Xin Et Al, 2021 - Bond Capacity Between H Shaped Steel and Recycled Concrete Under Cyclic Loading

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Received: 13 October 2020 Revised: 12 March 2021 Accepted: 1 August 2021
DOI: 10.1002/tal.1890
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Bond capacity between H-shaped steel and recycled concrete

under cyclic loading
Zhang Xin | Xue Jianyang | Ren Rui
Xi'an University of Architecture and

Technology, Xi'an, China Summary
The premature debonding at the H-shaped steel-recycled concrete interface is the
Correspondence
Xue Jianyang, Xi'an University of Architecture main cause of performance degradation for steel reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC)
and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China. structures especially subjected cyclic loading. However, the bond behavior and shear
Email: civil_jianyangxue@163.com
transfer mechanism under cyclic loading has not been fully understood. For this rea-
Funding information son, totally 14 SRRC specimens were performed under cyclic loading. The effects of
Key R&D Program in Shaanxi Province, Grant/
Award Number: 2020SF-392; National Natural replacement ratio of recycled concrete (r), thickness of steel concrete cover (Css),
Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award reinforcement ratio (ρsv), and recycled concrete strength (fc) are studied. Besides, the
Number: 51608435
bond-slip constitutive model considering the position function of steel was investi-
gated. The results indicated that the bond capacity of specimen gradually degener-
ates under cyclic loading, and the load-slip curves show an obvious “pinching”
phenomenon. The bond failure process can be divided into four stages: micro slip
stage (O–A), slip development stage (A–B), slip rapid increase stage (B–C), and resid-
ual stage (C–D). The average ultimate bond strength of specimen under cyclic load is
about 60% of that under pull-out load. Based on the analysis, bond-slip constitutive
model between H-shaped steel and recycled concrete was proposed.
KEYWORDS
bond capacity, cyclic loading, recycled concrete, parametric study, design expression, bond
slip constitutive model
1 | I N T RO DU CT I O N
With the development of construction industry, concrete continues to be the most consumed construction material in the world.[1] Concrete
has been widely used in the buildings, highways, marine, and other structures because of the particular advances compared with other con-
struction materials.[2] However, the rapid development led to an enormous requirement of fine and coarse aggregates, which consumes a lot
of natural resources.[3,4] At present, many countries have already realized the importance of natural environment. China put forward the sci-
entific development concept since 2003. The United Nations also established a set of targets to achieve the sustainable development goals
for 2030.[5] In order to preserve natural resources and guarantee the sustainable goals in the construction field, reducing cement content or
reducing material have been recognized as a means to reducing environmental degradation and any negative effect due to construction pro-
cesses.[5] Therefore, the green construction material called recycled concrete which can reduce the environmental impact of construction and
demolish waste, decreases the need for landfills, and mitigates the depletion of natural resources is a good choice to solve the problem
above.
At present, recycled concrete is used for highway construction but not commonly used for structure members because safety reasons. To
solve this problem, studies concerning the behavior of beams,[6–8] columns,[9–11] beam-column joints,[12] and frames[13] made by recycled concrete
are investigated. In this regard, steel reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) is proposed to popularize the application of recycled concrete. SRRC
composite structures combine the advantages of high bearing capacity, better seismic performance of SRC structures, and the features of energy
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saving and environmental protection of recycled concrete. SRRC structures can not only improve the seismic resistance capacity of buildings but
also conform to the sustainable development strategy. It is a good composite structure which should be encouraged extensively. Existing studies
have involved the investigation of the mechanical properties of SRRC members, such as recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube col-
umns[14,15] and SRRC columns.[16] Both of the structures exhibit better seismic performance. However, the bond behavior and transfer mecha-
nism which is a very important problem in the design of SRRC structures are not fully understood. The bond effect is the basic principle ensuring
that the steel and recycled concrete are working and deformed together in SRRC structures. It is also underlining the assumption of cooperation
bearing of steel and recycled concrete in SRRC members.[17] The bond slip capacity directly affects the analysis theory and calculation method of
stress performance, deformation, and cracks of SRRC structures. Therefore, the bond behavior between steel and recycled concrete needs to be
fully investigated for the application of SRRC structures.[5]
In recent decades, the bond capacity between concrete and steel bars has been deeply investigated for the parameters like rib
geometry,[18,19] concrete strength,[20] position of the steel bar, concrete cover,[5,21] and so on. The SRRC structures are different from
reinforced concrete. Nowadays, more and more studies about the bond capacity of SRRC are conducted for the requirement of new struc-
tural forms. Bai et al.[22] investigated nine standard push-out specimens and studied the bond slip behavior between steel and recycled con-
crete. The results indicate that the failure patterns of SRRC are similar to that of SRC. Besides, the average bond strength of SRRC is
influenced by the replacement ratio of recycled concrete, compressive strength, embedded length of steel, and the thickness of concrete
