Professional Documents
Culture Documents
დიმიტრი გეგენავა - ეკლესია-სახელმწიფოს ურთიერთობის სამართლებრივი მოდელები და საქართველოს კონსტიტუციური შეთანხმება
დიმიტრი გეგენავა - ეკლესია-სახელმწიფოს ურთიერთობის სამართლებრივი მოდელები და საქართველოს კონსტიტუციური შეთანხმება
i
aqve madlobas vuxdi yvela im adamians, vinc gverdSi medga da magulianebda
mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT Cems mSoblebs, romlebmac swavla
Semayvares, bavSvobidanve mibiZgebdnen siaxleTa gacnoba-dauflebisken da
Cems meuRles, romelmac titanuri mUoTminebiT gauZlo namSromze muSaobis
damRlel periods da ufro metic, dRemudam maZlevs motivacias, Sevqmna gac-
ilebiT meti.
imeds vitoveb, wignSi mocemuli informacia daexmareba am sakiTxebiT
dainteresebul adamianebs da mcirediT mainc daakmayofilebs maT in-
teleqtualur wyurvils. ra Tqma unda, religia da saxelmwifos samarTle-
brivi urTierTobis kvlevas am naSromiT ar vasruleb, piriqiT, es mxolod sa-
fuZvelia gacilebiT masStaburi kvlevebisTvis.
dimitri Ggegenava
daviT batoniSvilis samarTLlis institutis direqtori
ii
Semoklebani
ix. _ ixileT
Sead. _ SeadareT
msg. _Pmsgavsi
a.S. _ ase Semdeg
dawvr. _ dawvrilebiT
dRg _ damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi
wm. _ wminda
Jurn. _ Jurnali
a(a)ip _ arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri
ssip _ sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri
prof. _ profesori
wminda werili _ biblia
gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
evrosasamarTlo _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo
evrokomisia _ adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia
evokonvencia _ adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaT dacvis evropuli
konvencia
saqarTvelos eklesia _ saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlma-
didebeli eklesia
wminda saydari, romis eklesia _ romis kaTolike eklesia, vatikani
azerbaijani _ azerbaijanis respublika
angola _ angolis respublika
argentina _ argentinis respublika
aSS _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
belgia _ belgiis samefo
benini _ beninis respublika
bulgareTi _ bulgareTis respublika
burundi _ burundis respublika
gaboni _ gabonis respublika
adamianis uflebaTa komiteti _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis
uflebaTa komiteti
gaerTianebuli samefo _ didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaer-
Tianebuli samefo
gaiana _ gaianas respublika
gambia _ gambiis respublika
germania, gfr _ germaniis federaciuli respublika
gvinea _ gvineis respublika
gvinea-bisau _ gvinea-bisaus respublika
dania _ daniis samefo
evrokavSiri _ evropis kavSiri
evrosabWo _ evropis sabWo
ekvadori _ ekvadoris respublika
espaneTi _ espaneTis samefo
euTo _ evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia
veneciis komisia _ evropuli komisia samarTlis meSveobiT demokratiisTvis
TurqeTi _ TurqeTis respublika
indoeTi _ indoeTis respublika
irlandia _ irlandiis respublika
israeli _ israelis saxelmwifo
italia _ italiis respublika
kameruni _ kamerunis respubika
kviprosi _ kviprosis respublika
kongo _ kongos respublika
iii
kot divuari _ kot divuaris respublika
latvia _ latviis respublika
madagaskari _ madagaskaris respublika
mozambiki _ mozambikis respublika
monako _ monakos samTavro
mali _ malis respublika
namibia _ namibiis respublika
naw. _ nawili
nepali _ nepalis federaciul-demokratiuli respublika
niderlandebi _ niderlandebis samefo
norvegia _ norvegiis samefo
poloneTi _ poloneTis respublika
portugalia _ portugaliis respublika
rasobrivi diskkriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis komiteti _ gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis komiteti
ruanda _ ruandis respublika
ruseTi _ ruseTis federacia
saberZneTi _ saberZneTis (eladis) respublika
san tome da prinsipi _ san tomesa da principis demokratiuli respublika
sabWoTa kavSiri _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri
safrangeTi _ safrangeTis respublika
senegali _ senegalis respublika
serbeTi _ serbeTis respublika
slovakeTi _ slovakeTis respublika
ssr _ sabWoTa socialisturi respublika
sssr _ saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika
tajikeTi _ tajikeTis respublika
togo _ togos respublika
usd _ umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba
yazaxeTi _ yazaxeTis respublika
yirgizeTi _ yirgizeTis respublika
SvedeTi _ SvedeTis samefo
Cadi _ Cadis respublika
Crd. korea _ CrdiloeT koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika
App. - Application
Circ. - Circuit
Comm.- Communication
ECHR - European Commission of Human Rights
ECtHR - European Court of Human Rights
ed. - edition
etc. - et cetera
U.S. - United States
UN - United Nations
UNHRC - United Nations Human Rights Committee
Fed. - Federal
Iss. - Issue
No. - Number
Para. - Paragraph
v. – versus
Venice Commission - European Commission for Democracy Through Law
Vol. – Volume
Para. - Paragraph
UK - United Kingdom
Том – Т.
iv
Sinaarsi
I. Sesavali 1
1.1. saxelmwifo 6
1.2. eklesia 9
v
3. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis modelebi da samarTlebrivi
mowesrigeba 27
3.1.1. erastianizmi 29
3.1.2. Teokratia 30
3.3. sekularizmi 38
3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité 53
3.3.2.2.2.2.1. konkordati 67
3.3.2.2.2.2.2. SeTanxmebebi 71
vi
3.3.2.3. Sereuli (hibriduli) modeli 71
vii
IV. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 105
ix
4. safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebi 163
x
6. religia, sasjelaRsrulebisa da Tavdacvis sistemebi 195
bibliografia 210
xi
`mrTeli adamiani azrovnebisa da Tavisuflebisgan Sedgeba.~
wm. nikoloz kabasila1
I. Sesavali
7 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 21.
8 ix., 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR], App.
no. 71156/01, 3 May 2007, Para.150.
9 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography, Lon-
don, 2005, 68.
10 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112.
11 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston, 2013,
172-173.
12 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 26.
13 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East
European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 91.
14 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 240.
15 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston, 2013,
175.
16 saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #3, 2002,
19.
2
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika eklesiis mimarT
calsaxa arasdros yofila da yovelTvis mravaldonianobiT gamoirCeoda.
marTalia, saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba daido, riTac maTi TanamSromloba oficialurad gaformda da
eklesiam de facto privilegirebuli statusi miiRo, Tumca sakiTxi amiT ar
amowurula. piriqiT, formalur-samarTlebrivma mxarem praqtikuli dan-
iSnuleba TiTqmis ver Seasrula, ris gamoc qarTuli normatiuli sistemis
rangiT meore dokumentma araTu sruli, aramed nawilobrivi aRsrulebac ki
ver hpova. dRemde rCeba uamravi gadauWreli sakiTxi, romlebic srul uZraob-
aSia da samwuxarod, maT gadasawyvetad aucilebeli Tanmxvedri nabijebic ar
sCans. amasTan, ar SeiZleba am sakiTxis polarizacia da romelime mxarisTvis
sruli pasuxismgeblobis gadakisreba, vinaidan TanamSromlobis procesSi
uaryofiTi Sedegis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, wvlili orive mxares miuZRvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da mis aRsrulebasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebi mudam aqtualuria, qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi am
sakiTxebze mxolod ramdenime samecniero naSromi arsebobs, romlebic ufro
idiografiuli xasiaTisaa, vidre analitikuri. amis mizezi kvlevis procesis
sirTule da is delikaturobaa, romelic religiasTan dakavSirebul sa-
kiTxebs mudam Tan sdevs. siRrmiseuli analizisa da Seswavlis gareSe, izrdeba
sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa da aRmsarebelTa ZiriTadi uflebebis
darRvevis, diskriminaciis safrTxe. sakiTxis aqtualobas ganapirobebs sax-
elmwifos evroatlantikur organizaciebSi gaerTianebisa da Tanamedrove,
demokratiul qveynad Camoyalibebis survili, romlisTvisac sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovania religiis Tavisufleba. amasTan, sazogadoebis umravlesobis
aRmsarebloba da umciresobis religiuri uflebebi praqtikaSi mudmivad
kveTen erTmaneTs, garkveuli jgufebi ki cdiloben am sferoSi arsebuli
problemebis marginalizebiT mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaarTulon. garda
amisa, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba xSirad aRiqmeba, garkveulwilad, `burusiT
mocul~ dokumentad, romelzec yvela saubrobs, Tumca misi Sinaarsi da miT
umetes, siRrmiseuli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi cotam Tu
uwyis. dokumentis samarTlebrivi analizi da sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi
Sefaseba saTanadod jerac ar ganxorcielebula, rac Zalian bevr dainter-
esebul jgufs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, igi sakuTari poziciidan warmoaCinos.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom evropisken swrafvis gzaze daixvewos da
gaumjobesdes konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili samarTlebrivi
wesrigi, Tavad aqti ki SedarebiTi sakonstitucio samarTlis, zogadad, evro-
pulsamarTlebrivi gamocdilebis WrilSi gaanalizdes da Tanamedrove
standartebis Sesabamisad daixvewos.
naSromis mizania saxelmwifosa da eklesiis, rogorc urTierTobebaTa
mxareebis, mimarTebis Seswavla, maTi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi, gavrce-
lebuli modelebis analizi, am urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis
mimoxilva da ganzogadeba, ukeTesi da Sinaarsobrivad adekvaturi klas-
ifikaciis SemuSaveba, romelic ara romelime sivrceze, aramed mTlianad
eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis samarTlebriv mxareze iqneba orien-
tirebuli; saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi
3
formebis Seswavla, raTa gamoiyos is ZiriTadi meqanizmebi, romelTa
recefcia da adaptacia SesaZlebeli iqneba qarTul sinamdvileSi. kvlevis mi-
zania, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc pozitiursamarTlebrivi wyaros,
Seswavla, misi statusis, Sinaarsis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis analizi normatiuli
wesrigis WrilSi, aseve, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis,
etapebisa da am mizniT ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis Sefaseba, aRsrulebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis diferenciacia, siRrmiseuli kvleva; imple-
mentaciis sirTuleebis gadaWrisaTvis rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis
SemuSaveba, romlebic rogorc kanonikursamarTlebriv, ise saero samarTlis
gamocdilebasa da msoflioSi aprobirebul modelebs daefuZneba.
kvleva ZiriTadad eyrdnoba SedarebiTsamarTlebriv meTodikas, anali-
tikur, istoriul-genetikur, idiografiul (deskrifciul), hermenevtikul
da sxva samecniero meTodebs. meToduri kvlevis safuZvelze moxdeba eklesia-
saxelmwifos urTierTobebis sferoSi arsebuli samecniero literaturis,
samarTlebrivi aqtebisa da sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavla. damuSavdeba
qarTuli saerTo da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis, evrosasamarTlos,
evrokomisiis, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis, aSS-is umaRlesi sasa-
marTlosa da sekularizmis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani ramdenime sax-
elmwifos praqtika, rac ukeTesi mowesrigebisa da saqarTveloSi arsebuli
problemebis gadawyvetis adekvaturi saSualebebis identifikaciisTvis mniS-
vnelovani wyaro iqneba.
naSromi eqvsi nawilisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan I da VI, Sesabamisad, Sesavali
da daskvnaa, xolo ZiriTadi kvleva II-V nawilebSia moqceuli. II nawilSi yur-
adReba gamaxvilebulia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis subieqtunarianobaze, maTi
TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze; mocemulia eklesia-sax-
elmwifos urTierTobebis sxvadasxva klasifikacia da ganxilulia maTi
formebi, meqanizmebi da standartebi SedarebiTsamarTlebriv konteqstSi.
naSromis III nawili eTmoba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis
qarTuli modelis mimoxilvasa da analizs. qarTuli gamocdileba ganxilulia
samarTlebriv konteqstSi, qristianobis gavrcelebidan Tanamedrove epoqis
CaTvliT, Sefasebulia religiis Tavisuflebisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebebi da ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.
IV nawili konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments,
mis Sinaarsobriv, teqnikur da samarTlebriv maxasiaTeblebs exeba. ganxilu-
lia, rogorc uSualod teqsti, ise terminologiuri, samarTlebrivi da sa-
kanonmdeblo teqnikis mxriv arsebuli problemebi. saqarTvelos konstituci-
uri SeTanxmeba gaanalizebulia normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiis, qarTul sa-
marTlebriv sivrceSi misi adgilis konteqstSi, Sedarebulia adamianis Zi-
riTadi uflebebis doqtrinas, Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebasa da religiis
Tavisuflebas.
V nawilSi Tavmoyrilia konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebi. Sefasebulia SeTanxmebis implementaciis procesi da
am mizniT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba
jvrisweris aRiarebis, religiuri ganaTlebis, saeklesio dResaswaulebze
uqmobisa da religiis sajaro sivrceSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sasjelaRsrulebisa
4
da Tavdacvis sferoebSi, integraciis sakiTxs. gaanalizebulia safinanso-
ekonomikuri valdebulebebis (kompensacia, qonebis dabruneba-gadacema,
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sistema da kulturuli memkvidreobis, saeklesio
saganZuris movla-patronoba) aRsrulebis procesi da am kuTxiT konstituci-
uri SeTanxmebis jerovani implementaciisTvis damabrkolebebi garemoebebis
aRmofxvrisa da problemaTa gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebi.
5
II. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formebi
1. saxelmwifo da qristianuli eklesia
1.1. saxelmwifo
1.1.1. saxelmwifo, rogorc samoqalaqo instituti
23 Habermas J., Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism, “Journal of Political Phi-
losophy”, Vol.13, 2005, 13.
24 ix., Annicchino P., Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, “The George Washington
International Law Review”, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 820.
25 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba sax-
elmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 21.
26 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 29.
27 xucurauli i., qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba sax-
elmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-10, 2001, 22.
28 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-
mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 76.
29 epistole pavle mociqulisa romaelTa mimarT, 13,1; Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of
Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 40; Bras-
sard et al. v. Langevin, [1877] 1 S.C.R. 145 at 220-I.
30 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-
mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 75.
31 iqve.
32 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 188.
7
qristianul moZRvrebaSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba
amqveyniur da imqveyniur samyaroebTan kavSiris saxed aRiqmeboda, dawyebuli
qristes cnobili postulatidan, netari avgustines `RvTaebrivi qalaqiT~
gagrZelebuli.33 amgvari mosazreba Tavad qristes mier dawesebuli gamijvni-
dan modis, romlis ganmartebiTac, RvTaebriv sakiTxebSi uzenaesia eklesia,
rogorc uflis nebis gamomxatveli, xolo saeroSi _ saxelmwifo.34 aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom macxovriseul postulats mravali interpretacia aqvs, vinai-
dan maszea dafuZnebuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa mTeli qristi-
anuli sistema.
saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefciis paralelurad, qristianuli sax-
elmwifos Sesaxeb moZRvrebac Camoyalibda, romelic saukuneebis ganmav-
lobaSi icvleboda, rasac xSirad Tavad eklesiis SigniT mimdinare movlenebi
uwyobda xels.35 qristianuli saxelmwifos idea Sua sakuneebSi gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuri iyo, vinaidan eklesia lamis saxelmwifo xelisufalTa moqmedebebs
warmarTavda, Tumca misi politikuri Zalaufleba axali epoqis dadgomis
Semdeg mniSvnelovnad Sesustda, rac ZiriTadad erovnuli saxelmwifoebis
warmoSobam ganapiroba36.
erovnulma saxelmwifoebma da sxva religiebisadmi Semwynareblurma poli-
tikam saxelmwifos qristianuli koncefciis gadasxvafereba ganapiroba. aq-
tualuri gaxda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ideuri gancalkevebis Tema. uiliam-
sis fraza eklesiasa (`walkotis~) da danarCen samyaros (`sivelures~) Soris
gammijnavi kedlis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT SemdgomSi aqtiurad gam-
oiyenes da praqtikaSic damkvidrda.37 saxelmwifos mier religiis Tavisu-
flebis principis aRiarebam eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris ur-
TierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebis arsebobis riski gazarda, Sesabamisad,
Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi saxelmwifos samarTali SeiZleba saeklesio
sjulsa da swavlebas ewinaaRmdegebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs ap-
robirebuli gamosavali, Tumca xSirad miuTiTeben wminda werilis
debulebaze, romlis mixedviTac, upirvelesad adamianebi unda emorCilebod-
nen RmerTs, Semdgom ki sxva adamianTa dadgenil wesebs.38 amas ki mniSvnelovani
disonansi Semoaqvs, Tumca, rogorc radbruxi ganmartavs, am debulebis
praqtikaSi gamoyeneba xSirad adamianis sindiszea damokidebuli, romelsac
RmerTi `mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi Tu aRviZebs~39.
33 Eighmy J.L., Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations, “Journal of Church
and State”, #4(2), 1962, 167.
34 `miugo iesu da hrqua maT: `mieciT keisrisaჲ keisarsa da RmrTisaჲ RmerTsa.~, saxerabaჲ
markozisi, 12,17.
35 ix., Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 31.
36 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 27.
37 “Wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wildness of the World”, ix., narindoSvili
m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 39.
38 `miugo petre da mociqulTa da hrques: morCilebaჲ jer-ars RmrTisaჲ ufroჲs vidre
kacTaჲ.~, saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarebelisaჲ), 5.29.
39 radbruxi g., samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d. gegenavas Targmani, samarTlis
Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012, 240.
8
1.2. eklesia
1.2.1. eklesia, rogorc erToba
49 Mckinley P.B., Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of Law
and Public Policy”, Vol.7, 2009, 32.
50 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of Church
and State”, #6, 1964, 185.
51 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 24.
52 Romanides J.S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, “Journal of Church
and State”, #6, 1964, 186.
53 Encyclical Letter “Deus Caritas Est” of the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests and Deacons,
Men and Women Religious and All the Lay Faithful on Christian Love, 25 December 2005, Para.28.
54 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East
European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87.
10
evrokavSiri saxelmwifoebs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad gadawyviton, Tu ra sa-
marTlebrivi statusi eqnebaT religiur organizaciebs, igi aRiarebs Sesabam-
isi wesiT dafuZnebul da moqmed religiur gaerTianebebs.55 ra Tqma unda, es
yovelive kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis principebs unda
efuZnebodes. religiuri gaerTianebebis registraciisas saxelmwifos sruli
obieqturoba da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principis dacva moeTxoveba.56
eklesia SeiZleba iyos rogorc registrirebuli, ise araregistrirebuli
organizaciuli erToba.57 saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs religiur gaerTianebaTa
mimarT moqmedi erTiani samarTlebrivi standarti: saxelmwifo konkretul
religiur jgufs uflebas aZlevs, Tavad airCios, daregistrirdeba Tu ara
saerTod. ra Tqma unda, registraciis Taviseburebebi, aseve, araregistri-
rebul eklesiaTa samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra saxelmwifos kanon-
mdeblobazea damokidebuli.
63 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion,
Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari
and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 335; The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys 1055/1993), Act on the Orthodox
Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006).
64 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 162.
65 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482.
66 iqve.
67 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 627.
68 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247.
69 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 12; 1960-
iani wlebidan avstriam `tradiciul~ religiebTan mimarTebiT mizanmimarTuli politika
gaatara, ris Sedegadac protestantuli da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi oficialurad
iqna aRiarebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da
eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani,
Tbilisi, 2011, 456.
12
roba, mmarTvelobis organoebi, sulieri da administraciuli xelmZRva-
nelebis saxelwodeba da pasuxismgeblobis sfero, religiuri gaerTianebis
wesebi wevrobis, xmis micemis, momsaxurebis, wesdebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis
Sesaxeb70.
registracia da iuridiuli piris statusiT arseboba, ra Tqma unda,
savaldebulo araa (miT umetes, rom eklesia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aRiqme-
boda, rogorc societas iuride perfecta, romelic RmerTis mier iyo dafuZnebuli
da ara kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad, igi samarTalsa da xelisu-
fleba aRar emorCileboda da saxelmwifos mxridan arc raime aRiareba
sWirdeboda71), Tumca saxelmwifos mxridan oficialuri aRiareba mainc
dadebiTi faqtoria. igi materialuri TvalsazrisiTac momgebiania. SvedeTSi
registrirebul gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo SeRavaTebi aqvT.72
registracia religiur organizaciebs praqtikuli saqmianobis ukeT ganxor-
cielebaSi, Tavisi da wevrebis uflebebis dacvasa da qonebrivi sakiTxebis
gamarTulad warmarTvaSi exmarebaT.73 daniaSi religiuri jgufis religiur
sazogadoebad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, igi gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufldeba.74
registraciis Semdeg sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi moqmedebs ukrainaSic75.
sxva qristianuli eklesiebisgan gansxvavdeba wminda saydris samarTle-
brivi statusi da mdgomareoba, vinaidan vatikani damoukidebeli sax-
elmwifoa, igi xSir SemTxvevaSi konkretul saxelmwifoSi religiuri gaer-
Tianebis statusis miRebas ar Tanxmdeba. mis wiaRSi moqmedebs eklesiis er-
Tianobis idea, maT Soris samarTlebrivi kuTxiTac. Sesabamisad, xSirad
problemebi warmoiSoba, Tuki saxelmwifo uars acxadebs wminda saydarTan
TanabarmniSvnelovani statusiT urTierTobaze (roca vatikans, rogorc sax-
elmwifos da romis eklesias, rogorc religiur gaerTianebas, ganasxvaveben).
mag., romis eklesia espaneTSi gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs da mas
moqmedebisTvis iuridiuli piris formiT registracia ar sWirdeba, vinaidan
wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtia da xelisuflebasTan ur-
TierTobaSi isedac SeuZlia gamosvla76.
70 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in: Secular
and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der
Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 134.
71 Fr. Gomes E.X., Church-State Relations from a Catholic Perspective: General Considerations on Nikolas Sar-
kozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, “Journal of Catholic Legal Studies”, Vol.48, 2009, 205.
72 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 622.
73
melaZe g., noniaSvili g., religiuri organizaciis registraciis sakiTxi qarTul kanon-
mdeblobaSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #9, 2016, 89.
74 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 71.
75 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482.
76 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 169.
13
1.2.2.1.1. kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli piri
15
rac, saboloo jamSi, miRweul iqna kidec 2011 wels sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis gziT91.
99 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 13.
100 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 15091-e muxlis me-4 nawili.
101 iqve, me-3 da me-4 nawilebi.
102 iqve, me-5 nawili.
103 iqve, me-6 nawili.
104 mag., msgavsi viTareba iyo meoce saukunis ociani wlebis Suamde safrangeTSi romaul-
kaTolikuri eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, saqarTveloSi da a.S. ix., basdevan-godeme b., sax-
elmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr
qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 186-187.
105 ix., fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 622; dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-
lisi, 2011, 71; Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with
Special References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 482.
17
2. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebis istoriuli ganviTareba
2.1. eklesiis warmoSoba da did sqizmamdeli urTierTobebi saxelmwifosTan
2.1.1. qristianobis legitimacia da eklesiis
saxelmwifosadmi daqvemdebareba
2.1.1.1. qristianebis devnidan qristianobis Semwynareblobamde
106 Huntington S.H., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking World Order, New York, 1996, 70.
107 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-
mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 74-75.
108 ix., dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n. dobor-
jginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 87.
109 mag., 202 wels imperatorma septimus severusma qristianobaze iZulebiT miqcevis amkr-
Zalavi aqti gamosca, ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e.,
religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 46-47; msgavsi gamonaTebebis miuxedavad, neronis, di-
okletianes, galeriusis, liciniusisa da iulianes periodis romSi qristianobisTvis
idevnebodnen ara mxolod ubralo xalxi, aramed didgvarovnebic, maT Soris, imperatorTa
ojaxis wevrebi da saimperatoro karze dawinaurebuli pirebi. McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Hu-
man Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduc-
tion, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 174.
110 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 13.
111 iqve.
18
leT romis imperatorebma _ konstantinem da liciniusma milanis ediqti gam-
osces,112 romliTac qristianobas saxelmwifoSi Tavisuflad arsebobisa da
ganviTarebis ufleba mieca. liciniusi qristianebisadmi keTilganwyobili ar
yofila, man ediqts xeli samarTlianobis elementaruli grZnobis gamo moaw-
era xeli113.
sicocxleSive konstantine mociqulis msgavsi aRiarebiT sargeblobda, igi
axali religiiT cdilobda romis imperiis gaerTianebas.114 eklesiis mimarT
misi politikis Sedegad nikeaSi I msoflio kreba Sedga, romelsac imperatori
Tavad Tavmjdomareobda, rogorc `RmerTis zeciuri macne~.115 qristianobaze
aqcentis gakeTebis miuxedavad, konstantine Semwynareblurad eqceoda war-
marTebsac.116 igi TiTqmis mTeli sicocxle oficialurad inarCunebda war-
marTobas, rogorc saxelmwifos mosaxleobis umravlesobis aRiarebul da is-
toriul religias da mxolod 337 wels, sikvdilamde cota xniT adre moi-
naTla.117 imperator konstantines epoqaSi eklesia ganviTarebis axal safex-
urze gadavida da marTalia, mas devnis TvalsazrisiT araTu problemebi ar
Seqmnia, aramed maqsimalurad xels uwyobdnen,118 eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobaSi balansis sakiTxi mudmivad aqtualuri iyo.119 qristianobis
Semdgomi gaZliereba da gavrceleba uSualod saxelmwifos neba-surviliT
ganxorcielda, ramac, Tavis mxriv, qristianebSi imperiuli Zalauflebis le-
gitimacia ganapiroba120.
112 ix., mSvildaZe m., adeuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 113-114.
113 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,
207.
114 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64-65.
115 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2 nd Ed., London, 1997, 19.
116 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,
208.
117 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 Years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 65.
118 ix., fanjikiZe T., qristianoba _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, Tbilisi, 1984, 49.
119 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christi-
anity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 174.
120 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the
United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 253.
121 Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011, 60.
122 Van Der Ven J.A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of Religion, in: Secular
and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der
Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 283.
19
winaRmdegobad aRiqmeboda.123 romis saxelmwifos mier qristianobis sax-
elmwifo religiad da ideologiad aRiarebis Semdeg, eklesia-saxelmwifos mi-
zanmimarTuli qmedebebiT antiqristianuli mimarTulebebi Seviwrovda da
TiTqmis gaqra. warmarToba qristianobasTan dapirispirebisa da sax-
elmwifosgan damoukidebeli azris idead, simbolod iqca, rasac elinuri
filosofiis mimdevrebic xels uwyobdnen.124 Sedegad, platonis legendaruli
akademia miwasTan gaaswores, neoplatonistebi da Zveli berZnuli filoso-
fiis mimdevrebi daxoces an saxelmwifodan gaasaxles125.
123 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,
209. 364 wels imperatorma valentinianem gamosca kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, romis impe-
riis yvela macxovrebels hqonda aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. 380 wels imperatorma Teo-
dosiusma qristianoba romis imperiis saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada, ris Semdegac 391-
392 wlebSi warmarToba akrZala da gamosca 15 kanoni eretikosTa winaaRmdeg. ukve 423 wlis
aqtSi imperatori Teodosius II mosazrebas gamoTqvams, rom warmarToba imperiaSi TiTqmis
aRar iyo darCenili. ix., iqve, 215-216; Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory Interna-
tional Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 107; Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва,
2011, 60.
124 swored amitom imperatorma iustinianem neoplatonistebs, simplicinusis meTaurobiT,
romlebic warmarTebi iyvnen da qristianuli ideologias ar emsaxurebodnen, brZola gam-
oucxada, ix., Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева
Лавра, 2007, 216.
125 iqve.
126 Hart D.B., The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 years of the Christian Faith, London, 2013, 64.
127 Ware T., The Orthodox Church, 2 nd Ed., London, 1997, 19.
128 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZ-
velesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 262.
20
dawinaureba daiwyo.129 saboloo jamSi, kaTolicizmisa da marTlmadide-
blobis Camoyalibeba, ganviTareba, erTiani qristianuli eklesiis didi sqizma
romis imperiis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebSi feodaluri ur-
TierTobebis ganviTarebam da pirvelobis Taobaze romi-konstantinopolis
dapirispirebam ganapiroba130.
137 Helmholz R.H., Human Rights in the Canon Law, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited
by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 100.
138 Wagschal D., Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by
A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012, 383.
139 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,
262.
140 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 24.
141 iqve, 23.
142 iqve, 29.
143 iqve, 32.
144 iqve, 39.
22
mowodebiT daiwyo jvarosnuli omebi145, romlebmac im periodis evropa
dapirispirebebsa da samoqalaqo omebs gadaarCina.
romis eklesia saxelmwifoTaTvis ideologiur safuZvels qmnida. mefe da
samefo xelisufleba RmerTTan igivdeboda. aqvinelis mosazrebiT, rogorc
RmerTi marTavda mTel msoflios, ise marTavda mefe mis miwier samflobe-
los.146 msgavs azrs aviTarebda araerTi saeklesio moRvawe.147 Tumca ideolo-
giuri mxardaWera mmarTvelobisa da politikis sakiTxebSi interesTa srul
Tanxvedras sulac ar gulisxmobda. feodalizmis epoqaSi regionul da erov-
nul doneze feodalebi da mefeebi akontrolebdnen maT teritoriaze
arsebul saeklesio centrebs da investiturebs148 sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr
gascemdnen149.
episkoposTa daniSvnaSi samefo xelisuflebis monawileoba iqca henri II da
Tomas beketis dapirispirebis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.150 hildebrandi, rome-
lic SemdegSi romis papi grigol VII gaxda, eklesiis reformis iniciativiT gam-
ovida, radgan swamda, rom eklesiis damoukideblobisTvis aucilebeli iyo es
ukanaskneli jer Tavad gamarTuliyo: man sasuliero pirTa qorwineba da
Svilebis yola akrZala.151 grigol VII reformasa da eklesiis damoukide-
blobisaTvis brZolas SeewinaRmdegnen evropuli saxelmwifoebi. Sua
saukuneebSi germaniaSi eklesiaze saero batonobam iseTi intensiuri xasiaTi
miiRo, rom saimperio eklesiis sistema (Reichskirche) Camoyalibda.152 feodalur
germaniaSi episkoposebi mTlianad saero xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen.153
aman evropis kontinentze eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris pirveli serio-
zuli konfrontacia ganapiroba, romelic episkoposTa daniSvnis Taobaze pap
grigol VII da mefe hainrix IV Soris moxda154.
155 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,
263.
156 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 49.
157 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b.
zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 36.
158 Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра, 2007,
743.
159 iqve, 745.
160 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,
270.
161 iqve.
24
gansxvavdeba, monetis erTi mxarea.162 asec rom ara, eklesiebs Soris gansxvave-
bebi yovelTvis arsebobda.163 saxelmwifo da marTlmadidebeli eklesia ara
mxolod TanamSromlobdnen, aramed mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi eklesia Zi-
riTadad saxelmwifos eqvemdebareboda.164 bizantiis imperiaSi marTlma-
didebeli eklesia saxelmwifos sruli gavlenis qveS moeqca da konstantin-
opolis aRebamde arc gaTavisuflebula.165 ueari eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobis bizantiur models urTierTdamokidebulebisa da qvemdebareobis
sistemad moisxeniebs.166 rogorc eklesia eqvemdebareboda saxelmwifos, ise,
garkveulwilad, saxelmwifo eqvemdebareboda eklesias, _ es iyo eklesia-sax-
elmwifos urTierTobis bizantiuri modeli.167 qristianuli imperiis ideam
bizantiaSi garkveulwilad eklesiis gaamqveyniureba gamoiwvia168.
1453 wels bizantiis dacemis Semdeg aRmosavluri eklesiis centri ruseTSi
gadavida.169 marTalia, qristianuli religia, sxva msoflio religiebis
msgavsad, metad konservatiulia, Tumca amis gamo mas politikuri mowyobis
axal formebTan adaptacia ar gasWirvebia.170 marTlmadideblobam warmatebu-
lad moaxerxa rogorc osmaleTis imperiaSi, ise komunistur reJimSi yofna da
fizikurad gadarCena SeZlo.171 osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibebuli `mi-
leTis~ sistemiT, eklesias sakuTar Sida saqmeebSi administraciuli da
samoqalaqo uflebamosilebebi mieca, avtonomia daumkvidrda.172 bizantiis im-
periis dacemis Semdeg swored konstantinopolis sapatriarqom itvirTa os-
maleTis imperiaSi macxovrebeli yvela qristianis interesebis warmodgena173.
174 Carlton C., The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury, 1997, 265.
175 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 347.
176 Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952).
177 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis
dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 45.
178 Ware K., The Orthodox Way, New York, 1999, 9.
179 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,
274.
26
maTganma Tavisi damoukidebeli niSa daimkvidra, amis paralelurad ki, reli-
gia TandaTan kulturis Semadgenel nawilad gadaiqca.180 rogorc hanTing-
Toni aRniSnavs, `qristianoba dasavluri civilizaciis centraluri kompo-
nentia~181.
evropaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs Tavisuflad arsebobisa
da damoukideblad organizebis ufleba aqvT.182 saxelmwifoTa mixedviT maTi
socialuri roli, kulturuli integracia da sazogadoebaze gavlena gan-
sxvavdeba. am gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, SeiZleba darwmunebiT aRiniSnos, rom
samarTlis uzenaesobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea evropaSi uSua-
lod qristianobasTanaa gadajaWvuli.183 XX saukunis Sua wlebSi dawyebul
evropis integraciis procesSi religiis aqtiuri roli bevri mecnierisa da
komentatorisaTvis miRebuli faqtia.184 kazanovas mtkicebiT, evrokavSiri
Tavdapirvelad vatikanis mier sanqcirebuli qristian-demokratiuli proe-
qti iyo, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdgom evropasa da msoflioSi mniS-
vnelovan geopolotikur rols Seasrulebda185.
qristianobas, Tavisi istoriuli da kulturul-anTropologiuri
Rirebulebebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis eqneba sajarodan kerZo, viwro
sferoSi gadanacvlebis problema. miuxedavad imisa, saqme dasavleTis ekle-
sias exeba, Tu aRmosavleTisas, qristianobas mudam eqneba pretenzia, aqtiuri
roli ikisros saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqmeebis
ganxorcielebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetis procesSi.
27
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa Sefasebis mravalgvari meTodi
da modeli arsebobs, Tumca maTgan arcerTia optimaluri.186 xSir SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis myari klasifikacia ar arsebobs,
vinaidan, marTalia, saxelmwifo formalurad romelime sistemas SeiZleba
miekuTvnebodes, magram faqtobrivi mdgomareoba radikalurad gan-
sxvavebuli iyos.187 amis miuxedavad, mainc SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ramdenime
gavrcelebuli dayofa, romelic ase Tu ise sinamdviles SedarebiT zustad as-
axavs.
evrokavSiris qveynebSi ganasxvaveben saxelmwifosa da eklesiis samarTle-
brivi urTierTobis sam tips: saxelmwifo eklesia, anu dominanti eklesia, sax-
elmwifosa da eklesiis sruli gamijvna da sistema, romelSic saxelmwifo da
eklesia gamijnulebi arian, magram mWidrod TanamSromloben.188 am sam zogad
models gamoarCeven evropul doqtrinaSi,189 Tumca odnav gansxvavebuli
midgomaa amerikul konstitutionalizmSi. aq ori ZiriTadi mosazreba
arsebobs: erTi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos mkveTrad mijnavs, xolo meoris
Tanaxmad, am or institucias Soris TanamSromloba sruliad SesaZlebelia190.
mecnierTa nawilis azriT, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sami Zi-
riTadi modeli arsebobs: `mkacrad gamijnuli eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobebis modeli~, `dafuZnebuli eklesiis modeli~ da `pluralistuli an
struqturirebuli pluralistuli modeli~.191 saeklesio samarTalSi
Semdegi klasifikaciac moqmedebs: `qveSevrdomobis, igive subordinaciuli~,
`paralelizmisa~ da `koordinaciuli~ sistemebi~.192 zogierTi mecnieri `an-
tieklesiis~ modelsac gamohyofs, romelSic saxelmwifo eklesiasTan
winaaRmdegobaSia da ufro metic, religias ebrZvis.193 es ZiriTadad is sis-
temebia, romlebic adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs mxolod formalurad aRiare-
186 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and
Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 5. ix. citireba: Kevin
Boyle (ed.), Freedom of Religion and Beilief: World Report, London, Uk: Routledge (1997), pp. 9-10. mod-
elebTan dakavSirebiT ix., Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Com-
peting Religious Traditions in American Politics and Law, “Journal of Law and Religion”, Vol.10, No.1, 1994,
26; Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269-1270; Rosenfeld M.,
Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Globalization and Reli-
gious Revival?, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol. 30, 2009, 2349.
187 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo
da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targ-
mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665.
188 iqve.
189 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti
_ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris
magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 26.
190 efsTini r., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze. qristianuli sa-
marTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis
mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 3.
191 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5,
2012, 91.
192 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190.
193 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church
and State”, #4, 1992, 781.
28
ben, msgavs politikas atarebda sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva arademokrati-
uli reJimi194. iseT sistemebSi ki, sadac saxelmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan
gamijnuli araa, gamoiyofa cezaropapistuli da Teokratiuli modelebi195.
TiToeuli klasifikacia garkveul problemebur aspeqts moicavs, radga-
nac maTi gamoyenebiT eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa yvela sistema
srulad ver ifareba, yuradRebis miRma rCeba sagamonakliso marTlwesrigebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, umjobesia, Tu klasifikacia amomwuravi iqneba da yvela
SesaZlo saxesxvaobas maqsimalurad moicavs. eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobaTa modelebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeebi: a)
qvemdebareobis, igive subordinaciis modeli (erastianizmi, Teokratia); b)
saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli da g) sekularuli, igive urTierTgamijvnis
modeli (sruli gamijvnis, TanamSromlobisa da Sereuli sistemebi).
3.1.2. Teokratia
202 1534 wels miiRes Act of Supremacy, romlis mixedviTac, inglisis eklesiis xelmZRvanelad
mefe gamocxadda, aqti mRvdelmsaxurebs avaldebulebda mis erTgulebasa da morCilebaze
daedoT fici. Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149,
2002, 136.
203 maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-
sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani,
Tbilisi, 2011, 640.
204 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 5.
205 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-
view”, #4, 1996, 818.
206 Anderson P.B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, “Foreign Affairs”, #39, 1960-1961, 305-306.
207 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 6-
7.
208 ix., bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 190-191.
209 ix., Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Bar-
bara, 2009, 92.
30
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTeba,210 religiuri avtoritetebi poli-
tikur xelisufalT niSnaven, politikuri Zalaufleba ki mTlianad religias
eqvemdebareba.211 zogadad, Teokratiebi moklevadianobiT gamoirCevian212 da
xangrZlivi moqmedebis mizniT iSviaTad mkvidrdeba.
Teokratiis arsebobas xeli Seuwyo Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis mdgomareobam,
vinaidan istoriis mTeli es periodi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze eklesiis
batonobis xanaa, rac eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis specifikidan
gamomdinareobda.213 am Teoriis gavrcelebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda wminda
saydari, romelic intensiurad ereoda evropul saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSi,
amasTan, romis paps, sasulierosTan erTad, saero Zalauflebac hqonda papis
miwebsa da uSualod qalaq romze, rac jer kidev pipin moklesTan miRweuli
SeTanxmebiT daikanona214.
papocerazmis gamovlineba iyo kalvinis mmarTveloba JenevaSi, aiaTola xo-
meinis iranis islamuri respublika, Tanamedrove saudis arabeTi da sxv.215
marTalia, romis paps aRar emorCileba warsulSi mis gamgeblobaSi arsebuli
teritoriebi, vinaidan italiis gaerTianebam logikurad gamoiwvia wminda
saydrisTvis papis miwebisa da Tavad qalaq romis CamorTmeva,216 Tumca dRes-
dReobiT romis papi mainc inarCunebs saero Zalauflebas, igi damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos, vatikanis saxelmwifo meTauria.
210 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90.
211 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269.
212 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 90.
213 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anotated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 26.
214 ix., Kuiper B.K., The Church in History, Grand Rapids, 1988, 71.
