CYS 256: LECTURE NOTES INTRODUCTION TO MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Transportation: It is the conveyance or carrying of goods , materials or passengers (comfortably, conveniently, efficiently and safely) from one place to another. Transportation engineering : It is the branch of engineering which deals with the planning, design, construction and performance of transportation facilities of every kind in order to achieve safe, convenient and economical movement of people , materials and goods. This definition embraces three phases for achi jement of transportation objectives namely:- (i) Planning of facilities: €.g, planning of new roads, new railway lines; pipe lines; ete. (ii) Design of the envisaged facilities. (iii) Control of the facilities of the facilities in order to provide efficient services as required, The conveyance of goods, materials or people is carried out through the highway , rail, ar, ‘water, or the pipeline depending on convenience or suitability. The means of conveyance therefore devides transportation into various modes. Modes of Transporta Modes of transportation are an essential component of transport systems since they are the ‘means by which mobility is supported. A wide range of of modes may be considered bul they can be grouped into three broad categories based on the medium they exploit, ic. land, water and air. Each mode has its own requirements and features. It is also adapted to serve specific demands of freight and passenger traffic. This results in significant differences in the ways the modes are deployed and utilized in different parts of the world, However transportation modes are developed at public expense and it is therefore necessary to Railway signalling (it's a system for controlling railway traffic to prevent train collisions). Provision of gates at level crossings > Train whisles to wam presence of trains. ¥ Trackside signals to maintain the distance between trains. Revival of Railway Transport in East Africa Collapse of Kenya —Uganda railway opened up opportunities for privately owned road transporters. But high cost of maintaining highways used by heavy trucks and buses ‘motivated the government to revive rail transport. Plans are in place to repair railway connections across East Africa, Kenya is to work on the line up to the border with Uganda. Infact Kenya has already completed constructing standard 5 ‘Scanned with CamScannersauage raivay from Mombasa to Susta which is past Nairobi, The section is now operational {ganda will then take up the construction from the border with Kenya to Kampala There are also bilateral agreements between Uganda and government of South Sudan to refurbish the line trom Gulu to Juba, Kampala — Kasese line is also secheduled for repairs This line connects Uganda to Rwanda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and itis expected to reduce transport costs. The costs affect both the governments and transporters who incur high expenditures in repairing theie vehicles which often break down due to potholes on roads. A truck driver claims he has to repair his vehicle at least twice on $20km stretch from Kampala to Mombasa ‘The cost of transporting goods through such roads is passed fo the consumer thus making goods in the region very expensive, To reduce the costs the East African states decided to maintain roads by among other things introducing axle load limits. Axle load is the maximum aveight of a container per pair of wheels allowable for a given section of road track. However transporters oppose this measure claiming that they lose millions of shillings in repairs for their trucks and axle load control meant further losses because they would carry less cargo. 25 years concession was granted to Rift Valley Railways (RVR) to run the 900 km railway line from Mombasa to Kampala, But the company failed to tive up to its promise to invigorate the railway transport. Nevertheless the World bank is set to finance rehabilitation of the regional rail network. East ‘African states are therefore planning to use the funding by World bank to replace the more than 100 years old rail link from Mombasa to Kampala, The line is badly dilapidated due to age and lack of maintenance. The plans are to replace it with modem standard gauge railway In addition Kenya has revived the Nairobi Nanyuki line in order to ease transport problems between the capital city and Mount Kenya region. Proposals are also in place to construct a railway from Lamu Port which is under construction to Isiolo, From Isiolo it will be extended to Turkana with a view (o using it in transporting crude oil to Lamu. Another line will also be built to link up Isiolo with Addis Ababa in Ethiopia Ma ime Transport (Water ways) ‘Maritime transportation is the most effective mode of transport to move large quantities of cargo over long distances. This is because physical properties of water give buoyancy and limited friction. ‘The main maritime routes comprise of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and canals. But because of location of ecenomic activities, maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space. ‘Scanned