cover to some extent. Twenty-two pull-out specimens with different recycled aggregates replacement ratios, steel and concrete bonding loca-
tions, cover thickness, and transverse reinforcement ratio were designed and tested by Chen et al.[23] The results show that the bond strain
along anchorage length follows exponential distribution. In addition, the ultimate bond strength is smaller when the recycled aggregate size is
smaller. Ying and Chen[24] investigate the mechanism of interface bond performance and proposed a constitutive relation of bond slip curves.
However, most studies for the bond slip behavior of SRRC structures are under pull-out loading, there is little research on the bond perfor-
mance of SRRC under cyclic loading. Pull-out test is difficult to investigate the degradation regulation of bond slip under cyclic load. Besides,
it is hard to reflect the stress and bond capacity of structure members when subjected earthquake excitation. Consequently, to study the fail-
ure modes and analysis the bond behavior of SRRC structures under cyclic loading. It is necessary to carry out experimental research and con-
duct the research on the constitutive relationship under cyclic load.
The first of the section below presents the concept, design procedure, measurements and loading program of SRRC specimen. The second of
the section below describes the failure modes of test specimen under cyclic loading. The third of the section below presents the analysis of SRRC
specimen including load-slip curves, load-slip skeleton loops, characteristic bonding strength, and the analysis of influencing factors. Particularly,
formulas for the calculation of the average characteristic bond strength are put forward. The final of the section below proposed a stress-slip
model which considering the variation of stress and slip at different embedded depth.
2 | EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2.1 | Preparation of test specimen
A total of 14 test specimens were prepared for this study, including a control specimen (S1-60-0.77-40) which showed the bond slip behavior
between steel and recycled concrete under pull-out loading. The mix design of recycled concrete was according to CECS 38:92 (CECS 1992).
The mix proportions of recycled concrete and main design parameters of specimen are shown in Table 1. In the specimen identifier, S repre-
sents the steel reinforced recycled concrete; the number after letter represents the replacement ratio of recycled concrete; the second num-
ber represents the thickness of concrete cover; the third number represents the transverse reinforcement ratio; the final number represents
the design compressive strength of recycled concrete. In this experiment, the following four parameters were considered: replacement ratio
of recycled concrete (r), thickness of concrete cover (Css), transverse reinforcement ratio (ρsv), and the design compressive strength of recycled
concrete (fc). At first, the effect of parameter r was investigated by varying the proportion of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) from 0% to
100% (S1-60-0.77-40, S0-60-0.77-40, S0.3-60-0.77-40, and S0.7-60-0.77-40), and the other parameters were kept at 60 mm, 0.77, and C40,
respectively. Then, specimen with different concrete cover (S1-50-0.77-40, S1-60-0.77-40, S1-70-0.77-40, and S1-80-0.77-40) was tested to
analyze how varying cover thickness provides restraint and improve the stress transfer at the interface. Similarly, specimens S1-60-0.62-40,
S1-60-0.77-40, S1-60-1.23-40, and S1-60-1.54-40 were tested to investigate the influence of ρsv, while the specimens S1-60-0.77-30,
S1-60-0.77-40, S1-60-0.77-45, and S1-60-0.77-50 were test for the influence of fc. The other parameters keep unchanged when there was
one parameter investigated.
All specimens were cast horizontally. The dimensions of a typical specimen are shown in Figure 1. The H-shaped steel was 50 mm longer out
of the top and the bottom. All specimens were curing in a standard curing room for 28 days. Six 150 mm 150 mm 150 mm cubs were cast
with specimen. Demolding was 2 days after casting. The average compressive strength with different fcu was 31.90, 45.44, and 50.05 MPa. The
slump of the mixes in this paper is 140 mm.
XIN ET AL.
TABLE 1 Mix proportions and main design parameters of test specimens
Material weight/kg•m-3
No. Specimen W/C Sp/% Cement Water RCA NCA sand Added water Water reducer r/ % Css/mm ρsv/ % fc fcu/MPa
01 S1-60-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 60 0.77 C40 40.32
02 S1-60-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 60 0.77 C40 40.32
03 S0-60-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 0 1158 651 -- 4.07 0 60 0.77 C40 42.96
04 S0.3-60-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 347.4 810.6 651 16.68 4.07 30 60 0.77 C40 41.44
05 S0.7-60-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 810.6 347.4 651 38.92 4.07 70 60 0.77 C40 41.06
06 S1-50-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 50 0.77 C40 40.32
07 S1-70-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 70 0.77 C40 40.32
08 S1-80-0.77-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 80 0.77 C40 40.32
09 S1-60-0.62-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 60 0.62 C40 40.32
10 S1-60-1.23-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 60 1.23 C40 40.32
11 S1-60-1.54-40 0.45 36 406 183 1158 0 651 55.6 4.07 100 60 1.54 C40 40.32
12 S1-60-0.77-30 0.47 37 389 183 1151 0 676 55.3 3.90 100 60 0.77 C30 31.90
13 S1-60-0.77-45 0.40 36 450 180 1132 0 637 54.4 4.50 100 60 0.77 C45 45.44
14 S1-60-0.77-50 0.35 35 505 177 1116 0 601 53.6 5.06 100 60 0.77 C50 50.05
Note. W represents water; C represents cement; Sp represents sand ratio; RCA represents recycled coarse aggregates; NCA represents ordinary coarse aggregates; r represents replacement ratio of recycled
concrete; Css represents thickness of concrete cover; ρsv represents transverse reinforcement ratio; fc represents the compressive strength of recycled concrete.
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FIGURE 1 Dimensions of typical specimen
TABLE 2 Properties of NCA and RCA
Property NCA RCA

