simply supported beams 1 Introduction 4 ; js any structural member which is subjected to exter eis length. Usually the beam is horizontal and the nie verticals these forces will consist of the /oads applied to the beam and ihe reactions at the supports, In general, the loads applied to a beam are the forces exerted by ravity on Masses supported by the beam, and hence will act downwards, inthis chapter, only loads acting at given points along the length of the beam are considered, called concentrated or point loading. Auniform beam is one which has the same density of material and the same cross-sectional area throughout its length. The weight of a uniform beam is considered to act through its centre. It should be remarked that the weight of a beam is usually small compared with the loads it carries, and should therefore be neglected unless a definite value for it is given, 92 The moment of a force The moment of a force is a measure of the turning effect of the force about a fixed point or fulcrum. It is equal to the product of the force + perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of {he force,(b) Force F creates an (a) Force F creates a ( i "Glockwise moment about O anticlockwise moment about Figure 9.1 Turning effect of a force Let a force F act at a perpendicular distance d from g fixeg » O, as shown in Fig. 9.1(a) and (b). Then: Poiny Moment of force = Fd is The unit of the moment of a force is the newton metre (N m), i The force can create either a clockwise moment, as in Fig, 9 i or an anticlockwise moment about O, as in Fig. 9.1(b), depending ® the direction of the force. oH 9.3 Equilibrium under the action of parallel forces If a body is in equilibrium when acted upon by a number Of paralle forces, then: (i) the resultant force acting on the body is zero; (ii) the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces about a fixed point is zero. . Consider a uniform beam to be pivoted at its centre on a fullerum Suppose the beam is carrying point loads of W,, Wr and Wyat distane 4, dz and dj respectively from the fulcrum, as shown in Fig. 9,2, 3 Now, for the resultant force on the beam to be zero, the upward force provided by the reaction R at the fulcrum must equal the downward forces, i.e. R=W+ Wi+ W, 3 For the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces to be zero, the total anticlockwise moment produced by W; and W» about the fulcrum must equal the total clockwise moment produced by Ws about the fulcrum. Thus, for equilibrium to be maintained, Wid + Wid: = Wraylag gig? 7 iti be rH ondition can paisa 88 principje 5 when a body is in equilibrium y Moments. e sum of the anticlockwise ma r iy : of the clockwise moments about the ‘ about ta e Say jm nest : Doin 9.1 Me point +S CGual 1g gamle * 300.N Sy ¢ for tbs a 00N 3 Example 9.1 pigure 9- rm horizontal lever is supported on a ful n Fig. 9.3. Calculate: crum and loaded as Aunifo shown i (a) the magnitude of the load W required to maintain equilibrium (b) the magnitude of the reaction R at the support. Neglect the mass of the lever. Solution (a) Taking moments about the support, and working throughout in units of N and m, = (200 x 0.3) + (300 x 0.1) = 60 + 30 = 90Nm (W x 0.25) + (100 x 0.4) (0.25 W + 40)Nm Total anticlockwise moment Total clockwise moment =" 130 For the lever to remain horizontal, the total anticlockwise momen, about the support must equal the total clockwise moment about the support. Thus: 90 = 0.25W + 40 