215 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 6-
7; xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTlebrivi
statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi,
Tbilisi, 2011, 68-69.
216 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243.
217 Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eu. jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, “Journal of Church and State”,
#35(3), 1993, 538.
31
principul sakiTxTa kategorias ganekuTvneboda, rac xSirad omis mizezic
xdeboda. 1555 wlis ausburgis zaviT dasrulda diskusia, Tu romeli religia
iyo qveyanaSi dominanti da Camoyalibda principi _ cuius region, eius religio, rom-
lis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo religiad saxelmwifos meTauris aRmsarebloba
miiCneoda218.
mcdaria azri, rom saxelmwifo religia an saxelmwifo eklesia aucileblad
ganviTarebad an arademokratiul qveynebSia. ra Tqma unda, aseTi magaliTebic
aris, magram maT gverdze saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs gaerTianebul same-
foSi (inglisi da Sotlandia), argentinaSi, saberZneTSi, daniaSi da aS.219 maTi
gavrcelebis areali sakmaod farToa. evropaSi saxelmwifo eklesiis modeli
klasikuri evropuli demokratiis qveynebSia gavrcelebuli.220 ra Tqma unda,
aucilebelia saxelmwifo religiis (eklesiis) sistemis demokratiulobisa da
samarTlebriobis uzrunvelyofa, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, didia arademokra-
tiulobisa da adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa darRvevis safrTxe.
saxelmwifo religiis SemTxvevaSi eklesia saxelmwifos struqturuli na-
wili, misi erT-erTi instituti xdeba: rogorc saxelmwifo ereva eklesiis saq-
meebis nawilSi, afinansebs mas, ise eklesia monawileobs saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi da sargeblobs mniSvnelovani privi-
legiebiT, sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan SedarebiT.221 qveynebSi, sadac ekle-
siebs saxelmwifo statusi aqvT, isini saxelisuflebo organoebad, adminis-
traciul erTeulebad moiazrebian.222 saxelmwifo eklesia saxelmwifos `uSu-
alo mmarTvelobis sferoSi eqceva~223. am modelis saxelmwifoTa udides na-
wilSi dominanti eklesiis samarTlebrivi statusi da masTan urTierTobis Zi-
riTadi principebi sakonstitucio donezea uzrunvelyofili, rasac, ra Tqma
unda, kanonmdeblobaSi implementaciac Tan sdevs.224 msgavs midgomas iT-
valiswineben saberZneTis, daniis, argentinis da sxv. konstituciebi225.
bizantiuri tradiciiT, marTlmadidebeli eklesia da misi patriarqi impe-
rators emorCilebodnen, msgavsi wesi gadaiRes balkaneTis mTavrebmac, rom-
lebic Tavs bizantiis sulier da uflebriv memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen.226 kul-
turuli da struqturuli transformaciis Sedegad, marTlmadidebloba bal-
218 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anotated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 31.
219 xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTlebrivi
statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi,
Tbilisi, 2011, 66.
220 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 43-47.
221 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10.
222 Zollman C., Nature of America Religious Corporations, “Michigan law Review”, Vol.14, 1915, 37-38.
223 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 43.
224 xecuriani j., konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTlebrivi
statusis zogierTi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi, wignSi: Ziebani qarTul samarTalmcodneobaSi,
Tbilisi, 2011, 66.
225 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3), Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853, Art.2,
Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3, Constitutional Act of Denmark, 1953, Sec.4.
226 Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in Transition, “East
European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 87.
32
kaneli xalxebis erovnuli identobisa da maTi saxelmwifoebis mTlianobis ga-
nuyofel nawilad iqca.227 berZnuli eklesia elinuri erovnulobis ideasa da
marTlmadideblobas erT mTlianobad ganixilavs, ufro metic, mTavarepis-
kopos qristodulosis ganmartebiT, berZnuli geni mxolod berZnul
marTlmadideblobasTan TanaziarebiT SeiZleba gadarCes.228 saxelmwifo
eklesiis sistema saberZneTSi regentma morirma daamkvidra 1833 wels da amis
mizezi xelisuflebis daubrkolebeli moqmedebis, eklesiis mxridan mxardaW-
eris survili iyo, rac axlad gaTavisuflebuli qveynisTvis sasicocxlo mniS-
vnelobas atarebda.229 saberZneTis revoluciuri periodis konstituciebi aR-
mosavlur marTlmadideblur qristianobas upiratesi, privilegirebuli
religiis statuss aniWebdnen230.
saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia sruladaa integrirebuli sax-
elmwifo sistemaSi, gamonaklisia mxolod aTonis wminda mTa, romelic
avtonomiiTa da gansakuTrebuli statusiT sargeblobs.231 saberZneTis kon-
stitucia gansazRvravs saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis samarTle-
briv statuss, mis avtokefaliasa da msoflio eklesiisagan ganuyoflobas.232
marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis konstituciiT miniWebuli statusi,
garkveulwilad, mis avtonomias Semofarglavs.233 qveynis prezidenti da par-
lamentis wevrebi oficialur fics deben wminda samebis saxeliT.234 marTlma-
dideblobis upiratesi religiis statusi saberZneTSi gulisxmobs: marTlma-
dideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo da samarTlebriv statuss, eklesiis ssip-ad aRi-
arebas.235 saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifo eklesiis sta-
tusis matarebelia da marTlmadidebloba `upiratesia~, Tumca
protestantuli da romis kaTolikuri eklesiebic mniSvnelovani statusiT
arian aRWurvili236.
227 Roudometof V., The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical Globalization, in:
Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by
V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 24-25.
228 ix., iqve, 32.
229 ix., papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 133.
230 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-
view”, #4, 1996, 816.
231 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 36.
232 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.3.
233 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 384-385.
234 ix., Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Art.33(2) and Art.59(1).
235 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-
view”, #4, 1996, 824.
236 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 135.
33
marTalia, saberZneTis eklesias garkveuli avtonomia aqvs, magram
metwilad igi saxelmwifo organos statusiT moqmedebs, mag., qorwinebis, ga-
naTlebis da sxv. sferoebSi.237 religiaze saerTosaxelmwifoebriv
zedamxedvelobas saberZneTSi ganaTlebisa da sakulto sakiTxTa saministros
generaluri samdivno sakulto sakiTxebSi da sagareo saqmeTa saministro ax-
orcieleben.238 saberZneTis eklesia administraciul funqciasac asrulebs,
Sesabamisad, misi qmedebebi da aqtebi, romlebic administraciul saqmianobas
da ara doqtrinas, dogmatikas exeba, saCivrdeba saxelmwifo sabWoSi, romelic
umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTloa.239 saxelmwifo sabWo uflebamo-
silia, ganixilos da gadawyvitos marTadidebel eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi, mas SeuZlia gaauqmos eklesiis mier miRebuli aqtebic240.
inglisis (anglikanuri) da Sotlandiis (presviterianuli) eklesiebi sax-
elmwifo eklesiebis statuss atareben da saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis sa-
fuZvelze arian Seqmnilni.241 inglisis eklesiis daarseba mefis survils
ukavSirdeboda, swored misi mowveviT VI saukuneSi inglisSi wm. avgustine Cav-
ida, romelmac kentrberis saydari daaarsa.242 1534 wlidan inglisis eklesia
wminda saydrisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da calke, anglikanuri protes-
tantizmis mqadagebelia. mas xelmZRvanelobs gaerTianebuli samefos
monarqi243. reformaciis Semdeg eklesia saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawilad, mis
ideologiur safuZvlad da politikis ganmaxorcieleblad iqca.244 gaer-
Tianebuli samefos monarqi, romelic inglisis eklesiis `umaRles
mmarTvelad~ da `rwmenis damcvelad~ iwodeba,245 kurTxevisas fics debs,
daicvas protestantuli reformirebuli tradicia.246 igi, aseve, debs fics,
daicvas Sotlandiis eklesia, Tumca inglisis eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
ereva eposkoposTa daniSvnasa da Tavad eklesiis administrirebaSi247.
237 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 385.
238 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 144-145.
239 iqve, 145.
240 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 358.
241 Nicholson J., The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, “Sri Lanka Journal of Interna-
tional Law”, #12, 2000, 182.
242 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 12.
243 ix., Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 136.
244 mag., matylis warmoebis gasaviTareblad inglisis parlamenti yvela meTods mimarTavda,
maT Soris mis kontrols eklesiaze: 1678 wels dadgenilebiT daavaldebula anglikanuri
eklesiis samRvdeloeba, gardacvlilTa dakrZalvaze Tanxmoba mxolod maSin gaecaT, Tuki
isini matyliT gakeTebul sudaraSi iqnebodnen gaxveulni. ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Free-
dom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 91, ix. citireba: Pfeffer, Church, State and Freedom, 27.
245 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428.
246 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transfor-
mation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-
Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189.
247 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 10.
34
inglisis eklesiis pirveli kanonis mixedviT, inglisis eklesia misi
sadedoflo udidebulesobis kanonTa Sesabamisadaa dafuZnebuli da `qristes
WeSmariti da samociqulo eklesiis~ nawilia.248 inglisis eklesiis kanonebi da
aqtebi unda Seesabamebodes saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobasa da dedoflis sa-
marTals.249 saxelmwifo xelisufleba eklesiis Sida saqmeebSic
monawileobs.250 kentrberis mTavarepiskoposi inglisis eklesiis sulieri
lideria, igi akurTxebs monarqs da ikavebs sapatio adgils samefo karze,
samefo ojaxsa da lord kanclers Soris.251 Tavis mxriv, inglisis TemTa pal-
atas, Zvel universitetebsa da istoriul saero dawesebulebebs hyavT
kapelanebi, romlebic inglisis eklesiis RvTismsaxurebi arian252. samefo
xelisufleba CarTulia mniSvnelovani saeklesio gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi, Tavis mxriv, anglikanuri eklesiis mTavarepiskoposi akurTxebs
monarqs, episkoposebi ki lordTa palataSi arian warmodgenilni.253 1878 wlis
saepiskoposo aqtis safuZvelze sasuliero lordebi (Lord Spiritual) aqtiurad
monawileoben parlamentis zeda palatis saqmianobaSi.254 palataSi ex officio
adgili garantirebulad aqvs anglikanuri eklesiis 26 episkoposs.255 maT niS-
navs monarqi parlamentis umravlesobis TanxmobiT.256 aqve aRsaniSnavia, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi ori saxelmwifo eklesia
arsebobs, religiis TvalsazrisiT, igi evropis yvelaze mravalferovan sax-
elmwifodaa aRiarebuli257.
marTalia, skandinaviuri sazogadoeba ZiriTadad homogenuria da luTer-
anuli eklesia dominantia religiur gaerTianebebs Soris, mosaxleobis um-
ravlesoba mainc sekularulia.258 sekularuli ganwyobis paralelurad, evan-
gelur-luTeranuli qristianobis aRmsarebloba dRemde savaldebuloa
daniis, norvegiisa da SvedeTis monarqebisaTvis.259 skandinavielTa umrav-
lesoba ise miekuTvneba saxelmwifo eklesiebs, rom Tavadac ar ician amis
248 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 11.
249 iqve, 15.
250 mag., anglikanuri eklesiis episkoposebs niSnavs gaerTanebuli samefos monarqi premier-
ministris wardginebiT, Tumca 1977 wels miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, monarqi faqtobrivad
eklesiis mier SeTanxmebuli kandidatebis wridan akeTebs arCevans. maklini d., saxelmwifo
da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr
qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 648.
251 Davies R., Church and State, “The Cambrian Law Review”, Vol.7, 1976, 22.
252 ix., iqve.
253 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 428.
254 Edge P.W., Religion and Law, An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 98.
255 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transfor-
mation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-
Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 189.
256 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 90.
257 iqve.
258 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions, in: in:
Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen,
Copenhagen, 2010, 547.
259 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-
gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 43.
35
Taobaze, radgan es ufro socialuri, kulturuli, erovnuli memkvidreobis
nawilia, vidre rwmenis sakiTxi.260 XVIII saukunemde evangelur-luTeranuli
eklesia erTaderTi nebadarTuli eklesia iyo SvedeTSi.261 2000 wels
amoqmedda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa axali sistema, romelmac
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli modeli Secvala da marTalia, ekle-
sias mniSvnelovani Tavisufleba mieca, Tumca igi dRemde saxelmwifo sta-
tusis matareblad rCeba.262 SvedeTis samefos 1974 wlis ZiriTadi kanonis
Tanaxmad, misi statusi ganisazRvreba specialuri kanoniT.263 SvedeTis ekle-
sias mxolod XXI saukuneSi mieca SesaZlebloba, daregistrirebuliyo iu-
ridiul pirad da mieRo damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi statusi, radgan ma-
namde saxelmwifos nawilad ganixileboda.264 marTalia, SvedeTSi formalurad
yvela eklesia Tu religiuri organizacia kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, rac am
saukunis dasawyisSi dawyebulma sekularizaciis procesmac uzrunvelyo,265
Tumca SvedeTis eklesias samarTlebrivad gansxvavebuli statusi aqvs,
faqtobrivad, igi yvelaze Zlieri institutia saxelmwifoSi266.
2012 wlamde norvegiaSi luTeranuli eklesia maRali statusiT
sargeblobda, metic 1814 wlidan mefe da mTavrobis wevrTa ori mesamedi mainc
evangelur-luTeranuli eklesiis wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen.267 2012 wlis sa-
konstitucio cvlilebebiT norvegias oficialuri, formaluri religia
aRar gaaCnia, Tumca igi aRiarebs `qristianul da humanistur memkvidreo-
bas~.268 oficialur doneze `saxelmwifo~ statusis ararsebobis miuxedavad,
norvegiis saxelmwifo eklesiis episkoposebs Tanamdebobaze niSnavs samTav-
robo administraciis, reformebisa da saeklesio sakiTxTa ministri269.
260 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 380.
261 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 619.
262 iqve, 620.
263 Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974), Chapt.8, Art.6.
264 fridneri l., saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 626.
265 iqve, 624.
266 iqve, 625.
267 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in: Secular
and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der
Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 152.
268 iqve.
269 Årsheim H., Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian Law, in:
Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R.
Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 136.
36
daniaSi, romlis mosaxleobis umravlesobac protestantia, religia kerZo,
pirad sferod ganixileba,270 Tumca qveyanaSi moqmedebs saxalxo eklesia (Folke-
kirken).271 saxalxo eklesiis statusi ganisazRvreba daniis konstituciiT, rom-
lis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs evangelur-luTeranuli
eklesiis dafinansebas, vinaidan igi saxalxo eklesiaa da saxelmwifo
valdebulia, masze izrunos.272 swored sakonstitucio statusis gamo Seu-
Zlebelia saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis aqtiuri procesis dawyeba sa-
konstitucio cvlilebebis gareSe.273 daniis eklesia Tavisi arsiT saxelmwifo
eklesiaa da saxelmwifosTan uSualodaa dakavSirebuli,274 Tumca, amis mi-
uxedavad, saxalxo eklesia praqtikulad Zalze SezRudulia da eqvemdebareba
daniis parlamentsa da saeklesio saqmeTa ministrs, roca sxva religiuri mim-
dinareobebi kerZo gaerTianebebia.275 saxalxo eklesia saxelmwifo sistemis na-
wilia da mas sajaro samarTali awesrigebs.276 swored msgavsi mowesrigebis
gamo saxelmwifo eklesiis daniuri modeli kvazierastianulad miiCneva277.
270 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 298.
271 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 63.
272 ix., Constitutional Act of the Kingdom Denmark, 1953, Art.4.
273 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 66.
274 iqve, 64.
275 iqve, 68.
276 iqve, 69.
277 Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162, 2009, 5.
278 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo
da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targ-
mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 666.
279 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13(3).
280 iqve, Art.13(1)(2).
37
eklesiis damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs. monakos saxelmwifo religia ro-
maul-kaTolikuri qristianobaa281, Tumca religiis Tavisufleba uzrun-
velyofilia.282 saxelmwifo eklesiis statusis miuxedavad, uzrunvelyofilia
romis eklesiis avtonomiuroba283.
samwuxarod, saxelmwifo religiis instituti xSirad sxva religiuri
Sexedulebebis mqone adamianTa ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudvasa da aRmsare-
blobis gamo adamianTa devnasTan asocirdeba, rac samarTlebrivad mcdari
Sexedulebaa.284 aseve, saxelmwifo eklesiis arseboba nebismier SemTxvevaSi ar
gulisxmobs, rom eklesiis avtonomia dakninebulia.285 saxalxo eklesiis
mxardaWera da dafinansebis sakonstitucio valdebuleba ar gamoricxavs sax-
elmwifos uflebas, gamouyos finansebi sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac.286
adamianis uflebaTa komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifo religiis arseboba
avtomaturad religiis Tavisuflebas ar arRvevs, Tu es araa sxva religiur
gaerTianebaTa, aRmsarebelTa Tu aTeistTa diskriminaciis safuZveli.287 erTi
eklesiis privilegirebuloba avtomaturad ar niSnavs sxva religiur gaer-
TianebaTa diskriminacias, maT mimarT SesaZloa mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebi
moqmedebebdes da ufro metic, dominant eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT
meti TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen.
3.3. sekularizmi
3.3.1. sekularizmis koncefcia
3.3.1.1. sekularizmis idea
J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography, London, 2005,
27; Henderson E.F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, London, 1910, 366-367; Mckinley P.B.,
Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church), “Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy”,
Vol.7, 2009, 36-37; Fr. Gomes E.X., Church-State Relations from a Catholic Perspective: General Considerations
on Nikolas Sarkozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, Journal of Catholic Legal Studies, Vol.48, 2009, 202.
289 mag., XII saukuneSi, rodesac germaniis saRvTo romis imperatorma romis eklesias epis-
koposebisa da abatebis arCevaSi Caurevloba aRuTqva, inglisSi henri II da kentrberis mTa-
varepiskopos Tomas bekets Soris urTierToba ise iZabeba, rom am ukanasknels saerTod
klaven. Berg Th.C., Colby K.W.., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and
the Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 179-180.
290 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by Seid-
man B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 71.
291 Christoffersen L., Historical, Cultural and Social Background, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the
European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 30.
292 Brown W., Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy, Secularism
and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marlle, G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels, 2013, 48.
293 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-
mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 77.
294 ix., Yildirim S., Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, “The American Journal of Compara-
tive Law”, Vol. 52, 2004, 903.
295 Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 608.
296 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi,
Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(38), 2010, 105.
297 Fr. Gomes E.X., Church-State Relations from a Catholic Perspective: General Considerations on Nikolas
Sarkozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, “Journal of Catholic Legal Studies”, Vol.48, 2009, 204.
298 Holt N., The Church Withdrawal Movement in Germany, “Journal of Church and State”, Vol.32, 1990, 37.
39
mimarT gamocxadebuli Kulturkampf-is miuxedavad, vaimaris respublikis 1919
wlis konstituciamde saxelmwifo da eklesia Zalze mWidrod TanamSromlob-
dnen.299 konstituciam, marTalia, es ori instituti erTmaneTisgan oficialu-
rad gamijna, Tumca igi qveynisaTvis mniSnelovan socialur-kulturul
TemebSi TanamSromlobas iTvaliswinebda300. samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis
damkvidrebam da samarTalSemoqmedad eqskluziurad saxelmwifos miCnevam
sekularizmis procesi mniSvnelovnad daaCqara, radganac saero cxovrebaSi
saeklesio samarTlisa Tu sasamarTlos moqmedeba maqsimalurad SeizRuda301.
cneba `sekularizmi~ pirvelad jorj holioukma ganmarta 1846 wels.302
Tumca misi aRiarebuli, SeTanxmebuli definicia dRemde ar arsebobs. aRsaniS-
navia isic, rom mas xSirad ganyenebulad ganixilaven, roca sinamdvileSI igi
arsebobs rogorc samarTali, rogorc yoveldRiurobis Semadgeneli nawili,
romelic yvelaze xSirad ganimarteba da gadaixedeba.303 kazanova sekularizms
sam mimarTulebad gamohyofs: sekularizmi, rogorc religiis uaryofa; seku-
larizmi, rogorc religiis privatizacia da sekularizmi, rogorc sxva sfer-
oebidan religiuri sferos gamoyofa-gansxvaveba.304 sekularizaciis mTavari
idea `saxelmwifosa da religiis instituciuri da konstituciuri ur-
TierTgamijvnaa~305. `sekularizmi~ aris Rirebuleba, romelic iZens mniS-
vnelobas mxolod im istoriul da kulturul konteqstSi, romelSic is aRmo-
cendeba. naTelia, rom is gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da garkveul religiur
jgufebs Soris gansxvavebas, saxelmwifos neitralur damokidebulebas am
jgufebis mimarT da religiis Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv dacvas. marTalia,
msgavsi neitraliteti, rogorc wesi, ar uSvebs saxelmwifos mxridan romelime
calke aRebuli religiis mxardaWeras, mainc arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rasac
uxvad avlens germaniisa da britaneTis magaliTebi.~306 sekularizacia, misi
Tanamedrove gagebiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara Sua saukuneebis mebrZoli
eklesiis qmedebebze adekvaturi reaqcia, romelic evropelma moazrovneebma
da ganmanaTleblebma SeimuSaves da gardauval aucileblobad dainaxes307.
299 ix., Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies, “Tulane European and Civil Law Forum”,
Vol.20, 2005, 25.
300 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 90.
301 Turner B.S., Religion and Modern Society, Citizenship, Secularism and the State, New York, 2011, 171.
302 iqve, 128.
303 Yildirim S., Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, “The American Journal of Comparative
Law”, Vol. 52, 2004, 902.
304 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law and Justice”,
Vol.162, 2009, 25.
305 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _
qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris
magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 32.
306 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5,
2012, 98.
307 ix., erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konte-
qsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris
magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 33-35.
40
sekularizmi, erTgvarad, msoflmxedvelobacaa.308 masSi jefersoni
religiur gaerTianebaTa damoukideblobis, avtonomiisa da Tavisuflebis
garantias xedavda.309 Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jefersoniseuli `gam-
ijvna~ ufro eklesiasa da saxelmwifos exeboda, vidre zogadad, religiasa da
xelisuflebas.310 sekularuli, igive saero saxelmwifos amosavali idea sa-
kuTar moqalaqeTa da religiur gaerTianebaTa Soris maqsimaluri Ta-
nasworobis dacvaa.311 swored amitomac `sekularizmi~ xSirad ukavSirdeba
iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `sekularuli~, `neitraluri~, `laicizmi~ da sxv.312
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis ramdenime modeli arsebobs: sruli
gamijvna, korporaciuli gamijvna; religiuri prioriteti da a.S.313 ra Tqma
unda, es klasifikaciac SedarebiTia da saWiroebisamebr icvleba, rasac seku-
larizaciis mimarT mometebuli interesi da gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba ga-
napirobebs. aSS-Si eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis sakiTxi imdenad mniS-
vnelovan movlenad aRiqmeba, rom yvela mxare cdilobs damfuZnebeli mamebis
mosazrebebs daeyrdnon da xSirad mohyavT maTi gamonaTqvamebi, rac
mdgomareobis srul polarizacias axdens.314 eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvna
maT Soris nebismieri kavSiris mospobas ar gulisxmobs. esec saxelmwifoTa ge-
movnebasa da politikur arCevnazea damokidebuli. maSin, roca amerikul da
germanul modelSi, marTalia, saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan sruliad
gamijnulni arian, magram aqtiurad TanamSromloben, frangulsa da
meqsikurSi saxelmwifo yvelanairad cdilobs, Sors daiWiros Tavi nebismieri
religiisgan315. Tumca modelTa saxesxvaobis miuxedavad, sekularizmis piro-
bebSi ivaraudeba, rom religiis Tavisufleba ukeTaa uzrunvelyofili,
radgan saxelmwifo neitraluria religiis mimarT.316 saboloo jamSi, nebismi-
eri tipis sekularizmis mizani unda iyos, daicvas saxelmwifo zedmeti
religiurobisgan, raTa man saero xasiaTi SeinarCunos317.
308 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and
Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 4.
309 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the
Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182.
310 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the
United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 276.
311 loqlini r. b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5,
2012, 106.
312 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and
Religion Symposium, “Brigham Young University”, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1.
313 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 29.
314 Allen J.T., The Separation of Church and State: Myths, Mantras, Mandates, Forum on Public Policy Online,
No.3, 2007, 20.
315 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of Church
and State”, #47, 2005, 559.
316 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1268.
317 ix., Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights,
“Israel Law Review”, Vol. 43, 2010, 617.
41
3.3.1.2. sekularizmi Tanamedrove msoflioSi
329 Abilmouna R., Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, “Journal of Islam Law and Culture”, Vol.13, No.2-
3, 2011, 124; Scott J.W., The Politics of the Veil, Princeton University Press, 2007, 97.
330 dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul samyaroSi, d.
TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 85.
331 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.6.
332 Chelini-Pont B., Is Laïcité the Civil Religion of France?, “The George Washington International Law Review”,
Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 771.
333 Religion Tolerance in a Democratic World, Recommendation 1202 (1993), Parliamentary Assembly of Coun-
cil of Europe, Para.15.
334 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 111.
335 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”, Vol.162,
2009, 22.
336 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-
gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 15, ix.
citireba: J. Rawls, The Law of Peoples: with ‘The Idea of Public Reason Revisited’ (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1999).
337 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary
Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53.
338 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungure-
anu, Cambridge, 2012, 143.
339 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Estab-
lishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 813.
340 Davies M., The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary
Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 53.
43
cvalebad cnebad miiCnevs.341 igi piradi Tavisuflebis, demokratiisa da indi-
vidualuri uflebebis dapirispirebaa religiuri dogmebisa da am dogmebiT
marTuli sazogadoebisadmi.342
`sekularizmi, rogorc pluralizmi~343 sekularizmis misaRebi koncefciaa,
romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis demokratiulobas ganapirobebs. seku-
larizmis pluralisturi gageba religias sajaro pasuxismgeblobad ar ganix-
ilavs da moqalaqeTa mimarT religiuri an arareligiuri doqtrinis Tavs mox-
vevas gamoricxavs.344 misi idea mainc religiisa da sxva instituciuri sfer-
oebis, kerZosa da sajaros erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas efuZneba. 345 misi
radikaluri gageba religias, maT Soris aRmsareblobas, ara mxolod kerZo
sferod miiCnevs, aramed individTa rwmenisTvis sajaro sivrcis daTmobas
gamoricxavs,346 Tumca zogadi TvalTaxedviT, religia kerZo, pirad sferos
ganekuTvneba da misi adgili sajaro sivrceSi araa347. amas isic emateba, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis, romelic kulturuli institutebis mTli-
anobaa348, religiis adgilis gansazRvra sazogadoebaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelo-
vanesi sakiTxia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi sajaro sferoSi
religiis minimaluri CarTuloba prioritetulia, igi naklebmniSvnelovania
sazogadoebisTvis an Tundac sajaro sivrcisTvis.349 Tanamedrove pirobebSi
religiis kerZo da sajaro sferoebisaTvis mikuTvneba bevri faqtoriTaa
ganpirobebuli, maT Soris, ekonomikuri, politikuri, filosofiuri da a.S.350
religiuri sfero ara mxolod saxelmwifo CareviT inacvlebs sajaro sfer-
odan, aramed igi konkretul drosa da adgilas SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad
izRudebodes mecnierebis an Tundac bazris mier.351
sekularizmis koncefciis ganviTareba da daxvewa gamudmebiT mimdi-
nareobs. es dinamikuri procesia, romliTac politikis, saganmanaTleblo,
samecniero da sxva institutebi moipoveben religiuri institutebisgan
avtonomias sazogadoebaSi352. vinaidan religia adgens bevri adamianisa Tu
341 ix., Greenawalt K., Secularism, Religion, and Liberal Democracy in the United States, “Cardozo Law Re-
view”, Vol.30, 2009, 2383.
342 Ben-Porat G., Religion and Secularism in Israel, Between Politics and Sub-Politics, in: Religion and Politics
in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010, 75.
343 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, “Canadian Journal of
Law and Society”, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 50.
344 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, “Israel
Law Review”, Vol.43, 2010, 617.
345 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 306.
346 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, “Israel
Law Review”, Vol. 43, 2010, 618.
347 ix., Sajó A., Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, “I-Con”, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008, 614.
348 Thomas G.M., Religions in Global Civil Society, Sociology of Religion, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 519.
349 Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions
in American Politics and Law, “Journal of Law and Religion”, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 8.
350 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,
Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3, 2005, 662; ix., De Vries H., Religion and Violence, Philosoph-
ical Perspectives from Kant to Derrida, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 19.
351 Luhmann N., The Difference of Society, Columbia University Press, 1982, 225.
352 Chaves M., Secularization as Declining Religious Authority, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3, 1994, 757.
44
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sistemas,353 sakmaod rTulia sistemuri da Zi-
reuli cvlilebebis swrafi gatareba. TiToeuli saxelmwifo Tavad wyvets, Tu
ra mimarTulebiT waiyvans eklesiasTan urTierTobebs da rogor specifikas
SesZens maT.354 XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi postkomunisturi banakis qveynebma
religiuri Tavisuflebis gza airCies da es principi samarTlebrivadac uz-
runvelyves,355 Tumca yvela maTganma sekularizaciis evropuli standartiT
warmarTva ver SeZlo. marTalia, konstituciis donezec bevri aRiarebs ur-
TierTgamijvnis princips, Tumca praqtikaSi sruliad gansxvavebuli
mdgomareobaa, rac sekularizaciis process xSir SemTxvevaSi formalobad
aqcevs.
353 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 2.
354 mag., bolo wlebSi CrdiloeT evropis saxelmwifoebma eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanes: SvedeTma da norvegiam oficialurad
uari Tqves saxelmwifo eklesiis modelze, islandiam mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera erovnuli
eklesiis damoukidebloba, fineTma ki episkoposebis daniSvnis ufleba, saxelmwifo meTau-
ris nacvlad, luTeranul eklesias mianiWa. ix., Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State
Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å.
Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 33.
355 mag., Tu rumineTis 1923 wlis konstituciaSi aRmosavluri marTlmadidebloba ruminul,
saxelmwifo religiad iyo aRiarebuli, 1991 wlis konstituciaSi am sakiTxs gacilebiT
naklebi yuradReba daeTmo. ix., Mungiu-Pippidi A., The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern
Orthodox Church in Transition, “East European Constitutional Review”, #7, 1998, 86.
356 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the
United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 252.
357 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church
and State”, #4, 1992, 780.
45
modelebs, romlebic gamijvnis specialuri saxea da marTalia, sruli gam-
ijvnis mizani aqvT, Tumca liberalurul koncefciaSic ver Tavsdebian.
358 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 112.
359 iqve, 140.
360 Chaplin J., The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, “Law & Justice”, Vol.162,
2009, 20.
361 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92.
362 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 113. eqspliciturad gacxadebuli sekularizmis idea konstitu-
ciasa da kanonmdeblobaSi asaxuli aqvT Semdeg saxelmwifoebs: azerbaijani, angola, benini,
burkina faso, burundi, gaboni, gaiana, gambia, gvinea, gvinea-bisau, ekvadori, TurqeTi, Tur-
qmeneTi, indoeTi, kameruni, kongos demokratiuli respublika, kongos respublika, kot
divuari, latvia, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, namibia, nepali, poloneTi, portugalia, ru-
anda, ruseTi, san tome da prinsipi, safrangeTi, senegali, serbeTi, slovakeTi, tajikeTi,
togo, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, Cadi. ix., Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995, Art.7; Constitutional
Law of the Republic of Angola, 1992, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990, Art.2; Constitution of
Burkina Faso, 1991, Art.31; Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005, Art.1; Constitution of
the Republic of Gabon, 1991, Art.2; Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution
of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997, Chapter 1;
Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991, Art.; Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991, Art.1;
Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, 2008, Art.
1; Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble and Art.2; Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan, 1992,
Art.1; Constitution of India, 1950, Preamble; Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, 1972, Art.1; Constitution
of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006, Art.1; New Constitution of the Republic of the Congo, 2002,
Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000, Art.30; Law of the Republic of Latvia on “The Reli-
gious Organizations”, 1995, Art.5(1); Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar, 2010, Art. 1; Constitution of
Mali, 1992, Art.25; Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990, Art.12; Constitution of Namibia, 1990,
Preamble and Art.1; Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, Art.4; Law of the Republic Poland on “The Guarantees
of Freedom of Religion and Belief”, 1989, Art 12; Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, 2003, Art.1; Consti-
tution of the Russian Federation, 1993, Art. 14; Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Prin-
cipe, 1975, Art.8; Constitution of the Republic of France, 1958, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Senegal,
2001, Art.1; Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, 2006, Art.11; Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992, Art.1;
Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, 1994, Art.1; Constitution of Togo, 1992, Art.1; Constitution of the
Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995, Art.1; Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993, Art.1; Constitution of the Re-
public of Chad, 1996, Art.1.
46
sekularuli sakonstitucio politika TurqeTSi 1922 wlidan moqmedebs.363
osmalTa imperiis dacemis Semdeg TurqeTma uaryo islamuri kulturisa da sa-
marTlis dominantoba da sekularizmi saxelmwifos oficialur ideologiad
aqcia.364 TurqeTis konstitucia sekularizms respublikis erT-erT ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblad acxadebs365, rac siaxle araa, Turquli sekularizmi (Laiklik)
qemalisturi ideologiis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa, romlis sa-
fuZvelzec Tanamedrove TurqeTis saxelmwifo Seiqmna.366 TurqeTis sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo sekularizmis sakonstitucio principis mTavar
damcvelad iqca.367 amis gamo sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 1998 wels `keTil-
dRReobis~ (Refah) da 2001 wels `faseulobaTa~ (Fazilet) partiebi arakonstitu-
ciurad gamoacxada.368 evrosasamarTlo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs sekulariz-
mis principis dacvas, gansakuTrebiT iseT saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, ro-
melTac sekularizmi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis erT-erT mTavar principad,
safuZvlad aqvT aRiarebuli. evrosasamarTlom adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis darRvevad ar scno TurqeTis mier islamisturi partiis daSla,
radganac sekularizmi demokratiisaTvis saWiro Tanmdev idead miiCnia369.
msgavsi politika damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifo sekularizmis mqone
qveynebisTvis, romlebic sakonstitucio doneze ganamtkiceben sekularizms.
mag., indoeTis umaRlesi sasamarTlo sekularizms indoeTis konstituciis Zi-
riTad struqturul nawilad ganixilavs370 da sakuTar sasamarTlo praqtika-
sac sekularizmis ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT aviTarebs.
363 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,
2009, 53; Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law Forum,
Vol.20, 2005, 22.
364 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424.
365 Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art.2.
366 Powell R., The Study of Secularism and Religion in the Constitution and Contemporary Politics of Turkey:
The Rise of Interdisciplinarity and the Descipline of Methodology? “University of St. Thomas Law Journal”,
Vol.7, No.3, 2010, 717; ix., Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Preamble.
367 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 424.
368 iqve.
369 Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and others v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 41340/98, 41342/98 and 41344/98,
13 of February, 2003; Turquli sekularizmi saxelmwifos fuZemdebluri principia, romelic
samarTlis uzenaesobasa da adamianis uflebebTan harmoniaSia, ix., Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom
in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law Forum, Vol.20, 2005, 4; ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey,
[ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005
370 Yildirim S., Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, The American Journal of Comparative
Law, Vol. 52, 2004, 909; Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1973 SC 1461.
371 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the
Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 175.
47
sruli gamijvna avtomaturad ar niSnavs maT Soris mtrul, arapartniorul
damokidebulebas372. sekularizaciis procesSi bevri dasavluri saxelmwifo
milis ideebs daeyrdno, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavisufleba da individi
sicocxlis umTavresi elementebia, radgan cxovrebisTvis ganmsazRvreli
mniSvnelobisaa SesaZlebloba, adamianebma Tavad airCion TavianTi savali
gzebi373.
mkacri gamijvnis modelis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo srulad em-
ijnebian erTmaneTs mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principis dacviT.374 eklesiisa
da saxelmwifos instituciuri gamijvna aSS-Si konsitituciis pirveli Ses-
worebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda, romliTac eklesia samoqalaqo
mmarTvelobis gamgeblobis sferos CamoSorda.375 pirvel Sesworebas amgvari
daniSnuleba SemdgomSi sasamarTlo praqtikam SesZina.376 evropuli tradiciis
Sesabamisad, rodesac episkoposma qerolma saxelmwifo mdivan medisons
hkiTxa, Tu vin surda daeniSna luizianas teritoriaze eklesiis war-
momadgenlad, medisonma uari ganacxada konsultaciaSi monawileobaze da
episkoposs aSS-is konstituciaze miuTiTa, romlis Tanaxmadac, saxelmwifos
Sida religiur saqmeebSi Careva ekrZaleboda.377 medisonis mtkicebiT, rome-
lic saxelmwifos mxridan religiis waxalisebisa da xelSewyobis
winaaRmdegic iyo,378 `religiuri Sexedulebebi da mrwamsi arc samoqalaqo
mmarTvelobis obieqtia da arc misi iurisdiqcia~379. amgvari Sefaseba iyo ma-
namde prezident jefersonisa da medisonis Semdgomi administraciebis ofi-
cialuri poziciac.
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos `kedliT~ gamijvnis metafora uSualod jefer-
sonis damkvidrebulia380, romelmac es sakiTxi 1802 wlis 1 ianvars baptisturi
asociaciis mimarT werilSi wamoWra.381 jefersoni aSS-is prezidentebis mier
moqalaqeTaTvis samadlobeli locvisaken mowodebasac SeewinaaRmdega.382
383 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”, #7,
1965, 190.
384 Doerr E., The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism, edited by Seid-
man B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004, 73; ix. citireba: Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 at 164.
385 Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”, #7,
1965, 201, ix. citireba: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1,18 (1947).
386 Wright J.J., Aggressive Secularism in America, “Catholic Lawyer”, Vol.6, 1960, 52.
387 Calo Z.R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits of the Estab-
lishment Clause, “Chicago-Kent Law Review”, Vol.87, 2012, 820, ix. citireba: Orestes Brownson, The
AmeRican Republic 257 (2003).
388 iqve, 819, ix. citireba: Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity 8 (1989).
389 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246.
390 Wood J.E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Anntated Bibliography,
London, 2005, 71.
391 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the
Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol.106, 2011, 185, ix. citireba:
Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 U.S. 1,16 (1929).
392 Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 246.
49
zRvari, principi da mimarTuleba daadgina.393 Tuki 1892 wels amerikis
umaRlesi sasamarTlo amerikis kulturasa da samarTalze saubrisas
ganmartavda, rom amerika `qristianuli saxelmwifo~ iyo,394 naxevari saukunis
Semdeg radikalurad gansxvavebul koncefcias aviTarebda. sasamarTlom kon-
stituciis pirveli Sesworeba sekularizmis WrilSi XX saukunis ormocian
wlebSi ganmarta395, Tumca es rodi gulisxmobs, rom manamde am mimarTulebiT
gadawyvetilebebi ar miuRia.396 misi gancxadebiT, federalur da Statebis
xelisufalT ekrZalebaT religiuri organizaciebis saqmianobaSi raime
formiT Careva, aseve, gadasaxadebis arcerTi saxe ar SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos
religiuri aqtivobebis, RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad.397 aSS-is umaRlesma
sasamarTlom 1971 wels e.w. `lemonis testi~ daadgina, romlis mixedviTac,
dawesebuli, upiratesi religiis akrZalva moiTxovs iseT kanonmdeblobas,
romelsac sekularuli miznebi aqvs, principul da pirvelad efeqts, romelic
upiratesobas ar aniWebs an piriqiT, ar zRudavs religias, ar qmnis zedmet
dabrkolebebs xelisuflebisa da religiis urTierTobebSi.398 aSS-is umaRles
sasamarTlos xSirad adanaSauleben sajaro azris ugulebelyofasa da sajaro
interesebidan izolirebaSi,399 gamonaklisi arc religiisa da sekularizaciis
sakiTxebia. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo dadgenil politikas mkacrad mihy-
veba. misi ganmartebiT, samarTalSefardebisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes saqmis
Sesabamisi neitraluri da zogadi sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba, garda im Sem-
Txvevisa, rodesac saqme religiuri jgufebisa da individebis urTierTobas
exeba.400 mosamarTle reinquisTi religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebs
aSS-Si orsaxovan ianuss adarebs, romlis erTi saxec ucilobeli istoriuli
faqtia, rom religiam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa amerikis saxelmwifod
CamoyalibebaSi, xolo meore saxe saxelmwifos mier nebismieri religiis priv-
ilegirebisgan Tavis Sekavebaa401.
saboloo jamSi, amerikulma sekularizmma402 iseTi forma miiRo, rom
nebismieri faqti SeiZleba moiazrebodes eklesia-saxelmwifos gancalkevebis
393
Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 425.