3
Bulk density (kg/m ) 1580 1330
Apparent density (kg/m3) 2800 2570
Water absorption (%) 0.1 4.8
Crush index (%) 5.0 13.0
Porosity (%) 44 48
Mud content(%) 0.4 0.6
TABLE 3 Mechanical properties of steel
Steel fy/MPa εy/10-6 fu/MPa Es/MPa

ϕ6 Transverse reinforcement 445 1878 490 2.12 105
12 longitudinal reinforcement 505 1927 715 2.09 105
Flange of channel steel 359 1588 469 2.05 105
Web of channel steel 332 1450 429 2.13 105
6-mm-steel plate 340 1201 445 2.15 105
Note. fy represents the yield strength; εy is the corresponding yield strain; fu represents the ultimate strength; Es represents the elasticity module.
2.2 | Materials
All the materials used in this test are listed as follows: ordinary Portland cement (42.5R) with a 28-day strength of 42.5 MPa; city tap water; poly-
carboxylic type high performance water reducer; common river sand was selected as the fine aggregate with a fineness module of MX2.75; both
NCA and RCA were selected with a continuous gradation between 0 and 25 mm to ensure the quality of recycled concrete. RCA were cleaned
and dried before casting. The properties of NCA and RCA used in this test are shown in Table 2.
The H-shaped steels used in this test were made up of two No. 10 channel steels and two 6-mm-thick steel plates with ethoxyline resin.
HPB300 smooth bars with diameter 6 mm were selected as the transvers constrained reinforcement; HRB 400 ribbed bars with diameter 12 mm
were chosen as longitudinal reinforcement. The mechanical properties of channel steel, steel plates, and steel bars were tested according to Chi-
nese standard GB/T228, and the results are shown in Table 3.
2.3 | Measurement
In order to get the stress distribution and the relative slip at the interface, several strain gauges and adhesive slip sensors were pasted on the
flange and web of channel steel. Figure 2 shows the layout of strain gauges and adhesive slip sensors on test specimen. In addition, four LVDT
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Measurement of train gauges and adhesive sensors