0.25W = 90 - 40 50 =«—* 200 N 0 0.25 or ‘orce must be zero. Hence and 1 fe wards) must be equal to ey le (b) At equilibrium, t the reaction at the support i sur of the loads (acting downwat' Is), ie R = 200+ 300 + (a) Magnitude of load W me yO N Answer: (b) Reaction at the support is equivalent to a load of Example 9.2 If the mass of the Jever given in Example 9.1 Id then be the magnitude of the load W required fo 1? Determine also the new value of the t 100N, what wou. the lever to remain reaction R at the sup) horizonta port. Solution 100 N 200N Figure 9.4 Example 9.2 ie leva ana beans neni in Fig. 9.4, Since the lever is of ie ce oe ae ce due to gravity on it is considered to act at Phase ee ie support. It will be observed that the total same as in the previous example, i.e. Icrum have changed. 90. Nm, but the conditions to the right of the fu| | (er - fo" wise moment = ee A) +02 + 45) Nim SW 4 40) ,inciple of moments, for the jey, i = er se moment = Total Clockwise ‘0 remain hori 90 = 0.25W + 45 Moment zontal: qo We 90 — 45 0.25. = !80N t na : the resultant vertical force j € Is 2 eTO, Thus: = S00 + 300 + 100 + R= SON 180 + 100) N je W a Magnitude of W = 180N; Reaction R = gg0N af d beam is one whi yy supporte which rests on t , sine and is free to move borane wo knife-edge or roller up? simply supported beam to be in equilibri ra fi . equilibrium , mentioned ‘n Section 9.3 must be satisfied. The pb te condi- i on the beam must be Zero, and the algebraic sum of the Tan aa either of the supports must also be zero, These two facts enable abr e of the reactions at the supports to be determined when the le wedi of the beam 'S known. The following examples illustrate the method used. " ng and can be assumed to be simply It supports a vehicle which has.a wheel- d rear axles) of 2.5m and the front axle d on the front axle is SKN tions at the grample 9:3 am of a cal at its en r lift is 4m lo ds A and B. en front an adistance 0 0.5m from A. If the loa xle is 8.5KN, determine the react and : supports of the lift beam. Solution The lift beam and its load is represented in Fig. 9.5. f the beam supports at A and B be Raand Ro de of each reaction can now be determine This procedure f the points of support. 11 ing in one equation. es appear Let the reactions 0 respectively. The magnitu taking moments about one 0 will prevent two unknown fore132 eam — Example 9.3 Ry simply supported bi aA t B. (Reaction R of action passes throu, Figure 9.5 » will produce no moment ah Our To find reaction Ra gh this point.) Take moments abou! i ince its line point B, since its ° Total clockwise moment = Bax) eae a Total anticlockwise moment 7 Oe as EN For equilibrium, / / Total clockwise moment = Total anticlockwise moment i Ry = 26 o Ra = 6.5kN To find reaction Ra atB ut A. (Reaction Ra will have no turning effect ike i Take moments abo A.) Applying the principle of moments: Anticlockwise moments about A = Clockwise moments about A i.e. Rs x 4 = (5 X 0.5) + (8.5 x 3) 4Ry = 2.5 + 25.5 = 28 Rs = 7kKN Check: For equilibrium of vertical forces, the two reactions must equal the total load carried by the beam. Hence Ra + Rp = 6.5 +7 = 13,5KN and Sum of loads =*5 + 8.5 = 13.5kN Thus, the magnitude (and direction) of the reactions are correct. Note: It will be observed that when the first reaction has been deter. a by taking moments, the second reaction could be found by tracting the known reaction from the total load. Although there isork in the