394
Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions in
American Politics and Law, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 5; Church of the Holy Trinity v.
United States, 143 U.S. 457, 471 (1892).
395
Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions
in American Politics and Law, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 5.
396 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 117.
397 Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947).
398 ix., Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 612 (1971); Nord W.A., Religion, the First Amendment and Public
Education, BYU Journal of Public Law, Vol. 8, 1994, 451; Stephens O.H.Jr., Scheb J.M.II, American Constitu-
tional Law, Vol.2, Civil Rights and Liberties, 4th Ed., Thomson Wadsworth, 2008, 222-223.
399 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,
2009, 66.
400 ix., Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990).
401 Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005).
402
amerikuli sekularizmisa da religia-saxelmwifos urTIerTobebis, aseve, religiis
Tavisuflebis Taobaze ix., Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law
50
sawinaaRmdego qmedebad. swored amis gamo aSS-is gerbze datanili fraza
`RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust) dResdReobiT cxare debatebis sagania da
zogierTis azriT, arRvevs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos Soris gamijvnis prin-
cips403. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom `gammijnavi kedlis~ jefersoniseuli gageba da
religiis privatizeba ukve aRaraa mkacrad warmodgenili AaSS-is umaRlesi
sasamarTlos praqtikaSi, vinaidan bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi man
uari Tqva radikalur separacionizmze.404 dResdReobiT aSS-Si saxelmwifoc
da sazogadoebac Tanxmdeba, rom religia kerZo sferoa, politika ki seku-
laruli unda iyos.405
amerikis paralelurad, gamijvnis procesi daiwyo evropaSic, Tumca
TiTqmis saukunis dagvianebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, evropis konservatizmiTa da
saxelmwifo mowyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli formebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
1914 wlis uelsis eklesiis aqtiT (Welsh Church Act) daiwyo sekularizaciis
procesi, saeklesio da saero samarTali gaimijna, kanonikur procesebze par-
lamentis uzenaesoba gauqmda, episkoposebs SeuwydaT lordTa palatis wev-
roba.406 es, rasakvirvelia, inglisisa da Sotlandiis eklesiebs ar Sexebia. mi-
uxedavad msgavsebebisa, sekularizmis amerikuli da evropuli gageba
sruliad gansxvavebulia,407 rac ufro socialuri faqtorebiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli. mag., amerikis mosaxleobis umravlesoba Tavs religiurad miiCnevs da
sekularizmis klasikur gagebas aniWebs upiratesobas, roca evropaSi es yvel-
aferi piriqiTaa.408 aRniSnuli gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo doneze politikis
formirebazec, rac bunebrivia.
sruli gamijvna, marTalia, sakanonmdeblo da sakonstitucio donezec uz-
runvelyofilia, Tumca, faqtobrivad, eklesia kvlavac seriozuli moTamaSea
socialur-kulturul urTierTobebSi, ris ignorirebasac saxelmwifo,
bunebrivia, ar cdilobs.409 igi iRebs pozitiur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos
moqalaqeTa religiuri uflebebis realizaciisaTvis Sesaferisi garemo.
avstriaSi eklesia da saxelmwifo gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan, Tumca es
ukanaskneli xels uwyobs yvela moqalaqisa da religiuri gaerTianebis
uflebas, imoqmedos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis.410
and Culture, Vol.10, No.2, 2008, 197; Stephens O.H.Jr., Scheb J.M.II, American Constitutional Law, Vol.2, Civil
Rights and Liberties, 4th Ed., Thomson Wadsworth, 2008, 209-235
403 Amundson S., Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA Honors Paper
Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008, 23.
404 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,
Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3, 2005, 668; ix., Davis D.H., A Commentary on the Supreme
Court’s “Equal Treatment” Doctrine as the New Constitutional Paradigm for Protecting Religious Liberty, Journal
of Church and State, Vol.46, 2004, 717-738.
405 Gedicks F.M., Some Political Implications of Religious Belief, Notre Dame Journal of Ethics and Public
Policy, Vol.4, 1991, 419, 421.
406 Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, “Law and Justice”, #149, 2002, 140.
407 Smith S.D., Religious Symbols and Secular Government, Israel Law Review, Vol.46, Iss.2, 2013, 197.
408 iqve, 198.
409 ix., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 30-31.
410 pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 453.
51
amasTan, saxelmwifo negatiuradac SeboWilia da valdebulia, daicvas
religiuri neitraliteti411.
liberaluri sekularizmi airCies tradiciulma marTlmadidebelma
qveynebmac. kviprosis marTlmadidebel eklesias, samarTlebrivi
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, radgan igi konstitu-
ciis amoqmedebamde miRebuli sakuTari wesdebis mixedviT moqmedebs da sxva
religiebis msgavsad, konstitucia masac srul Tavisuflebas aniWebs.412 amas-
Tan, kviprosis umaRlesma sasamarTlom sakmaod mkafiod gansazRvra eklesiis
statusi da miuxedavad misi socialuri rolisa, aRniSna, rom kviprosis
marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifo organo araa da ar SeiZleba ganxiluli
iqnes saxelisuflebo warmonaqmnad.413 gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ukrainaSi,
romelSic, marTalia, marTlmadidebloba dominantia mosaxleobis raodeno-
brivi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca misi imdenad bevri mimdinareoba arsebobs, rom
ukrainam saxelmwifo-eklesiis urTierTobis liberaluri _ amerikuli
modeli airCia da yvela religiur gaerTianebas Tanabari statusi mianiWa, yo-
velgvari upiratesobis gareSe414.
liberaluri sekularizmis Teoria wlebis ganmalobaSi ganviTarda da
bevri ganStoeba gaCnda. TiToeulma saxelmwifom Tavisi kulturis, istoriisa
da tradiciebis Sesabamisi midgoma airCia. ra Tqma unda, XIX saukunis da-
sawyisSi SemuSavebuli amerikuli doqtrina dRemde mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs, Tumca mas bunebrivad daemata axali moTxovnebi da standartebi.
Tanamedrove midgomiT, urTierTobaTa mravalmxriobisa da specifikurobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris ukve ori gammijnavi kedeli
unda arsebobdes, romlebiTac erTmaneTisgan gaimijneba eqskluziurad
eklesiis, eqskluziurad saxelmwifos da Sereuli _ eklesia-saxelmwifos
erToblivi kompetenciuri sferoebi.415 es, ra Tqma unda, eklesiis socialuri
roliTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom
srulad mainc ver itvirTa. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, sulier sferosac uz-
runvelyofs, Tumca am mimarTulebiT kvlavac religiuri urTierTobebi da
organizaciebi dominireben.
411
mag., kanadaSi 1980-iani wlebidan damkvidrebuli wesiT, saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos
romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebeli kanonebis miRebisagan, _ msgavsma
midgomam sekularizaciis procesze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. ix., loqlini r. b., ked-
lis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 95.
412
emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 280.
413 iqve, ix. citireba: Autocephalous, Saint, Orthodox and Apostolic Church of Cyprus v. the House of Rep-
resentatives, (1990) 3 C.L.R 338.
414 Yalensky V., Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with Special
References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 2002, 481.
415 ix., Hammet H.D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, “Journal of Church and State”,
#7, 1965, 203.
52
3.3.2.1.3. Laïcité
416 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 506.
417 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden
Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 945.
418 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1267; Troper M., Sovereignty
and Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2563.
419 Palomino R., Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual International Law and
Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010, 1.
420 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1268.
421 Abilmouna R., Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, Journal of Islam Law and Culture, Vol.13, No.2-
3, 2011, 124.
422 Liogier R., Laïcité on the Edge in France: Between the Theory of Church-State Separation and the Praxis of
State-Church Confusion, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol.9, 2009, 27.
423 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 184.
424 Torfs R., Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and Hidden
Differences, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #4, 1996, 951.
425 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27.
426 Annicchino P., Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, The George Washington Interna-
tional Law Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 821.
427 iqve; Chelini-Pont B., Is Laïcité the Civil Religion of France?, The George Washington International Law
Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 765.
428 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423.
53
marto barTlomes Ramis xsenebac sakmarisia im viTarebis aRsawerad, romelic
Sua saukuneebis bolosken safrangeTSi sufevda. 1598 wels anri IV gamosca nan-
tis ediqti, romliTac safrangeTma hugenotebi Seiwynara da neba darTo maT,
saxelmwifoSi Tavisuflad earsebaT.429 Tumca religiuri konfliqti amiT ar
Camqrala. rogorc tokvili ganmartavs, safrangeTSi religia da saxelmwifo
erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen, roca okeans gaRma, amerikelebma warmatebiT
SeZles religiisa da Tavisuflebis suliskveTebis gaerTianeba.430 saf-
rangeTis revoluciis erT-erTi monapovari isic iyo, rom religia kerZo saq-
med iqna aRiarebuli.431 1795 wels postrevoluciur safrangeTSi daiwyo sax-
elmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis procesi, Tumca es yovelive eklesiis
intensiur devnas ufro hgavda, vidre gonivrul sekularizaciaa.432 amas isic
ganapirobebda, rom ganmanaTlebloba, romlis Sedegic iyos franguli revo-
lucia, ebrZoda religias, rogorc aristokratiisa da xelisuflebis iaraRs,
swored amitomac sekularizmis popularizacia maT saxels daukavSirda.433
sekularizaciis procesi maleve, 1801 wels safrangeTsa da wminda saydars So-
ris dadebuli konkordatiT dasrulda, romelmac napoleons mniSvnelovani
politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina ara mxolod romis, aramed sxva qristianul
eklesiebzec434. konkordatiT politikuri xelisufleba niSnavda epis-
koposebs, romis paps ki mxolod sasuliero investituris gacemis
uflebamosileba hqonda435. konkordati 1804 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
gagrZelda, romelmac adre eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebis
umravlesoba samoqalaqo, saero kategorias miakuTvna.436
safrangeTis saxelmwifo sabWos ganmartebiT, Laïcité-s principis faqto-
brivi ganxorcieleba jer kidev XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo,437 ramac,
saboloo jamSi, 1958 wlis konstituciaSi safrangeTis sekularul (`laikur~)
saxelmwifod gamocxadeba gamoiwvia438 (es yovelive sakonstitucio doneze
pirvelad me-4 respublikis konstituciebma ganamtkica439). eklesiisa da sax-
elmwifos gamijvnis mkacri procesi, romelic XIX saukunis me-2 naxevarSi
429 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 37.
430 Annicchino P., Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, The George Washington Interna-
tional Law Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010, 821; De Tocqueville A., Democracy in America, University of Chicago
Press, 2002, 274.
431 braWuli i., dura n., zaqaraiZe a., religiis filosofia, Tbilisi, 2015, 229.
432 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-
lisi, 2011, 180.
433 ix, McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28, 2012,
119.
434 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, Foreign Affairs, #7, 1928-1929, 572.
435 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000, 1275.
436 McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28, 2012,
124.
437 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989.
438 Constitution of the French Republic, 1958, Art.2; Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies,
Tulane European and Civil Law Forum, Vol.20, 2005, 16.
439 ix., McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28,
2012, 139.
54
xelmeored, amjerad ukve srulad daiwyo safrangeTSi, 1905 wlis kanonis440
miRebiT dagvirgvinda, romelic dRemde ZalaSia, ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi
cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT. 1904 wels safrangeTma diplomatiuri ur-
TierTobebi gawyvita wminda saydarTan.441 1905 wlis kanonma gaauqma konkor-
dati da saxelmwifo xelisufleba nebismieri religiisgan gamijna, Tumca,
imavdroulad, franguli laicizmis doqtrinam daavaldebula saxelmwifo
pozitiurad, uzrunveleyo moqalaqeTa religiis Tavisuflebis realiza-
cia.442 rasakvirvelia, kanons romis eklesiis mZafri protesti mohyva, papma
pius X franguli laicizmi da 1905 wlis kanoni mkacrad gaakritika,443 Tumca
sinamdvileSi konkordatis gauqmebiT eklesiam ufro ixeira, radgan daibruna
mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebi, maT Soris, episkoposebis daniSvnis
ufleba, romelic manamde saxelmwifos kompetenciaSi Sedioda444. am kanoniT
SemoTavazebuli separacia niSnavda tradiciuli sistemis dasrulebas, ro-
melsac 1801 wlis konkordati qmnida,445 amasTan, manve daasrula politizebul
kaTolikeebsa da sekularist nacionalistebs Soris arsebuli TiTqmis
saukunovani dava.446 SeiZleba iTqvas, Laïcité franguli kaTolikuri eklesiisa
da saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis Sedegia.447
sakonstitucio rangSi ayvanili principi iseTi mniSvnelovania sax-
elmwifosTvis, rom saxelmwifo sabWos ganmartebiT, piris religiuri
mrwamsis SeuTavsebloba saxelmwifos oficialur sekularul politikasTan
sakmarisi safuZvelia misTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebaze uaris TqmisTvis.448
ufro metic, garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, franguli sasamarTloebi
mas suverenitetis konteqstSic ki ganmartaven da maT pirdapir ukavSireben
440 dawvrilebiT ix., McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International
Law, Vol.28, 2012, 124; Liogier R., Laïcité on the Edge in France: Between the Theory of Church-State Separation
and the Praxis of State-Church Confusion, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol.9, 2009, 26.
441 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 24.
442 basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-
lisi, 2011, 183.
443 ix., Encyclical “Vehementer Nos” of Pope Pius X to To Our Well-beloved Sons, Francois Marie Richard,
Cardinal Archbishop of Paris; Victor Lucien Lecot, Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux; Pierre Hector Couillie,
Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons; Joseph Guillaume Laboure, Cardinal Archbishop of Rennes; and to all Our Ven-
erable Brethren, the Archbishops and Bishops, and to all the Clergy and People of France, 11 February, 1906.
444 Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”, #8(1), 1966, 90.
445 Well P., Why the French Laïcité is Liberal, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2705.
446 Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, Vol.10, No.2,
2008, 191.
447 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-
alization and Religious Revival?, Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 30, 2009, 2352; Troper M., Sovereignty and Laïcité,
Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2561.
448 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 423.
55
erTmaneTs.449 xSirad mas safrangeTis revoluciis sam RirebulebasTan erTa-
dac ki moixsenieben.450
Laïcité iseTi universaluri da abstraqtuli Rirebulebebis erTobliobaa,
rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Semwynarebloba da a.S.451 faqto-
brivad, igi moqalaqeebisTvis, saerTo keTildReobisa da Rirebulebebis
garSemo gaerTianebuli xalxisTvis, samoqalaqo `religiad~ iqca452. Tuki
amerikuli gagebiT sekularizmi religiis Tavisuflebis saxelmwifosgan
dacvaa, franguli gagebiT, piriqiT, igi moqalaqeebs icavs `religiis gam-
ovlinebebisgan~.453
swored msgavsi politikis gamo safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi evrosasamarTlo
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs saxelmwifos sekularul bunebasa da
am principis sakonstitucio dozeneze uzrunvelyofaze.454 xSir SemTxvevaSi
safrangeTTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi religiis Tavisu-
flebis sferoSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba evrosasamarTlos praqtikisgan,
rac SemTxvevis individualizmiTaa ganpirobebuli.
sekularizmis franguli modeli, romelic neitralitets unda icavdes,
saxelmwifos CareviT xSirad ara neitralurad, aramed antireligiurad
moqmedebs.455 igi, wesiT, neitraluri politikaa religiiis mimarT456, Tumca es
neitraliteti xSirad fizikurad miuRweveli ideaa. Laïcité areligiurobidan
antireligiurobamde cvalebadi sakmaod myife sistemaa.457 Tanamedrove fran-
guli sekularizacia Semdeg principebs moicavs: 1. oficialuri religiis ar-
arseboba; 2. rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis individualuri Tavisufleba; 3. sax-
elmwifos aqsiomaturi Tavisufleba da eklesiebisa da religiebis organi-
zaciuli avtonomia; 4. individualuri da koleqtiuri rwmenisa da religiebis
Tanasworoba.458
2004 wels prezidentma Sirakma Tavsaburavebi da Cadrebi `agresiuli pro-
zelitizmis~ niSnebad gamoacxada da sajaro skolebSi religiuri sim-
boloebis akrZalvis Taobaze sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis inicireba
449 ix.,Troper M., Sovereignty and Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009, 2564-2565.
450 Choudhury N., From the Stasi Commission to the European Court of Human Rights: L’Affaire du Foulard and
the Challenge of Protecting the Rights of Muslim Girls, Columbia Journal of Gender and Law Vol.16, No.1, 2007,
252.
451 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 27.
452 Ungureanu C., Europe and Religion: An Ambivalent Nexus, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe,
Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 315.
453 Gedicks F.M., Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laïcité, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies,
459 Hackett R.I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some Comparative Perspectives,
Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3, 2005, 679.
460 Beydoun Kh.A., Laïcité, Liberalism, and the Headscarf, Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, Vol.10, No.2,
2008, 188.
461 Kuhelj A., Religious Freedom in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law Forum, Vol.20,
2005, 3.
462 iqve.
463 McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28, 2012,
120.
464 Zucca L., The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, “I-Con”, Vol.7, No.3, 2009, 500.
465 mag., safrangeTis gvineaSi 1828 wlis 27 agvistos samefo brZanebulebis Sesabamisad,
kaTolikuri eklesia finansdeba saxelmwifo fondidan da mxolod 1939 wlidan sxva
religiur gaerTianebebsac miecaT ufleba, dafinanseba mieRoT adgilobrivi munici-
paluri erTeulebisgan. ix., basdevan-godeme b., saxelmwifo da eklesia safrangeTSi, wignSi:
saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamo-
cemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 194.
466 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,
2009, 53.
467 Francis J. G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships, “Journal of Church
and State”, #4, 1992, 781.
57
sabWoTa kavSiri antireligiur politikas atarebda, nebismier religias
devnida,468 misi antireligiuri kampania religiis marqsiseul gagebas efuZne-
boda.469 eklesiebsa da religiebs komunisturi sazogadoeba rogorc
aucilebel borotebas, ise ganixilavda.470 sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnidan or
aTeulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebis politika marTlmadidebeli
eklesiisa da nebismieri sxva religiis mimarT Seuwynarebeli da agresiuli
iyo.471 stalinuri periodis Sua wlebSi eJovma da beriam srulad ganaxor-
cieles genocidi religiis msaxurTa da aRmsarebelTa mimarT.472 leninisa da
komunisturi partiis gacxadebuli mizani iyo RmerTis ideis sruli gandevna
sazogadoebidan, rasac yvela meTodis gamoyenebiT axorcielebdnen 1941
wlamde, roca stalinma sakuTari saWiroebisTvis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis sapatriarqo aRadgina, eklesiamac Semrigebluri politika airCia da
stalinis, rogorc RmerTis mier movlenili zeadamianis, kultis Seqmnas mxari
aSkarad dauWira.473 marTalia, am nabijiT saxelmwifom neba darTo eklesias
earseba mis teritoriaze, Tumca masze zewola, ra Tqma unda, ar Sewyetila474.
samecniero aTeizmi, faqtobrivad, sabWoTa kavSiris oficialuri religia
iyo475, _ msoflmxedveloba, romelic iswavleboda skolebSi, vrceldeboda
mediiT, aqtiurad eweoda propaganda literaturasa da zogadad, xelovnebis
yvela dargSi.476 1929 wlis 8 aprilis kanoni krZalavda nebismieri eklesiis
dafinansebas, materialur daxmarebas, aseve, religiuri gaerTianebebis mier
qonebrivi sakiTxebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT raime fondis, kooperativis an
kavSiris dafuZnebas.477 marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciebiT, forma-
lurad saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli iyo, saxelmwifo ki
religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebda, Tumca praqtikulad es nebismieri
religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas niSnavda.478 sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifo
akontrolebda eklesiis finansur da ideologiur saqmianobas, xolo
58
konkretul periodSi gansazRvravda kidec sasuliero Tanamdebobebze pirTa
daniSvnis sakiTxebs.479 sabWoTa kavSiris religiuri politika mTel social-
istur banakze vrceldeboda. aRmosavleT germaniaSi saeklesio proeqtTa um-
ravlesoba, eklesiis mier stumrebis mowveva, konferenciebze gamgzavreba da
a.S. saxelmwifos mkacri zedamxedvelobiTa da misi winaswari Tanxmobis sa-
fuZvelze xorcieldeboda480.
antireligiuri politika Tanamedrove msoflioSic aqtualuria.
Tanamedrove CineTi faqtobrivad aTeisturi qveyanaa saxelmwifoebriv
doneze, Tumca es konstituciaSi eqspliciturad araa aRniSnuli, aramed gam-
omdinareobs Tavad saxelmwifos politikuri organizaciidan da ideologi-
idan.481 saintereso fsevdoaTeisturi modeli moqmedebs Crd. koreaSi, sadac
religiuri sakiTxebi komunizmis modificirebuli ideologiis _ CuCxes,
principebis Tanaxmadaa mowesrigebuli.482
SeiZleba iTqvas, antieklesiis modeli arademokratiuli, franguli lai-
cizmis damaxinjebiT miRebuli sistemaa, romelic nebismier religias sax-
elmwifo mtrad acxadebs. marTalia, formalurad es sekularizmia, magram
faqtobrivad igi ewinaaRmdegeba sekularizmis mTavar princips: sax-
elmwifosa da religis damoukidebel, sruliad avtonomiur, mSvidobian Ta-
naarsebobas483. marTalia, sekularizmis gageba religiisa da saxelmwifos in-
stituciur gancalkevebas gulisxmobs,484 Tumca man ar unda miiRos iseTi
forma da saxe, rom mebrZol aTeizms an antireligiur kampanias daemsgavsos.485
sekularizmi ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc romelime religiis
sawinaaRmdego movlena, romlis mizani religiur RirebulebaTa sistemis
dakninebaa, rasac zogierTi marginaluri jgufi mimarTavs xolme.486 sax-
elmwifom ara mxolod ar unda Seuwyos xeli religias da waaxalisos igi, ara-
med ar unda daamkvidros e.w. `sekularizmis religia~, romelic ara-
religiurobas mianiWebs upiratesobas.487
479 Földesi T., Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, Emory International Law Review, Vol.10, 1996, 130.
480 Burgess J.P., Church-State Relations in East Germany: The Church as a “Religious” and “Political” Force,
Journal of Church and State, Vol.32, No.1, 1991, 19.
481 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 141.
482 ix., iqve, 143-144.
483 Berg Th.C., Colby K.W., Esbeck C.H., Garnett R.W., Religious Freedom, Church-State Separation, and the
Ministerial Exception, “Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy”, Vol. 106, 2011, 182.
484 Abilmouna R., Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, Journal of Islam Law and Culture, Vol.13, No.2-
3, 2011, 124.
485 ix., begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis CarCo, Jurn.
`sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 110-111.
486 Calo Z.R., Pluralism, Secularism and the European Court of Human Rights, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.
26, Iss. 1, 2010, 269; Ratzinger J., Pera M., Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam, Basic Books,
2006, 128; Carle R., Pope Benedict XVI Confronts Religious Relativism, Culture and Society, Vol. 45, Iss. 6,
2008, 40.
487 Nord W.A., Religion, the First Amendment and Public Education, “BYU Journal of Public Law”, Vol. 8, 1994,
449; ix., School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963).
59
3.3.2.2. TanamSromlobis modeli
3.3.2.2.1. TanamSromlobis modelis koncefcia
512 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 92-93.
513 ix., Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108.
514 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 101; Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1987, Art.16(3).
515 iqve, 67.
516 iqve, 69.
517 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on
Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 266. belgiaSi aRiarebuli religiebi
iReben ufaso tele-radio samauwyeblo dros, niSnaven kapelanebs SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da
sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebebSi, romelTa anazRaurebasac saxelmwifo uzrun-
velyofs. ix., iqve, 267.
518 Morée P., Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of Archbishop Jovan in
Its Broader Context, “Helsinki Monitor”, Vol.16, 2005, 292.
63
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis miwuruls eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ur-
TierTobebi SedarebiT gamosworda, gorbaCovis mowveviT ruseTis patriarqi
ukve oficialur RonisZiebebs eswreboda. es praqtika SemdgomSi postsabWoTa
qveynebSic gavrcelda.519 amiT faqtobrivad eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSrom-
lobis axali etapi daiwyo komunisturi banakisaTvis, ramac Sesabamisi
praqtikuli asaxva sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg hpova. postkomunisturi
banakis qveynebma, marTalia, aRiares eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis
demokratiuli, evropul-amerikuli modelebi, Tumca, vinaidan am qveynebis
umravlesoba istoriuli, Zlieri eklesiebiT gamoirCeva, sekularizaciis
process dRemde Tan sdevs seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi.520 am qveynebSi faqto-
brivi da formalur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba xSirad gansxvavdeba, gan-
sakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme eklesiasTan urTierTobas exeba.
saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom religiisa da saxelmwifos ur-
TierToba dadebiTadaa Sefasebuli, Tuki konstitucia: uzrunvelyofs adami-
anis ZiriTad uflebebs, adgens Tanabar midgomas (Tanabari da araTanabari
midgoma proporciulobis TvalsazrisiT ganisazRvreba), krZalavs demokra-
tiul politikur procesebSi nebismieri religiis monawileobas, aRiarebs
religiuri arsebobis, yofis gansakuTrebul statuss, uzrunvelyofs qveynis
kulturuli tradiciis pativiscemas.521
519 Peyrouse S., The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case of Christianity
in Central Asia, “Journal of Church and State”, #49, 2007, 101.
520 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 50.
521 ix., Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 62.
522 erqvania T., saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi konteqsti _
qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris
magaliTze, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013, 28.
523 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 37.
64
samarTlebrivi formebiT, rac ZiriTadad or doneze xorcieldeba: mo-
metebuli interesisa da gansakuTrebuli statusis SemTxvevaSi TanamSrom-
lobis sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia konstituciiT, xolo konstituciaSi gan-
sazRvruli debulebebis praqtikuli implementaciisaTvis, aseve, ZiriTadi
kanonis mowesrigebis ararsebobisas _ kanonmdeblobiT. saxelSekrulebo
modeli sakanonmdeblos analogiiTaa struqturirebuli da konkordatsa
(maRali saxelmwifoebrivi done) da SeTanxmebebs (konkretul sferoSi sax-
elmwifoebrivi an uwyebrivi done) gulisxmobs.
524 Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853, Art.2, Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, 1953,
Sec.4.
525 Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991, Art.13
526 Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975, Section II.
527 Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947, Art.7, Art.8.
528 Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978, sec.16(3)
529 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10.
530 ix., saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-9 muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebi.
65
liberaluri sekularizmis, sruli gamijvnis modelis qveynebi ZiriTadad
mxolod adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis kuTxiT adgenen religiis sakonstitu-
cio standartebs, Tumca gamonaklisebic arsebobs, rac konkretuli sax-
elmwifos socialuri da politikuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli531.
535 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 247.
536 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11.
537 avstriis saxelmwifosa da wminda saydars Soris urTierToba 1933 wlis konkordatiTa
da 1996 wlis CaTvliT ramdenime damatebiTi oqmisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelzea
mowesrigebuli. ix., pozti r., saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da ekle-
sia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-
lisi, 2011, 455.
538 Listl J., Church-State Relations in Germany, “The Jurist”, #56, 1997, 907.
539 robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia germaniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 91.
67
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosTan urTierTobebisTvis msgavs sa-
marTlebriv meqanizms gamoiyenebda. zogadad, konkordati ormxrivi
xelSekrulebaa, romelsac saxelmwifo da wminda saydari deben da romelic
qveyanaSi romis kaTolikuri eklesiis statuss, mis safinanso, religiur, sa-
kuTrebasTan da religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs awesrigebs540.
misi Sinaarsi mravalferovania, maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia religiis
Tavisuflebis gansxvavebuli gageba iyos SeTavazebuli, eklesiisa da sax-
elmwifos urTierTobebis romelime gavrcelebuli modelis damkvidrebis ga-
reSec541.
Tavdapirveli konkordatebi sasuliero da saero xelisuflebaTa Soris
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureboda, Tumca SemdgomSi
maT romis papebis saero ZalauflebiT aRWurvac gaiTvaliswines.542 eklesiis
mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis gamo xSirad iZabeboda urTierToba evropaSi.543
damoukidebeli religiuri gaerTianebebis arsebobam mmarTvelebs daanaxa,
rom isini samarTlis upirobo wyaros ar warmoadgendnen.544 eklesiasTan
dapirispirebis mTavari mizezi ara sasuliero sakiTxebi, aramed batonobis
stabilurobisa da simyaris survili iyo, romelic ukve mxolod saero
xelisuflebaze aRar iyo damokidebuli. saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis
gamijvnisa da dabalansebis mcdeloba iyo inglisis mefe henri I da anselm ken-
terberiels Soris dadebuli 1107 wlis konkordati.545 1122 wels daido
vormsis konkordati imperator hainrix V da pap kaliqstus II Soris.546 Tumca
vormsis konkordati maleve daarRvies hofenStaufenis dinastiis imperato-
rebma _ fridrix I barbarosam da fridrix II547.
marTalia, sityva `konkordatiT~ xsenebuli SeTanxmebebi moixsenieboda da
Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, Tumca klasikuri
konkordatis instituti, rogoradac igi Tanamedrove saeklesio samarTalsa
540 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011, 844.
541 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats (1963-
2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40.
542 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in
the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 893.
543 hainrix IV da grigol VII Soris imdenad rTuli damokidebuleba iyo, rom mas ramdenjerme
omic ki mohyva, rac, sabolood saRvTo romis imperiasa da romis paps Soris 1122 wlis
vormsis konkordatiT dasrulda. safrangeTis mefe francisk I da romis pap leo X Soris
dadebuli boloniis konkordatiT mefem miiRo eparqiebSi Tanamdebobis pirebis pirdapir,
kanonikuri wesebis gverdis avliT daniSvnis ufleba _ es yovelive eklesiis mimarT Sua-
saukuneobrivi saxelmwifo politikis Sedegi iyo. ix., narindoSvili m., gogelia v.,
julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 31; spikeri m.,
qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `sol-
idaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 82; Costigan R.F., State Appointment of Bishops, “Journal of Church and State”,
#8(1), 1966, 88-89; McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law,
Vol.28, 2012, 123.
544 Fukuyama F., The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution, London, 2012,
273.
545 Van Caenegem R.C., An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law, Cambridge, 1995, 70.
546 iqve.
547 iqve.
68
da konstitucionalizmSi aRiqmeba, napoleonis saxels ukavSirdeba.548 bona-
partesa da romis eklesias Soris konkordati 1801 wels daido da man napole-
ons eklesiaze seriozuli politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina549.
arsebobda mosazreba, rom konkordati samarTlebrivad aranair
Rirebulebas ar warmoadgenda, Tumca Tanamedrove samarTalSi aRiarebulia,
rom igi Tanabari statusis mqone mxareebis mier dadebul saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebaa, vinaidan wminda saydari saerTaSoriso samarTlis
subieqtia.550 ra Tqma unda, igive ar iTqmis im konkordatebze, romlebsac sax-
elmwifoebi sxva qristianul eklesiebTan deben. Tanamedrove konkordatebma
Zalze gaafarToves religiuri Tavisuflebis cnebis farglebi, rac sxva
religiuri gaerTianebebisa da zogadad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTare-
bisTvis sasargebloa.551 Tumca XX saukuneSi konkordatebis roli sakmaod
orazrovnad aRiqmeba diqtatorul reJimebTan vatikanis urTierTobis
gamo552.
romis papsa da italias Soris daZabuloba da mudmivi konfliqti lateranis
xelSekrulebiT dasrulda, romlis safuZvelzec italiam aRiara wminda
saydari, misi suvereniteti da eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena samarTlebrivad
gaaforma.553 lateranis xelSekrulebamde arcerTi konkordatis Sinaarsi ase
Sors ar wasula: italiam xelSekrulebiT ara marto wminda saydris su-
vereniteti scno, aramed kaTolicizmi mTel saxelmwifoSi erTaderT sax-
elmwifo religiad gamoacxada.554 1984 wels italiis saxelmwifosa da eklesias
Soris daido vila madamas xelSekruleba, romelmac sruliad gansxvavebuli
mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis xelSekrulebis principebi Caanacvla.555
548 gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., pa-
paSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2013, 45.
549 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 572.
550 Ryngaert C., The Legal Status of the Holy See, “Goettingen Journal of International Law”, #3, 2011, 844.
551 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in
the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 894.
552 mag., wminda saydari kritikis qarcecxlSi gaexva hitlerTan dadebuli konkordatis
gamo, mas nacizmTan Semrigeblur damokidebulebaSi adanaSaulebdnen. amis pasuxad,
vatikans xSirad moaqvs pap pius XII 1939 wlis enciklikuri werili, romelSic wminda saydari
mosalodneli safrTxeebis Sesaxeb iuwyeba. da adamianTa rasebis erTianobis ideis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul Teoriebs gmobs. amasTan, 1930-31 wlebSi romis eklesiis episkoposebi
nacional-socialistur midgomebs Riad upirspirdebodnen. wminda saydars konkordatebi
gaformebuli aqvs frankosTan da salazarTanac, rac dRemde, nacistebTan urTierTobis
faqtTan erTad, vatikanis mowinaaRmdegeTa erT-erTi mTavari argumentia. ix., Ramet S.P.,
Religion and Politics in Germany since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic Churches, “Journal of Church and
State”, #42, 2000, 119; Encyclical “Summi Pontificatus” of His Holiness Pope Pius XII to Our Venerable Breth-
ren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the
Apostolic See on the Unity of Human Society, 20 October, 1939, Para.71; Gurian W., Hitler’s Undeclared War on
the Catholic Church, “Foreign Affairs”, #16, 1937-1938, 260.
553 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 243.
xelSekrulebis Taobaze musolinisa da pius XI Soris molaparakebebi 1926 wlis agvistoSi
daiwyo da TiTqmis or weliwad-naxevari gastana. O’brien A.C., Benito Mussolini, Catholic Youth, and
the Origins of the Lateran Treaties, “Journal of Church and State”, #23, 1981, 117.
554 Géraud A., The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, “Foreign Affairs”, #7, 1928-1929, 578.
555 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246.
69
konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad, ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis da-
kanonebam radikalurad Secvala wminda saydris poziciebi da mTlianad
italiuri sazogadoeba.556 Tuki wminda saydarsa da italias Soris laterantis
xelSekrulebis dadeba, italiis gaerTianebis periodidan moyolebuli, ga-
fuWebuli urTierTobebis aRdgenis pirveli mcdeloba iyos, vila madamas
SeTanxmeba ukve Tanamedroveobis gamoZaxils warmoadgenda557.
wminda saydarsa da espaneTs Soris konkordati 1953 wels daido, Tumca im-
denad cudi formiT, rom 1976 wels igi axali SeTanxmebiT Caanacvles, rom-
liTac espaneTSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis sruliad axali
sistema Camoyalibda.558 amas mohyva 1978 wlis demokratiuli konstituciis
miReba da Sedegad, eklesia-saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis `naklebad
agresiuli sistema~ damkvidrda, Tumca kaTolicizmi dRemde espanuri
TviTmyofadobis, kulturisa da sazogadoebis ganuyofel nawilad rCeba559.
demokratiuli procesebis Sedegad Tanamedrove espaneTi TanamSromlobs
sxva qristianul eklesiebTanac (da aramarto) Sesabamisi SeTanxmebebis sa-
fuZvelze560.
romis eklesiasTan TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi germaniaSi dRemde
1933 wlis konkordatiT ganisazRvreba, Tumca federaciis subieqtebs
damatebiT wminda saydarTan da qristianul eklesiebTan sxva
xelSekrulebebic aqvT dadebuli. romis eklesiasa da germanias Soris
konkordatebiTaa mowesrigebuli ara mxolod TanamSromloba, aramed epis-
koposebis daniSvna da mTeli rigi proceduruli sakiTxebi.561 1933 wlis
konkordati, marTalia, nacional-socialistebis mmarTvelobis periodSi
daido, Tumca misi realuri aRsruleba mxolod meore msoflio omis
dasrulebis Semdeg daiwyo, radgan konkordatis dadebis Semdegac ki, SeTanx-
mebis arsebobis miuxedavad, nacistur germaniaSi miRebuli kanonebi pirdapir
ewinaaRmdegeboda wminda saydris oficialur poziciebs, maT Soris, qorwine-
basTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,562 romlebic pius XI enciklikaSi iyo moce-
muli563. vatikanis mier konkordatebis dadeba Tavdapirvelad tradiciuli
3.3.2.2.2.2.2. SeTanxmebebi
564 Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats (1963-
2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 39.
565 Palomino R., The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to Agreements in
the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004, 897.
566 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 248.
567 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 168-169.
568 Calo Z.R., Pluralism, Secularism and the European Court of Human Rights, “Journal of Law and Religion”,
Vol. 26, Iss. 1, 2010, 279; Modak-Truman M. C., Beyond Theocracy and Secularism (Part I): Toward a New
Paradigm for Law and Religion, “Mississippi College Law Review”, Vol. 27, 2007, 201.
71
adgenen, Tumca faqtobrivi mdgomareoba sruliad gansxvavebulia.569 amis gam-
omwvevi mTavari mizezi isaa, rom sazogadoebebSi, sadac individualuri seku-
larizmis dabali donea, religiuri avtoritetebi gansazRvraven individebis
moqmedebebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.570 swored amitom religiisa da sax-
elmwifos de facto urTierTobebi SesaZloa srulebiT ar Seesabamebodes
religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis de jure mowesrigebas.571 mag., irlandia
sruli urTierTgamijvnis models warmoadgens da kaTolicizmis Taobaze
debulebebi konstituciidan 1973 wels amoiRes,572 Tumca romis kaTolikuri
eklesiis faqtobrivi gavlena xelisuflebaze gacilebiT didia, vidre, mag,,
saberZneTSi, sadac saxelmwifo eklesia arsebobs.573 `Sveduri paradoqsis~ sax-
eliTaa cnobili SemTxveva, rodesac mosaxleobis didi nawili morwmune araa,
Tumca dominanti eklesiis wevria574 da maT cxovrebaSi es ukanaskneli mniSvne-
lovnadaa integrirebuli.575 miuxedavad msgavsi mdgomareobisa, SvedeTi erT-
erTi yvelaze sekularuli saxelmwifoa da eklesia mis politikaze faqtobriv
zegavlenas ver axdens. saxelmwifo politikiT, religiis adgili piradi
cxovrebis sferoSi ganisazRvreba576.
Sereul models miekuTvnebian iseTi qveynebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi,
SeTanxmebebis donezec ki ara aqvT TanamSromloba eklesiasTan Tu religiur
organizaciebTan. Sereuli sistemis warmomadgenelia ruseTi, sadac marTlma-
didebel eklesiasa da xelisuflebas Soris Zalian `Txeli gammijnavi
kedelia~, maTi qmedebebi xSirad erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba.577 Tanamedrove rusuli
eklesia faqtobrivi upiratesi eklesiis statusiTaa da dResdReobiT gac-
ilebiT metad eqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da xelisuflebas, vidre adrindel
epoqaSi, igi `putinis reJimisa~ da antidasavluri ganwyobis seriozul
mxardaWerad aRiqmeba.578 marTlmadidebeli qristianebi ganapirobeben
ruseTis politikas kulturuli, religiuri, samoqalaqo da sxva mimar-
TulebebiT, Sesabamisad, marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar SeiZleba erT-erT
rigiT religiur organizaciad iqnes miCneuli579.
569 ix., Cranmer F., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, “Law and Justice”, #162, 2009, 14.
570 ix., Chaves M., Secularization as Declining Religious Authority, “Social Forces”, Vol.72, No.3, 1994, 760.
571 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 88.
572 ix., Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937, Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of the Republic
of Ireland, 1972.
573 ix., robersi g., saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo
da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targ-
mani, Tbilisi, 2011, 665.
574 1996 wlamde SvedeTi yoveli axaldabadebuli moqalaqe SvedeTis eklesiis wevri avto-
maturad xdeboda. Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Par-
adoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J.
Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 78.
575 iqve, 77.
576 iqve, 76.
577 ix., Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of Church
and State”, #47, 2005, 558-559.
578 Blitt R.C., One New President, One New Patriarch, and a Generous Disregard for the Constitution: A Recipe
for the Constinuing Decline of Secular Russia, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law”, Vol.43, 2010, 1340.
579 Marsh C., Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State, “Journal of Church
and State”, #47, 2005, 560.
72
Sereuli modeli avtomaturad arademokratiuls ar gulisxmobs, Tumca
sinamdvilisa da samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis araTanxvedra, maT Soris mniS-
vnelovani cdomilebiT, namdvilad arcerTi saxelmwifosTvis araa sasur-
veli. Tuki qveyana tradiciuli demokratiis sistemis maxasiaTeblebiT araa
aRWurvili, sxva religiuri organizaciebis mimarT erTi eklesiisaTvis
aSkara de facto upiratesobebis miniWebis gziT faqtobrivad diskriminaciuli
garemo iqmneba.
580 Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 57.
581 Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-
gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 37.
582 iqve, 38.
583 ix., iqve, 41.
584 Robbers G., Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 59,
ix. citireba: M. Kotzur and L. Michael (eds.), Peter Häberle, Vefassungsvergleichung in Europa- und
weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Späte Schriften (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2009), Vorwort at vii.
585 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-
alization and Religious Revival?, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol. 30, 2009, 2351.
586 iqve, 2335.
587 Habermas J., Notes on a Post-Secular Society, “New Perspectives Quarterly”, Vol.25, No.4, 2008
73
gadian evropis ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi, kanada, avstralia, axali
zelandia da a.S.588
axali zelandiis umaRlesma sasamarTlom jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi
mkafiod ganmarta, rom qveyanaSi saxelmwifo eklesia ar arsebobs.589 msgavsi
praqtika damkvidrda mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi. sasamarTlos azriT, in-
glisisa da Sotlandiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac axali zelandia poli-
tikuri warsuliT hgavs, axal zelandiaSi erovnuli, saxelmwifo statusiT
arcerTi religiuri gaerTianeba ar sargeblobs.590 saxelmwifos sekularuli
statusis miuxedavad, rogorc wesi, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dakavebis win
sazeimo fics Zvel an axal aRTqmaze deben, ufro metic, 1854 wlidan (ofi-
cialurad damtkicda 1962 wlis dadgenilebiT) warmomadgenelTa palatis se-
sia `yovlisSemZle uflis~ mimarT palatis spikeris warmoTqmuli locviT
iwyeba.591 misi saxelmwifos meTauri _ elisabed II ki oficialurad iwodeba,
rogorc `RmerTis wyalobiT axali zelandiisa da sxva samefoTa da terito-
riebis dedofali, xelmZRvaneli Tanamegobrobisa da rwmenis damcveli~592.
aSS, miuxedavad imisa, rom mtkice sakonstitucio respublikaa eklesiisa da
saxelmwifos mkacri gamijvniT, misi mosaxleobis religiurobis gamo, xSirad
hibriduli sekularizmis niSan-Tvisebebis matarebelicaa.593 religia istori-
ulad da axlac ki Zalian did rols TamaSobs amerikis politikur
cxovrebaSi.594 konstituciis pirvel Sesworebas xSirad religiisgan sruli
distancirebis ideiT ganmartaven, rac mcdari mimarTulebaa, radgan kon-
stituciis arcerTi debuleba adgens, rom `religiis Tavisufleba unda iyos
religiisgan Tavisufleba~595. bergeris SefasebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekle-
sia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis politika aSS-Si saxelmwifos Seqmnis dRidan
moqmedebs, Tanamedrove angloamerikul samyaroSi religiis gavlena
garkveul sferoebze araTu Semcirda, aramed piriqiT _ mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda kidec.596 aSS-is sami udidesi _ monobis, `mSrali kanonisa~ da
samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobebi religiuri perspeqtiviTa da organiza-
ciaTa aqtiuri religiuri SexedulebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.597 bevri
588 iqve; Dillon M., Can Post-Secular Society Tolerate Religious Differences?, Sociology of Religion, Vol.71,
No.2, 2010, 142.
589 Carrigan v. Renwood, 1910, 30 N.Z.L.R. 244, 252.
590 Mabon v. Conference of the Methodist Church of New Zealand, 1998, 3 N.Z.L.R. 513,523.
591 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 106.
592 “...by the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of Commonwealth,
Defneder of the Faith.” Art. 2 of the Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974.
593 ix., Dillon M., Can Post-Secular Society Tolerate Religious Differences?, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.71,
No.2, 2010, 142.
594 ix., Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Tradi-
tions in American Politics and Law, “Journal of Law and Religion”, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 26.
595 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”, Vol.1,
No.1, 1984, 177.
596 cxadaia g., religiisa da politikis urTierTobis axali formebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#1(34), 2010, 77.
597 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 123.
74
amerikeli eyrdnoba biblias da iTvaliswinebs religiuri avtoritetebis
Sexedulebebs moraluri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas598.
religiisadmi saxelisuflebo favoritizmi amerikuli saxelmwifos Se-
qmnis periodSi sakmaod aqtualuri iyo, rac ramdenime StatSi dResdReobiTac
SemorCa.599 miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana liberaluri sekularizmis samSob-
lod miiCneva, Statebis mixedviT konkretuli religiuri mimdinareobebi
gamorCeuli sazogadoebrivi statusiT sargebloben, rasac Statis
mmarTvelTa mxridan aSkara, daufaravi proteqcionizmic Tan sdevs. 1954 wels
kongresma erTgulebis fics (Pledge of Allegiance) daumata sityvebi `RmerTis
winaSe~, romelic warmomadgenlobiTi sabWos moxsenebis Tanaxmad, sax-
elmwifoebriv saqmeebSi RmerTis Semweobas usvams xazs.600 1956 wels aSS-is
oficialuri devizi gaxda `RmerTis gvwams~ (In God We Trust, romelic 1865 wli-
dan monetebze gamoisaxeboda), rac maleve iqca ganxilvis sagnad, Tumca
saolqo federalurma sasamarTloebma ar daadgines konstituciis pirveli
muxliT uzrunvelyofili religiis Tavisuflebis Selaxva601 da aRiniSna, rom
devizis sityvebi ufro ceremoniuli da patriotuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad,
konstituciuria.602 simboluria 11 seqtembris teraqtis adgilze aRmarTuli
jvari (Ground Zero Memorial) da sasamarTlo SenobaTa kedlebze gamosaxuli aTi
mcneba.603 es yovelive sekularuli aSS-Tvis ubralo simbolika araa, miT
umetes, mxolod saero datvirTvas ar atarebs.
marTalia, nebismieri prezidenti an prezidentobis kandidati maqsimalu-
rad gaurbis eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis principze aqtiur saubars da mas
oficialurad aRiarebs, Tumca gavleniani eklesiebi yovelTvis cdiloben fa-
voriti kandidatis mxardaWeras.604 paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom aSS-is
umaRlesi sasamarTlo, romelic sekularizmis standarts adgens da am mimar-
TulebiT Tavad qmnis precedentul samarTals, marSalis droidan dRemde yo-
veldRiur sxdomebs iwyebs sityvebiT: `RmerTo, daifare SeerTebuli Statebi
da pativsacemi sasamarTlo~605.
606 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,
2009, 69.
607 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 92, ix. citireba: Ben-
son, ‘Notes Towards a (Re)Definition of the ‘Secular’ (2000) 33 UBCL Rev. 519.
608 Rosenfeld M., Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an Era of Glob-
alization and Religious Revival?, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol. 30, 2009, 2334.
76
III. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba saqarTveloSi
1. eklesia-saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi
1.1. I-V saukuneebi
609 Clendenin D.B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A Western Perspective, 2 nd Ed., Grand Rapids, 2003, 20.
610 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 6.
611 ix., iqve, 108-127.
612 iqve, 188.
613 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 74.
614 iqve.
615 lomouri n., narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1975, 45.
616 iqve, 80.
617 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, me-2 gamocema, Tbi-
lisi, 2009, 17.
618 istoriul wyaroTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad, es movlena imperator konstantines
zeobisas moxda, es ukanaskneli ki 337 wels gardaicvala. ix., lomouri n., narkvevebi
qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1975, 84.
619 iqve, 87.
77
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebiT eklesia saxelmwifos organi-
zaciuli meqanizmis umniSvnelovanes institutad gadaiqca. eklesiasa da sax-
elmwifos Soris sruli urTierTgageba _ simfonia620, sufevda, rasac, zoga-
dad aRmosavleTis qristianTa dogmatikac amyarebda. sxvaTa msgavsad,
qarTlis eklesiac qristian xelmwifes, rogorc saxelmwifos meTaurs, gan-
sakuTrebuli uflebebiT aRWuravda: mas, rogorc orgzis mironcxebuls, sa-
kurTxevelSi Sesvlis uflebac ki hqonda.621 mefis gansakuTrebuli statusis
maniSnebelia is garemoebac, rom igi aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi.
jer kidev mirianis mefobidan episkoposebi irCevdnen eklesiis meTaurs,
Tumca misi legitimaciisTvis mefis mier damtkiceba, `dasma~ iyo
aucilebeli622.
620 Ferrari S., Proselytism and Human Rights, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.
Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 257.
621 papuaSvili n., wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, anu:
ityoda Tu ara igi uars ekumenizmze?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #3(36), 2010, 30.
622 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZ-
velesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 255.
623 vaxtang gorgaslis sparseTSi yofnisas Wori gavrcelda, TiTqos man sarwmunoeba
Seicvala, ramac mTavarepiskopos miqaelis mxridan mefis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi gam-
oiwvia. mTavarepiskoposma SeaCvena mefe, xolo roca es ukanaskneli mosananieblad da gare-
moebaTa gasamartad mivida, daCoqil monarqs mTavarepiskoposma saxeSi wixli uTavaza da
mefes kbilebi Caumtvria. vaxtang gorgasalma miqaelis saqcieli mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyena
da eklesiis reformirebis miseuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gza gaexsna. man
mowinaaRmdege mRvdelmTavari konstantinopols gagzavna gasasamarTleblad, amiT
rogorc gaaTavisufla eklesiis meTauris adgili, ise misi momxre pirebi akurTxebina kon-
stantinopolis patriarqs kaTalikosad da episkoposebad. ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli
eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 291, 307, 312, 315.
624 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge,
2012, 60.
625 iqve, 61.
78
episkoposTa ricxvi gaizarda.626 mefem 14 axali, misdami loialurad ganwyo-
bili mRvdelmTavari627, maT Soris, kaTalikosi da qarTuli eklesiis avtoke-
falia miiRo.628 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gorgaslis reformam eklesiis mimarT
saxelmwifos poziciebis gaZliereba da yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxSi samefo
xelisuflebis primati ganapiroba.629
dagegmili da mizanmimarTuli kampaniis Sedegad, qarTlis eklesiam
TviTmwyemsobis pativi moipova, saxelmwifo kidev ufro dauaxlovda bizan-
tias, eklesiaSi ki gadawyvetilebis mimReb mRvdelmTavrebad samefo xelisu-
flebis mier mowonebuli da misi interesebis gamtarebeli pirebi dainiSnen,
amasTan, es yvelaferi mefem ara uSualod Tavad, aramed konstantinopolis pa-
triarqis saSualebiT ganaxorciela.
626 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.1, uZvel-
esi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012, 256.
627 miqaeli qalkedonistebis mTavari dasayrdeli da moTave iyo kavkasiaSi, Sesabamisad,
misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva mefisTvisac ki rTuli saqme iyo, amitomac, logikuria, rom
vaxtangma mTavarepiskoposis momxre mRvdelmTavrebis mTlianad Secvla moindoma. ix., ja-
vaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 315.
628 iqve, 312
629 ix., RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia
20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 147.
630 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.I, Tbilisi, 2012, 274.
631 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 190-191.
632 iqve, 192.
633 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, me-2 gamocema, Tbi-
lisi, 2009, 34.
634 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI
saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 170.
79
amitomac, logikuria, saqarTvelos srulad gaerTianebasa da axali, Zlieri
saxelmwifos Seqmnas qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba uZRoda win. antioqiisgan
sruli gamoyofa da saSinao Tu sagareo urTierTobebSi sruli damoukide-
blobis mopoveba melqisedek I dros moxerxda, romelmac `kaTalikosTan~ er-
Tad ukve `patriarqis~ titulic miiRo.635 es qarTuli eklesiisa da saqarTve-
los saxelmwifos diplomatiis gamarjveba iyo, romelic pirdapir
saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebzec zemoqmedebda. tituli `kaTalikos-
patriarqi~ saqarTvelos gaerTianebis aRmniSvnelic unda iyos: mcxeTis
kaTalikosi afxazeTis mwyemsmTavaric gaxda636.
X-XI saukuneebSi qarTul eklesias gansakuTrebiT maRali avtoriteti
hqonda da saero saqmeebSic aqtiurad ereoda.637 qarTul eklesias hyavda jari,
hqonda droSa, qoneba, mkacri ierarqiuli struqtura.638 saqarTvelos gaer-
Tianebamde kaxeTis samTavros saerTod qorepiskoposebi marTavdnen, isini
laSqris mTavarsardlebadac miiCneodnen.639 mTis Temebis mmarTveli xevis-
berebi da dekanozebic saeklesio pirebi iyvnen.640 eklesiis gaZlierebis par-
alelurad, feodalebma miznad daisaxes mis instituciaSi integracia, radga-
nac eklesiis saSualebiT gacilebiT stabiluri, gavleniani da rac mTavaria,
uzrunvelyofili statusi eqnebodaT. Sedegad, XI saukunis saero cxovreba
eklesiaSi Zalze SeiWra, saxelmwifosac da eklesiasac didi feodalebi ga-
nagebdnen.641 amas axalisebda bagrat IV, romelic aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis
marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebSi, ufro metic, igi Tavad uwyobda xels simonias da
episkoposTa Tanamdebobebs yidda, ris Sedegadac qarTuli eklesia mTlianad
Tavad-aznaurTa garkveuli kategoriis gavlenis qveS moeqca642.
635 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge,
2012, 61.
636 lomouri n., qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, meore gamocema,
Tbilisi, 2009, 46.
637 doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953, 120.
638 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21.
639 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI
saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169.
640 iqve.
641 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 72.
642 ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 184.
643 Gabashvili M., Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval Centuries, in: Georgian
Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 91.
80
monastris daarsebiT daviT kurapalati dasavluri politikis mimarTulebis
gaZlierebas isaxavda miznad, rac, TavisTavad, trapizonze sazRvao inter-
essac gulisxmobda644.
aTonelma mamebma gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes saqarTvelos gaer-
Tianebisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.645 isini Zalian aq-
tiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelos, bizantiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis
politikur cxovrebaSi.646 saberZneTSi moyvawe qarTvelTa wyalobiT ara mxo-
lod qarTuli saeklesio cxovreba ganviTarda da saeklesio wesebi daixvewa,
aramed yovelive aman seriozuli daxmareba gauwia qarTuli saxelmwifos
poziciebis gaZlierebas, erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da TviTmyofadobis
winsvlas.647
qarTuli eklesiis, maT Soris eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis erT-
erTi pirveli reformac aTonis mTas ukavSirdeba. aTonis mTidan
saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma giorgi mTawmindelma saqarTveloSi aRmoaCina
qristianuli eklesia, romelic sruliad moSorebuli iyo im ideals, rasac
qristianoba qadagebs.648 man saeklesio reforma wamoiwyo da Seecada eklesia
ukeTurebisgan gaewmina, igi Riad mouwodebda sasuliero pirebs eklesiaTa
Semkoba-gamSvenierebaze fuli daezogaT da gaWirvebulTaTvis miecaT, ro-
melTac daxmareba gacilebiT metad sWirdebodaT.649 mTawmindeli Seecada,
qarTuli eklesia gaewminda saero elementebisgan, Seemcirebina samefo
xelisuflebis gavlena saeklesio sakiTxebze da eklesiisTvis, SeZlebis-
dagvarad, ufro demokratiuli mimarTuleba mieca.650 saeklesio reformam da
RonisZiebebma, romlebic man ganaxorciela, eklesiis institucionalizaciaSi
gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana, Tumca mis Zalisxmevas gansakuTrebuli
efeqti ar mohyolia.651 amis mizezi imdroindeli socialuri, politikuri da
ekonomikuri yofa iyo, romelSic mniSvnelovani da Zireuli reformebis ga-
tareba faqtobrivad warmoudgenelic ki iyo652.
81
Canacvleba aucileblobas wamoadgenda.653 marTalia, saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebasa da Zlieri mefis Zalauflebas feodalebi ebrZodnen, Tumca eklesi-
asTan mimarTebiT maTi damokidebuleba sruliad loialuri iyo (mag., baR-
vaSebi).654 amitomac eklesia, garkveulwilad, antisaxelmwifoebriv ganwyobas
amJRavnebda da feodalebs uWerda mxars. igi saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli
subieqti iyo da marTalia, saxelmwifo cdilobda saeklesio saqmeebSi Carevas,
Tumca es yovelTvis mniSvnelovani garTulebebiT sruldeboda.655 sasuliero
sakiTxebi da saeklesio dogmatika yovelTvis kaTalikosisa da saeklesio
krebis eqskluzivs warmoadgenda da masSi Carevas vercerTi xelisufali be-
davda656.
daviT IV saeklesio reformis gatareba ganizraxa. misi ganzraxva XI saukunis
bagrat IV da giorgi mTawmindlis mcdelobis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo.657
mefes formalurad ar SeeZlo eklesiis saqmianobaSi Careva, sasuliero sa-
kiTxebis gadawyveta.658 amitomac XII saukunis dasawyisSi ruis-urbnisis teri-
toriaze saeklesio kreba moiwvia. aRniSnuli faqti eklesiaze mefis gavlenas
mianiSnebs, Tumca aRmaSeneblisTvis ubralod gavlena sakmarisi ar iyo, mas
eklesiis saxelmwifos samsaxurSi Cayeneba da damorCileba surda.659 ruis-
urbnisis krebis mizani ara mxolod sarwmunoebriv-aRmsareblobiTi sa-
kiTxebis, aramed `eklesiaTa da samRvdeloTa~ saqmeebis gadawyveta iyo.660
marTalia, saeklesio krebam araerTi sasuliero sakiTxi gadawyvita da
moawesriga, Tumca, imavdroulad, swored krebis saxeliT mefem samefo taxtis
siZlieris mowinaaRmdegeebi gaanadgura,661 eklesias ZirZveli da Zlevamosili
feodalebi CamoaSora.662 javaxiSvilis azriT, saqarTvelos socialuri war-
matebis erT-erTi sakvanZo elementi aRmaSeneblis mier saeklesio reformis
gatareba da eklesiis uRirs pirTagan gawmenda iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo ara gva-
riT, aramed pirovnulad gamorCeuli adamianebis dawinaurebasa da saeklesio
ierarqiaSi daniSvnas663.
saeklesio krebis mier miRebuli aqti, romelic ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweris
saxeliTaa cnobili, saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi sjuldebaa, romelic
Tavisi epoqis udidesma qarTvelma moazrovneebma Seadgines.664 Zeglisweram
daakanona da daadgina is, risi mcdelobac krebamde naxevari saukuniT adre
653 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 191.
654 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI
saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 169.
655 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985,
167.
656 iqve.
657 ix., iqve, 52.
658 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278.
659 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985,
66; metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 24.
660 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 117.
661 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 273.
662 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 21.
663 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 206-207.
664 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 271.
82
giorgi mTawmindels hqonda.665 eklesiis reformirebam mefes moqmedebis
Tavisufleba misca da gza gauxsna, analogiuri cvlilebebi sajaro xelisu-
flebis sistemaSic ganexorcielebina666.
eklesia ruis-urbnisis krebas ara eklesiis damorCilebis, aramed eklesia-
saxelmwifos Soris mmarTvelobiTi kavSiris faqtad miiCnevs.667 sinamdvileSi,
es ar yofila Semrigebluri an TanamSromlobiTi aqti, krebis mier miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebiT aRmaSenebelma saxelmwifo da eklesia ara mxolod
daukavSira erTmaneTs, aramed eklesia saxelmwifos dauqvemdebara,668
mRvdelmTavrebad sakuTari momxre pirebis gamwesebiT ki, taxtis
mowinaaRmdege didgvarovnebs eklesiis mxridan arsebuli seriozuli materi-
aluri Tu moraluri mxardaWera mouspo, ramac sabolood xelisuflebis
gaZliereba ganapiroba. daviT IV mcdelobis Sedegad saxelmwifo da Tavad
mefis institutma gansxvavebul masStabebs miaRwia: xalxis TvalSi monarqia da
samefo xelisufleba RviT kurTxeulad miiCneoda669.
665 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.II, Tbilisi, 2012, 208.
666 iqve, 209.
667 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.3, XII-XVI
saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 149.
668 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 282; am
TvalsazrisiT, aRmaSeneblis mier Camoyalibebuli eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis
modeli ufro metad erastianizmisken ixreba, vidre bizantiuri `simfoniisken~. ix., Ra-
RaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis
Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 149.
669 avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tbilisi, 1989, 27.
670 ix., Surguladze M., Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the Builder,
in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D. Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013, 88.
671 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985,
66.
672 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.II, tfilisi, 1929, 129.
673 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-
kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 101.
83
bis Semdeg, mas rogorc saero, ise saeklesio saqmeebze miuwvdeboda xeli, sax-
elmwifosa da eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebze uzarmazari gavlena hqonda da
faqtobrivad, mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirad miiCneoda.674 reformis
Sedegad mefe ganagebda Sidasaeklesio sakiTxebs, mwignobarTuxuces-Wyon-
didlis saxelos wyalobiT ki eklesiis umaRles ierarqebsa da mmarTvelobas
akontrolebda.675 Wyondideli ukve ara mxolod eklesiis Tanamdebobis piri,
aramed saxelmwifo moRvawe da mefis `vaziri~ iyo676 da mas erTdroulad ram-
denime eparqiac emorCileboda677.
`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ mixedviT, Wyondideli `mama ars mefisa~. 678 igi
`qristes sworad~ moixsenieboda.679. miuxedavad vazirTa Soris upirvelesis
maRali statusisa da uflebamosilebebisa, mTeli misi Zalaufleba mefisgan
iyo delegirebuli.680 mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels farTo uflebamo-
silebebi hqonda da samxedro, safinanso, administraciul da saeklesio sfer-
oebs moicavda.681 mas, rogorc mefis Semdeg upirveless, ara romelime
konkretuli, aramed yvela dargi erTad ebara.682 mis gareSe arcerTi mniSvne-
lovani sakiTxi ar wydeboda.683 uSualod mwignobarTuxucesis gamgeblobis
qveS iyvnen samefo monastrebi, romlebic kaTalikosis zogad iurisdiqcias ar
emorCilebodnen.684 igi saTaveSi edga saajo kars,685 romelic, javaxiSvilis
azriT, umaRlesi sasamarTlos funqciebs asrulebda686.
axalma saxelom mefis molodini srulad gaamarTla.687 mwignobarTuxuces-
Wyondidlis Tanamdeboba Zlieri saqarTvelos arsebobis periods emTxveva,
roca samefo xelisuflebas eklesiasa da sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifos er-
TianobisTvis Zlieri dasayrdeni sWirdeboda.688 eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobebis gadaxedvam da saeklesio reformam mniSvnelovanwilad ga-
napiroba daviT IV politikis warmateba. swored gamarTuli ideologiuri sa-
fuZvlisa da udidesi gavlenis mqone socialuri institutis mentaluri
674 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985,
67.
675 ix., RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia
20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 148-149.
676 mesxia S., Zlevaჲ sakvirveli, Tbilisi, 1972, 33.
677 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-
kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 113.
678 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 59.
679 Tumca mefis aRmatebis xazgasasmelad, am ukanasknels `RvTisswors~ uwodebdnen ix., an-
Telava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi,
Tbilisi, 1983, 112-113.
680 iqve, 116.
681 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 200-201.
682 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 246.
683 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 24.
684 anTelava il., saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII sau-
kuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1983, 117.
685 stefnaZe j., saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, 1985,
164.
686 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w.II, n.I, tfilisi, 1929, 24.
687 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 247.
688 iqve, 57.
84
mxardaWeris gamo saxelmwifos aRmaSenebliseuli gageba da koncefcia mon-
RolTa batonobamde moqmedebda689.
86
saqarTveloSi samarTlis wyaro iyo. mag., `didi sjuliskanoni~ saqarTveloSi
uSualod moqmedebda, misi gamoyenebiT samoqalaqo, saojaxo, memkvidreobiTi
da sisxlissamarTlebrivi sakiTxebi wydeboda.710 vinaidan qristianoba sax-
elmwifo religiis statusiT sargeblobda, religiuri wesebi yvelasTvis
savaldebulo iyo, Tumca, imavdroulad, saxelmwifo rjulSemwynareblobis
politikas atarebda, ramac aRmaSeneblis xanaSi im epoqisTvis saocar
masStabebs miaRwia.
87
neblad ibrZoda da samcxis yvela mRvdelmTavari da sasuliero piri kaTali-
kosisa da saqarTvelos mefis morCilebaze savaldebulo wesiT716 daafica.717
sabolood, aRniSnuli meqanizmi grZelvadiani moqmedebisa ar aRmoCnda,
mzeWabuk aTabagma antioqiis patriarq dosiTeoss saeklesio kanonebis sruli
darRveviT mawyvereli episkoposi mTeli samcxis eklesiebis ufrosad
gamoacxadebina, riTac faqtobrivad, samcxe qarTlis kaTalikosis iu-
risdiqcias CamoaSora.718 mesxeTis eklesiebisaTvis ukanono damoukideblobis
miniWebiT mesxeTis mTavarma saboloo damoukideblobas miaRwia, mefe kon-
stantines mcdelobis miuxedavad, samcxe qarTlis samefos Camoscilda719.
imereTis mefe bagrat VI saero damoukideblobis mopovebis paralelurad,
dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia erTian saqarTvelos CamoaSora da antioqiis
patriarq mixeils, yovelgvari kanonikis darRveviT afxazTa kaTalikosad
ioane akurTxebina, riTac ramdenime saukuniT daasamara erTiani qarTuli
eklesiis idea, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da erTianobis erT-
erTi winapiroba da ideologiuri sayrdeni iyo.720 saqarTvelos daSlas
qarTuli eklesiis dayofac mohyva, rac sruliad bunebrivia, radgan eklesia
yovelTvis cdilobda erTianobis SenarCunebas, amitomac separatistulad
ganwyobili mefe-mTavrebisTvis misi dasusteba upirvelesi amocana iyo. ram-
denime eklesiis warmoqmnis Semdeg ki TiToeulma mTavarma Tavisi samTavros
eklesia daimorCila da saxelmwifo nebas srulad dauqvemdebara.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia erTiani aRar iyo, es
ukanaskneli kvlavac aqtiurad cdilobda, saxelmwifo funqciebi eTava da sa-
dac xelisufleba problemebs ver wyvetda, Tavad Seesrulebina aqtiuri
roli. sasuliero da saero problemebis gadasawyvetad XVI saukunis Sua
wlebSi saeklesio kreba iqna mowveuli.721 kreba qarTlis kaTalikos malaqiasa
da afxazeTis kaTalikos evdemonis iniciativiT Sedga da man mniSvnelovani sa-
marTlebrivi dokumenti miiRo, romelic `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ saxeli-
Taa cnobili.722 dokumenti saero da sasuliero cxovrebis problemur da aq-
tualur sakiTxebs awesrigebda. masSi kvlavac SenarCunebulia saxelmwifosa
da eklesiis statusobrivi Tanasworobisa da eklesiis mniSvnelovan rolze
xazgasmis tradicia.723 marTalia, dokumenti saero sakiTxebsac awesrigebda,
Tumca xelisufalTa sisustisa da mobilizebis arqonis gamo man mainc ufro
sasuliero funqcia Seasrula, saero cxovrebaze ki mxolod sazogadoebrivi
zegavleniT Semoifargla.
724 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278.
725 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-
XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 138.
726 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278.
727 doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, 222-e
muxli, Tbilisi, 1963, 932; `mefe da kaTalikozis saqme... orive swori aris, imitom rom erTi
xorcis xelmwife aris da meore sulisa, kurTxeva da pativic RvTisgan da kacTaganac swore
aqvsT.~ ix., xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 278, ix.
citireba: vaxtangis samarTali, muxli `ke~.
728 saeklesio sasamarTlosa da kaTalikosis (rogorc damoukideblad, ise saxelmwifosTan
erTad) gansaxilvel SemTxvevebs exeboda vaxtangis samarTlis 24-e, 61-e, 62-e, 64-e, 65-e, 66-
e, 78-e, 79-e, 81-e, 82-e, 95-e, 96-e, 97-e, 155-e da 262-e muxlebi. ix., vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi
qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 52.
729 ivaniZe m., religiisa da sisxlis samarTlis urTierTobis zogierTi istoriuli aspeqti,
Jurn. `samarTali~, #2-3, 1998, 60, ix. citireba: Codex Teodosianes, Helnel, 8,8,5,819.
730 ix., iqve, 61.
731 doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis vaxtangisa, 222-e
muxli, Tbilisi, 1963, 539.
732 metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 31.
733 xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 291.
89
stambaSi pirvelad swored saeklesio wignebi daibeWda, raTa rac SeiZleba
male gaevrcelebinaT isini sasuliero pirebSi734.
743 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis
dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 16.
744 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 17.
745 kekelia T., gavaSeliSvili e., ladaria k., sulxaniSvili i., marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis
dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013, 17.
746 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 18.
747 abaSiZe z., TadumaZe m., saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis istoriidan (XIX s-is
pirveli naxevari), wignSi: religiis istoriis sakiTxebi, t.I, z. abaSiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbi-
lisi, 210.
748 mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.4, XVII-XX
saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 190.
749 1820 wels gaenaTeli episkoposebis, eqvTimesa da dosiTeozis dapatimrebam mniSvnelo-
vani winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia: imave wlis 21 maiss gelaTis monasters daqvemdebarebuli
ajanyebuli sofel futieTSi saimperio jarebma ori aTasi qarTveli daxoces. ix., iqve, 191-
192.
750 surgulaZe a., surgulaZe p., saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi, 1991, 184; tyeSe-
laSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, quTaisi,
2014, 249.
751 ix., RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia
20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 154.
91
dasawyisSi miaRwia.752 avtokefalistebis azriT, qarTul eklesias avtoke-
falia ar daukargavs, radgan es de jure ar ganxorcielebula, ubralod mas
avtokefaliis faqtobrivi aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba SeezRuda.753 ruseTis
imperiis daSlis Semdeg es procesi kidev ufro gaaqtiurda, radganac
qarTuli eklesiisTvis TviTmwyemsobis aRdgena saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobisTvis aucilebel RonisZiebad iyo miCneuli.754 Sedegad, 1917
wlis 12(25) marts saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam avtokefalia
aRidgina, rac sasuliero da saero pirebis erToblivi mecadineobiT
moxerxda755.
patriarqma kirionma oficialurad gaacxada eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobebis axali mimarTuleba, eklesiam qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
xelmSewyobisa da daxmarebis funqcia itvirTa.756 sasuliero pirebi
monawileobdnen 1918 wlis 26 maiss gamarTul sxdomaSi,757 aseve, damfuZnebeli
krebis mowvevasa da sxva mniSvnelovan saero RonisZiebebSi.758 damoukide-
blobis gamocxadebidan or dReSi, 28 maiss sakaTalikoso sabWom damoukide-
blobis dRe `sazeimo movlenad~ gamoacxada759 da SemuSavda `damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mimarT morwmune moqalaqeTa ficis furceli~, ro-
melic mTeli samRvdeloebisaTvis savaldebulo iyo760.
eklesiis mxridan saxelmwifosadmi mxardaWerasa da loialobas xelisu-
flebis mxridan sruliad sapirispiro ganwyoba xvdeboda. social-demokrati-
uli mTavroba, romlis sekularuli politika mmarTveli politikuri elitis
ideologias, reformirebul marqsizms, eyrdnoboda,761 ara mxolod ar en-
doboda eklesias, aramed yvela formiT cdilobda, Seeviwroebina nebismieri
religia. aman, saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv
752 ix., tyeSelaSvili l., saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi sa-
kiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014, 250-302.
753 iqve, 225.
754 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000,
145.
755 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 7.
756 `ganmtkiceba axlad aRdgenili eklesiisa mis istoriul uflebebSi _ ai, pirveli sazru-
navi. dRes valad aZevs eklesias emsaxuros imave ideas da medgrad gaaxsenos kacobriobas
saxeli qarTveli erisa. man xeli unda Seuwyos Cvens ganmtkiceba gaerTianebas, raTa kaco-
briobis ferxulSi Cvenc vpovoT Sesafari da damsaxurebuli adgili. ai, meore sazrunavi
Cveni.~ ix., Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #1, 1987, 10.
757 vardosaniZe s., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi,
Tbilisi, 2001, 30.
758 `saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis didmniSvnelovania es dRe, rogorc dRe damfuZnebeli
krebis mowvevis da am gziT Cveni Tavisuflebis gamagrebisa da kanonierebis gzaze dadgo-
misa. didi bednierebaa, udidesi monapovaria xalxis keTildReobisTvis.~ ix., cxum-afxaze-
Tis mitropolit ambrosis sityva damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT
(1920 28/02), sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi 1917-1927 ww.Si, werilebi, Tbi-
lisi, 2010, 34.
759 pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000,
146.
760 ix., iqve, 147-148.
761 RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20
wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 157.
92
cnobierebas seriozuli dartyma miayena da upirveles yovlisa, Tavad sax-
elmwifo daazarala.762 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba ar-
afrad agdebda eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis klasikur qarTul
sistemas, misTvis uintereso iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis momavali, am
ukanasknelis problemebs ki saerTod ugulebelyofda.763 saxelmwifos
religiuri politikis Sedegad daixura religiuri saswavleblebi, usaxsrod
darCa aTasobiT adamiani764. eklesias CamoerTva qoneba, miwebi da saeklesio sa-
ganZuri765, sasuliero saswavleblebi ganaTlebis saministros gadaeca766, gau-
qmda saRvTo sjulis swavleba767, eklesias CamoerTva samoqalaqo registra-
ciis ufleba768, saeklesio dResaswaulebis xarjze Semcirda uqme dReebi769 da
a.S. saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereoda eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi da arc malavda
Tavis interess, misTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze eklesiis saxeliTac Tavad
mieRo gadawyvetileba.770 saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1920 wlis seqtember-noem-
berSi SeimuSava eklesiis saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis kanonproeqti,771 marTa-
lia, misi miReba ver moeswro, Tumca kanonis ZiriTadi principebi 1921 wlis
konstituciaSi aisaxa772.
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Sesaxeb Tavi sakonstitucio komisiam jer kidev
1919 wlis 24 Tebervals ganixila.773 komisias saxelmwifosa da eklesiis Sesaxeb
774 macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba da miReba, Tbilisi, 2008,
78.
775 ix., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstituciis XVI Tavi.
776 iqve, 142-e muxli.
777 iqve, 143-e muxli.
778 iqve, 144-e muxli.
779 Anckar C., Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011, 166.
780 Gautier M.L., Church Elites and the Restoration of Civil Society in the Communist Societies of Central Europe,
“Journal of Church and State”, Vol.40, No.2, 1998, 293.
781 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 70.
782 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 8, ix. citireba: dekreti 21 saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetisa `sax-
elmwifosagan eklesiisa da eklesiisagan skolis gamoyofis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos ssr kon-
stituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), Semdgeneli gr. ermakovi, Tbilisis universi-
tetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1983 w., gv. 31-33.
783 iqve, 16.
94
sabWouri okupaciis xana eklesiis SeviwroebiT, taZrebisa da sasuliero
pirTa ganadgurebiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca 40-iani wlebis bolodan eklesiis
mimarT aqtiurma agresiulma politikam mniSvnelovnad icvala saxe da gac-
ilebiT Semwynarebluri gaxda, ra Tqma unda, sabWouri standartiT (1943 wels
sabWoTa kavSirisa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gaerTianebam saerTo mtris
winaaRmdeg, omis dasrulebis Semdeg eklesias SedarebiT meti Tavisufleba da
marTalia, SezRudulad, Tumca mainc, moqmedebis meti sivrce misca784).
marTlmadideblobam SeZlo rogorc dampyroblebTan, ise avtoritarul da
totalitarul reJimebTan Tanaarseboba.785 am periodSi erTaderTi
dadebiTad dasamaxsovrebeli faqti qarTuli eklesiisTvis is iyo, rom meoce
saukunis 40-ian wlebSi aRdgenilma ruseTi sapatriarqom scno saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalia, xolo 1990 wels msoflio patriarqma da
konstantinopolis wmida sinodma aRiares qarTuli eklesiis uZvelesi sta-
tusi da avtokefalia786.
1990 wlis 9 oqtombers sabWoTa kavSirma sakanonmdeblo doneze neba darTo
religiur gaerTianebebs, mSvidobianad da Tavisuflad emoqmedaT, ufro
metic, ara mxolod dasrulda maT mimarT mtruli damokidebuleba, aramed
qvelmoqmedebisa da sagamomcemlo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis nebac
miecaT.787 Tumca amas ukve arsebiTi mniSvneloba aRar hqonda, vinaidan sabWoTa
kavSiri politikur rukaze arsebobis bolo Tveebs iTvlida.
784 ix., Della Cava R., Transnational Religions: The Roman Catholic Church in Brazil & the Orthodox Church in
Russia, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 546.
785 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 349.
786 Grdzelidze T., The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge,
2012, 61.
787 Glanzer P., Teaching Christian Ethics in Russian Public Schools: The Testing of Russia’s Church-State Bound-
aries, “Journal Church and State”, Vol.41, 1999, 287.
788 Bartulin N., The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia (Origins and Theory), Leiden-Boston, 2014,
215.
789 ix., Della Cava R., Transnational Religions: The Roman Catholic Church in Brazil & the Orthodox Church in
Russia, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 545.
790 Roudometof V., Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Dis-
putes, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.69, No.1, 2008, 73.
95
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarda.791 msgavsi procesebi daiwyo postto-
talitarul saqarTveloSic. saxelmwifom 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaauqma
qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis ucxo da aRadgina istoriuli da sauflo
dResaswaulebi.792 liberalizacia ganicada 1978 wlis sabWoTa konstituciam,
romliTac damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi imarTeboda qveyana.793
1995 wlis konstituciam ki religiis Tavisufleba da religia-saxelmwifos
gamijvnis Tanamedrove principi aRiara,794 romelic SemdegSi TanamSromlobis
sekularul modelad Camoyalibda.
zogadad, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba xSirad problemuria.795 amas uamravi
faqtori ganapirobebs. upirveles yovlisa, es aris marTlmadideblobis dog-
matika saxelmwifosTan Semguebluri politikis Taobaze, aseve, aRsaniSnavia
am saxelmwifoTa sabWour-socialisturi gamocdileba, gardamavali periodi,
romelSic maTi sazogadoebebi imyofebian da a.S. msgavsi problemebi saqarTve-
losTvisac damaxasiaTebelia.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis nawili erovnul identobas pirdapir
daukavSirda da erovnuli cnobierebis ganuyofel nawilad Camoyalibda.796
marTlmadideblobam gansakuTrebuli statusi itvirTa saqarTveloSi, igi
ara mxolod adamianTa religiuri mrwamsis gamomxatvelad, aramed erovnuli
identobis nawilad iqca. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom istoriulad qarTuli
marTlmadideblobis safuZvelze raime sxva seqtis an konfesiis warmoSobas
adgili ar hqonia.797 xSirad eklesiisa da erovnuli cnobierebis elementebi im-
denadaa aRreuli, rom Tavad eklesiis sulieri misiis cvlilebac xdeba da
konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis miznebamde dadis.798 mag., iveriis gabrwyinebis
idea, romelmac qarTuli eklesia da qarTveli eri gadaajaWva erTmaneTs.
erovnuli ideologis rolis aRebiT eklesia yvelaze didi safrTxis _
gaamqveyniurebis winaSe dgeba,799 riTac igi kargavs umTavress _ aramiwier
saburvels, romelic misi, rogorc instituciis, umTavresi niSania.