FIGURE 2
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displacement sensors were placed at the loading end and fixed end of special steel loading frame. The mean values of each pair sensors were
used. The top and bottom faces were rubbed to avoid eccentric loading.
Figure 3 shows the internal structure of adhesive sensors used in this test. The adhesive sensor was mainly composed by 1-Elastic cantilever
beam; 2-Spring; 3-Aluminum alloy shell; 4-Vetical slide bar; 5-Transverse displacement limiting rod; 6-Horizontal slider; 7-Strain gauges. The adhe-
sive sensors were connected to the H-shaped steel through 4-vertical slide bar. Place the adhesive sensors on the position where you want to
measure the slip then cast it into the recycled concrete. When the relative slip between steel and recycled concrete happened, the steel drives
the vertical slide bar to move together, then the vertical slide bar pulls the spring to deform the elastic cantilever beam, the deformation outputs
the strain data through strain gauges. In this way, the relative slip between steel and recycled concrete can be obtained based on the relationship
between strain and slip.
2.4 | Loading scheme
The tests were conducted in the key laboratory of structural engineering and earthquake resistance in Xi'an University of Architecture and Tech-
nology. Figure 4 shows the test setup and loading procedure in this experiment. The H-shaped steel was clamped by the fixture in the fixed end.
The recycled concrete was constrained by the splint and high-strength bolt and finally clamped by the fixture in the loading end. At the loading
end, the axial load was applied by a 250-kN electro-hydraulic servo actuator. The specimens were loaded at a rate of 0.1 mm/s. Moreover, the
displacement-control method was used all over the procedure. Besides, in order to investigate the bond degradation mechanism, each loading
process was repeated three times. Experiment was stopped when the loading curve present a horizontal trend or a significant slip happened.
3 | F A I L U R E M O D E O F TE S T
Initially, the slip at both ends of SRRC specimen is very small, the bond interface is not damaged, and the load increased rapidly. When the exter-
nal load reaches 30%–40% of the peak load, the fixed end of specimen 6 (S1-50-0.77-40), 9 (S1-60-0.62-40), 10 (S1-60-1.23-40), and
12 (S1-60-0.77-30) begin to slide obviously. As the load continues to increase, the rest specimen begins to slide one after another. In contrast,
F I G U R E 3 Preembedded adhesive slip sensor. (1) Elastic cantilever beam; (2) Spring; (3) Aluminum alloy shell; (4) Vetical slide bar;
(5) Transverse displacement limiting rod; (6) Horizontal slider; (7) Strain gauges. The elastic cantilever beam is made by beryllium-bronze. The
spring is made of 65 Mn steel which has a 1500-N/mm elastic coefficient. The dimension of aluminum alloy shell is 20 mm 15 mm 20 mm
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FIGURE 4 Test loading mode
specimen 3 (S0-60-0.77-40), 11 (S1-60-1.54-40), and 14 (S1-60-0.77-50) begin to slide late. With the load continue increased, the slip of SRRC
specimen increases gradually. In this stage, most of the specimen's flange appears the concrete powder which is ground due to the sliding
between steel and recycled concrete. Moreover, several specimens were peel off after being compressed. With the accumulation of interface
damage, the increase speed of load slows down. When the external load reaches the peak load, the chemical adhesive force between steel and
recycled concrete has been completely damaged, and the load drops sharply with a big slip happened. With the repaid decline of the load, the
specimen quickly reaches a new equilibrium state. Then the P-S curve gradually trend to be flat. Finally, the load will not change with the increase
of slip. Because of the embedded length of specimen designed in this test is too small, no obvious bonding cracks are formed on the specimen. All
test specimens are damaged due to the overall push out of the recycled concrete. Some typical failure modes of specimen are shown in Figure 5.
4 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 | Load-slip curves
The load-slip curves at the fix end are shown in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 6, several conclusions can be draw as follows:
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FIGURE 5 Failure mode of specimen
1. The shape of specimen's P-S curves are basically the same, but the positive and negative peak loads of specimens are slightly different. This is
mainly because the bonding interface is damaged in the loading process. Part of the chemical adhesive force is invalid. However, the friction
resistance and the mechanical bite force increased. These all lead to the change of the bonding interface.
2. After peak load, the adhesive strength decreases with the increase of the number of circles. In the loading process, the load with decrease in a
small range and a short period of time when the H-shaped steel slid. Only after the specimen reaches the next equilibrium state, can the load
rise until the peak load.
3. Under the same loading displacement, the bond bearing capacity decreases with the number of circles. Compared with the previous P-S circles,
the slope and peak load of the P-S curve in the latter cycle decreased, but the slip value increased, which indicated that the bonding interface
of the specimen was further damaged.
4. At the late phase of cyclic loading, the P-S curves show obvious “Z” shape and “pinching” phenomenon, which indicate that there is a large slip
occurred between H-shaped steel and recycled concrete.
4.2 | Characteristic bond strength of load-slip curve
Figure 7 shows the simplified P-S skeleton curve model of each specimen, in which Figure 7a: Ps < Pr; Figure 7b: Ps > Pr. It can be seen that
the bond failure of SRRC specimen under cyclic loading has experienced four stages and four characteristic points can be defined as
follows:
Micro slip point (A): Defined the intersection point between the ray passing through the origin and the X axis with an angle of 89.97
and the P-S skeleton curve as the micro slip point A. There is a linear relationship between the load and the slip before A point. As the load
increased, part of the cement colloid will be sheared, the slip of the specimen will be further increased, and the interface damage will be
intensified.
Ultimate point (B): At this time, the bearing capacity of specimen reaches the peak point. With the load continues increased, the cement col-
loid at the interface will be completely sheared, then the chemical adhesive force exits from the work. The interface shear force is jointly borne by
friction resistance and mechanical bite force.
Residual point (C): The falling speed of the bearing capacity of specimen begins to slow down. The residual point C is defined as the point
where the difference of bond strength between two adjacent points in P-S curve is no more than 0.001 MPa for the first time.
Failure point (D): Defined the point at the end of loading as the failure point. At this time, the mechanical bite force is basically lost, and the
interface transfer shear force is provided by friction resistance.
In conclusion, the failure process is divided into four stages by the four characteristic load point: Micro slip stage (O–A)!Slip development
stage (A–B)!Slip rapid increase stage (B–C)!Residual stage (C–D).
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P-S curve
FIGURE 6
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FIGURE 7 P-S simplified model
a. Micro slip stage (O–A)
The load increases gradually from 0, and the P-S curve changes linearly with the increase of load. The load is small in this stage, and the inter-
face transfer shear force is mainly borne by chemical adhesive force. At this time, the slip between steel and recycled concrete is small. When the
chemical adhesive force increases to the ultimate value, the cement colloid between steel and recycled concrete begins to be sheared, and the slip
begins to be obvious.
b. Slip development stage (A-B)
As the load increase, the cement colloid between steel and recycled concrete is sheared. The P-S curves changed from linear to nonlinear.
The bond stiffness of SRRC specimen began to decrease. Then the slip gradually developed from both ends to the middle with the damaged
increased of the cement colloid. Continue loading, more and more cement colloids are damaged, the slip between steel and concrete increases