method shown above 5, do ort 3 Provide a 133 m long, is simply suppo ple peas 4 from the left-hand enue at two Points 4 g ein The beam carries loads of G99 y/o" B 1.5m gent B ‘f ! é at the left-pe tM the pi had erase and 400 at the right-hand eng, '*f-hand eng pee its e magnitude of the support Ne gine (Y ould the load of 800N be vctions at A and B. © applied to Take the @ ? imply supported beam — Example 9,4(a) 6 Ss suse . i righ nents about B, and working throughout in units of N and owin€ el: nw Jockwise moment = (Ra x 2) + (400 x 1.5) otal ¢ = (2Ry + 600)Nm / wise moment = (600 x 2.5) + (800 x 0.5 Total anticlock = 1500 + 400 = 1900Nm ) he resultant moment is zero, for equilibrium, these two totals nce t weet Ra + 600 = st - iw 600 _ 650N oe moments about A, and equating anticlockwise and clockwise moments, for equilibrium, gives: (Rs x 2) + (600 x 0.5) = (800 x 1.5) + (400 x 3.5) ~ 2Rs + 300 = 1200 + 1400 2Rs = 2600 — 300 = 2300 Rs = 11S0N eu i"| 1M ho 800 .N. which equals eck, Ry 4 Ry = 680 + 1150 = I , wh thet load on the beam. Thus, the magnitude (and direction) of the reaeat are correct, < (b) For the reactions at supports A ad = 900N The beam and its loads are now as repr rte en 800 N load moved nearer to A ata distance « 400 N and Bte be equal, n Fig. 9.7 with the Ry = Rn = es from B, 800 N Ry, = 900N Rg = 900N Figure 9.7 Example 9.4(b) g anticlockwise and clockiy, : i king moments about B, and equatin moments, for equilibrium, gives: J 00x + (600 x 2.5) = (900 x 2) + (400 x 1.5) goox = 1800 + 600 — 1500 Ta aa on = 1.125m actions equal, the load of 800N shoulq pport re 625m from the right-hand end of the Hence, to-make the su; be applied at 1,125 + 1.5 = 2. beam. Answer: (a) R. (b) 2.625m 1, = 650N, Rn = 1150N from right-hand end Example 9.5 A bus chassis, 5.4m long, consists of two sid ne ‘ le members and a nu or cross members. Each side member can be considered as a bea ‘im vt y supported at two points A and B, 3.6m apart, A being positione! . rom the front end of the frame and subjected to the following -oncentrated loads: Engine support (front) 2 kN, engine support (rear) 2.5 KN, gearboxy and body WKN, The dista, 05 mn frame are respectively Q,¢ iat Of these toag i pttind of fa is 8:5 KN, determine; “BM, 24m ant OM the ihc qiruae of the Load W’ due to the vehi =H iM ye eegoite of the SUpPort reaction at g* ody ) 3 Example 9.5 ag pte ign" . a det ermine the magnitude of W, take moments about B. agibriuts the resultant moment must be zero. Thus: for oments about B = Anticlockwise moments about B ise Mm clockwise = (8.5 X 3.6) = (2 X 3.9) + (2.5% 2 + (WX 1.3) D+ 05x 2 30.6 = 7.8 + 6.75 + 1.05 + 15 ie 30.6 - 15.6 W = wd 13 = 10kN (b) For equilibrium of vertical forces, the resultant force on the beam must be zero. Ra + Ry = Total downward forces 8.5kN + Rn = (2 + 2.5 + 0.5 + 10) kN Ry = 15 — 8.5 = 6.5KN Answer: (a) Magnitude of W = 10kN (b) Reaction at B = 6.5kN , Hence ie. Example 9.6 Auniform beam ABC is 6 m long and rests horizontally on two supports, A and B, which are 4m apart. Point loads of 10KN and 5 kNy 136 Determine the mag nj in Fig. 9-9- am as shown in Fig. ill cause the beam 23 toj are applied to the be C which of the load W applied at the end lift off support A. ity us je 9.6 Figure 9.9 Exampl port A, the reaction force at Solution orting the beam, iy P' The bean When the be reduced to 2er then balances @' am is just lifting off sup ‘0 so that it is no longer sup] bout support B. Hence: — ; Taking moments about B, and equating clockwise and anticlochy: moments, for equilibrium, gives: ig (5 x 2) + (10 x 3) Wx2= = 10+ 30=4 W = 20KN Answer: Magnitude of W which will cause the beam to just lift of 10 KN off 9.5 Experimental determination of beam reactions Object To obtain the reactions at the them with the calculated values. supports of a loaded beam and compar q Apparatus Some standard weights, a metre rule, and a wooden beam of uniform section supported horizontally at its ends on two ‘ spri balances. ; 9 “elock-type! sping Procedure pad Sate any loads on the beam, adjust the spring balances so hey both read zero. This will eliminate the weight of the beamhh se two weights, Wi and W, on the bea, " im, i rts, as shown in Fig, 9.19, Mone SUPPAT then be the observed Plus of ii tl is ee, cheS® end B. Measure the distances g, y a0 ¢%tions vein Ro different loads and distances an scent ustaiculate the value of the reactions ee cast ibed in Example 9.3. Compare the ESC reactions. io he dae rent can now be repeated using three ° ' is : | T More Weights, he phe se © e spring bal 2 lance r '8S IS equal to th SUM of the Repeat the’ the e ie the results PPorts by th Observed Values wath he clockwise moments about a g ds ort joa ym OF one sckwise moment whe * op the anticlock ssbowt th um ‘UpPort is equal t é ‘at support, othe (It 1 9.10 Experimental determination of beam reactions Figure * ‘cise 9.1 ~ Review questions s meant by the ‘moment of a force’, t of a force is measured by the product of the force Exel i 1 state what i 2, The moment wi ache moment of a force is the ........, siate the two conditions necessary for the equilibrium of a body acted on by a number of parallel forces. (CGLI) Explain what is meant by a ‘simply supported beam’, For a simply supported beam to be in equilibrium, the sum of the .. moments about .. -+ Must be equal to the ; -. moments about ......... Describe an experiment for determining the reactions of a simply supported beam.YN 13g Exercise 9.2 - Problems rod, i t 4 A uniform rod AB is 2m long. The which exerts a downwary ii placed ona knii force of 60.N at its centre, is feces Be support i Ww. Positioned 0.8 m from iA. Determine the vertical OWNWAT forcy required at A to prevent rotation of tl Od: 1d loaded as sh 2 A uniform bar is resting on a singe of tc load W to be thoy in Fi ine the ¢ ; be as ea ete is just to balance © a horizontal position Aboy, shi , the support. Neglect the mass of the bar 7 40.N Figure 9.11 ‘ The load on the fro; tor vehicle has a wheelbase of 3m. e front 2 Eel 12 kN and that on the rear axle is 16 KN. The vehicle rests ona simply supported bridge of span 7.5m, the front axle being 1.5m from the left-hand support. Calculate the magnitude of the reactions of the bridge supports. i a _ (CGLI) A uniform beai 6m is simply supported at its ends, It carries point loads of 200N, 400 N and 300 N at distances of m respectively from end A. Determine the 1.5m, 3m and 5 magnitude of the reactions at A and B. : 5 A horizontal beam AB is 6m long and is simply supported at A and B. Loads of 30KN and 60 KN are carried at points 2m and 4m from A respectively. (a) Find the magnitude of the reactions at A and B. (b) If an extra load of 50 KN is to be added to the beam in sucha position that the reactions at A and B are to be equal, what will these reactions then be, and at what distance from A must the 50 KN load be situated? (CGLI) (Modified) A chassis side