96
saqarTveloSi monarqia Teologiur sawyisebze arsebobda800 da sekular-
izacias srulebiT ar icnobda. sekularizmis qarTuli Canasaxi WavWavaZiseul
triadaSic SeiniSneba, sadac `mamulma~, rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifos ideam,
romelic swored sekularizmisgan Caisaxa, `sarwmunoebaze~ win daikava
adgili.801 marTlmadidebelma eklesiam moaxerxa da tradiciul marTlma-
dideblur qveynebSi eTnosi (eri) da marTlmadidebloba erT mTlianobad
aqcia.802 swored amis gamo marTlmadidebloba religiis privatizacias _ misi
sajaro sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi moqcevas _ seriozulad ewinaaRmdeg-
eba da amas eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi negatiur movlenad
afasebs.803 Tumca eklesiam fexi unda auwyos Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebs da
ganviTardes, es waadgeba rogor Tavad eklesias, ise saxelmwifosac. msoflio
patriarq barTolomeosis azriT, marTlmadideblobas ganviTarebisTvis
esaWiroeba Tanamedrove filosofiur azrovnebasTan, sazogadoebriv dina-
mizmTan, xelovnebisa da kulturis sxvadasxva formasTan urTierToba.804 am
gamowvevis winaSe sxva tradiciuli marTlmadidebeli eTnosebis sax-
elmwifoebTan erTad, saqarTveloc dgas.
uaxlesi kvlevebi imis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva, rom marTlmadideblobas
SeuZlia sruli an nawilobrivi demokratiis pirobebSi warmatebas miaRwios,
ufro metic, Tavad gaxdes demokratiuli procesebis sulis Camdgmeli da se-
riozuli mxardamWeric.805 mTavaria, daZlios Seucnoblisadmi SiSi.806 am mxriv,
gamonaklisi arc qarTuli samociqulo eklesiaa, romelsac SeuZlia gac-
ilebiT metad iTamaSos gadamwyveti roli saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazoga-
doebriv ganviTarebaSi, vidre nebismier saxelisuflebo institucias. amis
mizezi ki kvlavac posttotalitaruli, transformaciis procesSi myofi
qarTuli sazogadoebaa, romelsac SeuZlia rogorc ganviTarebul, civi-
lizebul evropul sazogadoebad, ise fundamentalizmiT gajerebul, araSe-
mwynareblur, Tvisobrivad araqarTul erTobad gardaiqmnas. swored am vi-
TarebaSia saWiro im simfoniis xorcSesxma, romlis ideasac marTlmadidebeli
eklesia aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebTan samarTlebrivi ur-
TierTobebis aspeqtSi aviTarebda.
807 Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31.
808 Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001, Par.119;
Ouranio Toxo and others v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 74989/01, 20 October 2005, Par.35; United Communist
Party of Turkey (ÖZDEP) v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. No. 23885/94, 8 December 1999, Par.43.
809 Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February 2010, Para.45.
810 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula.
811 ix., iqve, me-9 muxlis pirveli punqtis pirveli winadadeba.
812 ix., iqve, me-19 muxli.
813 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.78.
814 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 157.
815 ix., iqve.
98
religiur Sexedulebas, iyos aTeisti da a.S.816 amasTan, konstitucia uzrun-
velyofs religiis Tavisuflebas rogorc individualur, ise koleqtiur
doneze.817 ra Tqma unda, igi religiur gaerTianebaTa uflebebsac moicavs818.
medisonis TqmiT, `religiis sakiTxebSi, arcerTi adamianis ufleba ar
izRudeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebis mier da... religia
srulebiT ar eqceva maTi gansjadobis qveS.~819 es imdenad piradi da intimuri
sferoa, rom masSi nebismieri saxis Careva udides borotebas uTanabrdeba.
saqarTvelos konstitucia krZalavs rwmenis an aRmsareblobis gamo vinmes
devnas an iZulebas, gamoTqvas, gaamJRavnos sakuTari Sexeduleba am sakiTxTa
gamo.820 saxelmwifom, romelsac samarTlis uzenaesobaze aqvs pretenzia,
aseve, unda uzrunvelyofs religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva, gan-
sakuTrebiT iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saxelmwifoSi erTi religiuri mimdi-
nareobis aRmsareblebi dominant jgufs warmoadgenen821. WeSmaritad
Tavisufali sazogadoeba isaa, sadac SesaZlebelia rwmenis, gemovnebaTa da
rwmenaTa mravalferovnebis, Cveulebebisa da sxvadasxva Sexedulebis mSvido-
biani Tanaarseboba.822aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom aRmsareblobis Tavisu-
fleba ar gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, gamoxatos religia nebismier drosa
da nebismier adgilas, miT umetes imas, rom gamoxatva avtomaturad srulad
Seesabameba sxvaTa rwmenas.823 konstitucia uSvebs religiis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis SesaZleblobas, Tumca erTi mTavari pirobiT, misi realizacia, am
SemTxvevaSi aRmsareblobis ZiriTadi uflebis gamovlineba, sxvaTa uflebebs
unda laxavdes.824 mxolod sxvebis uflebebis dacva SeiZleba iyos is erTa-
derTi legitimuri sajaro mizani, romelic religiis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvas gaamarTlebs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic ZiriTadi uflebiT dacul
sferoSi Careva unda iyos Sesabamisi da Tanazomieri.
816 izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi,
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 110; vardosaniZe m.,
religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. korkelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006,
131.
817 ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 111-112.
818 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 161.
819 Smith S.D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious Practices in the
United States (Accomodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 274, ix. citireba: Madison,
“A Memorial and Remonstrance”, 309.
820 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-2 punqti.
821 ix., vardosaniZe m., religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT, wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli stan-
dartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k. korkelias redaq-
torobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 136.
822 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of
Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 55; R. v. Big M Drug Mart., [1985] 1. S.C.R. 295 at 94.
823 Hirschl R., Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by T.
Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011, 430.
824 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-19 muxlis me-3 punqti.
99
qristianuli eklesia religiis Tavisuflebas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
sifrTxiliT ekideboda.825 eklesia mxars uWers rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebas.826 amis motivi umartivesia: adamianis Tavisufleba qristiano-
bis amosavali ideaa.827 amasTan, igi uaryofs religiur Seuwynareblobas da
gmobs fanatizms, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ukavSirdeba Tu ara es religias.828
dauSvebelia eklesiis gancxadebebSi, qadagebebsa da ex cathedra gamosvlebSi Za-
ladoba Caidos an politikur Tu ekonomikur miznebs emsaxurebodes829.
Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Govern-
ance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 317. Tumca amasTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani midgomaa. mag.,
Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis win ficis dadebas amarTlebs evrokomisia. ix., Knudsen v. Sweden,
[ECHR], App. no. 11045/84, 8 March 1985; evrosasamarTlo ki ganmartavs, rom parlamentis wevris
saxelmwifo fici, romelic mxolod saxarebaze an bibliaze ideba, religiis Tavisuflebas
zRudavs. Buscarini and Others v. San Marino, [ECtHR], App. no. 24645/94, 18 February 1999, Para.39.
834 ix., Ibán I.C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 52-
53.
835 romelime konkretuli religiis gansakuTrebuli statusi avtomaturad sxva religiaTa
dakninebas ar gulisxmobs. ix., saginaSvili q., marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze, Jurn. `adamiani
da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 17.
836 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti.
837 ix., iqve, me-6 muxli.
838 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 357.
839 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.6.
840 iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, d. Tini-
kaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009, 90-91.
841 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 94-95.
101
saxelmwifos neitraluroba religiur sferoSi saxelmwifosa da religiis
srul izolacias,842 miT ufro religiuri faseulobebisagan mis srul dis-
tancirebas ar gulisxmobs.843 upiratesi religiis (TanamSromlobis) sistemaSi
saxelmwifo aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas, ar gaaCnia
saxelmwifo religia, Tumca erT konkretul religiur gaerTianebas gan-
sakuTrebuli statusi aqvs istoriul-kulturuli faqtorebis gaT-
valiswinebiT844.
TanamSromlobis modeli airCia saqarTvelomac, romelmac 1995 wlis kon-
stituciaSi gamoarCia saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri samo-
ciqulo eklesia, qveynisaTvis misi istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobi-
dan gamomdinare.845 SemdgomSi ki sakonstitucio cvlilebebis saSualebiT
dazustda is samarTlebrivi garemoeba, romelmac saqarTvelos marTlma-
didebeli eklesia privilegirebuli statusis matareblad aqcia. upirvele-
sad, es mdgomareobs eqskluziur uflebamosilebaSi, _ saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifosa da mas Soris daidos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba. aRniSnuli Sesa-
Zlebloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias, sxva konfesiebTan Sedare-
biT, mniSvnelovani privilegiiT aRWuravs.846 aRniSnuli debulebis imple-
mentacia maleve ganxorcielda da konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels
daido. mecnierTa nawilis mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebisaTvis aucilebeli araa sxva religiur
gaerTianebaTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis darRvevis xarjze gan-
sakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis arseboba, amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba sxvadasxva
samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis dadebac.847 Tumca aRniSnuli mosazreba sruliad
dausabuTebelia, radganac erTi romelime religiuri organizaciis privi-
legirebuli mdgomareoba avtomaturad sxva gaerTianebaTa diskriminacias ar
niSnavs, miT umetes, rom evropul saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi eklesia-sax-
elmwifos urTierTobaTa msgavsi sistema moqmedebs.
saqarTvelos eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba sakanonmdeblo
doneze naklebadaa implementirebuli, mxolod ramdenime samarTlebrivi
aqti awesrigebs eklesiis statusTan, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebTan da-
kavSirebul sakiTxebs. sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, saqarTvelos Sromis
kodeqsi da a.S. TanamSromlobis garkveuli sferoebi uzrunvelyofilia ka-
nonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiTac.
842 ix., Ledewitz B., Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011, 247.
843 ix., bilefeldti h., religiis Tavisufleba: saboloo kriteriumi?, v. kobaxiZis Targmani,
Jurn. `solidaroba~, #10(19)’07, 2007, 35.
844 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 43.
845 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti.
846 loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 156.
847 iqve, 161.
102
2.3.2. TanamSromlobis qarTuli modelis problemebi
eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa samarTlebriv models saqarTveloSi
bevri socialuri Tu samarTlebrivi problema Tansdevs, romlebic ara mxo-
lod kerZo, viwro, aramed zogadsistemur xasiaTs atarebs. samwuxarod,
saqarTveloSi dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelic
sxvadasxva religiuri mimdinareobisa da religiur gaerTianebaTa samarTle-
briv statuss daadgenda, maT ufleba-movaleobebsa da rac mTavaria, sax-
elmwifosTan urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs moawesrigebda. wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da religiur organizaciebs Soris ur-
TierTobis momwesrigebeli kanonis ramdenime proeqti arsebobda, Tumca
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo saparlamento mosmenebamde vercerTma miaRwia.848
kanonis ararsebobisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirobebSi didia dis-
kriminaciuli mowesrigebisa da religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT uTa-
nasworo samarTlebrivi reJimis Seqmnis albaToba.
qarTuli sistema, marTalia, TanamSromlobis models amkvidrebs, magram
aRniSnuli TanamSromloba, ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, mxolod erTi religiuri
gaerTianebis mimarT vlindeba. ukeTesi samarTlebrivi sivrcis uzrun-
velyofisaTvis aucilebelia TanamSromlobis meqanizmebis daxvewa da ganvi-
Tareba sxva tradiciuli religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT. amasTan,
TanamSromlobis arsebuli meqanizmi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxiT, ara-
nakleb problemuria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom religia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi samarTlebrivze
metad socialur-politikuri problemebi Warbobs, miT umetes, imis gaT-
valiswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis kvalificiuri umravlesoba
erTi religiis aRmsarebelia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, oficialurad mainc). zoga-
dad, religia da religiuri gaerTianebebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis insti-
tutebia, romlebic eTikur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sakiTxTa gan-
sazRvras emsaxurebian.849 amitom gasakviri arcaa, rom marTlmadidebeli
eklesia aqtiurad monawileobs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi. igi yovel-
Tvis amaxvilebs yuradRebas sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis iseT sakiTxebze,
rogoricaa: sagareo politika, erovnuli identoba, demografiuli
problemebi da a.S.850 ra Tqma unda, eklesiis monawileoba sajaro sferoSi
avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mxriv mis Zalau-
flebasac.851 marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marginaluri jgufebis samoqalaqo
aqtivoba, samwuxarod, xSirad Tavad eklesiis avtoritets ayenebs Crdils,
rac, saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebrivi azris polarizebasa da socialur
jgufebs Soris daZabulobas iwvevs. problema is araa, rom eklesiebi sajaro
103
sferoebsa da mimarTulebebze TavianT mosazrebebs Riad da saqveynod gamoT-
qvamen, mTavaria, maTi mixedviT moqmedeba nebayoflobiTi iyos da am yovelivem
konfliqtebis eskalacia ar gamoiwvios852.
eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis qarTuli modeli prioritetul, priv-
ilegirebul religiad marTlmadidebel qristianobas asaxelebs, Tumca sa-
marTlebrivad religiis Tavisuflebas aRiarebs. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom sxva religiuri organizaciebis roli, ara marto socialuri, ar-
amed samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac sakmaod dakninebulia. saxelmwifo mow-
adinebuli unda iyos, Seqmnas religiuri saqmianobisaTvis jansaRi da plu-
ralistuli garemo, romelSic TiToeuli adamiani Tu religiuri jgufi
SeZlebs uflebaTa srulyofil, jerovan ganxorcielebas. am mizniT,
aucilebelia praqtikiT gansazRvris an sruli ignorirebis nacvlad, Seiqmnas
specialuri kanoni, romelic SemTxvevaTa absolutur umravlesobaSi
religiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis obieqtur da efeqtur Se-
fasebas SeZlebs. amasTan, saxelmwifom unda aiRos pozitiuri valdebuleba,
erTi gaerTianebisaTvis dadgenili SeRavaTebi, SesaZlebblobis farglebSi,
daudginos Sinaarsobrivad da Tvisobrivad msgavs gaerTianebebsac, raTa sax-
elmwifoSi pluralistulTan erTad naklebad diskriminaciuli samarTle-
brivi reJimi arsebobdes.
852 Zucca L., Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Un-
gureanu, Cambridge, 2012, 151.
104
IV. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba
1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis motivacia da winare periodi
861 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young
University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764.
862 ix., saginaSvili q., saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #3,
2002, 19-20.
863 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-
lisi, 2004, 90.
864xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 16, ix. citireba: sapatriarqos uwyebani, 2002 w., 18-24 oqtomberi, gv. 4.
865 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202.
866 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-
lisi, 2004, 88; Legal Expertise of the Draft Constitutional Agreement between State of Georgia and the Apos-
tolic, Autonomous Orthodox Church of Georgia. Council of Europe, HRCAD (2001)
867 Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous
Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)65, European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Com-
mission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001
868 ix., Vogel H.H., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the
Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)63, European Commission for Democracy
Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001.
869 ix., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-
didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba.
870 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 20.
106
rogorc SeTavazeba marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis, kvlavac gaagrZelos is-
toriuli mniSvnelobis rolis TamaSi saxelmwifosTvis.871 amis xazgasasmelad
Tavad konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis faqtic gamodgeba, romelic, in-
stituciuri TvalsazrisiT, am or subieqts Soris axali urTierTobebis sa-
fuZveli gaxda.872 qarTuli saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel eklesias ganixilavs
istoriulad Camoyalibebul ssip-ad, cnobs mis avtonomiurobas Sida saq-
meebSi da misi saqmianobis damoukideblobas.873 konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT
saxelmwifo gamoTqvams eklesiasTan TanamSromlobis survils, amasTan, aRi-
arebs urTierTdamoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis princips874. sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9
muxli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis funqciur gamijvnas uzrunvelyofs, rac
TavisTavad gamoricxavs eklesiis saxelmwifo organoebis kategoriaSi moqce-
vas.875
zogadad, religiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebi SeiZleba ori ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT daiyos: 1. saxelmwifo da religia erTi mTlianobaa da 2. sax-
elmwifo da religia erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia.876 am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelom
marTebulad airCia Tanamedrove demokratiuli mimarTuleba da saukunovani
tradiciis miuxedavad, uari Tqva eklesiisa da saxelmwifos erT mTlianobad
qcevaze, radgan, religia, marTalia, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi dartvir-
Tvis matarebelia, Tumca igi saxelmwifo, xelisuflebis an samarTlis kompe-
tenciuri sferoa araa877.
eklesiis avtonomiisaTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli elementia eklesiis
ufleba, damoukideblad moawyos Sidaorganizaciuli struqtura da Tavad
gadawyvitos Sida saqmeebi.878 avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis
koncefcia feodalur saxelmwifoebs yovelTvis problemebs uqmnida. Tumca
XVIII saukunis bolodan konstitucionalizmis revoluciurma movlenebma
eklesiis instituciuri TviTmyofadobis damkvidrebas didad Seuwyo xeli.
eklesiis Tavisuflebis idea (Libertas Ecclesiae), romelmac religiuri avtono-
miurobis TvalsazrisiT, gardamtexi roli iTamaSa, XI saukunesa da pap grigol
871 Korkelia K., Mchedlidze N., Nalbandov A., Compatibility of Georgian Legislation with the Standards of the
European Convention on Human Rights and Its Protocols, Tbilisi, 2004, 202.
872 melaZe g., mumlaZe g., sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba: istoria, sajaro ganxilvebi da gavlena
religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvaze saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio sa-
marTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 87.
873 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti.
874 iqve, pirveli muxlis pirveli punqti.
875 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 26 Tebervlis #1/1/618 ganCineba
saqmeze, `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi _ giorgi kekenaZe, nino kvetenaZe da besiki gvenetaZe
saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, II, 10.
876 Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1269.
877 Sulaiman v. Juffali, [2002], FCR 427; Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search,
in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Port-
land, 2011, 376-377.
878 ix., Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696, 724-25 (1976).
107
VII ukavSirdeba,879 romlis aqtiurma moRvaweobam, saboloo jamSi, eklesia mniS-
vnelovnad ganaviTara880.
marTlmadidebluri Teologiis mixedviT, eklesia da saxelmwifo mSvido-
bianad unda Tanaarsebobdnen adamianTa keTildReobisaTvis, maTi ur-
TierToba `saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis simfoniad~ aRiqmeba.881 ka-
nonikuri samarTali eklesiisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobas RvTaebriv nebas
ukavSirebs, Tumca maTi saqmianobis sferoebs ganarCevs: eklesias adamianis
sulze, xolo saxelmwifos xorcze zrunvas akisrebs882.
miuxedavad imisa, rom doqtrinul-ideologiur doneze saxelmwifosa da
eklesias damoukideblobisa da urTierTCaurevlobis principze SeTanxmebas
miaRwies, misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTulia. eklesiisa da sax-
elmwifos formaluri gamijvna gacilebiT martivia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi883 da
rac mTavaria, es gamijvna verasdros iqneba yovlismomcveli,884 miT umetes
iseTi istoriuli gamocdilebis mqone saxelmwifoSi, rogoric saqarTveloa.
sekularizmis praqtikuli aRsrulebis procesi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebu-
lia misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa da uzrunvelyofisgan, rac uamrav sis-
temur problemas warmoSobs.
879 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-
gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 16.
880 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 17.
881 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 348; RaRaniZe m., saqarTvelos
sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa
da d. zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016, 146.
882 iqve, 347.
883 ix., Troper M., French Secularism, or Laïcité, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.21, 2000, 1276.
884 iqve.
885 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 49.
886 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis pirveli punqti.
887 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-15 punqti.
108
valdebulebisgan gaTavisuflebas,888 xolo `samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris
Sesaxeb~ kanoni samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris moxdisgan aTavisuflebs
zogadad sasuliero pirebs889, dakonkretebis gareSe, rac imas niSnavs, rom
maTSi nebismieri religiis sasuliero piri moiazreba.
saxelmwifo qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlad, spe-
cialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe, cnobs saeklesio krebas, kaTolikos-pa-
triarqs, wminda sinods, qorepiskopossa da mdivans, aseve, kaTolikos-patri-
arqi uflebamosilia, konkretul pirs Sesabamis samarTlebriv ur-
TierTobebSi mianiWos warmomadgenlobis uflebamosileba.890 qorepiskoposi
kaTolikos-patriarqis moadgile sasuliero piria, romelic saeklesio
cxovrebis garkveul sferos ganagebs. qorepiskoposs niSnavs da maT raodeno-
bas gansazRvravs kaTolikos-patriarqi.891 mdivani ki kaTolikos-patriarqis
TanaSemwea, romelic kaTolikos-patriarqis uSualo davalebebs asrulebs.
mdivanTa raodenobas Tavad patriarqi gansazRvravs892.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statuss adgens
kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarT da mis xelSeuvalobas uzrunvelyofs.893
kaTolikos-patriarqi wmida sinodis (saqarTvelos eklesiis mmarTveli da sa-
kanonmdeblo organos) Tavmjdomare da sapatriarqos xelmZRvanelia.894
xelSeuvalobis msgavsi formiT aRWurvilia mxolod saqarTvelos pre-
zidenti Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi,895 rac mis gansakuTrebul mniS-
vnelobas usvams xazs.
888 ix., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris #1/1/477 gad-
awyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis
winaaRmdeg~; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012
wlis 9 Tebervlis #bs-1599-1575(k-11) ganCineba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos admin-
istraciul saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 seqtembris #bs-477-471(2k-12) gadawyvetileba,
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa palatis 2013 wlis 30 maisis
#bs-722-707(2k-12) ganCineba.
889 `samxedro sarezervo samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-8 muxlis pirveli pun-
qtis `l~ qvepunqti.
890 iqve, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-
didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-4 punqti.
891 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-7 punqti.
892 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-8 punqti.
893 iqve, pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti.
894 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-6 punqti.
895 saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
896 Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, “Law & Justice – Christian Law Review”, Vol.149,
2002, 161.
109
iRebs valdebulebas da eklesiis mier warmoebuli saRvTismsaxuro produ-
qciis damzadebas, Semotanas, miwodebasa da Semowirulobas, aseve,
araekonomikuri mizniT arsebul qonebasa da miwas gadasaxadebisgan aTavisu-
flebs.897 saRvismsaxuro (saeklesio) produqciad miCneulia eklesia-monas-
trebi da saeklesio daniSnulebis nagebobani (kaTolikos-patriarqis an
mRvdelmTavris rezidenciebi, sasuliero saswavleblebi), _ maTi proe-
qtireba, arqeologia, mSenebloba, restavracia-konservacia; saeklesio mxat-
vroba; saeklesio-samRvdelmsaxuro nivTebi (barZim-feSxumi, laxvari, sana-
wile, odiki, gardamoxsna, embazi, analoRia, Sandali, takuki, varskvlavi,
sacecxluri, sasakmevle, kioti, saeklesio naxSiri, skvnili, kverxi, panaRia,
sudara, sanaRlavi, kvarTi, sartyeli, saeklesio samSvenisi, nakurTxi wylis,
Rvinis, miwis, zeTisa da mironis WurWeli); xati, jvari, saeklesio sanTeli,
saRvTismsaxuro (saritualo) Rvino, sakmeveli, sakandele zeTi, wmida wyali,
sefiskveri (saritualo puri); sasuliero piris Sesamoseli; momlocveloba;
saRvTismetyvelo-saRvTismsaxuro da sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo litera-
tura, aseve, am daniSnulebis tele-kino-video-audio da radio produqcia898.
mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis paralelurad, qarTulma sax-
elmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sabWoTa okupaciis xa-
naSi, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi, eklesiisaTvis
materialuri da moraluri zianis miyenebis faqti da rogorc CamorTmeuli
qonebis nawilis mflobelma, aiRo valdebuleba materialuri zianis nawilo-
briv kompensaciaze.899 kompensaciis dadgenasTan da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva
sakiTxebis mosamzadeblad saxelmwifom, aseve, iTava specialuri komisiis Se-
qmna, paritetis principis gaTvaliswinebiT900.
110
samewarmeo Semosavlebi, investiciebi, grantebi, daxmarebebi, kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad miRebuli sxva Semosavlebi903.
eklesiis sakuTrebad aris miCneuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli
moqmedi da aramoqmedi marTlmadidebluri taZrebi da monastrebi, aseve, maTi
nangrevebi da miwis nakveTebi, romlebzec isinia ganlagebuli.904 msgavs nage-
bobaTa dacvis zonebi, maTi movla-patronobisa da sargeblobis wesebi gan-
isazRvreba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT, eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT.905 sax-
elmwifo valdebulebas iRebs, eklesiasTan erTad izrunos istoriul-kul-
turuli da arqeologiur-arqiteqturuli faseulobebis mqone saeklesio
nagebobebisa da saeklesio saganZuris saTanado dacvasa da movla-patrono-
baze.906 amasTan, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, molaparakeba awarmoos Sesa-
bamis saxelwifoebTan sazRvargareT, maT teritoriaze arsebuli yvela
qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZris, monastris, maTi nangrevis, sxva saekle-
sio nagebobisa da saeklesio nivTebis dacvis, movla-patronobisa da sa-
kuTrebis uflebis Taobaze907.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba saxelmwifo dacvaSi arsebul saekle-
sio saganZurs, romlis mesakuTredac saqarTvelo eklesiaa aRiarebuli,908
amasTan, saeklesio saganZuri, garda wmida nawilebisa909 da wmida
relikviebisa910, rogorc erovnuli saganZuris nawili, saxelmwifosa da
eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia.911 am saeklesio saganZuris sargeblobis
damatebiT wesebs, aseve, kulturul-istoriuli Rirebulebebis mqone taZre-
bis aRdgenis, restavracia-konservaciis an moxatvis proeqtebs amtkicebs sax-
elmwifo eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT912.
111
saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
TanamSromlobas sajaro sivrceSi ramdenime mimarTulebiT warmoaCens. sax-
elmwifo aRiarebs did saeklesio dResaswaulebsa da kviras, Sesabamisad,
rogorc wesi, maT dasvenebis dReebad acxadebs.914 saxelmwifo cnobs eklesiis
mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT,915 aseve,
mxars uWers saeklesio da aRsarebis saidumlos dacvas, sasuliero pirs ki av-
aldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars,
gaandes an misTvis cnobili gaxda.916 marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan SeTanx-
mebiT samxedro-sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis adgilebSi saxelmwifo marTlmadidebeli moZRvris instituts qmnis
da uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi aqtebis miRebas.917 konstituci-
uri SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos miers mosaxleobis
socialuri dacvis erToblivi programebis ganxorcielebis SesaZle-
blobas918.
eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia ga-
naTlebis sferos. istoriulad, ganaTleba yovelTvis eklesiis instituci-
uri iurisdiqciis qveS iyo moqceuli, amitomac am mimarTulebis sekulariza-
cia, rogorc wesi, misi mxridan yvelaze mtkivneulad aRiqmeba. konstituci-
uri SeTanxmebiT, eklesia da saxelmwifo aRiareben Sesabamisi saswavlo
dawesebulebebis mier gacemul ganaTlebis damadasturebel dokumentebs,
samecniero xarisxebsa da wodebebs, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.919 amas-
Tan, religiisa da ganaTlebis TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelsayofad, sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis sagnis
swavleba nebayoflobiTia.920 saswavlo programebis dadgena, Secvla, peda-
gogTa daniSvna da gaTavisufleba xdeba eklesiis wardginebiT.921 saxelmwifo
da eklesia uflebamosilni arian, ganaxorcielon erToblivi sa-
ganmanaTleblo programebi,922 saxelmwifo ki valdebulebas iRebs, xeli Seu-
wyos eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis funqcionirebas923.
112
3. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgili qarTul samarTalSi
3.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi statusi
924 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti, 66-e muxlis
11-li punqti, 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `a1~ qvepunqti; `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxli, me-10 muxlis me-3 punqti.
925 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli; loria v., gelaSvili b., bendeliani m., adamianis
uflebebi da religia, Tbilisi, 2006, 155.
926 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti.
927 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 12.
928 cnobilaZe p., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, t.I, Tbilisi, 2005, 202.
929 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 10.
930 `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis me-3 punqti.
931 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis me-3 punqti.
932 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-
lisi, 2004, 85.
933 saqarTvelos konstituciis 66-e muxlis 11-li punqti.
934 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis me-4 punqti.
113
ivaraudeba, rom samarTlebrivi SedegisTvis ubralo umravlesobiT mxardaW-
erac sakmarisi iqneba.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs saqarTvelos
normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSic. konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi konstituciasTan erTad, kon-
stituciur SeTanxmebasac unda Seesabamebodes.935 kanonmdebloba kidev ufro
akonkretebs normatiuli aqtebis urTierTmimarTebas: saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebTan da aqtebTan erTad, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba iuridi-
uli ZaliT aRemateba organul da mimdinare kanonebs, prezidentis dekrets,
parlamentis reglaments, nebismier kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqts936.
114
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom gamonaklisebic arsebobs943. am SemTxvevaSi mTa-
varia is, Tu Tavad saxelmwifo ramdenad sekularul xasiaTs atarebs.
saqarTveloSi kanonmdebloba mTlianad saero xasiaTisaa, saeklesio da
nebismieri religiuri samarTali moqmedebs konkretul socialur jgufSi,
Tuki ar ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos mier dadgenil wesebs. saero kanon-
mdebloba vrceldeba mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT, saeklesio samarTali ki
_ eklesiis farglebSi, amasTan, misi SesrulebiT ar unda irRveodes sax-
elmwifo mier dadgenili samarTali.944 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc
normatiuli aqti, kanonmdeblobis nawilia da mas saxelmwifo ara mxolod
savaldebulo Zalas aniWebs, aramed konstituciisa da konstituciuri
kanonis Semdeg, samarTlebrivi moqmedebis mixedviT, umaRles adgils
usazRvravs.945 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, imavdroulad, saeklesio sa-
marTlis wyaroa, vinaidan igi patriarqis mier xelmowerili da wmida sinodis
mier damtkicebuli dokumentia, romelsac eklesiis wiaRSi Sesasruleblad
savaldebulo Zala aqvs. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos normatiuli aq-
tebis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba eklesiis sa-
marTlis wyaroTa ierarqiaSi erT-erT dabal adgils ikavebs wminda werilis,
wminda gardamocemis, msoflio da adgilobrivi krebebis dadgenilebaTa
Semdeg,946 radgac misi statusi mxolod sinoduri ganCinebis tolfasia.
saeklesio aqtTa ierarqiuloba saukuneebiT dadgenili savaldebulo wesia,
Sesabamisad, misi Secvla konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobis dokumen-
tis gamoc ki SeuZlebelia. kanonikuri samarTlis kuTxiT, marTalia, kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmeba samarTlis wyarod ganixileba, Tumca mas saero kanon-
mdeblobaSi aRiarebul statusTan SedarebiT, dabali moqmedebis Zala aqvs,
rac sruliad bunebrivia, radgan SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifos mxridan
valdebulebebis aRiareba da saxelmwifosTan urTierTobebis mowesrigeba
xdeba da ara eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa da wesebSi Careva, romelTa avtonomiuro-
bac, imave konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT uzrunvelyofilia947.
943 mag., israeli monoeTnikuri saxelmwifoa, Tumca ebrauli samarTali (halaxa) israelis
saxelmwifosTvis mxolod meoreuli, fakultaturi samarTlis wyaros funqcias asrulebs,
saxelmwifo ar iboWeba arcerTi religiis wesebiT. Lerner N., Religion and the Basic Legislation in
Israel, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr.
Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 231.
944 Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,
Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 80.
945 ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti.
946 ix., CikvaiZe d., saeklesio samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 64.
947 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti.
115
4. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTlebrivi problemebi
4.1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodebis terminologiuri uzustoba
948 gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio sa-
marTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, z. ZlieriSvilisa da s. qavTaraZis redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 2013, 181.
949 xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004, 121.
950 Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission for Democracy Through Law
(Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2.
951 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001, 11.
952 ix., kaxiani g., sakonstitucio kontrolis zogierTi Teoriuli aspeqti, Jurn. `adamiani
da konstitucia~, #4, 2005; melqaZe o., `sakonstitucio kontroli~ - terminis arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 1998; gegenava d., zogierTi
cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab
axvlediani 80, z. ZlieriSvilisa da s. qavTaraZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013; gegenava d.,
qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T.,
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tbilisi, 2015.
953 ix., qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni _ <http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline> [05.11.2015]
116
moiazrebs. es yvelaferi kidev ufro absurdul elfers konstituciur
SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT iZens. `konstituciuri SeTanxmeba~, misi salit-
eraturo da gramatikuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, niSnavs SeTanxmebas, rome-
lic konstitucias Seesabameba. am kuTxiT, nebismieri SeTanxmeba, romelic
konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba, konstituciuria. garda amisa, imis dadgena,
konstituciuria Tu ara raime, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos prerogativaa, anu igi (mTlianad an nawilobriv)
potenciurad arakonstituciuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac safuZvelSive
gamoricxavs mis `konstituciur~ statuss.
`sakonstitucio xelSekruleba~ WeSmaritad asaxavs im Sinaarsobriv da
terminologiur datvirTvas, romelic am instituts aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi igi
sruliad moicavs im azrs, rac mis Semqmnelebs hqondaT _ konstituciidan
gamomdinare, konstituciisken mimarTuli, sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi
statusisa da Sinaarsis mqone. SeTanxmebisTvis `sakonstitucios~ darqmeva
ara mxolod teqnikurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac gamarTavs institutis sa-
marTlebriv formas da Seqmnis adekvatur aRqmas mis samarTlebriv bunebasTan
dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi dokumenti ideuri TvalsazrisiTac Cajdeba
saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis erTian sistemaSi. amis Semdeg `sakonstitu-
cio SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobis sakiTxi logikuric iqneba da adekvatu-
ric, gansxvavebiT `konstituciuri SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobisgan.
118
konstituciurobis Taobaze idavos. amasTan, konstituciis me-7 da 39-e mux-
lebis sistemuri analizi cxadyofs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRi-
arebuli, konkretul saerTaSoriso aqtSi mocemuli ZiriTadi uflebebi
araTu ubralod kanonmdeblobis, aramed konstituciis nawiladac SeiZleba
iqnes moazrebuli, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas miscems,
Seasrulos me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadebiT nagulisxmevi normati-
uli mizani da konstituciaSi konkretuli normis ararsebobis miuxedavadac
ki, daicvas adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da uzrunvelyos uflebaTa
praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi kanonis xsenebuli
debuleba sruliad zedmetia da adamianis uflebaTa dacvas ar uzrun-
velyofs, piriqiT, qmnis normatiul kazuss, romlis gadawyvetaze uflebamo-
sili organo ubralod ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli winadadeba kon-
stituciidan amoRebuli unda iqnes.
963 ix., abaSiZe l., religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `soli-
daroba~, #9(18)07, 2007, 14.
964 iqve.
965 ix., Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933; Ryngaert C., The Legal
Status of the Holy See, “Göttingen Journal of International Law”, Vol.3, 2011, 833.
966 ix., Petkoff P., Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican Concordats
(1963-2004), “Law & Justice - Christian Law Review”, Vol.158, 2007, 40-41.
967 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young
University Law Review”, 2007, #3, 764.
119
meqanizmia.968 tempermani saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas gamijvnis
principis gaumjobesebis meqanizmad aRiqvams969.
qarTul konstituciur SeTanxmebas hibriduli buneba aqvs, igi araa saer-
TaSoriso xelSekruleba, dadebulia qveyanaSi moqmed eklesiasa da sax-
elmwifos Soris, Tumca, imavdroulad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damax-
asiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebic aqvs.970 konstituciuri SeTanxmebis samarTle-
brivma formam Tavidanve bevri kiTxva dabada, maT Soris mTavari problema ki
is iyo, rom SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi da statusi wminda saydris konkordatebis
mibaZviT iyo Seqmnili, Tumca vatikanisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebel
eklesias saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi statusi ar gaaCnia.971 swored amiTaa
ganpirobebuli isic, rom mas ara `ratifikacia~, aramed `damtkiceba~
esaWiroeba.972 terminTa aRrevisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasTan
aluziis Tavidan asacileblad miRebis formebi terminologiurad gaimijna.
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc SeTanxmeba, igi Sida kanonmdeblobis nawilad rCeba,
Tumca saerTaSoriso aqts miagavs, amis gamo misi klasikur normatiul aqtad
aRqma sakmaod rTulia. savaraudod, amanac ganapiroba kanonmdeblis spe-
cialuri daTqma, romliTac konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiul aqtad
moiazreba da saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis nawilia973.
120
oficialur statuss aniWebda, eklesiis mxridan yovelTvis Sesabamis samsax-
ursa da mxardaWeras moiTxovda.976 aRniSnuli karga xania warsuls Cabarda da
dResdReobiT eklesiis mxridan mxardaWera ZiriTadad socialur sferoSi
gamoixateba, saxelmwifos mTlianobis, erTianobisa da sazogadoebrivi mSvid-
obis propagandiT, waxalisebiT.
Tanamedrove eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa specifikis gaT-
valiswinebiT, eqskluziurad eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebia:
sasuliero pirTa ganaTleba da momzadeba, RvTismsaxureba da sasuliero
pirebTan SromiTi urTierTobebi, saeklesio qonebis marTva, saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianoba da sxv.977
976 Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, “Journal of Church and State”,
Vol.7, No.2, 1965, 219.
977 ix., Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,
Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 81-82.
978 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J. Witte
Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243.
979 ix., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, `eqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanoni, advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi, `advokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
980 Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J. Witte
Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 243.
981 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba.
121
aRsarebas da warmarTavs mis sulier cxovrebas982) nebayoflobiTi aRiareba
codvisa, romlis sxvasTan Tqmis ufleba sasuliero pirs ara aqvs.983 saeklesio
saidumloebad ki miiCneva eklesiis konfidencialuri informacia.984 aRsare-
bisas miRebuli informacia saidumloa da eklesia misi gamJRavnebis SesaZle-
blobas ar icnobs, piriqiT, akrZalulia misi raime formiT gacema da vin-
mesTvis Tqma.985 ufro metic, amis ganmaxorcielebeli sasuliero piri saekle-
sio kanonebiT daisjeba986.
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, saxelmwifo aRsarebisa da saeklesio sai-
dumloebas ara privilegiad, aramed valdebulebad adgens da sasuliero pirs
avaldebulebs, ar gasces informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier
moZRvars, gaandes an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cno-
bili.987 msgavsi valdebulebis dadgena warmoudgenelia sakonstitucio seku-
larizmis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo uflebamosili araa, Caerios eklesiis Sida
saqmeebSi, miT umetes daudginos eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS myof pirs raime
valdebuleba, garda im samoqalaqo, saero valdebulebebisa, romelic,
rogorc wesi, nebismier moqalaqes isedac aqvs. msgavsi formulirebiT
Camoyalibebuli debuleba eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis princips
ewinaaRmdegeba da eklesiis avtonomiurobis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv
ideas arRvevs. aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidumloebis dacvis valdebuleba
sasuliero pirs mxolod eklesiam da kanonikurma samarTalma SeuZlia daudg-
inos. saxelmwifo sruliad neitraluri unda iyos am viTarebaSi da ara
valdebulebiT, aramed uflebamosilebis aRWurvis meqanizmiT uzrunvelyos
saidumloebis privilegirebuli statusi.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirvel da me-19 muxlis pirvel pun-
qtebs. aucilebelia misi formulirebis Secvla da absurduli valdebulebi-
dan samarTlebriv privilegiad transformireba. am mizniT, logikuri iqneba,
Tuki winadadeba Camoyalibdeba Semdegi saxiT: `aravis aqvs ufleba, sasuliero
pirs mosTxovos informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes
an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~
988 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990.
989 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-
didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-6 punqti.
990 iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 28-e punqti.
991 iqve, 27-e punqti.
992 ix., saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis
debuleba, 1995 wlis 18-19 seqtemberi, mcxeTa, sceticxoveli.
993 ix., CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur
marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005,
29.
994 Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, “Emory International Law Review”, Vol.10, 1996, 108.
