially, politically, or socially motivated. With every circulation of fake
news, it refers to the many ways of spreading false information.