member is 4.8 m long measured from the position of the front axle, the wheelbase is 3.6m and the rear overhang is 1.2m, The member can be considered as a beam simply supported at the position of the front and rear axles. It carries point loads of 10 KN and 30kN at 0.6m and 2.4m respectively from the front m AB of length Nea 139 oint load of 20kN the tear 2A evcactions at the front ang Tear ule *Caletlae of tam AB of length 8 m js simply SUPPorted ar; 1M i rt Toads of 4KN, KN ind 7 KN at the posit pies orrespectively from end A. If the Feacti $ it by d i ine (a).the force due to $M Ny, calcu! tend A. fot 3 F : reaction AB, 3m long, is simply Supported at its ends, 0) iform be to gravity on the beam is 2kN an Oads of 3 kN VA ut nce due laced on the beam at distances of 0.5 m ang 2.0 8 N are PI m end A. Where must an addition an “ctivelY fore to make the support reactions in a asl cue , al end Bj, * Bravity on the beam, and Sm a n al load of 2 kN equal? pe ped (EMEU) Workshop has a don four wheels, & mass of 250 kg 8 is raised by the erhead travelling crane in a peam of * re of 3000 kg and is mounte g The vof 10m, d. A small crab hoist which has spa each en beam. A vehicle of mass 1000 k wo “along the distance of 3.8m from the Centre of the beam, uns when at a A on each wheel on the main beam, You may hoeulate the oarravitational force acting ona mass of | kg is at ; assume m" (NWRACAILCH (Modified) 10m idered as a beam 4.2m long and in be consi d motor-lorry Sata points, A and B, 3m ote ame is ool suppor ncentrated loads of § KN, 1OKN, 15 KN ani subjected a Fig. 9.12. Calculate: as sho’ is id B ort reactions at A ani . (a) the value of aes the 15 KN load must be applied to make () rn eat reactions equal. t 1OKN 15KN 10 KN Figure 9,12302 ; 140.45 m 13 (a) 114.6 MPa; (b) 0.000 55; (©) 208 GPa m 15.80 kN. 16 (a) 143.2 MPa; @ 0,000 716; (c) 2.864 mm 1725 mm; 200 GPa _ 18 200 GPa . 19 (a) 200 GPa; (b) 465 MPa, 2 etal (d) 35% 20 260 MPa; 475 MPa; 34%; 47.2° 227,98 mm (say 8 mm); 0.5mm 23 53 MPa 24 25.53 KN 25 19.48 MPa 26 (a) 70.7 MPa; (b) 26 MPa 27 (a) 35.2 MPa; (b) 33.2 MPa Chapter 8 i 2.3090 N; 54° 28’ South of West 127.4 KN; 14° 39° sey 3.1790 N; 1470 N 4 866 N; C = 18.1 kN § Tension in BC = 14.2 kN; Tension in A ; 6 52g, 90° relative to 30 g mass and 150° relative to 60 g mass 7 120°; 105°; 135° 8 (a) 4.635 KN; (0) 14.265 kN 9 152 kN; 113 KN 10 6000 N; 7500 N 11 (a) 10°; (6) 5100; (c) 900N 12 (a) 380.N; (b) 720.N;_ (c) 63° , 13 25.4 kN at 1174° clockwise from the vertical . 14 31.5 g at 78° anticlockwise from the vertical position 15 31 N at 75° anticlockwise from the vertical 16 52 Nat 18° clockwise to force W 17P = 11.4N;Q =9N > Chapter 9 115N 275N 3Left 16k 4R, = 400 N; Ry = 500 N 5 (a) Ry = 40 KN, Rp = 50 KN; (b) Ra = Rp = 70 KN; 2.4m 6R, = 11.67 KN; Rp = 48.33 KN 7(a)5.5kN; (6) 8.5 kN 81.75 m from A 9 8.25 KN; 13 kN 10 (a) Ry = 15 KN, Rp = 25 KN; (0) 1.4 m from left-hand end N; Right 12 kN Chapter 10 1(a) 50; (b) 20; (c) 40% 2(a) 75%; (b) 500 N;_ (c) 4.5 kJ 36.4kN 4 130.N; 30.77%; Limiting efficiency 33.33% 5 (a) P = 0.05W + 20; (b) 170 N, 73.53%; (c) 83.33% 6P=0.1W+5 7P=0.07W + 10 8 (a) 3; (b) 750 N; (c) 2; (d) 66.67% 9 (a) 43.75%; (b) 1.68kJ 10(a) 600N; (b) 4503 11 18; 6.3; 35% 12 130mm 13 (a) 25%; (b)440J; (c) 13205 147.7kN 15 (a) 264; (b) (i) 40 N, (i) 37.5, (iii) 14.2% 16 (a) 3, 2.7, 90%; (b)135N 171080N 1860 19 (a) 200 rev/min anticlockwise; (b) 150 rev/min clockwise 20 28 21 (a) 0.25; (b) 1200 rev/min