123
molodins, rom religiur gaerTianebas SeeZleba ifunqcioniros saxelmwifos
uxeSi Carevisa da xelis SeSlis gareSe995.
eklesias, romelic ssip-ia da aRWurvilia sruli subieqtunarianobiT, aqvs
sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, sasamarTlos
meSveobiT daicvas sakuTari uflebebi, maT Soris, moiTxovos misi ofi-
cialuri terminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebis akrZalva da a.S. am Sem-
TxvevaSi es dava ara religiuri, aramed samoqalaqo xasiaTisa iqneba, romlis
gadawyvetac samoqalaqo sasamarTlos kompetenciaa.996 Tavis mxriv, sax-
elmwifo Tavidan aicilebs konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT
aSkara favoritizmsa da saxelmwifoebrivi resursebis, iqneba es adamianuri
Tu finansuri, xarjvas. man maqsimalurad Sors unda daiWiros Tavi msgavsi
Sinaarsis davisgan, miT umetes iseT sferoSi, rogoric licenziisa da ne-
barTvebis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo samarTalia. praqtikaSi asec xdeba: sax-
elmwifom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xsenebuli debuleba ar asaxa Sesabamis
kanonmdeblobaSi,997 Sesabamisad, es Canaweri mkvdari normaa da formalur
farglebs ar gascdenia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi am formiT
arseboba da ierarqiiT saxelmwifos meore aqtSi ganTavseba, sekularizmis
principis darRvevaa da TanamSromlobis modelis pirobebSic ki, aSkara fa-
voritizmia, rac eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis normalur farglebs
cdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, xsenebuli norma arakonstituciuria da kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebidan amosaRebia.
995 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62.
996 Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 709 (1976).
997 `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi.
998 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti.
999 Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62.
124
unda ereodes da arc unda ainteresebdes eklesiis Sida saqmeebi, misi mTavari
daniSnuleba demokratiuli Rirebulebebis popularizacia da aqtualizacia
unda iyos.1000 religiuri avtonomiurobis principi gulisxmobs religiuri
gaerTianebis uflebas, damoukideblad gadawyvitos masTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kiTxebi da sakuTari Tavi xelisuflebis Caurevlad marTos1001.
religiur gaerTianebas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad, Tavad gadawyvitos
Sidaorganizaciuli sakiTxebi, airCios sulieri liderebi, Camoayalibos da
ganaviTaros religiuri sakiTxebi, daadginos wevrTa miRebisa da garicxvis
wesebi da a.S.1002 Tavad eklesiis gadasawyvetia, saidan miiRebs damatebiT
Semosavals, ra finansebi eqneba da rogor gankargavs maT. ra Tqma unda,
yovelive es samarTliT dadgenil CarCoebSi unda ganxorcieldes, magram am
SemTxvevaSi kerZo samarTali imoqmedebs da eklesias, rogorc damoukidebel
iuridiul pirs, ekonomikuri Tu piradi Tavisufleba, avtonomia eqneba. mis sa-
marTlebriv formas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan klasikuri sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piri araa da masze Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobac ar
vrceldeba.1003 garda amisa, eklesias Tavad SeuZlia daafuZnos Sesabamisi iu-
ridiuli piri, romelic samewarmeo saqmianobas ganaxorcielebs da amas mas
veravin aukrZalavs. amis fonze konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debuleba kidev
ufro komikur elfers iZens da araTu deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa, aramed
sruliad uSedego da unayofo Sinaarss moicavs.
religiis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani religiuri gaerTianebis
avtonomiurobisa da damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofaa.1004 sasamarTlosac ki
ekrZaleba saqmis warmoebis procesSi Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa Tu
sasuliero sferoSi.1005 am pirobebSi msgavsi normis arseboba samarTlebrivi
sistemis erTiani logikuri konteqstidan sruliad amovardnilia. marTlma-
didebeli eklesia, romelic yovelTvis konservatiuli poziciiT gam-
oirCeoda, iZulebulia Tanamedrove gamowvevebis, teqnologiuri ganviTare-
bis paralelurad sakuTar poziciebs gadaxedos.1006 swored am motiviT mas
uwevs dafinansebis sxvadasxva, kanonier meqanizms mimarTos da SesaZlebelia,
samewarmeo saqmianobac ganaxorcielos. sruliad sxva sakiTxia, praqtikaSi
ramdenad gamoiyenebs am SesaZleblobas, magram, Tuki sxva religiur gaer-
Tianebebs msgavsi SezRudva ar gaaCnia, aseve, alogikuria igi daudgindes
eklesias, romelic privilegirebuli statusiT sargeblobs da piriqiT, meti
SeRavaTi SeiZleba hqondes.
1012 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 346.
1013 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `soli-
daroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 32.
1014 ix., spikeri m., qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z. iaSvilis
Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009, 83.
1015 Pollis A., Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, “Human Rights Quarterly”, Vol.15, 1993, 343.
1016 iqve, 344.
1017 TinikaSvili d., magaliTi saepiskoposo msaxurebisa, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009,
72.
127
WeSmaritebaa.1018 swored amitom adamianSi RvTaebrivi avtoriteti ar unda
arsebobdes, igi Tavisufalia1019.
kanonmdeblebi da religiuri reformatorebi yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli
sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen individebis pirad sivrceSi moralTan da codvas-
Tan dakavSirebul sakiTxebis mowesrigebas.1020 swored amitom gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiTa Tu kanon-
mdeblobiT dadgenili privilegiebis Sesabamisobas adamianis ZiriTad
uflebebTan. romelime religiuri gaerTianebisadmi privilegiis miniWeba,
Tavisi arsiT, SeiZleba Zalze dadebiTad iyos aRqmuli sazogadoebis mxridan,
Tumca yovelTvis dgas riski da safrTxe imisa, rom sazogadoebis sxva nawilis,
umciresobis, interesebi Seilaxeba.
128
samyarosTvis is ucnobia. igi gamomdinareobs pirovnebis, rogorc uzenaesi
faseulobis Segnebidan, romelic amozrdilia religiuri personalizmis ni-
adagidan, miswrafebidan, romlis mizania sazogadoebisTvis racionaluri
struqturis micema.~1028
miuxedavad imisa, rom eklesias xSirad akritikeben adamianis uflebeb-
isadmi damokidebulebis gamo, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad uflebebs
marTlmadidebeli eklesia kacobriobisa da adamianis ganuyofel faseulo-
bad acxadebs, gansakuTrebiT socialur uflebebs, romlebic xSirad eklesiis
warmomadgenelTa da saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis pirTa urTierTobis mTavari
Tema xdeba.1029 religia mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod konstitu-
ciis SemuSavebisa da miRebis, aramed misi cvlilebis drosac, _ aSS-is monobis
winaaRmdeg kampaniasa da XX saukunis samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis peri-
odSi religiur mosazrebebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWaT1030.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba konkretulad erT religiur gaer-
TianebasTan saxelmwifos mxridan uflebamosilebis mikerZoebulad ganxor-
cielebas ar gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo uflebamosilia dados iseTi SeTanx-
mebebi, romlebic erT religiur gaerTianebas sxvebTan mimarTebiT upirates
mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs.1031 Tumca es unda iyos sxvadasxva obieqturi
faqtoriT ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa: istoriuli gamocdileba, kulturuli
integracia, sazogadoebrivi damokidebuleba da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTve-
los saxelmwifos hqonda uflebamosileba, rogorc sakonstituciosa-
marTlebrivi, ise sazogadoebriv-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, daedo kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmeba da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis
garkveuli privilegiebi mieniWebina. amis safuZveli ki sakonstitucio
donezea xazgasmuli da uzrunvelyofili: saqarTvelos samociqulo avtoke-
faluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos is-
toriaSi;1032 misi Rvawli qarTuli kulturis, erovnuli msoflmxedvelobisa
da faseulobebis CamoyalibebaSi;1033 mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis mier
marTlmadideblobis aRmsarebloba.1034 saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli religi-
uri da moraluri Sexedulebebis socialuri jgufebia, rac saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli da miRebuli sinamdvilea, Sesabamisad, miuxeda-
vad mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiuri kuTvnilebisa, konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba ganxiluli unda iyos religiur-eTikuri pluralizmis WrilSi,
1028 meni a., religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d. TinikaSvilis Targ-
mani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010, 78.
1029 McGuckin J.A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition, in: Christi-
anity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010, 186.
1030 Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Reli-
gion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 15.
1031 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,
11 January 1992.
1032 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti.
1033 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlma-
didebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis preambula, me-3 abzaci.
1034 iqve, me-4 abzaci.
129
romelic religiur-moraluri standartebis mravalgvarobas gulisxmobs1035.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, rogorc samarTlebrivi aqti, Tavisi arsiTa da
formalursamarTlebrivi kuTxiT (dadebis SesaZleblobiT) srulad
Seesabameba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis evropul gagebasa da doqtrinas.
5.2. Tanasworoba
1035 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Religion
in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 21.
1036 egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn. `soli-
daroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007, 29-30.
1037 prodmou e., ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 74.
1038 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 368.
1039 Sentence 24/1982 of the Constitutional Court of Spain, 13 May 1982.
1040 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 66.
1041 Conkle D.O., Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions
in American Politics and Law, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.10, No.1, 1994, 2.
1042 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 313.
1043 korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tbi-
lisi, 2004, 89.
130
konkretuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba daadginos.1044 religiuri sakiTxebi
specifikurobiT gamoirCeva, ris gamoc bevr saxelmwifoSi maTTan da-
kavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba da mowesrigebaa1045. religiur
organizaciebTan mimarTebiT Tanasworoba yovelTvis `SedarebiT Tanasworo-
bas~ gulisxmobs, vinaidan isini imdenad gansxvavebulebi arian, rom arsebiTad
Tanasworebi Znelad Tu iqnebian.1046 mTAavaria, saxelmwifo principulad ar
ereodes, arc upiratesobas aniWebdes da arc diskriminacias axorcielebdes
subieqtTa mier aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas, igi nei-
tralur politikas unda atarebdes.1047
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Sesulia religiuri gaer-
Tianebebis sarCeli, romelic marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituci-
uri SeTanxmebiT dadgenil sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs exeba.1048 SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili privilegiebi da upiratesobebi
sxvebTan mimarTebiT, ar arRvevs Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebas. am Sem-
TxvevaSi esaa SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebi, romelTa dacva da ganxor-
cielebac saxelmwifos evaleba. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi asaxuli debulebebi
pirdapir gamomdinareobs da efuZneba masze zemdgom aqts _ konstituciur
SeTanxmebas, Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi davis sagani ara mxolod sagadasaxado
kodeqsis normebi, aramed Tavad am ukanasknelTa safuZveli debulebebi unda
iyos. sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis msgavsi SeRavaTebis daweseba sax-
elmwifos mxridan diskreciaa da ar SeiZleba vinmem an raimem, maT Soris sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlom daavaldebulos igi, ganaxorcielos msgavsi
Sinaarsis RonisZiebebi. saxelmwifos mxridan nebismieri SeRavaTis dadgena
unda moxdes im sistemis mixedviT, romelsac igi religiur gaerTianebebTan
mimarTebis mxriv aRiarebs. ra Tqma unda, sasurvelia, saxelmwifom nebismier
religiur gaerTianebas daudginos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da amiT poziti-
uri valdebuleba ikisros, Tumca es ar unda moxdes sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebiT, negatiuri kanonmdeblis funqciis ganxorcielebis gziT.
1049 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 16.
1050 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.5.
1051 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.10.
1052 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.5.
1053 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 47; Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”,
Vol.28, 1996, 25, ix. citireba: Migne, Patrologia latina, 6:516.54.
1054 Witte J.Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, “Colombia Human Rights Law Review”, Vol.28, 1996, 26.
1055 Minnerath R., Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey, Edited by G.
Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 382.
1056 Radan P., International Law and Religion, Article 18 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political
Rights, in: Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyerson and R. F.
Croucher, Abingdon, 2005, 11.
1057 ix., Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia v. Moldova, [ECtHR], App. No. 45701/99, 13 December 2001, Para.
114.
1058 ix., Kokkinakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. No. 14307/88, 25 May 1993, Para.31.
1059 kokaia l., religiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba unda daCqardes, Jurn. `samarTali~, #10-12,
2004, 7.
1060 ix., Thomas G.M., Religions in Global Civil Society, Sociology of Religion, Vol.62, No.4, 2001, 520.
132
evrokonvenciis me-9 muxliT uzrunvelyofili rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis
Tavisufleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi safuZvelia, romelic,
imavdroulad, mowrmuneTa identobisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli gagebis sas-
icocxlo elementia.1061 religiis Tavisufleba ar arsebobs, Tu moqalaqes ara
aqvs Tavisufleba, ar miekuTvnebodes romelime religias.1062 religiis
Tavisufleba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTaa daviwroebuli da ganviTarebuli.
xSir SemTxvevaSi misi Sinaarsi imdenad emyareba nebis avtonomias, rom adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebebis gagebis sajarosamarTlebriv mxares scdeba.1063
religiis Tavisufleba absoluturi araa da misi SezRudva racionaluri sa-
fuZvliTaa SesaZlebeli.1064 igi maSin izRudeba, roca saxelmwifo ar utovebs
pirs alternativas, imoqmedos sakuTari religiuri Sexedulebebis Sesabami-
sad.1065 misi SezRudvis erTaderTi legitimuri safuZveli sxvaTa uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis dacvis mizani SeiZleba iyos.1066
saxelmwifos Zalian farTo valdebulebebi ekisreba religiis Tavisu-
flebis dacvisa da uzrunvelyofis sferoSi,1067 gacilebiT farTo, vidre
Zalian bevr ZiriTad uflebasTan mimarTebiT.1068 man aqtiuri roli unda iTa-
1061 The Religious Dimension of Intercultural Dialogue, Recommendation 1962 (2011), Parliamentary Assembly
of the Council of Europe, Para.3.
1062 Segev v. Rabbinical Court, High Court of Justice of Israel, 130/66.
1063 mag., evrosasamarTlo aRiarebs religiur gaerTianebebis Tavisuflebas Tavadve gan-
sazRvron maTi dasaqmebulebisTvis damatebiTi religiuri pirobebi. ix., Seibenhaar v. Ger-
many, [ECtHR], App. No. 18136/02, 3 February 2011. qalbatoni zaibenhaari (Ms. Seibenhaar) muSaobda
protestantul sabavSvo baRSi. igi iyo kaTolike. SromiTi xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mas
ekrZaleboda iseTi gaerTianebis wevroba, romlis Sexedulebebic an saqmianobac
ewinaaRmdegeboda eklesiis msoflmxedvelobas. zaibenhaaris kaTolikoba problemas ar
qmnida, Tumca man Seicvala aRmsarebloba da gaxda `universaluri eklesiis~ (`kacobriobis
saZmos~) wevri da aswavlisa am gaerTianebaSi. am faqtis gamo igi protenstantuli baRidan
daiTxoves. evrosasamarTlom ar cno religiis Tavisuflebis (evrokonvenciis me-9 muxlis)
darRveva; aseve, darRvevad ar ganixilavs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac dasaqmebuli
Tanxmdeba samuSaos damsaqmeblis specialuri pirobiT rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Taobaze.
ix., Sir Bratza N., The “Precious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights,
in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 14.
1064 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of
Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 57-58; R.B. v. Children’s Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1.
S.C.R. 315 at par. 107.
1065 Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights,
Israel Law Review, Vol. 43, 2010, 625.
1066 Berger B., The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State, Canadian Journal of
Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002, 55; ix., Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers,
[2001] 1 S.C.R. 772 at par. 29; P.(D) v. S.(C), [1993] 4 S.C.R. 141 at 182; Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism,
Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 932; R
(on the application of Begum (Shabina) v. Denbigh High School Governors, [2006] 2 WLR 719 (22 Mar. 2006),
paras. 58 and 94.
1067 Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France, [ECtHR] App. No. 27417/95, 27 June 2000.
1068 Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative
Law Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 929.
133
maSos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu religiuri principebis ganxorcieleba iwvevs an Ses-
aZloa gamoiwvios adamianis uflebebis darRveva.1069 aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb in-
formacia piris Zalze pirad sferos ganekuTvneba da saxelmwifom maqsimalu-
rad unda Seikavos Tavi masSi Carevisgan1070.
saxelmwifos mier konkretuli religiisadmi oficialurad gan-
sakuTrebuli statusis miniWeba, Tu aRniSnuli sxvaTa diskriminaciis xarjze
ar xdeba, religiis Tavisuflebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.1071 dominanti an privi-
legirebuli religiis statusi ar unda gulisxmobdes imas, rom sxva
religiaTa praqtika, religiis Tavisufleba izRudebodes mis xarjze an ufro
metic, damokidebuli iyos mis Tanxmobaze (nebarTvaze)1072.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba ar
gamoricxavs sxva religiuri organizaciebis arsebobas, maTi saqmianobis
raime formiT SezRudvas an akrZalvas.1073 saqarTvelos konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba miznad ar isaxavs vinmes religiuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, an
rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis realizebisaTvis raime
standartebis Seqmnas. misi mizania, moawesrigos konkretul religiur organ-
izaciasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. ufro metic, kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmeba Tavad kontrahentis, saqarTvelos samociqulo
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis, moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, garkveulwilad,
zRudavs kidec.
1069 State, Religion, Secularity and Human Rights, Recommendation 1804 (2007), Parliamentary Assembly of
Council of Europe, Para.17.
1070 ix., Sinan Işik v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 21924/05, 2 February, 2010; Sir Bratza N., The “Precious Asset”:
Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in
the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 13.
1071 Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990, Para. 37; Edge P.W., Religion and Law, An
Introduction, Ashgate, 2006, 96. skalias azriT, religiis Tavisufleba sulac ar gulisxmobs sax-
elmwifos mimarT akrZalvas, rom mas SeezRudos Tavisufleba _ religiuroba amjobinos
arareligiurobas. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 545 U.S. 893 (2005) (Scalia, J., dis-
senting).
1072 ix., Manoussakis v. Greece, [ECtHR], App. no. 18748/91, 26 September 1996.
1073 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 22 noembris #2/18/206 ganCineba
saqmeze, `moqalaqe zurab aroSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.
134
V. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba saqarTveloSi
1. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis mdgomareoba
1074 ix., xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbi-
lisi, 2013, 54-55.
1075 saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof komisiaTa Se-
qmnis Sesaxeb~, pirveli, me-2, me-3, me-4 da me-5 punqtebi.
1076 iqve, me-6 punqti.
1077 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289.
1078 ix., saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #125 brZanebuleba „saqarTve-
los saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias
Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebaTa uzrunvelmyof ko-
misiaTa Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 wlis 7 ianvris #1 brZanebulebis
Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis Taobaze~.
1079 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli samTavrobo ko-
misiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~.
1080 iqve.
135
saqmianobisaTvis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis Semqmneli samuSao jgufi; 2.
XIX da XX ss-Si (saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis periodSi) eklesi-
isaTvis miyenebuli zaralis damdgeni samuSao jgufi; 3. saxelmwifo
muzeumebSi daculi saeklesio saganZuris da istoriuli mniSvnelobis taZre-
bis movla-patronobis reJimis damdgeni samuSao jgufi; 4. kanoniT dadgenili
wesiT jvrisweris aRiarebis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 5. samxedro-
sajariso formirebebSi, sapatimroebsa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi
moZRvris institutis ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 6. ganaTlebis sferoSi
urTierTTanamSromlobis gansazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 7. sazRvargareTis
qveynebSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos samarTlebrivi statusis da iq arsebuli
qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis movla-patronobisa da sakuTrebis
ganmsazRvreli samuSao jgufi; 8. religiuri daniSnulebis nagebobaTa war-
momavlobis damdgeni samuSao jgufi.1081 samwuxarod, samTavrobo komisiisa da
misi samuSao jgufebis muSaobis damadasturebeli arcerTi oficialuri
dokumenti saqarTvelos mTavrobis administraciaSi ar moipoveba1082.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze dRemde mxolod ramdenime SeTanx-
mebaa dadebuli, romelTa umravlesoba deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa. 1083 kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare ki, Zalian bevri
debulebaaa, romlebsac amoqmedeba esaWiroeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
aRsruldeba. marTalia, ramdenime mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier gadadg-
muli nabijebi marTebuli gamodga, Tumca saerTo suraTi ar Secvlila: kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmeba ufro survilebis krebulad rCeba, vidre praqtikaSi
moqmed, samarTlebrivi ZaliT ki erT-erT umaRles aqtad. misi aRsrulebis
mizniT mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebia aucilebeli, rasac aR-
masrulebelTa kvalifikacia da dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad evoluciuri
ganviTareba unda sdevdes Tan.
1084 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 150.
1085 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi XI-XII ss. saqarT-
veloSi, Tbilisi, 1959, 40.
1086 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 322.
1087 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 363.
1088 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 102.
1089 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 373.
1090 iqve, 375.
137
ojaxisa da qorwinebis qarTuli gageba gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, ro-
melSic Serwymulia rogorc qristianuli, ise uZvelesi warmarTuli war-
modgenebi da Cveulebebi. saqarTvelos gaqristianebam qorwinebis axleburi
gageba daamkvidra, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qarTulma sazogadoebam
gaiTavisa da religiuri normebidan sazogadoebriv, yofiT qcevis wesebSi as-
axa. amitomac sruliad bunebrivad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTve-
los samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstitu-
ciuri SeTanxmebis dadebisas religiuri qorwinebis Taobaze norma konstitu-
ciur SeTanxmebaSi Caiwera. debulebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aRiarebs
eklesiis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.1091
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifom deklaraciulad gamoxata neba da
jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Sedegis aRiarebis specialuri, saxelmwifosa da
eklesiis erToblivi komisiac Seiqmna, am mimarTulebiT qmediTi nabiji ar gad-
adgmula. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan didi xani gavida, Tumca „ka-
nonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesi“ jerac ar arsebobs, jvrisweris samarTle-
brivi aRiareba ki kvlavac deklaraciaa da ara normativi. amas amyarebs
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos poziciac, romlis ganmartebiT, kanon-
mdeblobaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebamde marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweriT axlad Seqmnili ojaxi mxolod
qristianuli TvalsazrisiT xdeba kanonieri da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis
miuxedavad, masTan dakavSirebiT aranairi samarTlebrivi Sedegi ar dgeba1092.
1096 “Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio.”,
Digesta Iustiniani, 23.2.1.
1097 “Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens”,
Institutiones Iustiniani, 1.9.1.
1098 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 371.
1099 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2015, 201.
1100 TF v. Ireland, [1995], 1 Ir 321, [1995] 2ILRM 321 (IESC).
1101 ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1106-e muxli.
1102 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti.
1103 iqve, 1108-e muxlis pirveli nawili.
1104 iqve, 1107-e muxlis „b“ qvepunqti.
139
rom piri acnobierebdes qorwinebisa da ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis yvela upi-
ratesobasa da uaryofiT mxares1105.
saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan, qorwinebaSi qalsa da mamakacTan erTad sax-
elmwifoc moiazreba.1106 amitomac xsenebuli ori savaldebulo elementis
garda, arsebobs mesame kumulaciuri pirobac _ qorwinebis registracia.
pirveli oris Sesrulebis miuxedavad, qorwineba saxelmwifos mier aRi-
arebuli ar iqneba (ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi SedegebiT) regis-
traciis gareSe, radganac kanonmdeblobiT, qorwinebis warmoSobisaTvis
swored samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis organos mier misi registraciaa
savaldebulo1107.
samoqalaqo qorwinebas ukavSirdeba meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobebis, maTi
sanivTo uflebebisa da saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoSoba
rogorc erTmaneTis, ise ojaxis sxva wevrebis mimarT. qorwinebas misi sax-
elmwifo registracia aqcevs samarTlebriv institutad, uflebebisa da mo-
valeobebis warmoSobis safuZvlad da iuridiul faqtad. winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi, pirTa Tanacxovreba ubralo kohabitaciad miiCneva, rasac
romaelebi konkubinatad moixseniebdnen1108.
1105 Bernard J., The Evolution of Matrimonial Jurisprudence: The Opinion of a French Canonist, The Jurist, #41,
1981, 107-108.
1106 Gori-Montanelli R., Botwinik D.A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, “International Lawyer”, #1, 1966-1967, 210.
1107 „samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 48-e muxli.
1108 ix., metreveli v., romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 101.
1109 Turner B.S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York, 2013, 102.
1110 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 185.
1111 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 19.
1112 „da Seqmna RmerTman kaci saxed Tჳsad da xatad RmrTisa Seqmna igi, mamakacad da de-
dakacad qmna igini.“ dabadeba, 1, 27; „da akurTxna igini RmerTman metyuelman: aRorZndiT da
ganmravldiT. da aRavseT queyanaჲ daeufleniT mas. da mTavrobdiT TevzTa zRჳsaTa, da
mfrinvelTa cisaTa, da yovelTa pirutyuTa, da yovelsa qveyanasa da yovelTa quewarma-
valTa, mavalTa qveyanasa zeda.“ dabadeba, 1, 28.
1113 mama paisi mTawmindeli, sityvebi, w.IV, ojaxuri cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2006, 33.
1114 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 291.
140
wm. grigol RvTismetyvelis ganmartebiT, qorwineba, romelic colqm-
robasa da STamomavlobis gagrZelebas efuZneba, RmerTis mosawonia.1115 Tumca,
ra Tqma unda, qorwinebis mizani, rogorc Tavdapirveli, ise Semdgomi, ara mxo-
lod STamomavlobis Seqmna, aramed colisa da qmris ukeTesi da bednieri
cxovrebis uzrunvelyofaa.1116 qorwinebis safuZveli siyvaruli unda iyos,
romelsac RmerTi adamians unergavs da aiZulebs col-qmars „Cvevaze Zlieri
kavSiriT miemsWvalon erTmaneTs“.1117 klimenti aleqsandrielis ganmartebiT,
Tavad RmerTi aerTebs adamianebs, akavSirebs maT da maTTan sufevs1118.
saqorwino kanonikuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba Tavad qorwinebis sakralu-
robam da misma gansakuTrebulma religiurma mniSvnelobam ganapiroba, rasac
safuZvlad saeklesio saidumloebaTa Sesaxeb qristes swavleba daedo.1119
wminda werilis Tanaxmad, qorwineba saRmrTo saidumloa,1120 romelic zneo-
brivi srulyofilebis misaRwevad, qalsa da mamakacs ara mxolod xorcielad,
aramed sulieradac aerTebs.1121 qorwinebas, rogorc qristianul saidumlos,
sami umTavresi mizani aqvs: kacobriobis gamravleba da STamomavlobis Seqmna;
meuRleTa urTierTdaxmareba, megobroba da Semweoba; xorciel vnebaTa
dacxroma,1122 xorcieli codvisken midrekilebis daZleva1123.
tertulianem erT-erTma pirvelma Seadara qorwineba wminda ziarebas,1124
rac mis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams, vinaidan evqaristia zogadad qristianuli
eklesiis safuZvladaa miCneuli da qristes eklesiis amosavali ideaa. swored
amitomac gasakviri araa, rom axali aRTqmis mniSvnelovani nawili, wm. pavle
mociqulis epistoleTa umravlesoba, qorwinebis arss, mis daniSnulebas,
saojaxo urTierTobebsa da col-qmris urTierTmimarTebas exeba.1125
RvTaebrivi pozitiuri samarTali, romelic saxarebaSia mocemuli, awesrigebs
saojaxo sakiTxebs, igi pirdapir krZalavs bigamias, poligamiasa da ganqor-
winebas1126.
qristianul samarTalSi, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis eklesiaSi, qorwinebis
qristianuli koncefcia romis samarTalSi aRiarebuli tradiciuli sa-
marTlebrivi institutisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebis sin-
Tezis Sedegad Seiqmna. klasikurma monogamiurma romaulma qorwinebam
qristianuli koncefciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mudmivobisa da erTgulebis
1115 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 33.
1116 Encyclical Letter “Arcanum” of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage to the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops,
and Bishops of the Catholic World in Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See, 1880, 26.
1117 wm. ioane oqropiri, swavlani, n. belTaZis Targmani, wignSi: bWe siwmindisa, Tbilisi, 2008,
244-245.
1118 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 293.
1119 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 24.
1120 epistole pavle mociqulisa efeselTa mimarT, 5, 32.
1121 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 186.
1122 Viscuso P., Orthodox Canon Law, 2nd Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011, 34.
1123 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 151.
1124 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 187.
1125 ix., episoteleni pavle mociqulisa korinTelTa mimarT I, 7, 7-10; efeselTa mimarT, 5, 22-
33; ebraelTa mimarT, 13,4.
1126 Hayes P.J., Impediments to Marriage in the Catholic Church, “The North American Review”, Vol.180, 1905,
766.
141
ideebi gaiTavisa, ris safuZvelzec kanonikuri mowesrigeba Camoyalibda.1127
qorwineba, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wminda saidumloeba, ise
SeTanxmeba, xelSekrulebaa.1128 qorwinebis qristianuli gagebisa da samarTlis
Serwyma pirvelad iustinianes dros ganxorcielda.1129 Semdeg ki Sua
saukuneebis kanonikuri samarTlis mcodneebma aqtiurad gamoiyenes iustini-
anes mier Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi modeli da qorwinebis kanonikursa-
marTlebrivi koncefciisTvis, saqorwino SeTanxmebisTvis romis samarTlis
klasikuri konsesualuri xelSekrulebis idea aiRes.1130 Sedegad, qorwineba
ori piris xelSekrulebad miiCneva, romelsac pirTa Tanxmoba sWirdeba da
uSualod RmerTis mieraa dafuZnebuli,1131 misi moSla an Sewyveta SeuZlebe-
lia, garda gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.1132 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesi-
isTvis qorwinebis kanonikuri da samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba meorexarisxo-
vania, Tavad qorwinebis siwmindesTan da mis saidumloebasTan SedarebiT.1133
rac Seexeba aRmosavleTis eklesias, igi qorwinebas ubralo garigebad an
xelSekrulebad naklebad ganixilavda, jvriswera yovelTvis kurTxeul, gan-
sakuTrebul sazogadoebriv institutad moiazreboda,1134 Tumca romauli sa-
marTlis gavlenas verc is gaeqca da sruliad bunebrivad, jvrisweris miseuli
kanonikuri gageba bizantiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis ganviTarebas kval-
dakval mihyva.
1127 Hofman Fr.J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, “Acta Juridica”, 1983, 28.
1128 Olshewsky Th.M., A Christian Understanding of Divorce, “Journal of Religious Ethics”, Vol.7, No.1, 1979,
122.
1129 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, Translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188.
1130 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 11.
1131 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 478.
1132 Meyendorff J., Christian Marriage in Byzantium: The Canonical and Liturgical Tradition, “Dumbarton Oaks
Papers”, #44, 1990, 101.
1133 McManus F.R., Marriage in the Canons of the Eastern Catholic Churches, “Jurist”, Vol.54, 1994, 56-57.
1134 Orsy L., Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, “Law and Justice”, 1988-1989, 10.
1135 Schanda B., Religion and State in the Candidate Countries to the European Union – Issues Concerning Reli-
goon and State in Hungary, “Sociology of Religion”, Vol.64, No.3, 2003, 335.
1136 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 367.
142
buneba daumkvidra.1137 msgavsi statusis gamo kanonikurma samarTalma Sei-
muSava jvriswerasa da ganqorwinebasTan, zogadad saqorwino samarTalTan da-
kavSirebul normaTa mTeli sistema, romelic dRemde aqtiurad gamoiyeneba.
saeklesio wesiT qorwinebis sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyo: a) spe-
cialuri rituali, ceremonia; b) qorwinebis momwesrigebeli Sida samarTali,
normebi; g) qorwinebis ganxorcielebaze uflebamosili piri, romelic pasux-
ismgebelia am normaTa aRsrulebaze.1138 samive Semadgeneli elementis
arseboba aucilebelia, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, jvrisweris, rogorc iuridi-
uli faqtis, Sesaxeb msjeloba araseriozulia.
TeoriaSi saxelmwifos mier religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis ramdenime
modeli arsebobs da maT Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad saxelmwifoSi
gavrcelebuli, aRiarebuli msoflmxedvelobiTaa ganpirobebuli.1139
SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqorwino sakiTxebis gadawyvet-
aze uflebamosili subieqti Tavad saxelmwifoa; 2. saqorwino sakiTxebi
samoqalaqo samarTlisTvisaa mindobili; 3. saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqorwino
samarTali sekularul da religiur polusebs Sorisaa.1140 yvelaze zogadi
klasifikaciiT, jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis mixedviT, ori ZiriTadi
modeli arsebobs: 1. sistema, romelSic samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mxolod
samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs da 2. sistema, romelic samoqalaqo da religiuri
qorwinebis formebs Soris arCevanis SesaZleblobas iZleva im pirobiT, rom
orives Tanabari samarTlebrivi Sedegi eqneba.1141 am ukanasknels xSirad al-
ternatiulsac uwodeben.1142 Tavis mxriv, pirvel sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos
ori qvesistema, roca: a) saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs religiur qorwinebas da ar
ukavSirebs mas samarTlebriv Sedegebs, Tumca jvrisweris Catareba ar ikr-
Zaleba da es dasaqorwinebel pirTa survilzea damokidebuli; b) saxelmwifo
krZalavs religiur qorwinebas da mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebaa nebadar-
Tuli; meoreSi ki _ a) sistema, roca saxelmwifo aRiarebs jvrisweras, magram
ara yvela religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT; da b) sistema, romelSic sax-
elmwifo aRiarebs yvela religiuri gaerTianebis mier ganxorcielebuli
qorwinebis samarTlebriv Sedegs1143.
samoqalaqo qorwinebis modeli safrangeTis revoluciis dros aRmocenda,
rodesac eklesiisa da saeklesio institutebis mimarT seriozuli brZola
gaCaRda.1144 dResdReobiT es modeli moqmedebs centralur evropaSi, samxreT
143
amerikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, aziisa da afrikis ramdenime qveyanaSi,
romlebSic samarTlebrivi Zala mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebas aqvs1145.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, roca kanonikuri qorwineba saero samarTlis normebiTaa
aRiarebuli, misi samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba swored kanonikuri sa-
marTlisTvisaa mindobili, Tumca saojaxo samarTlis sxva sakiTxebSi (mag.,
Svilad ayvana, meurveoba da mzrunveloba, mSobelsa da Svilebs Soris ur-
TierToba) mTlianad saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis monopoliaa.1146
alternatiuli sistema, aseve, moqmedebs saberZneTSi, romelmac XX sauku-
nis 80-ian wlebSi saojaxo samarTlis sekularizacia da Sualeduri poziciis
dakaveba imiT moaxerxa, rom, marTalia, jvrisweras samarTlebrivi aRiareba
SeunarCuna, Tumca igi mxolod iuridiul faqtad ganixila da ara saRmrTo
saidumloebad.1147 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia
mkacrad gaimijnos jvrisweris religiur-dogmaturi da samarTlebrivi
aspeqtebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tavad religiuri gaerTianeba ar iqneba
aRiarebis momxre, vinaidan nebismieri religiisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelo-
vania sakuTari wesebis dacva, vidre saxelmwifos mxridan qorwinebisaTvis sa-
marTlebrivi Zalis miniWeba. eklesiisaTvis saeklesio samarTali RvTaebrivi
kategoriaa, romelic misTvis, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe, adamianur sa-
marTalze gacilebiT aRmatebulia1148.
paradoqsia, magram istoriuli faqti, rom arcTu ise didi xnis win papi pius
IX wyevlida nebismier moZRvrebas, romelic gamarTlebulad miiCnevda sax-
elmwifo kanonmdeblobis arsebobas iseT sferoebSi, rasac eklesia saTavisod
ganixilavda.1149 maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, saojaxo urTierTobebic moiazre-
boda. dReisaTvis mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala da es ara mxolod ro-
maul-kaTolikur, aramed marTlmadidebel eklesiasac exeba. rac Seexeba
protestantul eklesias, igi marTlmadidebeli da romis eklesiebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, yovelTvis ufro „samoqalaqo“, saero xasiaTs atarebda da sax-
elmwifos kanonmdeblobasTanac metad harmonizebuli iyo.
1145 iqve.
1146 msgavsi alternatiuli sistema moqmedebs israelSi, sadac saojaxo samarTlis
mowesrigeba, marTalia, saero doneze arsebobs, Tumca saxelmwifo aRiarebs TiToeuli
religiuri gaerTianebis uflebas, gaerTianebis wevrebisTvis Tavad daadginos saojaxo sa-
marTali, romlis farglebSic momavalSi imoqmedeben. aRniSnuli exeba rogorc sakuTriv
ebraelebs, ise muslimebs, qristianebs da sxv. ix., Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for
Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Systems, “Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 415;
Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009, 2868.
1147 Stathopoulos M.P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, “Israel Law Review”, Vol.22, No.3, 1998, 371.
1148 elineki g., Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis Targmani, b.
zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006, 37.
1149 ix., Encyclical Letter “Syllabus Errorum” of Pope Pius IX to the Venerable Brethren, all Patriarchs, Primates,
Archbishops, and Bishops having favor and Communion of the Holy See, 8 December of 1864.
144
dResdReobiT religiuri qorwineba, jvriswera aRiarebulia msoflios
bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris, italiaSi, fineTSi, norvegiaSi, daniaSi, gaer-
Tianebul samefoSi, saberZneTSi, avstraliaSi, aSS-is StatTa umravlesobaSi
da a.S.1150
1158 iqve.
1159 Catean-Voiculescu L., Hurbean A., Legal Marriage Versus Religious Marriage Act in Light of the New Reg-
ulations of the Civil Code, “Agora International Journal of Juridical Studies”, #2, 2011, 2.
1160 iqve.
1161 Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831, Art. 16.
1162 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 325.
1163 Mair J., The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in Family
Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 375.
1164 dubeki i., saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 82.
1165 iqve.
146
aqvs, Tuki igi SvedeTis samarTlebrivi, safinanso da administraciuli
momsaxurebis saagentos (Kammarkollegiet) mier gacemuli uflebamosilebis sa-
fuZvelze sruldeba.1166 Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis gareSe Sesrulebul
religiur qorwinebas saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs1167.
gaerTianebul samefoSi aRiarebulia religiuri qorwinebis samarTle-
brivi Sedegi, samefo nebas rTavs religiebs TavianTi wesebis Sesabamisad Caa-
taron saqorwino ceremonia, Tumca avaldebulebs, daicvan samoqalaqo kanon-
mdeblobiT dadgenili winapirobebi da ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi kanoniT gan-
sazRvrul procedurebTan erTad, ceremoniis Catarebaze uflebamosili
sasuliero pirisaTvis moqalaqeTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnobis wardgenis
aucileblobas awesebs.1168 israelis saqorwino samarTlis Tanaxmad, iudeveli
israelis moqalaqe an mis teritoriaze macxovrebeli ebraelebis qorwinebisa
da ganqorwinebis sakiTxebi rabinTa sasamarTloebis eqskluziuri iu-
risdiqciis qveS eqceva1169 da Toris mixedviT unda iqnes gadawyvetili1170. is-
raelis saxelmwifo nebas rTavs nebismier religiur gaerTianebas, saqorwino
urTierTobebi TavianTi religiuri samarTlisa da normebis Sesabamisad
moawesrigos1171.
aSS-Si religiuri qorwineba aRiarebulia da am qorwinebis samarTlebrivi
Sedegebis warmoSobisaTvis araviTari damatebiTi samoqalaqo RonisZieba
saWiro araa.1172 religiuri qorwinebis samarTlebrivi aRiarebisTvis aucile-
belia ritualis ganmaxorcielebel religiur organizacias Tu pirs Sesabam-
isi licenzia hqondes, romelic kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT gaicema.1173
msgavsi sistema moqmedebs avstraliaSic.1174
1166 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes of the Swedish
Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,
Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 85.
1167 iqve, 87.
1168 ix., maklini d., saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da
eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani,
Tbilisi, 2011, 656-657.
1169 Marriage and Divorce Law of Israel, 1953, Section 1.
1170 iqve, Section 2.
1171 Sapir G., Staatman D., Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, “Cardozo Law Review”, Vol.30, No.6, 2009,
2868.
1172 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327.
1173 iqve.
1174 iqve.
147
winebis erTaderT oficialur da samarTlebrivad aRiarebul saxed marTlma-
didebeli eklesiis mier Catarebuli jvriswera gamocxadda.1175 msgavsi
mowesrigeba moqmedebda yvela, istoriulad marTlmadidebel saxelmwifoSi,
maT Soris, saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi, serbeTSi da a.S.