gradually. Moreover, the chemical adhesive force decreases, and the friction resistance and mechanical bite force increase gradually.
c. Slip rapid increase stage (B-C)
When the peak bond strength Pu is reached, the cement colloid between steel and recycled concrete is completely sheared and the chemical
adhesive force is totally lost. In this stage, the load decreases abruptly, and the slip begins increase rapidly. The bond shear force is mainly borne
by friction resistance and mechanical bite force.
d. Residual stage (C-D)
A concrete failure layer is formed after the relative slip occurred at the whole interface between steel and recycled concrete. With the relative
sliding of steel and concrete, the failure layer is gradually crushed and trends to be smooth. Then the mechanical bite force of the specimen is
gradually decreased and trends to be stable.
The test values of the characteristic bond points Ps (micro slip bond strength), Pu (ultimate bond strength), Pr (residual bond strength), and the
corresponding characteristic slip points Ss, Su, and Sr are shown in Table 4.
4.3 | Analysis of influencing factors
1. Different loading mode
Figure 8a shows the P-S slip curves of the control specimen (S1-60-0.77-40) under pull-out loading and No. 02 specimen (S1-60-0.77-40)
under cyclic loading. As shown in Figure 8a, the slippage of No. 01specimen (the control specimen) is significantly smaller than that of
No. 02 specimen under the same maximum load before peak load. It indicates that the damage of interface between H-shaped steel and recycled
concrete is more serious under cycle loading, so as to the bonding stiffness. Besides, the peak loads of No. 01 and No. 02 specimen are 88.69 kN
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TABLE 4 Characteristic values of bond strength
Specimen Ps (kN) τ s (MPa) Ss (mm) Pu (kN) τ u (MPa) Su (mm) Pr (kN) τ r (MPa) Sr (mm)
S1-60-0.77-40 141.90 1.29 0.074 150.70 1.37 0.521 71.50 0.65 5.131
S1-60-0.77-40 35.20 0.32 0.018 89.10 0.81 0.483 36.62 0.33 4.144
S0-60-0.77-40 46.20 0.42 0.024 103.40 0.94 0.369 42.90 0.39 3.760
S0.3-60-0.77-40 44.00 0.40 0.023 96.80 0.88 0.406 39.69 0.36 4.036
S0.7-60-0.77-40 39.60 0.36 0.021 92.40 0.84 0.435 37.45 0.34 4.763
S1-50-0.77-40 30.80 0.28 0.016 81.40 0.74 0.509 34.13 0.31 3.825
S1-70-0.77-40 36.30 0.33 0.019 93.50 0.85 0.464 40.47 0.37 4.964
S1-80-0.77-40 38.50 0.35 0.019 94.60 0.86 0.413 40.82 0.37 4.841
S1-60-0.62-40 30.80 0.28 0.016 89.10 0.81 0.448 34.48 0.31 3.985
S1-60-1.23-40 40.70 0.37 0.021 89.10 0.81 0.399 38.51 0.35 4.375
S1-60-1.54-40 47.30 0.43 0.025 90.20 0.82 0.382 41.80 0.38 4.406
S1-60-0.77-30 29.70 0.27 0.016 73.70 0.67 0.393 33.02 0.30 4.830
S1-60-0.77-45 37.40 0.34 0.020 94.60 0.86 0.446 40.71 0.37 4.295
S1-60-0.77-50 44.00 0.40 0.023 97.90 0.89 0.481 41.80 0.38 4.356
and 150.30 kN, respectively. Compared with pull-out test loading, the average ultimate bonding strength under cyclic loading reduced by 40%,
which indicate that the loading mode has a great influence on bonding strength of steel reinforced recycled concrete. The bonding interface is
damaged more easily, and the bonding stiffness is degraded more easily under cyclic loading. Cyclic loading is not conducive to steel reinforced
recycled composite structural members. While after peak load, the bond load of No. 1 specimen was declined relatively gentle, the bond load of
No. 2 specimen decreased rapidly until it stabilized near the residual load.
2. Replacement ratio of recycled concrete
The effect of replacement ratio of recycled concrete on the internal bond capacity of specimen is shown on Figure 8b. It can be seen that
with the increase of replacement ratio of recycled concrete, the initial bonding stress, ultimate bonding stress, and residual bonding stress all
decrease in different degrees by comparing and analyzing the test results with different r. The specimen began to slip obviously at about 50% of
the ultimate bonding strength. The average bond strength decreases with the increase of r, and the relationship basically linear. This is mainly
because the RCA has higher voidage and a higher water absorption. Compared with NCA, RCA has many original defects. These original defects
result in a decrease in the chemical bond force when RCA was hydrated with cement.
3. Thickness of steel concrete cover
Figure 8c shows the relationship between the relative thickness of steel cover and the average bonding stress of specimen. It is can be seen
that the average bonding strength increase linearly with the increase of relative thickness of steel concrete cover in the design range (50 mm–80
mm) in this test. The relative thickness of steel cover has an obvious influence on ultimate bond stress than microslip bond stress and residual
bond stress. This is mainly because the thicker steel concrete cover can provide strong constraint to H-shaped steel. The strong pressure on the
surface of H-shaped steel strengthened the mechanical-bite force and frictional resistance, which makes the slip more difficult to occur. Specifi-
cally, the increase trend of average bonding stress gradually slow down with the increase of relative thickness of steel concrete cover. It is shown
that the influence of Css on the average bonding stress gradually weakens with the increase of Css.
4. Transverse reinforcement ratio
The relationship between transverse reinforcement ratio and the average bonding strength of H-shaped steel reinforcement recycled con-
crete is shown in Figure 8d. The transverse reinforcement can provide constraint to recycled concrete when H-shaped steel and recycled concrete
slip relative to each other. It is can be seen from Figure 8d that the average bonding stress increases linearly and slightly with the increase of
transverse reinforcement ratio but very small. The transverse reinforcement ratio has more obvious influence on the average bond stress in micro-
slip and residual phase than that in ultimate phase. Before peak load, the transverse reinforcement and recycled concrete can be combined to pro-
vide a strong constraint to concrete deformation. After peak load, the H-shaped steel and recycled concrete slide relatively, the constraint is
weakened because of the micro slide and obvious bonding interface failure. In the later loading stage, recycled concrete in the interface is
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FIGURE 8 Analysis of different parameter
frictional smooth and the bite effect between steel and concrete become worse, the shear force transferred between steel and concrete is relay
on the frictional resistance. Thus the restraint effect of transverse reinforcement will become more obvious.
5. Strength of recycled concrete
Figure 8e shows the relationship between the average bonding stress and the strength of recycled concrete. It can be seen from Figure 8e
that the strength of recycled concrete has a relative obvious influence on the bonding performance between H-shaped steel and recycled
XIN ET AL. 13 of 20
concrete. The average bonding stress increase linearly with the strength of recycled concrete. Recycled concrete with different strength has dif-
ferent water consumption and different water-reducing agent in the process of preparation, which leads to a different cement matrix formed by
mixing water and cement. The recycled concrete with higher strength has less free water and less voids, so the bonding stress is relatively high.
4.4 | Calculation of average bond stress
According to the relationship between the average bonding stress and the parameters discussed above, the regression analysis was carried out
based on the data of tests specimen under cyclic loading. The calculation formula of microslip, ultimate and residual average bond stress are
shown as below:
τs ¼ ð0:0741 0:0410r þ 0:0647Css =d þ 0:0434ρsv Þ f t , ð1Þ
τu ¼ ð0:2388 0:0553r þ 0:1276Css =d þ 0:0042ρsv Þ f t , ð2Þ
τr ¼ ð0:0738 0:0212r þ 0:0757Css =d þ 0:0170ρsv Þ f t , ð3Þ
in which r represents the replacement ratio of recycled concrete; Css represents thickness of concrete cover (mm); d represents the height of
H-shaped steel (mm); ρsv represents transverse reinforcement ratio; ft represents the Tensile strength of recycled concrete (Mpa).
Table 5 shows the calculation and test values of the test specimen. It can be seen from Table 5 that the calculation values agree well with the
test values, the error is small.
5 | B O N D S LI P CON S T I T U TI V E R E LA T I O N S H I P
5.1 | Analysis of equivalent strain and stress
Formula 4 can be obtained based on the theory of material mechanics and the results of strain measurement of profile steel flange and web.