with CamScannerAnt Tankers for Carrying Petroleum crude oil Construction of canals, locks and dredging are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by reducing discontinuity. Comprehensive inland waterway systems in East Aftica may be found in L, Victoria and L. ‘Tanganyika, Indeed L. Vietoria provides the largest inland waterway transport in Kenya. ‘At the coast the Port of Mombasa serves both Kenya and Uganda as far as major waterway transport is concemed, But currently construction of another internation port at Lamu is ‘ongoing. When completed Lamu port is expected to serve Ethiopia as well, Plans are also under way to construct Shimoni port in Kwale county. ‘Maritime transportation has terminal costs because ports’ infrastructures are among the most ‘expensive to to build, maintain and even improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime transportation. This type of transportation is more linked to heavy industries, e.g. steel and petrol-chemical facilities adjacent to the port sites than any other mode. Engineering for water transportation entails design and construction of a vast array of facilities, e.g. canals, locks and dams, and port facilities. Water transportation ranges from shipping by barge and tugboats on inland waterways to shipping by ocean going vessels. ‘Scanned with CamScannerWaasini Island Full-Day Dhow Sailing Tour from Mombasa Transportation of passengers is conducted on ferries and cruise ships. But mainly water transportation is largely devoted to freight. Air Transport Air routes are unlimited but they are denser over some regions of world than others. The constraints of air transportare multi-dimensional and include the site (commerciat plane needs about 3.3km of runway for landing and take-off), the climate, fog, and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism which lean on the long distance mobility of people. Recently air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and itis playing a growing role in global logistics. Engineering for air transportation comprises of planning, design and construction of terminals, runways and navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service. High capacity, long-range , fuel efficient air-craft, e.g. 440 seat Boeing 777 with a range of 12,000km is desirable. However smaller planes are more efficient for shorter runs.In Kenya air travel is expensive and very few local people can afford that service. ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘The country has many airports and airstrips. Jomo Kenyatta international Airport is the largest and serves most destinations. But some intemational lights also go to Moi International Airport at Mombasa, Wilson Airport at Nairobi is the busiest in the country with light aircrafts. Eldoret International Airport is also among the big airports in the country. Currently Kisumu airport and Isiolo airport are being upgraded to international tevel. ‘The runways for most of the airports in Kenya are unpaved. Many of those with unpaved runways serve private purposes such as private game parks and safari lodges. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport: Terminal 1A Airside in 2017 Scanned with CamScanneron Jambojet.com Qeconarss Boarding an Aircraft at Kisumu Airport Pipeline Transport Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. Their physical constraints are low and include landscape. The pipeline construction costs vary 10 ‘Scanned with CamScannery- ecording tothe diameter ofthe pipe, and increase proportionally with the distance and with ‘cosity of fluids (e.g. gas, low viscosity and ol, high viscosity) they convey’ pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbours. In this country pipelines are used for conveying water to various destinations, In addition they are xed for transporting petroleum products from Mombasa to various upcountry points. There are also proposals thatthe oil pipeline from Mombasa will be extended to Uganda, Telecommunication Media “They are unlimited with very low constraints. Their constraints include physiography and oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables. They provide for instataneous reverent of information (in theory tothe speed of light). Wave transmission afen require substations like those of cellular phone networks, due to thei limited coverage: Satellites are often using a geostationary orbit which is getting crowded High network costs @ and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks which are linked to the tertiary and quatenary sectors (stock markets, business to business informationnetworks, etc.) ‘Aerial Rope Transit ( Cable car) ‘The La Paz Cable Car System in Bolivia - (Longest and highest Cable Car System in the World) ‘Advanced transport technologies have improved mobility of people and goods in both normal and specific conditions. Numerous transit technologies have been developed for specific purposes to provide safer , quick and efficient mobility in particular geographical areas. Aerial ul ‘Scanned with CamScannerRope Transit (cable car / ropeway) is one such technology. This technology is widely used in areas with topographical barrires, ¢ ecially in hilly and mountainous terrains. In hilly regions Avhere toads are few or nonexistent and air/ train networks are unavailable, manual and hydraulic eable ears can be adopted as the most convenient mode of transport or local residents, cll am See in the Austrian Alps Road Transport ‘A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are usually smoothed, paved, or prepared to allow for easy travel, rR ‘Scanned with CamScannerHistorically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintainance. Nevertheless as time went by that phenomenon changed. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving @ dual function of a non-possessory facility to use and route. The most common road user is the automobiles, buses, trucks, motor-cycles, animal drawn vehicles and pedestrians. Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity. Nevertheless they consume alot of energy and have high area use. They are also the main source of noise and air pollution in tities Buses may allow for more efficient travel a the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by trucks may be regarded as the initial and final stage of freight transport Road transport in Kenya Kenya has a relatively well-developed transport system which compares well with other countries in the region. Kenya has an extensive network of paved and unpaved roads. 90% of transportation in Kenya is by road. The country has one of the best paved road networks and some of the busiest roads south of Sahara, However, good maintenance of roads in the country is often a challenge. «-Matatus” constitute the bulk of the country’s public transport system. But due to laxity in tevr enforcement there are many deaths caused by road accidents common'y blamed on crate”, There are many transport problems in urban centres due to inadequacy and poor operation and management of public transport. Even with the introduction of smaller city buses that offer passengers higher standards of eefort and safety in certain inner city routes, the problems are far from being solved ‘two routes in the Trans-Affican highway network passthrough Kenya and through Nairobi “The Cairo-Cape Town highway links North Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa, From Nairobi southwards, itis one of the most heavily used routes in the network, and includes one of the longest complete paved sections. However, it still has missing links to the north and it isnot practical to travel to Cairo without off-road vehicles. ‘Mombasa -Lagos highway links East Africa to West Africa. However it is only complete between Uganda -DRC_ border and Mombasa. It links the African Great Lakes region to the sea. Another notable highway is Mombasa ~ Nairobi - Addis Ababa highway which passes through Isiolo, This makes it possible to travel by road from Mombasa to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. Infact itis possible to go all the way to the coast of Red Sea be is s scause thet highway from Addis Ababa to Djibouti. | 1B ‘Scanned with CamScannerMODES OF TRANSPORT ‘Telecommunication Media Communication media refers to the methods of delivering and receiving data or information. In telecommunication, these methods are transmission and storage tools or channels for data storage and transmission. Thus telecommunication media is the equipment and systems ~ metal wire ferrestrial and satellite radio, and fibre optics that are employed in transmission of electromagnetic signals. ‘They are unlimited with very low constraints. Their constraints include physiography and ‘oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables. They provide for instataneous movement of information (in theory to the speed of light). Wave transmission often require substations like those of cellular phone networks, due to their limited coverage. Satellites are often using a geostationary orbit which is getting crowded. High network costs and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks which are linked to the tertiary and quatenary sectors (stock markets, business to business informationnetworks, ete.). Figure 1: Radio wave dishetype antennas, vary antennas, varying in diameter from 8 t0 30 m i station ina satellite communications network. ee ‘Scanned with CamScannerAerial Rope Transit ( Cable ear) Figure 2: The La Paz Cable Car System in Bolivia - (Longest and highest Cable Car System in the World) ‘Advanced transport technologies have improved mobility of people and goods in both normal and specific conditions. Numerous transit technologies have been developed for specific purposes to provide safer , quick and efficient mobility in particular geographical areas. Aerial Rope Transit (cable car / rppeway) is one such technology. This technology is widely used in a with topographical Ea eran in hilly Fl cece terrains. In hilly regions where roads are few or nonexistent and air/ train networks are unavailable, manual and hydraulic cable cars can be adopted as the most convenient mode of transport for local residents ‘Scanned with CamScannerFigure 3: Cable car at Zell am See inthe Austrian Alps ‘Scanned with CamScanner