1982 wlamde saberZneTSi saeklesio qorwineba qorwinebis erTaderTi neba-
darTuli saxe iyo.1176 1982 wels miRebul iqna specialuri kanoni samoqalaqo
qorwinebis Taobaze, romelmac aramarTlmadidebeli eklesiebis qorwinebis
aqtic aRiara da samoqalaqo qorwineba SemoiRo.1177 saberZneTSi erTi da imave
urTierTobisaTvis SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc samoqalaqo, ise
saeklesio qorwinebis samarTlebrivi forma. amis SesaZleblobas berZnuli ka-
nonmdebloba iZleva.1178 saberZneTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, qorwine-
bisaTvis aucilebelia meris an Temis xelmZRvanelis Tanxmoba,1179 Tumca es ar
niSnavs, rom saeklesio wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwineba, romelic msgavsi ne-
barTvis gareSea Catarebuli, baTilad miiCneva,1180 radganac saberZneTis
eklesiis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba jvrisweraze episkoposis mier winaswar Tanx-
mobis gacemis aucileblobas iTvaliswinebs.1181 eklesia mRvdels mxolod
aseTi Tanxmobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi rTavs qorwinebis ceremoniis Catare-
bis uflebas.1182 samoqalaqo qorwineba, romelic saxelmwifo organoebSi reg-
istrirebulia da ar gauqmebula kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, eklesiisTvisac
moqmed qorwinebad miiCneva da jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebas war-
moadgens.1183
religiuri qorwinebis paralelurad, kviprosSi moqmedebs samoqalaqo
qorwinebac, romlis arCevac konkretul pirTa diskreciaa.1184 kviprosis kon-
stituciis 111-e muxlis Zveli redaqcia saqorwino da saojaxosamarTlebriv
urTierTobaTa mowesrigebas, aseve, maTi institutebis samarTlebriv sta-
tuss Sesabamisi religiuri gaerTianebebis samarTals ukavSirebda, religi-
uri davebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ Sesabamisi saeklesio sasamarTlo iyo uflebamo-
sili, ganexila da gadaewyvita qorwineba-ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kiTxebi.1185 1989 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad qorwineba da
ganqorwineba saero, saojaxo sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi gadavida da
1175 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 188; Gal-
lagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”, Vol.157,
2006, 9.
1176 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbi-
lisi, 2011, 152.
1177 Papastathis C.K., The Hellenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, “Brigham Young University Law Re-
view”, #4, 1996, 825.
1178 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1367.
1179 iqve, Art.1370.
1180 Rodopoulos P., An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie, Rollinsford, 2007, 193.
1181 Law 590/77 of Greece “Concerning the Charter of the Church of Greece”, art. 49.
1182 Encyclical 2329/20-10-82 of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece.
1183 Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic, Art. 1354.
1184 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 286.
1185 iqve, 285.
148
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi dawvrilebiT aisaxa.1186 marTlmadideblebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, ganqorwinebis sakiTxs specialuri saojaxo sasamarTlo ganixilavs,
erTi sasuliero da ori saero piris SemadgenlobiT, romlebic mosamarTlis
funqciebiT arian aRWurvilni.1187 msgavsi saojaxo sasamarTloebi kviprosSi
1990 wlidan moqmedebs. 1994 wlidan ki saojaxo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcia
sxva ZiriTadi religiebis warmomadgenelTa ganqorwinebis saqmeebzec gavr-
celda. dReisaTvis qristianobis yvela ZiriTadi mimarTulebis religiur
gaerTianebas sakuTari saeklesio sasamarTlo aqvs,1188 rac kviprosis kon-
stituciiTaa uzrunvelyofili1189.
1186 iqve.
1187 iqve, 286.
1188 iqve, 284.
1189 Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960, Art.111.
1190 Brown B.F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, “Journal of Family Law”,
Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961, 128.
1191 Gallagher C., Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, “Law and Justice – Christian Law Review”,
Vol.157, 2006, 9.
1192 Brown B.F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, “Journal of Family Law”,
Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961, 129.
1193 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 38.
1194 Gori-Montanelli R., Botwinik D.A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, “International Lawyer”, #1, 1966-1967, 211.
1195 iqve, 216.
149
muxlis (Zveli redaqcia) Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyvetis erTaderTi sa-
fuZveli erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba iyo.1196 1984 wels italiis sax-
elmwifosa da romis eklesias Soris daido vila madamas xelSekruleba, ro-
melmac sruliad gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba daadgina da lateranis
xelSekrulebis principebi Secvala.1197 konkordatis cvlilebebTan erTad,
ganqorwinebis SemoRebam da abortebis dakanonebam wminda saydris poziciebi
da mTlianad italiis sazogadoeba radikalurad Secvala1198.
espaneTSi religiuri wesiT Sesrulebuli qorwineba samarTlebrivi
efeqtis matarebelia.1199 romis eklesiis mier Catarebul jvrisweras
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi Sedegi aqvs da igi saxelmwifos mier aRiarebu-
lia.1200 aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofilia espaneTis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT.1201
maltam vatikanTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT srulad aRiara ara marto ka-
nonikurad Sesrulebuli jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zala, aramed qorwineba-
ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT saeklesio sasamarTloebisa da tribunalebis
iurisdiqcia1202.
1196 Dwyer C., Divorce in Italy, “Quis Custodiet”, Vol. 36, 1972, 93.
1197 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 246.
1198 iqve, 244.
1199 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172.
1200 Morán G.M., The Spanish System of Church and State, “Brigham Young University Law Review”, #2, 1995,
543.
1201 Civil Code of the Kingdom of Spain, Art.60.
1202 Farrugia R., The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Maltese Family Law and Policy, in: The Place
of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 200.
1203 ix.,zoiZe b., Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000, 31.
1204 iqve.
1205 surgulaZe iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w.I, Tbilisi, 2000, 19.
1206 vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t.II, Tbilisi, 1948, 50.
1207 epistole pavle mociqulisa galatelTa mimarT, 3,28.
1208 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, t.VII, Tbilisi, 1984, 267.
1209 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 154.
150
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi qorwinebisa da sxva mravali iuridi-
uli faqtis registracias marTlmadidebeli eklesia axdenda. msgavsadve
xdeboda ruseTis imperiasa da sxva qristianul saxelmwifoebSi1210.
qarTuli eklesiis roli da funqcia, maT Soris, samoqalaqo aqtebis regis-
traciis mimarTulebiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi
Zalze dakninda. saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso sabWos davalebiT, dekanoz kor-
neli kekeliZis mier Seqmnili debuleba „saeklesio qorwineba-ganqorwinebisa“
1918 wels waredgina saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobas. 1211 1920
wels saqarTvelos saeklesio krebam proeqtSi cvlilebebi Seitana da or gan-
calkevebul debulebad miiRo.1212 social-demokratiuli mTavrobis agre-
siuli qmedebebis Sedegad qarTul samociqulo eklesias mniSvnelovani ziani
miadga,1213 myife sekularizaciis procesis paralelurad, eklesias CamoerTva
qorwinebis registraciis ufleba, mis mier Sesrulebul jvrisweras ki, 1920
wlis 3 dekembris „moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis aqtebis registraciis ka-
noniT“, samarTlebrivi aRiarebis SesaZlebloba moespo1214.
saqarTvelos iZulebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tulma RonisZiebebma kidev ufro agresiuli xasiaTi miiRo. ra Tqma unda,
religiuri qorwinebis sakiTxi sabWoTa kavSirSi naklebad aqtualuri iyo,
vinaidan Tavad religia saxelmwifo problemad iyo miiCneoda jer kidev len-
inis periodidan moyolebuli.1215
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg jvrisweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis
sakiTxisaTvis aravis ecala, Sesabamisad, 1997 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsma te-
qstSi mxolod samoqalaqo qorwinebis momwesrigebeli normebi asaxa.1216 rom
ara konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT er-
Tiani midgoma iarsebebda, Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciuri
SeTanxmebis Sesabamisi debulebis miuxedavad, dReisaTvis sakmaod rTulia,
dadgindes saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sistemuri kuTvnileba. samoqalaqo
kanonmdebloba ki, romelic am SemTxvevaSi specialuria, Tamamad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom jvrisweris iuridiul Sedegebs ar aRiarebs.
151
2.4. jvrisweris aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi
2.4.1. qorwinebis aRiarebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba
2.4.1.1. qarTuli samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba
1217 Scharffs B.G., Disparte S., Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil Marriage Systems,
“Journal of Law and Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 411.
1218 Tsintsadze Kh., Legal Aspects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia, “Brigham Young
University Law Review”, #3, 2007, 766.
1219 Sead., cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifo da religia, Tbilisi, 2001, 72.
1220 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa
palatis 2008 wlis 15 maisis #as-968-1269-07 gadawyvetileba.
1221 iqve.
152
2.4.1.2. qarTuli saeklesio kanonmdebloba
1222 Cahil E., Notes on Christian Sociology, “The Irish Mothly”, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923, 480.
1223 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 297.
1224 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 439.
1225 saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba,
1995, VII Tavis me-4 paragrafi.
153
debuleba saeparqio sabWos, romlis xelmZRvanelic Tavad episkoposia, aR-
Wuravs uflebamosilebiT, ganixilos qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebasTan da-
kavSirebuli saqmeebi1226.
qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis aqtebidan irkveva, rom saeklesio saqor-
wino samarTali qarTul eklesiaSi ZiriTadad zepir, gadmocemiT xasiaTs ata-
rebs da praqtikiT wesrigdeba, mas raime oficialuri dokumentis saxe an sa-
marTlebrivi aqtiT gamoxatuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. am mxriv, saeklesio ka-
nonmdeblobaSi sruli uwonadobaa, kerZod, ar aris mkacrad dadgenili da
detalizebuli: dasaqorwinebel pirTa asaki da daqorwinebisaTvis
aucilebeli winapirobebi, qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, jvris-
weris Catarebaze uflebamosili piris statusi da saeklesio qorwinebis ganx-
orcielebis samarTlebrivi procedura, ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi da pro-
cesi, saqorwino xasiaTis samarTlebrivi davis ganxilvis samarTlebrivi
aspeqtebi, qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis kanonikursamarTlebrivi Sedegebi,
meore da mesame qorwinebis samarTlebrivi statusi, saeklesio da samoqalaqo
qorwinebaTa urTierTmimarTeba da a.S.
qarTuli eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, sakmaod detaluri mowesrigeba aqvs sa-
berZneTis eklesias, romelic rogorc sakuTari saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT,
ise samoqalaqo samarTlis normebiT detalurad adgens qorwineba-ganqor-
winebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. igi iTvaliswinebs, rom jvrisweris
ganmaxorcielebeli sasulieri piri unda iyos uflebamosili, „moqmedi“,
radganac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qorwineba baTilad miiCneva.1227 rusul
eklesiaSic sasuliero piri valdebulia jvrisweris ceremoniamde gam-
oikvlios, xom ar arsebobs qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi.1228
msgavsi danawesebi qarTuli samociqulo eklesiis oficialur dokumentebSi
ver moiZebneba, rac sruliad warmoudgenels xdis jvrisweris samarTlebrivi
aRiarebis implementacias saero kanonmdeblobis doneze.
sabWourma warsulma mZime daRi daasva marTlmadidebel eklesias, ro-
melsac, upirvelesad, swored saeklesio samarTlis kuTxiT aqvs mniSvnelo-
vani reformebi gansaxorcielebeli: aucilebelia marTva-gamgeobis axali,
gamarTuli debulebis SemuSaveba, aseve, unda dadgindes qorwinebisa da
ganqorwinebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobebi da standartebi, damuSavdes maTi
kanonikursamarTlebrivi mxare, rac mTavaria, moxdes saeklesio kanon-
mdeblobis nawilobrivi, SeZlebisdagvarad, maqsimaluri harmonizacia saero
kanonmdeblobasTan qorwineba-ganqorwinebis mimarT wayenebuli minimaluri
pirobebisa Tu safuZvlebis kuTxiT.
154
kumulaciur pirobad pirTa minimalur asaks asaxelebs, romelic ZiriTadad
18 welia.1229 18 wlamdelTa qorwinebas saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs, ufro metic, 16
wels miuRwevel pirTan sqesobrivi kavSiri kriminalizebulia da sisxlis sa-
marTlis wesiT isjeba1230.
qristianul dogmatikaSi minimaluri saqorwino asaki qalebisTvis ZiriTa-
dad 14, xolo mamakacebisTvis 16 wels ukavSirdeba, rac qorwinebis kon-
sumaciisaTvis aucilebeli fiziologiuri mzaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.1231 aR-
niSnuli minimaluri saqorwilo asaki eklesiebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba.
ivaraudeba, rom igi saxelmwifos samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul
minimums unda emTxveodes.
„sacolqmroTa uhasakoba“ Zvel qarTul samarTalSic qorwinebis
damabrkolebel garemoebad miiCneoda.1232 ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweriT qal-
TaTvis qorwinebis minimalur asakad 12 weli, xolo zogadad _ srul-
wlovaneba ganisazRvra.1233 Tanamedrove epoqaSi ki saqarTvelos eklesiis 1920
wlis „qorwinebis“ debuleba qorwinebis nebas rTavda 17-dan 70 wlamde
mamakacebsa da 15-dan 60 wlamde qalebs.1234 samwuxarod, qarTul eklesias ar
gaaCnia sistematizebuli da erTiani midgoma saqorwino asakTan dakavSirebiT,
Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli arc romelime samarTlebrivi aqtiT ganisazRvreba.
sasuliero pirebs zepirad evalebaT gamoikvlion saqorwino garemoebebi,
Tumca bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime aseuli SemTxveva SeiZleba
moinaxos, rodesac sasuliero pirebma jvari 18 wels miuRwevel pirebs
dasweres, rac samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis darRvevaa. am SemTxvevaSi ismis
kiTxva, Tu rogor unda aRiaros saxelmwifom jvrisweris iuridiuli Sedegi,
roca igi didi albaTobiT moqmed kanonmdeblobas SeiZleba ewinaaRmdege-
bodes.
aucilebelia eklesiis wiaRSi, kanonikursamarTlebriv doneze, oficialu-
rad dadgindes minimaluri saqorwino asaki samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
mowesrigebis gaTvaliswinebiT da jvrisweris ganmaxorcielebel sasuliero
pirebs daevaloT asakisa da sxva garemoebaTa gamokvleva. Tuki ar moxda am
yovelives samarTlebrivi reglamentacia, warmoudgenelia saxelmwifom
jvrisweris raime formiT aRiareba iTavos.
155
jvrisweris religiuri xasiaTi ganapirobebs. sakmaod mkacri SezRudvebi da
qorwinebis xelisSemSleli pirobebi iyo dadgenili qarTuli CveulebiTi sa-
marTliTac, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi sasuliero kanonmdeblobaze gac-
ilebiT maRal standarts awesebda. fSauri masalebis mixedviT, qorwinebis
damabrkolebel garemoebad erTi gvarisadmi kuTvnilebac iyo.1236 akrZalvis
praqtikul moqmedebas mkacri sasjelebi uzrunvelyofda.1237 fSav-
xevsureTSi ara mxolod erTi gvaris warmomadgenlebs, aramed maTac, vinc
teritoriulad axlos cxovrobdnen, erTmaneTze daqorwineba ekr-
ZalebodaT.1238 Zvel qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi qorwinebis
damabrkolebeli garemoebebis argaTvaliswineba umkacresad isjeboda,
riTac xalxi xazs usvamda msgavs qmedebaTa mZime danaSaulebriv xasiaTs1239.
dResdReobiT, roca urTierTobaTa areali Zalze didia da SeuZlebelia
TiToeuli qorwinebis Sesaxeb informacia yvelas miewodos, raTa adamianuri
mankiereba da tyuili maqsimalurad gamoiricxos, mniSvnelovania, arsebobdes
qmediTi meqanizmi, romliTac uflebamosili piri detalurad Seiswavlis
daqorwinebis msurvelTa ganacxads, maT urTierTmimarTebas naTesaobis
mxriv, gamoikvlevs qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebaTa arsebobas da mxo-
lod amis Semdeg iqneba SesaZlebeli, wyvilma iqorwinos. am mxriv, misabaZia sa-
berZneTis eklesia, romelic dRemde wm. egnate RmerTSemosilis cnobili mo-
sazrebiT moqmedebs: „qorwinebis msurvelT, mamakacebsac da dedakacebsac,
marTebT erToba episkoposis azris Tanaxmad, raTa uflismier da ara wa-
dierebisamebr, iqmnas qorwineba“1240. samoqalaqo Tu saeklesio qorwine-
bisaTvis qristianuli eklesiis wevrTaTvis aucilebelia Sesabamisi eparqiis
mRvdelmTavris, episkoposis Tanxmoba1241.
mniSvnelovania, dadgindes Sesabamisi mRvdelmTavrisadmi mimarTvis
valdebuleba, rac jvrisweris Catarebis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT gan-
isazRvreba, mcxeTa-Tbilisis, aseve, biWvinTisa da cxum-afxazeTis eparqiis
SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosili mRvdelmTavari, patriarqis garda, misi qorepis-
koposic iqneba. episkopossa da saeparqio sabWos unda daevalos, TiToeul
gancxadebasTan dakavSirebiT detalurad gamoarkvios saqmis garemoebani,
Seiswavlos qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebebi, Seafasos, ramdenad
daculia samoqalaqo da saeklesio kanonmdeblobiT qorwinebisaTvis dadge-
nili minimaluri standarti. mxolod am moqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis Semdeg
unda gaices daqorwinebaze nebarTva.
ganmcxadebels unda daevalos saWiro dokumentaciasTan erTad daqorwine-
bis Taobaze gancxadebas Tan daurTos cnoba samoqalaqo registraciis organ-
odan, rom ar imyofeba registrirebul qorwinebaSi. swored saeklesio qor-
winebis samarTlebrivi efeqtidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, eklesiam regis-
trirebuli samoqalaqo qorwineba jvrisweris damabrkolebel garemoebad
1236 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, IV naw., m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1993, 145.
1237 qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, III naw., s. xanjalaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 1991, 23.
1238 iqve, 24.
1239 iqve, 26.
1240 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 101.
1241 iqve, 103.
156
cnos. msgavsi praqtika moqmedebs saberZneTis eklesiaSi, sadac wminda sinodis
ganCinebiT, aRniSnuli saeklesio qorwinebis xelisSemSlel faqtada miC-
neuli1242.
2.4.2.3. ganqorwineba
157
ganqorwinebisaTvis sapatio mizezad miiCnia.1252 Tanamedrove epoqaSi marTlma-
didebeli eklesia uSvebs ganqorwinebas meuRleTa SeTanxmebiTac1253.
italiaSi ganqorwineba 1970 wlamde akrZaluli iyo, Tumca sekularizaciis
procesis gaaqtiureba saojaxo urTierTobebzec aisaxa, ramac SemdgomSi ukve
abortis dekriminalizacia da sxva mniSvnelovani Zvrebi gamoiwvia.1254 es-
paneTSi religiuri wesiT Catarebuli qorwinebis gauqmebis ufleba saeklesio
sasamarTlos, paps an samoqalaqo registraciis organoebs aqvT.1255 ganqor-
winebis Taobaze saeklesio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetileba ZalaSia, Tu mas
espaneTis saxelmwifo, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, aRi-
arebs.1256 miuxedavad imisa, rom irlandiam 1972 wlis sakonstitucio
cvlilebebiT saxelmwifo religia gaauqma, ganqorwineba 1986 wlis sa-
konstitucio reformis ganxorcielebamde oficialurad nebadarTuli ar
iyo1257.
kviprosSi berZnuli eklesiis mier Sesrulebuli jvrisweris mimarT
saeklesio samarTali moqmedebs da ganqorwinebac misi wesebis Sesabamisad
unda moxdes.1258 saberZneTSi religiuri qorwinebis gauqmebaze uflebamo-
silia samoqalaqo sasamarTlo, _ eklesia, marTalia, monawileobs konsul-
taciebsa da gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg Tavad axorcielebs gvirgvinis
axdis rituals, Tumca ver ereva samoqalaqo sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi1259.
marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi saeklesio qorwinebis gauqmebis ufleba-
mosileba mxolod mRvdelmTavars aqvs,1260 romelic saeklesio sasamarTlos
funqcias iTavsebs. SesaZlebelia jvriswera, rogorc iuridiuli faqti,
samoqalaqo registraciis organomac gaauqmos. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saekle-
sio qorwineba gauqmdeba saxelmwifosTvis, eklesiisaTvis ki igi arsebobas gaa-
grZelebs iqamde, sanam qorwinebas uflebamosili mRvdelmTavari ar cnobs
dasrulebulad.
qarTulma eklesiam ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT unda SeimuSaos sakmaod
detaluri da vrceli mowesrigeba. msgavsi debulebebis ararseboba mniSvne-
lovnad aferxebs da SeiZleba iTqvas, SeuZlebelsac ki xdis jvrisweris sa-
marTlebriv aRiarebas. ganqorwineba, Tavis mxriv, momavali, axali qorwinebisa
1252 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2005, 160.
1253 bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2007, 119.
1254 ferari s., saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 244.
1255 ibani i.s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris
wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011, 172-173.
1256 Civil Code of Spain, Art.80.
1257 Harding M., Religion and Family Law in Ireland: From A Catholic Protection of Marriage to A “Catholic”
Approach to Nullity, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E.
Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 177.
1258 emilianidesi a., saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 286.
1259 papastatisi k., saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT, me-2 gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011, 153.
1260 Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Т., Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва, 1983, 300.
158
da sxva samarTalurTierTobebisaTvis mniSvnelovan damabrkolebel gare-
moebad SeiZleba iqces. aucilebelia numerus clausus principiT ganisazRvros
ganqorwinebis safuZvlebi, procedura, ganqorwinebis Taobaze gad-
awyvetilebis miRebaze uflebamosili piri an organo, aseve, samarTlebrivi
Sedegebi, romelic mis, rogorc samarTlebrivi faqtis, gauqmebas
ukavSirdeba.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom im saxelmwifoebSic ki, romlebic religiuri qor-
winebis samarTlebriv Sedegebs aRiareben, ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi religiuri
gaerTianebebi ar arian uflebamosili, Sewyviton maT mier Sesrulebuli qor-
wineba saxelmwifos winaSe.1261 religiuri qorwinebis aRiarebis miuxedavad,
ganqorwineba srulad saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis qveSaa da religiuri gaer-
Tianebis gadawyvetilebas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araviTari gavlenis
moxdena ar SeuZlia.1262 saqarTveloSi, riskebis Tavidan acilebisa da
samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa stabilurobisaTvis, aucilebelia qorwinebis
Sewyvetaze gavrceldes saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili
wesi, romelic eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT metad Semwynarebelia da
mxareebs met Tavisuflebasac aniWebs. ramdenad mimarTaven ganqorwinebis
msurvelni eklesiasa da kanonikurad gaauqmeben Tu ara damatebiT maT qor-
winebas, es srulad maTi nebis Tavisuflebas unda iyos mindobili.
1261 Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters
- The Paradoxes of the Swedish
Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,
Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93.
1262 Wardle L.D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Law Solutions,
“Journal of Law & Family Studies”, Vol.12, 2010, 327; mag., SvedeTSi nebismieri wesiT Sesrulebuli
qorwinebis Sewyveta ganqorwinebis gziT mxolod sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sa-
fuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. ix., Jänterä-Jareborg M., The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters
- The Paradoxes of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited
by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011, 93.
1263 <http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]
159
jvardawerili.1264 gacilebiT uaresi da amoraluria SemTxveva, rodesac piri
erTsa da imave dros or saeklesio qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rac saeklesio sa-
marTliTa da dogmatikiT akrZalulia. Tavisuflad SeiZleba eklesiis wevrma
erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime qalaqSi ise daiweros jvari, rom amis
Sesaxeb arc saeklesio qorwinebis ganmaxorcielebelma sasuliero pirma da
arc sxva adamianebma icodnen. samwuxarod, eklesia srulad mindobilia
konkretuli individis sindissa da patiosnebaze, rac XXI saukuneSi samarTle-
briv argumentad ver miiCneva. jvrisweris ceremoniis Catareba umravles Sem-
TxvevaSi ise xdeba, rom ganmaxorcielebeli piri saerTod ar interesdeba da-
saqorwinebeli pirebi arian Tu ara eklesiis wevrebi. praqtikaSi Tavisuflad
SesaZlebelia, jvari mounaTlavmac ki daiweros, rac kanonikis uxeSi da
yovlad gaumarTlebeli darRvevaa. am yvelafris gamomwvevi mizezi ki ZiriTa-
dad ori mimarTulebiT warmoCindeba: 1. erTiani sistematizaciis, reestris
ararseboba da 2. faqtebis gadamowmebis SeuZlebloba da arasavaldebulooba.
saberZneTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi
jvriswerisaTvis aucilebelia mitropolitis licenzia, rac qorwinebis
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi nebarTvis tolfasia, romelic bevr evropul sax-
elmwifoSi arsebobs.1265 aRniSnuli meqanizmiT ramdenime garTulebis preven-
cia erTdroulad xorcieldeba. mRvdelmTavari da saeparqio dawesebulebebi
jvrisweris nebarTvis, licenziis gacemisas amowmeben ganmcxadebelTa
eklesiis wevrobas, qorwinebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis arsebobasa da
xelisSemSleli garemoebebis ararsebobas.
qarTul eklesiaSi unda Seiqmnas saeklesio faqtebis erTiani reestri, ro-
melic SesaZleblobas miscems eklesias, Tvalyuri adevnos kanonikuri wesebis
Sesrulebas da Tavidan aicilos adamianTa mankierebiT gamowveuli proble-
mebi, paraleluri qorwinebebi da a.S.
3. religiuri dResaswaulebi
3.1. religiur dResaswaulebze uqmoba
1267 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of a
Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,
298.
1268 ix., X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28.
1269 ix., Kosteski v. the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, [ECtHR], App. no. 55170/00, 13 April 2006,
Para.37.
1270 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-1921,
Tbilisi, 1990, 273.
1271 ix., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos respublikis 1919 wlis 17
ivnisis kanoni `uqme dReebis ricxvis Semcirebisa~.
161
aRdgenisTanave yvela msgavsi dResaswauli gauqmda, erovnulma mTavroba
aRadgina istoriuli da religiuri dResaswaulebi1272.
rac Seexeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelosa da moqmed kanonmdeblobas,
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi jamSi 17 uqme dRes adgens, maTgan 10 ki marTlma-
didebeli eklesiis dResaswaulia.1273 marTlmadidebeli qristianebis raode-
nobis procentuli maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi imxelaa, sulac araa gasakviri,
rom saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi dResaswaulebis umravlesoba saeklesio xasi-
aTis matarebelia.1274 uqmeebad gamocxadebuli dResaswaulebia: 1. 7 ianvari –
uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes Sobis dRe; 2.19 ianvari – naTlisReba – uflisa
Cvenisa ieso qristes gacxadebis dRe; 3. didi paraskevi (gardamavalia); 4. didi
SabaTi (gardamavalia); 5. uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristes brwyinvale aRdgomis
dRe (gardamavalia); 6. micvalebulTa moxseniebis dRe – aRdgomis meore dRe,
orSabaTi (gardamavalia); 7. 12 maisi – saqarTvelos eklesiis, rogorc samo-
ciqulo saydris, damaarseblis – wminda andria mociqulis xsenebis dRe; 8. 28
agvisto – yovladwminda RvTismSoblis miZinebis dRe (mariamoba); 9. 14
oqtomberi – mcxeTobis (sveticxovlobis, kvarTis dResaswaulis) dRe; 10. 23
noemberi – giorgobis dRe.1275 Sromis kodeqsi nebas rTavs dasaqmebuls, damsaq-
mebelTan SeTanxmebiT, kodeqsis me-20 muxliT gansazRvruli uqme dReebis
nacvlad, sxva dasvenebis dReebi moiTxovos1276.
4. safinanso-ekonomikuri valdebulebebi
4.1. kompensacia
164
TvalsazrisiT, materialuri kompensacia nawilobriv ganxorcielda.1283 ami-
tomac am ukanasknelis Taobaze msgavsi Canaweri konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi
absurdulia. igi, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavs normaSive mocemul
sityvaTSeTanxmebas _ `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvis peri-
odSi~. msgavsi debuleba konstituciur SeTanxmebaSi ar unda eweros, igi
Tavisi arsiT saxelmwifoebriv politikasa da warsulis obieqtur xedvas
ewinaaRmdegeba, amitomac konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis pirveli
punqti Sesacvlelia da saxelmwifom eklesias mxolod 1918-1921 wlebSi
miyenebuli ziani unda aunazRauros.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT saxelmwifom gaiTvaliswina paritetul
sawyisebze dafuZnebuli komisiis Seqmna, romelic kompensaciis sakiTxs
Seiswavlida da mis formebs, odenobas, gadaxdis vadebsa da sxva sakiTxebs
daadgenda.1284 komisiis mier Sesabamisi normatiuli aqtebis proeqtebi ar Semu-
Savebula1285 da am mimarTulebiT karga xani raime qmediTi nabiji ar gadadg-
mula.
marTalia, oficialurad kompensaciis saxeliT ara, Tumca saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel eklesias 2002 wlidan seriozul finansur
resurs aZlevs saxelmwifo biujetidan. 2002-2013 wlebSi saxelmwifo biuje-
tis pirdapirma dafinansebam eklesiisTvis 160 672 200 lari Seadgina.1286
sxvadasxva miznobrivi dafinansebiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqom 2013 wels
24,996.1 mln., 2014 wels ki 25,630.9 mln. lari miiRo, xolo 2015 wlis saxelmwifo
biujetidan misTvis 25,000. mln. lari iyo gamoyofili.1287 arc saxelmwifo da
arc sapatriarqo amas oficialurad kompensacias ar arqmevs, Tumca konklud-
enturad orive Tanxmdeba, rom aRniSnuli Tanxa swored nawilobrivi kompen-
saciis moculobaa. amas is garemoebac adasturebs, rom mTavrobam miiRo
dadgenileba, romliTac sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac daudgindaT yo-
velwliurad gasacemi kompensacia,1288 Tumca marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis
kompensaciis gacemis sakiTxi, sxva konfesiebisgan gansxvavebiT, dadgenilebiT
1283 sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180 dadgenileba `religiis saqmeTa sa-
kiTxebis Sesaxeb~.
1284 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis me-2 punqti.
1285 saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili #8289.
1286 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-
tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 25, ix. citireba: Transparency International – Georgia, An Overview of the Public Funding
Provided to the Georgian Patriarchate, 4 july, 2013.
1287 ix., `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
1288 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenileba `saqarTveloSi
arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros
miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis
ganxorcielebis wesis~ damtkicebis Taobaze~.
165
ar wesrigdeba.1289 aRsaniSnavia, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia municipalur
donezec mniSvnelovan dafinansebas iRebs1290.
marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan erTad, saxelmwifo biujetidan kompensa-
cias ssip-is samarTlebrivi formiT registrirebuli islamuri, iudeuri, ro-
maul-kaTolikuri da somxuri samociqulo aRmsareblobis mqone religiuri
gaerTianebebi iReben.1291 am oTxi subieqtisaTvis yovelwliurad gasacemi
Tanxis odenobaze gadawyvetilebas religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento
iRebs,1292 romelic mTavrobis dadgenilebiT Seqmnili ssip-ia da religiur sa-
kiTxebSi mTavrobis mTavari mrCevlis funqciebsac iTavsebs.1293 2014 wels
kompensaciis pirveli etapisTvis mTavrobis sarezervo fondidan 3.500 mln.
lari gamoiyo.1294 2015 wels sakompensacio Tanxa ukve saxelmwifo biujetSi
saxelmwifo saagentos Sesabamisi muxliT ganisazRvra1295.
mTavrobis pozicia kompensaciis Taobaze misasalmebelia, Tumca araadekva-
turi. marTalia, saxelmwifo ar unda gaeqces warsulis movlenebze pasux-
ismgeblobas, Tumca alogikuria, rodesac saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs,
aanazRauros ziani, romelic mas Tavad ar miuyenebia, ufro metic, am procesSi
igi Tavadac dazaralebuli mxarea. Tuki saxelmwifos surda marTlma-
didebeli eklesiisa da sxva subieqtebisTvis zianis anazRaureba, Tundac na-
wilobriv, mas ziani 1918-1921 wlebis periodiT unda gamoeTvala. sxva Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tuki misi mizania, religiur gaerTianebebs pirdapiri dafinanseba
daudginos, amas asec unda daerqvas da TanamSromlobis modelisTvis msgavsi
gadawyvetileba qmedebaTa logikur sqemaSi srulad Tavsebadia. amasTan, Tuki
mainc kompensaciaze SeCerdeba arCevani, aucilebelia marTlmadidebeli
eklesiisTvis yovelwliurad gamoyofil Tanxebs asec daerqvas, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, mxolod kanonmdeblobis normaTa sistemuri analiziTaa Sesa-
Zlebeli, biujetis am asignebebis sakompensacio xasiaTi dadgindes.
1289 ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli
`saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis
dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi Ro-
nisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ me-2 muxlis pirveli punqti.
1290 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-
tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 25, ix. citireba: Tolerance and Diversity Institute (TDI), State Funding to Strengthen the
Orthodox Faith, 18 February, 2014.
1291 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 27 ianvris #117 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli
`saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis
dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi Ro-
nisZiebis ganxorcielebis wesis~ pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti.
1292 iqve, me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti.
1293 ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 19 Tebervlis #177 dadgenileba `sajaro samar-
Tlis iuridiuli piris _ religiis sakiTxa saxelmwifo saagentos Seqmnisa da debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb~.
1294 saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 2014 wlis 13 martis #437 gankarguleba `saqarTve-
loSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis dros
miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis
Sesaxeb~.
1295 ix., `saqarTvelos 2015 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
166
4.2. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
4.2.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dadgena
4.2.1.1. religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis dadgena da adamianis ZiriTad uflebebi
1296 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14.
1297 iqve.
1298 iqve.
1299 Jensen D., Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law and Religion
in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011, 17.
1300 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990.
1301 ix., iqve, Paras 34-35.
1302 begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis CarCo, Jurn. `sa-
konstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 117.
167
dabadebisa da sxv. registracia)1303. am pozicias iziarebs evrosasamarTloc,
romelic erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs konfesiuri da sajaro funqciebis
Sesrulebis mizniT dafinansebas, amasTan, dasaSvebad miaCnevs religiuri or-
ganizaciis mier sajaro funqciebis SesrulebisTvis moqalaqeebis
dabegvras.1304
saxelmwifo uflebamosilia konkretul an yvela religiur gaerTianebas
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi daudginos, ra Tqma unda, es sxvadasxva moculobiTa
da sxvadasxva gadasaxadis mimarT SeiZleba ganisazRvros. amasTan, aucilebe-
lia es yovelive aradiskriminaciul safuZvlebze ganxorcieldes. evrokomi-
siam diskriminaciad ar cno konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebisaTvis SeRa-
vaTebis miniWebis faqti, radganac igi saxelmwifos mier samarTlebrivad
aRebuli valdebulebebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.1305 aqve aRsaniSna-
via, rom religiur gaerTianebebisTvis konkretuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
yvela gadasaxadisgan avtomatur gaTavisuflebas ar gulisxmobs, SeRavaTebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi, religiuri gaerTianeba valdebulia nebismieri sxva
subieqtis msgavsad gadaixados gadasaxadebi1306.
1303 narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tbilisi, 2004, 113; ix., begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris ur-
TierTobis CarCo, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 122.
1304
ix., begaZe m., sekularizmi: saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobis CarCo, Jurn.
`sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #10, 2016, 122; Bruno v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no.
32196/96, 28 August 2011.
1305 ix., Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no. 17522/90,
11 January 1992.
1306 ix., Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990).
1307 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 352-353.
1308 Taylor S.A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011, 58.
1309 ix., Hoff T., Religion’s Accomodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to Religious
Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012, 62;
Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278.
168
saqmianobas exeba, romladac uSualod religiuri miznebiT ganxorcielebuli
saqmianoba miiCneva da ara raime momijnave. mag., aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom
religiuri saavadmyofo gamoricxa eklesiis saqmeebidan da aRniSna, rom igi
arakonfesiuri da sajaro miznis mqone dawesebuleba iyo.1310 federaluri ka-
nonmdebloba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mqone organizaciis statusis misaRe-
bad mTel rig moTxovnebs adgens, maT Soris, sajaro miznebis qona, arako-
merciuli, arapolitikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da a.S.1311 saSinao
Semosavlebis samsaxurma (IRS) 14 principi, kriteriumi SeimuSava, romelTa
dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi organizacia religiur gaerTianebad miiCneva.1312
aRniSnuli kriteriumebi sasamarTlo praqtikamac gaiziara da maT damxmare
mniSvneloba mianiWa.1313 aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesia araa valdebuli, moiTxovos
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, is mas avtomaturad iRebs, eklesia, agreTve, gaTa-
visuflebulia yovelwliuri sagadasaxado deklaraciis Sevsebisgan da ar
eqvemdebareba Semosavlebis samsaxuris audits, garda gamonaklisi Sem-
Txvevebisa1314.
Statisa da federalur doneze ikrZaleba nebismieri religiis dafinanseba,
kanonis miReba, romelic religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis raime finansur dax-
marebas daadgens.1315 aseve, ikrZaleba specialuri gadasaxadis dadgena rome-
lime religiuri organizaciis sasargeblod.1316 pirdapiri akrZalva kvlavac
moqmedebs, Tumca arapirdapir religiur gaerTianebebs mniSvnelovani SeRa-
vaTebi da daxmareba aqvT sajaro xelisuflebis mxridan,1317 ardaxmarebis
politikis miuxedavad, kanonmdebloba savsea sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT.1318
amasTan, kanonTa umravlesoba, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebsa da
gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebul organizaciebs exeba, federalur doneze
moqmedebs.1319 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da saeklesio qonebis gadasaxadebisgan
gaTavisufleba araerTxel yofila davis sagani, Tumca umaRlesma sasa-
marTlom konstituciurad cno msgavsi SeRavaTebi da maTi arseboba `qveli
neitralurobiT~ (qvelmoqmedebiT, gulisxmierebiT) daasabuTa.1320 xelisu-
fleba neitraluri da miukerZoebeli unda iyos religiuri Teoriis,
doqtrinisa da praqtikis sakiTxebSi1321.
aSS-Si religiuri da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebisTvis gaRebuli
Semowirulobebi dasabegr Semosavlad ar ganixileba _ isini gadasaxadebisgan
1322 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationships, Santa Barbara,
2009, 86.
1323 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 278.
1324 iqve.
1325 Jones v. Opelika, 316 U.S. 584 (1942).
1326 ix., Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943); sasamarTlom msgavsi pozicia Semdeg saqmeSic
ganaviTara: Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944).
1327 Greenawalt K., Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 361.
1328 mag., qvelmoqmedebis aqtis miznebisTvis avstraliaSi `religia~ yovelTvis garTod
ganimarteba, raTa religiur organizaciebze maqsimalurad gavrceldes SeRavaTebis
damdgeni Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba. Dal Pont G.E., Charity Law and Religion, in: Law and Religion, God,
the State and the Common Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyersen and R.F. Croucher, London, 2005, 221.
1329 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 70.
1330 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Free-
dom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,
2013, 311.
1331 iqve, 313.
1332 iqve, 311.