dεsf dεsw dεs ðxÞ
τðxÞD ¼ Df out τf out ðxÞ þ Df in τf in ðxÞ þ Dw τw ðxÞ ¼ Asw Esw 3:10 þ ¼ 182:53 ð4Þ
dx dx dx
TABLE 5 Comparison of characteristic bond strength of test and calculate
τ s/MPa τ u/MPa τ r/MPa
Specimen Calculate Test Calculate/Test Calculate Test Calculate/Test Calculation Test Calculate/Test
S1-60-0.77-40 0.32 0.32 1.00 0.80 0.81 0.98 0.34 0.33 1.03
S0-60-0.77-40 0.44 0.42 1.05 0.97 0.94 1.03 0.40 0.39 1.03
S0.3-60-0.77-40 0.38 0.40 0.95 0.85 0.88 0.97 0.35 0.36 0.97
S0.7-60-0.77-40 0.35 0.36 0.97 0.83 0.84 0.98 0.35 0.34 1.03
S1-50-0.77-40 0.30 0.28 1.07 0.77 0.74 1.04 0.32 0.31 1.03
S1-70-0.77-40 0.34 0.33 1.03 0.84 0.85 0.98 0.36 0.37 0.97
S1-80-0.77-40 0.36 0.35 1.03 0.88 0.86 1.02 0.38 0.37 1.03
S1-60-0.62-40 0.30 0.28 1.07 0.80 0.81 0.98 0.33 0.31 1.07
S1-60-1.23-40 0.32 0.37 0.87 0.80 0.81 0.98 0.34 0.35 0.97
S1-60-1.54-40 0.42 0.43 0.98 0.83 0.82 1.01 0.38 0.38 1.00
S1-60-0.77-30 0.26 0.27 0.96 0.68 0.67 1.01 0.28 0.30 0.93
S1-60-0.77-45 0.33 0.34 0.97 0.85 0.86 0.99 0.35 0.37 0.94
S1-60-0.77-50 0.36 0.40 0.90 0.90 0.89 1.01 0.37 0.38 0.97
Calculation/Test Average:0.988 Average:0.998 Average:0.997
Standard deviation:0.059 Standard deviation:0.022 Standard deviation:0.041
Dispersion coefficient:0.060 Dispersion coefficient:0.022 Dispersion coefficient:0.041
14 of 20 XIN ET AL.
in which D is the overall section perimeter of steel (mm); Dfout is the perimeter of the outside of profile flange (mm); Dfin is the perimeter of the
inside of profile flange (mm); Dw the perimeter of steel web (mm); τfout(x), τfin(x) and τw(x) is the corresponding bonding stress; εsf(x) is the average
strain in the middle of profile steel flange (με); εsw(x) is the average strain in the middle of steel web (με). The equivalent strain at the embedded
depth point of steel is defined as Equation 5.
εðxÞ ¼ 3:10εsf ðxÞ þ εsw ðxÞ ð5Þ
The equivalent strain of each test specimen in ascending and descending of load are shown in Figures 9 and 10. The curves in these figures
represents the variation trend of equivalent strain under different loads and different distribution locations along steel. As shown in Figure 9, the
equivalent strain decreases with the increase of embedded length of steel. The negative exponential function is used to fit the strain in ascending
and descending of load and the function is listed as follows:

P
εs ðxÞ ¼ f ðψ ÞeAx ¼ a þ b eAx ð6Þ
Pu

which ψ ¼ PPu , f ψ ¼ PPu is a linear function related to the relative value of load. As the difference of A value of each specimen under different loads
is not obvious and does not show a certain regularity. Therefore, the average value of each specimen under different load level is taken as value.
In particular, the values of a, b, and A are different in the ascending and descending of load even in the same test specimen. The formula of
FIGURE 9 Strain distribution law of steel in load rise section
FIGURE 10 Strain distribution law of steel in load drop section

XIN ET AL. 15 of 20
equivalent stress can be obtained and present on Equation 7 according to the equivalent strain of steel. The stress distribution of test specimen is
shown in Figure 11.

dεs ðxÞ dεs ðxÞ P
τðxÞ ¼ 182:53 ¼ 0:344 ¼ 0:344ðaψ þ bÞAeAx ¼ 0:344 a þ b AeAx ð7Þ
Ddx dx Pu
5.2 | Distribution of slip along the embedded depth of steel
Figures 12 and 13 show the distribution of relative slip between steel and recycled concrete along different embedment depth of steel when the
fixed end of specimen is the loading end. The abscissa is the distance from the fixed end to the loading end. It can be seen from the figure that the
relative slip curve presents a distribution rule of large on both sides and small on middle. This indicate that the relative slip between steel and
recycled concrete develops from two ends to middle until it is connected. Before the ultimate bond strength is reached, the relative slip is very small,
and the relative slip at two ends of recycled concrete is obviously larger than that in the middle. After the specimen reaches the ultimate bond
strength, the relative slip between steel and recycled concrete increases obviously due to the serious damage of the interface, then the relative slip
increases rapidly with the increases of loading displacement. At this time, the distribution of relative slip still shows a trend of large at both ends and
small in the middle. However, the distribution of relative slip trends to be uniform obviously compared with the distribution in ascending of load. In
order to serialize the results of slip distribution in both ascending and descending sections of the load, the quadratic parabola is used to fit the relative
slip curves of ascending and descending load sections. The fitting results and distribution of relative slip are shown in Figures 12 and 13.
5.3 | The bond-slip constitutive equation considering the position function
Figure 14 shows the bond slip curve of test specimen at different embedment depth. It can be seen from Figures 10 and 11 that the bond strain
and stress between steel and recycled concrete decrease exponentially along the embedment depth in the stage of micro slip, slip development,
and rapid decrease of bond strength. In addition, the internal slip measured by adhesive slip sensor and the slip of loading and fixed end measured
by the displacement sensors indicate that the slip of specimen is variable along the different embedment depth. Therefore, it is not accurate to
express the bond slip constitutive relationship between steel and recycled concrete with average bond stress-fixed end slip curve. In this paper, a
position function is considered to establish the bond slip constitutive relationship with different embedment depth.
1. Hypothetical mathematical model
It is assumed that the local bond stress τ(x), the average bond stress τ, local slip S(x), and the slip at fixed and loading end have the following
relationships:
τ τs ðxÞ τr ðxÞ
¼ ¼ ¼ GðxÞ ð8Þ
τu τs τr
FIGURE 11 Distribution of equivalent bonding stress

16 of 20 XIN ET AL.
FIGURE 12 Local slip measurement results of load rising section
Su ðxÞ Ss ðxÞ
¼ ¼ F ðxÞ ð9Þ
Su Ss
Sr ðxÞ ¼ Sr ð10Þ
2. Position function of H(x) and L(x)
Based on the research of bond stress and slip at different embedment depth, the G(x) values corresponding to the section at
different embedment depth of each specimen can be obtained. The position function can be obtained by connecting the average values of
τu ðxÞ=τu 、τu ðxÞ=τu 、τu ðxÞ=τu into a smooth curve, as shown in Figure 15. The position function expression H(x) is determined by the value
corresponding to the embedded length x/Le, Le = 200 mm. H(x) is obtained based on the statistical regression analysis and list in Equation 11.
HðxÞ ¼ 94:05ðx=Le Þ5 290:64ðx=Le Þ4 þ 3337:20ðx=Le Þ3 177:37ðx=Le Þ2

ð11Þ
þ 36:93ðx=Le Þ þ 0:00162
The expression of L(x) can be obtained in the same way and shown in Equation 12. The position function is shown in Figure 15. It can be seen
from Figure 15 that variation rule is consistent with that of the bond stress and slip along steel.
LðxÞ ¼ 1:796ðx=Le Þ2 1:697x þ 1:00323 ð12Þ

XIN ET AL. 17 of 20
FIGURE 13 Local slip measurement results of load dropping section
FIGURE 14 Bond slip curves at different burial depths
Figure 16 shows the bond slip constitutive model which consider the position function. The constitutive equations are shown in Equations 13,
14, and 15, which are more accurate than those only considering the average bond strength.
OA、OA0 phase ð0 < SðxÞ ≤ Ss ðxÞÞ :

ð13Þ
τ ¼ kSðxÞ
XIN ET AL.
ð14Þ
ð15Þ
ð16Þ
ð17Þ
BC、B0 C0 phase ðSs ðxÞ < Sl ðxÞ ≤ Su ðxÞÞ :
τu ðxÞτs ðxÞðSs ðxÞ Su ðxÞÞ

BC、B0 C0 phase ðSu ðxÞ ≤ SðxÞÞ
Ss ðxÞτu ðxÞ Su ðxÞτs ðxÞ

k ¼ τs ðxÞ=Ss ðxÞ
Constitutive model of bond-slip considering position function
aðxÞSðxÞ bðxÞ
mðxÞSðxÞ þ nðxÞ
SðxÞ
SðxÞ
τ¼
m¼
τ¼
Position function
FIGURE 15
FIGURE 16
in which
18 of 20
XIN ET AL. 19 of 20
τs ðxÞ τu ðxÞ Ss ðxÞSu ðxÞ

n¼ ð18Þ
Ss ðxÞ Su ðxÞ τs ðxÞτu ðxÞ
Su ðxÞτr ðxÞ Sr ðxÞτu ðxÞ

a¼ ð19Þ
τu ðxÞτr ðxÞðSu ðxÞ Sr ðxÞÞ
τr ðxÞ τu ðxÞ Sr ðxÞSu ðxÞ

b¼ ð20Þ
Su ðxÞ Sr ðxÞ τr ðxÞτu ðxÞ
Su ðxÞ ¼ LðxÞSu , Ss ðxÞ ¼ LðxÞSs , Sr ðxÞ ¼ Sr

τs ðxÞ ¼ HðxÞτs , τu ðxÞ ¼ HðxÞτu , τr ðxÞ ¼ HðxÞτr
where τs(x) is the average characteristic bond strength; Ss is the corresponding characteristic slip; H(x), L(x) is the position function along steel.
6 | C O N CL U S I O N S
Totally 14 steel reinforced recycled concrete specimens were conducted to investigate the bond behavior and shear transfer mechanism between
H-shaped steel and recycled concrete under cyclic loading. The bond stress slip prediction model was also studied. Based on the analysis above,
the following conclusions were derived:
1. The bond failure process of SRRC specimens under cyclic loading can be divided into four stages: micro slip stage!slip development
stage!slip rapid increase stage!residual stage.
2. Different loading method have a great influence on the bond strength of specimens. Besides, the average bond stress of SRRC specimens
decreases with the increase of replacement ratio of recycled concrete and increases with the increase of thickness of concrete cover, the
transverse reinforcement ratio and the compressive strength of recycled concrete.
3. Based on the analysis of experiment results, a calculation formula of average characteristic bond strength of SRRC specimens under cyclic
loading is proposed.
4. The stress of the steel is transferred from the loading end to the fixed end. The strain is distributed negatively exponentially in the ascending
and descending stage of the load. The relative slip curve shows a distribution rule of large at both ends and small in the middle.
5. Combined with the distribution of bond stress and relative slip, two position functions of bond stress H(x) and slip L(x) are introduced. Finally,
a bond stress-slip prediction model considering the position function was proposed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work presented herein was conducted as part of a comprehensive research of Steel Reinforced Recycled Concrete. The authors would like to
acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51608435) and the Key R&D Program in
Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2020SF-392).
DATA AVAI LAB ILITY S TATEMENT

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to
privacy or ethical restrictions.
ORCID
Zhang Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-1295
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How to cite this article: Z. Xin, X. Jianyang, R. Rui, Struct Design Tall Spec Build 2021, 30(16), e1890. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1890

Xin Et Al, 2021 - Bond Capacity Between H Shaped Steel and Recycled Concrete Under Cyclic Loading

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15417808, 2021, 16, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tal.1890 by Hong Kong Poly University, Wiley Online Library on [17/10/2022].

Bond capacity between H-shaped steel and recycled concrete

Zhang Xin | Xue Jianyang | Ren Rui

Xi'an University of Architecture and

2.1 | Preparation of test specimen

TABLE 1 Mix proportions and main design parameters of test specimens

FIGURE 1 Dimensions of typical specimen

TABLE 2 Properties of NCA and RCA

Property NCA RCA

TABLE 3 Mechanical properties of steel

Steel fy/MPa εy/10-6 fu/MPa Es/MPa

Measurement of train gauges and adhesive sensors

2.4 | Loading scheme

FIGURE 4 Test loading mode

4 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 | Load-slip curves

FIGURE 5 Failure mode of specimen

4.2 | Characteristic bond strength of load-slip curve

FIGURE 7 P-S simplified model

a. Micro slip stage (O–A)

b. Slip development stage (A-B)

c. Slip rapid increase stage (B-C)

d. Residual stage (C-D)

4.3 | Analysis of influencing factors

1. Different loading mode

TABLE 4 Characteristic values of bond strength

2. Replacement ratio of recycled concrete

3. Thickness of steel concrete cover

4. Transverse reinforcement ratio

FIGURE 8 Analysis of different parameter

5. Strength of recycled concrete

4.4 | Calculation of average bond stress

τs ¼ ð0:0741 0:0410r þ 0:0647Css =d þ 0:0434ρsv Þ f t , ð1Þ

τu ¼ ð0:2388 0:0553r þ 0:1276Css =d þ 0:0042ρsv Þ f t , ð2Þ

τr ¼ ð0:0738 0:0212r þ 0:0757Css =d þ 0:0170ρsv Þ f t , ð3Þ

5.1 | Analysis of equivalent strain and stress

TABLE 5 Comparison of characteristic bond strength of test and calculate

τ s/MPa τ u/MPa τ r/MPa

εðxÞ ¼ 3:10εsf ðxÞ þ εsw ðxÞ ð5Þ

FIGURE 9 Strain distribution law of steel in load rise section

FIGURE 10 Strain distribution law of steel in load drop section

5.2 | Distribution of slip along the embedded depth of steel

5.3 | The bond-slip constitutive equation considering the position function

1. Hypothetical mathematical model

FIGURE 11 Distribution of equivalent bonding stress

FIGURE 12 Local slip measurement results of load rising section

2. Position function of H(x) and L(x)

HðxÞ ¼ 94:05ðx=Le Þ5 290:64ðx=Le Þ4 þ 3337:20ðx=Le Þ3 177:37ðx=Le Þ2

LðxÞ ¼ 1:796ðx=Le Þ2 1:697x þ 1:00323 ð12Þ

FIGURE 13 Local slip measurement results of load dropping section

FIGURE 14 Bond slip curves at different burial depths

OA、OA0 phase ð0 < SðxÞ ≤ Ss ðxÞÞ :

τu ðxÞτs ðxÞðSs ðxÞ Su ðxÞÞ

Ss ðxÞτu ðxÞ Su ðxÞτs ðxÞ

τs ðxÞ τu ðxÞ Ss ðxÞSu ðxÞ

Su ðxÞτr ðxÞ Sr ðxÞτu ðxÞ

τr ðxÞ τu ðxÞ Sr ðxÞSu ðxÞ

Su ðxÞ ¼ LðxÞSu , Ss ðxÞ ¼ LðxÞSs , Sr ðxÞ ¼ Sr

DATA AVAI LAB ILITY S TATEMENT

[9] M. Breccolotti, A. L. Materazzi, Eng. Struct. 2010, 32(3), 704.

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