170
(0,7%) romis eklesiisaTvis gadaricxvas.1333 kaTolike eklesia gaTavisu-
flebulia uZravi qonebis gadasaxadisganac.1334 evrokomisiam daadgina, rom es-
paneTis sagadasaxado sistema, romelic romis eklesias SeRavaTebs uwesebs, ar
arRvevs sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis uflebebs, arc religiis Tavisu-
flebas da arc Tanasworobis ZiriTad uflebas, vinaidan espaneTs vatikantTan
konkordati hqonda dadebuli, riTac igi samarTlebriv valdebulebas
iRebda1335.
germaniis ZiriTadma kanonma saxelmwifosa da religias Soris ur-
TierTobebis mudmivi da myari forma SearCia: saxelmwifo, religiuri gaer-
Tianebis saxeliTa da misi xelSewyobis mizniT, uzrunvelyofs ssip-ad regis-
trirebuli religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrebidan e.w. `saeklesio
gadasaxadis~ amoRebasa da administrirebas.1336 am formiT registrirebul
religiur gaerTianebas Tavad SeuZlia mosTxovos saxelmwifos, misi wevrebis
saeklesio gadasaxadis Segroveba da administrireba uzrunvelyos.1337 marTa-
lia, germaniaSi eklesiebsa da religiur gaerTianebebs registracia ar moeTx-
ovebaT,1338 Tumca registraciis SemTxvevaSi, eklesiebi sagadasaxado SeRa-
vaTebs iReben.1339 sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miReba ki sakmaod rTuli pro-
cesia, Tumca qristianul da ebraul religiur gaerTianebaTa umravlesoba
msgavsi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs.1340 germanuli modelis erT-erTi mTavari
maxasiaTebeli isicaa, rom saxelmwifoSi saeklesio gadasaxadi yvela
moqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa, Tumca misgan gaTavisufleba konkretuli
eklesiis wevrobis datovebiT an sindisis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, masze
uaris TqmiT aris SesaZlebeli1341.
aRmosavlur qristianobaSi saeklesio kanonmdeblobas, rogorc wesi,
saero xelisufleba qmnida: jer kidev IV saukunidan moyolebuli bizantiis im-
peratorebi gamoscemdnen specialur konstituciebs eklesiisa da
mRvdelmsaxurTa statusis, maTTvis privilegiebis miniWebisa da eklesiis fi-
nansebis administrirebis Taobaze.1342 vinaidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi,
ZiriTadad, nacionaluri eklesiebia, maTi roli xSirad erovnul iden-
tobasTanacaa gaigivebuli, amitomac aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi
172
sarwmunoebis gavrceleba.1353 religiur saqmianobas uTanabrdeba am organi-
zaciebis sawarmoTa saqmianoba, Tuki isini gamoscemen religiur litera-
turas an awarmoeben religiuri daniSnulebis sagnebs; saqmianoba, romelic
religiuri literaturisa da sagnebis realizacia-gavrcelebasTanaa da-
kavSirebuli, aseve, aseTi saqmianobiT miRebuli fuladi saxsrebis gamoyeneba
religiuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad1354.
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT, religiuri gaerTianebebi organizaciebis
statusiT sargebloben1355 da isini gansxvavdebian sawarmoebisgan1356, rom-
lebic, Tavis mxriv, mogebis gadasaxadiT ibegrebian1357. sagadasaxado kodeqsis
21-e, 30-e da 96-e muxlebis sistemuri analizis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
religiuri gaerTianebebi mogebis gadasaxadisgan Tavisufldebian. Tumca gam-
onaklisi mainc arsebobs. kerZod, eqskluziurad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
mier religiuri daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli jvrebis, sanTlebis, xatebis,
wignebisa da kalendrebis realizaciiT miRebuli qoneba gaTavisuflebulia
mogebis gadasaxadisgan.1358 sxva religiuri organizaciebis SemTxvevaSi
msgavsi gzebiT miRebuli qoneba mogebis gadasaxadiT ibegreba.
dRg-isgan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier jvris, san-
Tlis, xatis, wignis, kalendrisa da sxva saRvTismsaxuro sagnebis miwodeba (im-
porti an droebiTi Semotana), romlebic mxolod religiuri mizniT gam-
oiyeneba.1359 aRniSnuli SeRavaTiT sxva religiuri organizaciebi ar
sargebloben. amasTan, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo Sedis e.w. `oqros siaSi~1360 da
mas ufleba aqvs, kuTvnili saqonlis saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze Semo-
tana-gatanisas isargeblos gamartivebuli procedurebiTa da kanonmdeblo-
biT dadgenili sxva SeRavaTebiT.1361 dRg-isgan gaTavisuflebulia saqarTve-
los sapatriarqos dakveTiT taZrebisa da eklesiebis mSenebloba, re-
stravracia da moxatvac,1362 rac, aseve, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis privi-
legiaa, konstituciuri SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare.
religiuri organizaciebis qoneba, aseve, maTze lizingiT gacemuli qoneba,
garda miwisa da organizaciis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis gam-
oyenebuli qonebisa, qonebis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia.1363 am Sem-
TxvevaSi, sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `e~ qvepunqti
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis miwas qonebis gadasaxadisgan ar aTavisuflebs,
riTac winaaRmdegobaSi modis konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5
punqtTan, romelic eklesiisTvis dadgenil sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs miwazec
173
avrcelebs. ra Tqma unda, normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiidan gamomdinare,
calsaxa upiratesoba konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenil mowesrigebas en-
iWeba da eklesia miwaze qonebis gadasaxadisgan mainc gaTavisuflebulia.
Tumca aucilebelia ganxorcieldes sakanonmdeblo cvlileba da
sagadasaxado kodeqsis norma konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan SesabamisobaSi
movides. amisaTvis ki sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `e~
qvepunqtis normatiuli Sinaarsidan amoRebul unda iqnes sityvebi _ `garda
miwisa~.
1364 javaxiSvili m., papobis istoria Sua saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 2015, 14.
1365 iqve.
1366 iqve, 19.
1367 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 310.
1368 ix., iqve, 326-327.
1369 Fennelly J.E., Property Disputes and Religious Schisms: Who Is the Church?, “Saint Thomas Law Review”,
Vol.9, 1997, 327.
1370 Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 311-312.
1371 iqve, 320.
174
1990 wlis 12 aprils saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWom mniSvnelovani dadge-
nileba miiRo, romliTac eklesias qoneba gadasca.1372 dadgenilebiT, respu-
blikis teritoriaze arsebuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis yvela sakulto
nageboba (Tavisi uZrav-moZravi qonebiT) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis sakuTrebad iqna aRiarebuli.1373 Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebs
daevalaT qonebis sapatriarqosTvis gadacema, am ukanasknels ki mieniWa
ufleba, damoukideblad aRewera eklesiebi da maTi qoneba, eklesiaSi
arsebuli wesebisa da tradiciebis Sesabamisad.1374 konstituciurma SeTanx-
mebam kidev erTxel marTlmadidebluri taZrebi, nangrevebi, monastrebi da
miwebi, romlebzec isini mdebareobs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sakuTrebad
aRiara.1375 samwuxarod, am procesma, erTgvarad, umarTavi xasiaTic ki miiRo da
seriozuli problemebi gamoiwvia. problemebi Seexeba rogorc sakulto nage-
bobebis, ise miwebisa da sxva materialuri qonebis gadacemas. dReis
mdgomareobiT marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis simbolur fasad (1 larad) an
sruliad usasyidlod didi raodenobiT uZravi qoneba da aTasobiT heqtari
sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTia gadacemuli.1376 saxelmwifo
qonebis erovnuli saagentos informaciiT, mxolod 2012 wlis 17 seqtembridan
2015 wlis 19 agvistomde marTlmadidebel eklesias 64 erTeuli sxvadasxva
saxis qoneba gadaeca1377.
samwuxarod, mniSvnelovani problemebia sakulto nagebobebTan da-
kavSirebiTac. qarTuli eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebul ramdenime Senobaze,
romelic Tavis droze saxelmwifom marTlmadidebel eklesias miakuTvna,
somxuri da romis kaTolike eklesiebi dRemde pretenziebs acxadeben.1378
somxuri eklesia iTxovs noraSenis, surb nSanis, muRnewow surb gevorqis, Samx-
orewow surb astwawinisa da surb minasis eklesiebis gadacemas.1379 es preten-
zia arsebobs rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise saxelmwifos misamarTiT, ro-
melmac eklesiebis sakiTxi Seswavlis gareSe gadawyvita. ra Tqma unda, aq
saubari araa imaze, romelia am pretenziaTagan dasabuTebuli da romeli ara.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Seqmnilia religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagento,
msgavsi davebi kvlavac aqtualuria. saagento aRiWurva specialuri
uflebamosilebiT, gasces rekomendaciebi sxvadasxva Senoba-nagebobis
1372 xecuriani j., qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. `adamiani da kon-
stitucia~, #3, 2002, 14.
1373 `religiis saqmeTa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb~ sssr ministrTa sabWos 1990 wlis 12 aprilis #180
dadgenilebis me-3 punqti.
1374 iqve, me-4 punqti.
1375 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadide-
bel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-7 muxlis pirveli punqti.
1376 ix., Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity
Institute, Tbilisi, 2014, 30-31.
1377 saxelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagentos 2015 wlis 10 agvistos werili #14/50253.
1378 Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity Insti-
tute, Tbilisi, 2014, 19; ix., Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in Georgia,
in: Freedom of Religion in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion or Belief,
Conference Report, July 2013, Tbilisi, 21.
1379 Isakhanyan L., Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in Georgia, in: Freedom of Religion
in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the Freedom of Religion or Belief, Conference Report, July
2013, Tbilisi, 21.
175
religiur-sakulto daniSnulebis Senobad gardaqmnis Taobaze,1380 aseve,
saqarTvelos mTavrobis saxeliT, Seasrulos Suamavlis funqcia da
monawileoba miiRos im davebisa da sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, romelic SeiZleba
saqarTveloSi moqmed religiur gaerTianebebs Soris gaCndes1381.
saxelmwifo valdebulia, aqtiurad CaerTos problemuri qonebis istori-
uli mesakuTris dadgenis procesSi, aucilebelia saagentom samuSao reJimSi
Seajeros mxareTa poziciebi da qmediTi rekomendacia SeimuSavos. sam-
wuxarod, Zalze rTulia ukve gadacemul qonebaze dava. gacilebiT ioli iqne-
boda, saxelmwifos windaxeduleba gamoeCina da gulmodgine gamokvlevis
Sedegad mieRo gadawyvetileba. nebismieri myife Careva davis gadawyvetaSi
dainteresebul mxareebs gacilebiT uaryofiT Sedegamde miiyvans. amasTan,
aucilebelia kontroli dawesdes saxelmwifo qonebis ukidegano gadacemas-
Tan dakavSirebiT da daiSvas eklesiisTvis mxolod im qonebis gadacema, rome-
lic istoriulad misi iyo, an misi istoriuli sakuTreba Canacvldes gadasac-
emi alternatiuli qonebiT. am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki aucilebelia
Seicvalos `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, raTa momavalSi
saxelmwifo qonebis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis usasyidlo gadacemis
SesaZlebloba gamoricxos.
1391 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili
#13/13-47/05.
1392 saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur
marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-10 muxli.
1393 saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros 2015 wlis 17 agvistos werili
#13/13-47/05.
1394 ix., aladaSvili g., religiis cnebis samarTlebriv-Teoriuli gansazRvra (upiratesad
aSS-is samarTlis magaliTze), Jurn. `Tanamedrove samarTlis mimoxilva~, #1(2), 2014, 39-49.
1395 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 139.
1396 Nathan C.N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection, Leiden-Boston,
2013, 175.
178
sivrceSi gadanacvlebiT~1397. eklesia, sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis msgav-
sad, cdilobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoebi, romlebic tradiciulad
misi gavlenis qveS arsebobda da misi karnaxiTve warimarTeboda, kvlavac mas
darCes. erT-erTi aseTi sfero ki, udavod, ganaTlebaa. ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi
religiuri institutebisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobas mravalsauku-
novani istoria aqvs. Tumca rac ufro viTardeboda saxelmwifos, rogorc or-
ganizaciuli da instituciuri warmonaqmnis, misiisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb mo-
sazrebebi da Sexedulebebi, miT ufro ganaTleba saxelmwifos gamgeblobis
qveS eqceoda. Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac codnis miRebis uamravi alterna-
tiuli saSualeba arsebobs, eklesiam ganaTlebis sistemaze monopolia da-
karga.1398 XXI saukuneSic ki, sadac ganaTleba ZiriTad uflebaTa Sorisaa
moqceuli da am sferos sruli privatizacia mometebuli sajaro interesis
gamo ver ganxorcielda, religiuri gaerTianebebi Zalze xSirad arian ga-
naTlebis sferoSi aqtiuri subieqtebi.
pluralistul sazogadoebaSi mSvidobisa da erTianobis propaganda sax-
elisuflebo politikis amosavali ideaa.1399 saxelmwifos religiuri nei-
traliteti ganaTlebaSi ki sazogadoebrivi pluralizmis erT-erTi mTavari
pirobaa.1400 religiisa da eTikis Sesaxeb swavleba skolebSi mniSvnelovnad
uwyobs xels indiferentulobis, fanatizmis, dogmaturobis, Seuwynare-
blobisa da Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolas.1401 man SesaZloa mniSvnelovani
daxmareba gaswios imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor ayalibebs religiuri rwmena,
Rirebulebebi da aRmsarebloba sazogadoebebs, igi xSirad individTa qcevis
mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs1402.
religiuri ganaTlebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani moqalaqeobisTvis
momzadeba unda iyos, radgan religia Tanamedrove kulturisa da sazoga-
doebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda.1403 skolebSi religiis
gakveTilebis dadebiT socialur, saganmanaTleblo da politikur mxareebs
aTeistebisa da sekularistebis nawilic aRiarebs.1404 swored amitomac, Tuki
religiis Sesaxeb swavlebis programa kargadaa dagegmili da miznad calkeuli
religiuri Tu arareligiuri gagebis, msoflmxedvelobis mxardaWeras ar
1405 Leigh I., Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the European Public
Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,
201; Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools, Prepared by the
ODIHR Advisory Council of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, Warsaw, 2007, 70, 72.
1406 ix., Doe N., Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013, 379-380. SesaZloa religiuri
ganaTlebis oTx modelis gamorCeva: 1. religiuri ganaTlebis uaryofa (safrangeTi, al-
banebiT); 2. ganaTlebis denominaciuri modeli (avstria, belgia, espaneTi); 3. religiuri ga-
naTleba religiuri gaerTianebebTan saxelmwifos TanamSromlobiT (ungreTi, fineTi, ger-
mania); 4. religiuri ganaTlebas eqskluziurad saxelmwifo iRebs sakuTar Tavze (dania,
gaerTianebuli samefo). ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitution-
alization of a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treat-
ment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013,
370-371.
1407 iqve, 371.
180
models qmnis.1408 rogorc wesi, religiuri ganaTleba evropis saxelmwifoTa
umravlesobaSi savaldebuloa, amasTan, umciresobebisTvis dadgenilia gam-
onaklisebi, alternativa ki zogadad araa gavrcelebuli.1409 evrosabWos wevri
saxelmwifoebidan yvelaSi, samis garda (safrangeTi, albaneTi, iugoslaviis
yofili respublika makedonia; slovenia sajaro skolebis moswavleebs
arCeviT sagnad mainc sTavazobs religiis istoriis Sesaxeb sagans), arsebobs
savaldebulo an arCeviTi sagnebi religiis Sesaxeb1410.
181
ralistul garemos ar uzrunvelyofs, moswavleebs TavianTi mrwamsis Sesabam-
isad, ufleba aqvT, msgavs swavlebaSi monawileoba ar miiRon.1418 zogadad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evrosasamarTlo cdilobs, iseTi standarti Camo-
ayalibos, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis, gakontroldes religiis zegavlena
bavSvze, sanam igi sakmarisad ar gaizrdeba, rom Tavad gadawyvitos sakuTar
mrwamsTan, rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.1419 adamianis uflebaTa
komitetis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifos SeuZlia damoukideblad gadawyvitos
religiis swavlebis meTodebi, Tavadve SearCios am sagnis maswavleblebi da
a.S.1420 rac mTavaria, konkretuli religiis moZRvrebis swavleba unda ganxor-
cieldes aradiskriminaciul safuZvelze.1421 marTalia, religiis neitraluri
swavleba Tanamedrove midgomaa, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom araTu humanita-
rul sagnebSi, aramed tenqikur disciplinebSic ki obieqturi da neitraluri
swavleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia1422.
`indoqtrinizacia~1423 konkretuli doqtrinis gavlenis qveS raimes an vin-
mes moqcevas gulisxmobs1424 da igi religiuri ganaTlebis mTavar safrTxedaa
miCneuli.1425 XXI saukuneSi bavSvi saskolo ganaTlebis mTavari subieqtia,1426
Sesabamisad, bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli dacva sWirdebaT, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca isini skolaSi arian, ucxo adamians _ maswavlebels mindobilebi.1427
samoqalaqo liberalizmis mixedviT, ganaTlebis mizani unda iyos bavSvis,
rogorc liberaluri sazogadoebis momavali moqalaqis, avtonomiurad
arCevanis gakeTebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris ganviTareba.1428 Sesa-
bamisad, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos iseTi saganmanaTleblo sistemis
arseboba, sadac bavSvs romelime konkretul religiasa Tu mrwamss Tavs ar
1418 Ringelheim J., Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in Search of a
Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,
290; ix., Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007.
1419 Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative Law
Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006, 935; Çiftçi v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. No. 71860/01, admissibility decision,
2004.
1420 ix., William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia, UNHRC, Comm. No. 195/1985, CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985
(1990), 12 July 1990.
1421 UNHRC, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993), Para.6.
1422kurtaniZe k., evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleas rekomendacia: saxelmwifo, religia,
sekularoba daadamianis uflebebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010, 98.
1423 indoqtrinizaciis elementebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix., Lozano R.P., Religion and Education
of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitu-
tion (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D.
Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 381.
1424 ix., iqve, 378-379.
1425 Cumper P., The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Trans-
formation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-
Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 197.
1426 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#1(10)’07, 2007, 32.
1427 Langlaude S., Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and Comparative Law
Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012,
195.
182
moaxveven.1429 bavSvma skolaSi unda miiRos informacia religiis Sesaxeb da ar
unda gaxdes religiuri ganaTlebis nawili.1430 sajaro skolebSi religiuri
pluralizmis principis dacva imas gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom maqsimalu-
rad unda Seikavos Tavi romelime religiisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebisgan da
pativi sces aradominanti aRmsareblobis mimdevari moswavleebis
uflebebs1431.
saxelmwifo valdebulia, pativi sces mSobelTa religiur Sexedulebebs ga-
naTlebis nebismier safexursa da doneze,1432 ganaTlebis politikis dagegmvisa
da rac mTavaria, ganxorcielebis procesSi,1433 aseve, maqsimalurad gaiT-
valiswinos isini saganmanaTleblo programebSi.1434 mSoblebs ara mxolod gan-
sakuTrebuli statusi aqvT, aramed mniSvnelovani uflebebic eniWebaT
bavSvebTan mimarTebiT, maT Soris, maT momavlis dagegmvisa da cxovrebis war-
marTvis mxrivac.1435 mSoblebma TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr unda gadawyviton,
Tu ra tipis skolaSi Seiyvanen Svilebs, saxelmwifo ki mxolod aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, isic minimalurad unda Caerios am gadawyvetilebaSi1436.
sajaro xelisuflebas ar moeTxoveba, rom sajaro skolebSi swavleba rome-
lime religiuri doqtrinis principebTan iyos Sesabamisi.1437 saxelmwifom
unda uzrunvelyos iseTi sajaro skolebis arseboba, romlebSic religiur
moZRvrebaTa Sesaxeb gakveTilebi nebayoflobiTi iqneba, imavdroulad, sax-
elmwifos movaleobaa iseTi garemo Seqmnas, sadac kerZo skolebSi nebadar-
Tuli iqneba konkretuli religiuri Tu moraluri Sexedulebebis swavleba,
raTa aRmsarebel mSobelTa da moswavleTa uflebebic iyos daculi.1438 Tuki
saxelmwifoSi religiis denominaciuri swavlebaa, maTTvis, visac masSi
monawileobis miReba ar surs, saxelmwifo religiis Sesaxeb aradenominaciuri
sagnebis an eTikis swavlebis SeTavazebas uzrunvelyofs1439.
1429 van buerni j., bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#1(10)’07, 2007, 32.
1430 ix., Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December 1986.
1431 ix., Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 3 November 2009.
1432 ix., Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], Application no. 5095/71; 5920/72;
5926/72, 7 December 1976.
1433 ix., iqve.
1434 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para.84; jvarcmebi italiis
saxelmwifo skolebSi. sasamarTlom ar daadgina darRvevis faqti, Jurn. `sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos mimoxilva~, #5, 2012, 117.
1435 Nielsen v. Denmark, [ECtHR], App. no. 10929/84, 28 November 1988.
1436 Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 251.
1437 Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968).
1438 ix., Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral
Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 280-281.
1439 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 190.
183
misi pozicia Zalze dasabuTebuli da gamarTlebuli unda iyos.1440 romelime
religiisadmi upiratesobis miniWebisas yofelTvis didia Tanasworobis Zi-
riTadi uflebis darRvevis safrTxe.
saxelmwifoTa mixedviT gansxvavdeba rogorc religiuri ganaTlebis, ise
samrevlo, religiuri skolebis dafinansebis sakiTxi. jefersoni xelisu-
flebis mier romelime religiis mimarT daxmarebis winaaRmdegi iyo, Tumca ga-
naTlebaSi religiuri formebis arsebobas ar ewinaaRmdegeboda.1441 dRes-
dReobiT aSS-Si Stati TiToeuli bavSvis ganaTlebas afinansebs, Sesabamisad,
mSoblis gadasawyvetia moswavlisTvis gamoyofil vauCers sad gamoiyenebs _
kerZo (maT Soris, religiur) Tu sajaro skolaSi1442.
belgiaSi dafinansebulia rogorc religiuri, ise arareligiuri ga-
naTleba.1443 niderlandebis samefo afinansebs rogorc sajaro, ise specialur,
religiur dawyebiT skolebs da maT mimarT saerTosaxelmwifoebriv
standarts adgens.1444 miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTSi laicituri midgomaa,
1958 wlidan dRemde safrangeTi kaTolikur dawyebiT skolebs af-
inansebs.1445 ra Tqma unda, oficialurad es ganaTlebis xelSewyobis mizniT
keTdeba, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, am skolebSi romis eklesiis dogmatika
iswavleba saeklesio tradiciebis Sesabamisad. religiuri skolebis did na-
wils saxelmwifo afinansebs gaerTianebul samefoSic1446.
1440 Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999, Para.10.6.
1441 Horn C. III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, “Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy”,
Vol.1, No.1, 1984, 181.
1442 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,
2005,
1443 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 98.
1444 iqve, 98-99; Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983, Art.23; Title II of the Law of the Kingdom
of the Netherlands on “public Schools and Special Schools Financed by the State”, 1981.
1445 stefani a., religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d. TinikaSvilis
Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009, 62.
1446 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91.
1447 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 35.
1448 iqve, 36.
1449 Grinda G., The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2nd Ed., Translated by J.C.
Duursma, The Hague, 2010, 153.
184
germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ZiriTadad sajaro saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSia, romlebSic religiis swavlebasa da Teologias eklesiebsa
da sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan TanamSromlobiT axorcieleben.1450 ger-
maniis SemTxvevaSi rogorc zogadad religiuri, ise konkretuli religiis
swavleba xdeba `garedan~ da ara Tavad saganmanaTleblo instituciis mier
`Signidan~1451.
1450 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and Ger-
many, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and
A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 210.
1451 ix., iqve, 219.
1452 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 282.
1453 iqve, 283.
1454 UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981), Art.6(c), UNHRC, General Comment No.22., Para.4.
1455 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005.
1456 aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad da sekularizmis principis
darRvevad cno skolis politika, romelic kursdamamTavrebulTa ceremoniaze locvas iT-
valiswinebda. ix., Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992); msgavsadme Seafasa safexburTo matCebis
win saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis politika `araseqtanturi, araprozelituri~ locvis
Taobaze. ix., Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000).
1457 Merriman S.A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship, Santa Barbara,
2009, 53;Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century
– Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28.
185
darRvevad miiCnia.1458 Tumca evrosasamarTlom safrangeTis msgavsi
damokidebuleba da politika gaamarTla.1459 aRsaniSnavia, rom sax-
elmwifoebSi, maT Soris, safrangeTSic, sadac sekularizmi sakonstitucio
doneze aRiarebuli principia, religiuri niSnebi da simboloebi ara mxolod
religiuri kuTxiT ganixileba, aramed politikur datvirTvasac iZens1460.
italiurma sasamarTloebma ganmartes, rom saklaso oTaxebSi ganTavsebuli
jvarcma ara imdenad religiuri, ramdenadac italiuri identobis simbolo da
gamovlineba iyo.1461 evrosasamarTlos azriT, saklaso oTaxebSi religiuri
simbolikis gamofena adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs arRvevs mxolod maSin,
roca mas aqtiuri religiuri mniSvnelobis xazgasmis funqcia akisria.1462
aRsaniSnavia, rom saklaso oTaxebis, sasamarTloebis, saavadmyofoebisa da
sxva sajaro dawesebulebaTa kedlebidan jvarcmebis Camoxsnis sakiTxis
wamoWras italiaSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis seriozuli protesti mohyva1463.
germaniaSi religiur simboloebTan damokidebuleba Semwynarebluria da
maTi sajarod tareba an gamofena, kanonis farglebSi, saxelmwifosaTvis
misaRebia.1464 Tumca saklaso oTaxebSi religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba
germaniis sakosntitutio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad da ZiriTadi
uflebebis darRvevad cno1465.
adamianis uflebaTa komiteti aRniSnavs, rom religiuri samosis akrZalvis
gasamarTleblad aucilebelia saTanado dasabuTeba, amasTan, es xels unda
uSlides saqmianobis ganxorcielebas, an xelyofdes sxvaTa uflebebs.1466
msgavsi pozicia gaiziara gaerTianebuli samefos lordTa palatam, romelmac
religiuri samosis tarebaze akrZalva gaauqma.1467 evrosasamarTlos rek-
omendaciiT, maswavleblebma Tavi unda Seikavon religiuri simboloebis an
tansacmlis tarebisgan da maqsimalurad xeli Seuwyon moswavleebSi
Tavisufali nebisa da pluralizmis damkvidrebas1468. zogadad ki, Zalian
1458Report of the Committee on the UN Elimination of Racial Discrimination A/60/18 (2005)26, Para.112; Tem-
perman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance,
Leiden-Boston, 2010, 285.
1459 S.A.S. v. France, [ECtHR], App. no. 43835/11, 1 July 2014.
1460 ix., Leyla Şahin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App. no. 44774/98, 10 November 2005; Sir Bratza N., The “Precious
Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination
Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012, 20.
1461 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 29.
1462 Lautsi and Others v. Italy, [ECtHR], App. no. 30814/06, 11 March 2011.
1463 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 25.
1464 Plesner I.Th., Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 307.
1465 ix., Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, e.
CaCaniZis Targmani, k. kublaSvilis, T. niniZis, b. lolaZisa da q. eremaZis redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 2011, 69-77.
1466 ix., Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, UNHRC, Comm. no.931/2000, CCPR/C/82/D/921/2000, 8 De-
cember 2004, Para.6.2.
1467 ix., Ahdar R., Leigh I., Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2 nd Ed., Croydon, 2013, 261-262.
1468 ix., Dahlab v. Switzerland, [ECtHR], App. No. 42393/98, 15 February 2001.
186
rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad axdens gavlenas da ramdenad pir-
dapiraa dakavSirebuli religiuri simboloebis tareba aRmsareblobis
TavisuflebasTan.1469
1469Morini C., Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, Israel
Law Review, Vol. 43, 2010, 620.
1470 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28.
1471 Illegal Activities of Sects, Recommendation 1412 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.10.2.
1472 ix., Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989;
McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 103.
1473 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 28.
1474 Hasen and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey, [ECtHR], App.no. 1448/04, 9 January 2008, Para.31; Cumper P., The
Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience, in: Transformation of Church and
State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden,
2013, 195.
1475 Ferrari S., Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century –
Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 30.
1476 iqve.
1477 McConnell M.W., Garvey J.H., Berg Th.C., Religion and the Constitution, New York, 2011, 91;Sandberg R.,
Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 155.
187
arsebobs, specialuri religiuri skolebi1478, sadac konkretuli religia upi-
ratesia da religiis swavlac am mimarTulebis mixedviT xorcieldeba.1479
gaerTianebul samefosa da germaniaSi religiuri ganaTleba ar ganixileba
mxolod kerZo, pirad sferod, igi mniSvnelovnadaa integrirebuli sajaro da
saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi.1480 CexeTSi, estoneTSi, un-
greTi, litvaSi, latviaSi, moldaveTSi, slovakeTsa da ukrainaSi konfesiuri
religiuri ganaTleba im SemTxvevaSia SemoTavazebuli, Tuki moswavleebi amas
Tavad moiTxoven1481.
religiis savaldebulo swavleba ar gulisxmobs moswavleTa
valdebulebas, aucileblad erTi konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb mecadineo-
bebSi miiRon monawileoba.√religiuri swavleba, sasurvelia, iyos arCeviTi da
im mSoblebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom religiuri ideebi maTTvis mniSvnelo-
vani araa, hqondeT ufleba, Svilebi msgavs mecadineobebs ar daaswron.1482
religiis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi aucileblad unda iqnas dadgenili aradis-
kriminaciuli gamonaklisi an alternativa, romlebic mSoblebis survilsa da
interesebs daakmayofilebs.1483 Tu mSobeli uars acxadebs, Svili religiis
gakveTils daeswros, saxelmwifom da skolam unda uzrunvelyon aseTi mos-
wavlis alternatiul mecadineobebze datvirTva.1484 saxelmwifo srulad
asrulebs sakuTar valdebulebebs ganaTlebisa da religiis Tavisuflebis
sferoSi, Tuki arsebobs sajaro skolebi, amasTan, igi uSvebs alternatiul
skolebs, maT Soris, religiur saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs, sadac
religiis swavleba Sesabamisi aRmsareblobis mixedviT xdeba1485.
zogadad, istoriuli warsuliT qristianul saxelmwifoSi, Tuki
qristianobis Sesaxeb informacia religiis swavlebis nawilSi kurikulumis
1486 Folgerø and Others v. Norway, [ECtHR], App. no. 15472/02, 29 June 2007, Para. 86.
1487 boxaSvili b., religiis Tavisufleba, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008, 61.
1488 Religion and Democracy, Recommendation 1396 (1999), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe,
Para.10.
1489 Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Gov-
ernance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288.
1490 Report of The UNHRC, A/60/40 Vol. I (2005)60, Para.90(14). Temperman J., State-Religion Relationship
and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010, 288.
1491 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 39.
1492 Sandberg R., Law and Religion, New York, 2011, 154.
1493 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 192-193.
189
uaryos universitetis leqtoris Tanamdebobaze daniSvna religiuri sa-
fuZvliT, misi swavlebis an piradi cxovrebis gamo1494.
religiis swavleba da religiis Sesaxeb swavleba erTmaneTisgan mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba da isini erTmaneTis alternatiuli formebi araa.1495
religiis Sesaxeb swavleba mravalgvaradaa SesaZlebeli, aucilebelia igi
mxolod calkeul religiur Sexedulebebs ar moicavdes.1496 religiis Sesaxeb
swavlebisas saswavlo masala da maswavleblebic zogadabstraqtul, agnosti-
kur mimarTulebebs unda aviTarebdnen.1497 mas SesaZloa uzrunvelyofdes
religiuri gaerTianeba, saxelmwifo an orive erToblivad1498.
religiis Sesaxeb sagnebis Sinaarsi da swavlebis meTodika saxelmwifoTa
mixedviT gansxvavdeba. XX saukuneSi religiuri ganaTlebis kuTxiT mniSvne-
lovani cvlilebebi moxda, meore msoflio omamde marTlmadideblur Teolo-
giur skolebSi sxva religiebis Seswavlac daiwyes da axali disciplina
SemoiRes _ `religiis istoria~.1499 religiis istoria civilizaciebis ganvi-
TarebaSi religiis rolisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb informacias unda Seicav-
des.1500 fineTma jer kidev 1922 wlis `religiis Tavisuflebis aqtiT~ daadgina
religiuri ganaTlebis alternativa da moswavleTaTvis, romlebsac religiis
gakveTilebze daswreba ar surdaT, skolebSi axali sagani _ `religiisa da
eTikis istoria~ SemoiRo.1501 1997 wlidan norvegiam qristianuli religiis
Sesaxeb swavleba Caanacvla savaldebulo sagniT _ `qristianuli codna da
religiuri da eTikuri ganaTleba~.1502 aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlos
ganmartebiT ki, konstituciis pirveli Sesworeba uSvebs mxolod `SedarebiTi
religiis an religiis istoriisa~ da bibliis, rogorc werilobiTi da istori-
uli maxasiaTeblebis mqone dokumentis, swavlebas1503.
1494 Von Ungern-Sternberg A., Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain and Ger-
many, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and
A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden, 2013, 220.
1495 Education and Religion, Reccomendation 1720 (2005), Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe, Para.9.
1496 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 122.
1497 iqve, 127.
1498 Tuohy D., Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013, 185.
1499 mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva reli-
giebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #7’06, 2006, 39.
1500 Greenawalt K., Religion and the Constitution, Vol.2: Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008, 124.
1501 Slotte P., Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in: Law, Religion,
Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari
and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013, 338.
1502 Scheinen M., Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion Solutions, in:
in: Law & Religion in the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S.
Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010, 552.
1503 Abidgton School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 225 (1963).
1504 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 12.
190
ganaTlebis aramdgradi sistemis cvlilebaTa paralelurad, icvleboda da
viTardeboda damokidebuleba religiis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, saxelmwifom TandaTan Camoayaliba adekvaturi, marTebuli midgoma am
sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT. religiis swavleba imdenad mgrZnobiare Temaa, sax-
elmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi da ar aiRos pasuxismgebloba,
aswavlos konkretuli religia. amasTan, mas ekrZaleba prozelitizmi da ro-
melime moZRvrebis privilegirebuli qadageba saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, maT Soris, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, aRi-
arebs, rom religiis swavleba nebayoflobiTia. avtorizaciis standartis
Tanaxmad, skola unda axorcielebdes erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamis sa-
ganamanaTleblo programas. es ukanaskneli ki religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas
aqcevs erTi didi, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sagnobrivi jgufis pro-
gramis farglebSi da moswavleebs religiis istoriis, eTikisa da Teologiis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb informacias awvdis.1505 aRsaniSnavia, rom skolas ufleba
aqvs, ganaxorcielos erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli an gauT-
valiswinebeli damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo da saaRmzrdelo momsaxureba,1506
moiwvios Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone piri am kursis gasaZRolad. mTavaria,
skolas hqondes damatebiTi sagnis saswavlo gegma, romelic sagnis miznebs, Se-
fasebis principebs, saWiro saganmanaTleblo resursebis CamonaTvals moi-
cavs. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli konkretuli religiis Sesaxeb swavlebasac gu-
lisxmobs, Tumca es nebayoflobiT, moswavleTa religiiis Tavisuflebisa da
Tanasworobis principis dacviT unda ganxorcieldes.1507 kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad, sajaro skolis moswavleebs ufleba aqvT saskolo droisgan
Tavisufal dros nebayoflobiT Seiswavlon religia an Caataron religiuri
rituali, Tu igi religiuri ganaTlebis miRebas emsaxureba1508.
rac Seexeba umaRles saganmanaTlebo da profesiul dawesebulebebs, Ti-
Toeuli maTganis saganmanaTleblo programa damoukideblad gadis
akreditaciis process, Sesabamisad, dawesebuleba programas misaniWebeli
kvalifikaciis miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT qmnis da mas SeuZlia, programis ar-
sidan gamomdinare, gaiTvaliswinos religiis Sesaxeb savaldebulo an
arCeviTi kursebi, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
1505 erovnuli saswavlo gegma 2011-2016, Tavi XXXV, sagnobrivi programebi sazogadoebriv
mecnierebebSi.
1506 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 33-e muxlis me-4 punqti.
1507 iqve, me-5 muxlis me-6 punqti, me-13 muxlis pirveli da me-6 punqtebi.
1508 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti.
191
dawesebuleba mTeli qveynis masStabiT.1509 sapatriarqos dafuZnebulia sami
profesiuli saswavlebeli: a(a)ip profesiuli koleji ,,saqarTvelos sapatri-
arqos feriscvalebis dedaTa monasterTan arsebuli mowyalebis centri~;
a(a)ip profesiuli koleji ,,wminda eqvTime RvTiskacis saxelobis profe-
siuli saganmanaTleblo koleji~; a(a)ip sazogadoebrivi koleji ,,saqarTve-
los sapatriarqos dekoratiuli mebaReobis sazogadoebrivi koleji~.1510
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias jamSi 9 umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebuleba ekuTvnis, maTgan 2 universitetia1511 (a(a)ip - saqarTvelos sapa-
triarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti;
a(a)ip - saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
Tbilisis sasuliero akademia da seminaria), 4 _ saswavlo universiteti1512
(a(a)ip saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda tbel abuserisZis saxelobis
saswavlo universiteti; a(a)ip _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida Tamar
mefis saxelobis saswavlo universiteti; a(a)ip _ marTlmadidebluri
saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba _ giorgi mTa-
wmindelis saxelobis saeklesio galobis umaRlesi saswavlebeli; a(a)ip _
marTlmadidebluri saRvTismetyvelo umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo
dawesebuleba _ saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis gelaTis sasuliero akademia da seminaria), xolo 3 _ koleji1513
(a(a)ip _ wmida maqsime aRmsareblis saxelobis cageris sasuliero seminaria;
saqarTvelos sapatriarqo gremis sasuliero seminaria; a(a)ip _ saqarTvelos
sapatriarqos wmida ioane RvTismetyvelis saxelobis baTumis sasuliero sem-
inaria).1514
193
didi Tavisufleba mieca, rac sistemuri TvalsazrisiT, gamarTlebuli
araa1523.
saboloo jamSi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebuleba dagvi-
anebiT, magram saxelmwifom mainc ganaxorciela da daadgina saganama-
naTleblo saswavleblebis, dokumentaciisa da akademiuri xarisxis aRiarebis
erTiani standarti. ramdenime mimarTulebiT samuSao kidev arsebobs,
aucilebelia sawyisi status qvos SenarCuneba da Semdgom ganviTarebaze mu-
Saoba, raTa ganaTlebis sistema evropul sivrcesTan am kuTxiTac maqsimalu-
rad iyos harmonizebuli.
1523 ix., `umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis Taobaze~
saqarTvelos 2015 wlis 27 noembris kanoni.
1524 `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 punqtis `g~ qve-
punqti.
1525 iqve, me-18 muxlis me-2 punqti.
1526 iqve, me-13 muxlis me-6 punqti.
1527 iqve, me-8 muxlis me-3 punqtis `g~ qvepunqti.
194
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, ganaTlebis sistemaSi rwmenisa da aRmsare-
blobis uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis mxriv sakmaod bevri problemaa,
romlebic ZiriTad ganaTlebis sferoSi marTlmadideblobis integrirebas
ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom es problemebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro so-
cialuri xasiaTisaa, vidre wminda samarTlebrivi. sajaro skolis teritori-
aze religiuri simboloebis ganTavseba araakademiur miznebs ar unda emsax-
urebodes.1528 miuxedavad msgavsi debulebisa, skolebis umravlesobaSi
religiuri simboloebi ganTavsebulia, ufro metic, xSirad xdeba koleqti-
uri locva da a.S. samwuxarod, ganaTlebis saministro saxelmwifos masStabiT
ver uzrunvelyofs am mimarTulebiT kontrols. es skolebisa da
maswavleblebis donezea gadasawyveti da pirdapir marTlSegnebasTanaa da-
kavSirebuli.
samwuxarod, sajaro skolebSi didia indoqtrinizaciis safrTxe. xSirad
maswavleblebi TavianTi iniciativiT ewevian irib prozelitizms. mag., simon
sxirtlaZis saxelobis onis sajaro skolaSi biologiis maswavlebelma 13 wlis
bavSvi marTlmadideblad mSoblebis Tanmobis gareSe monaTla.1529 aRniSnulma
faqtma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia, Tumca es erTi konkretuli SemTxvevaa, ro-
melic gacilebiT ufro globalur problemas warmoadgens. ver xerxdeba
konkretul faqtebze adekvaturi reagireba, rac, saboloo jamSi, situaciis
qaosurobas ganapirobebs. aseve, ar xorcieldeba kontroli religiur skole-
bze, romlebic, rogorc kerZo skolebi, mniSvnelovani avtonomiiT sargeblo-
ben.
aucilebelia, sajaro skolebSi religiis Tavisuflebis Taobaze infor-
maciis permanentuli miwodeba da muSaoba pedagogebTan, aseve, mkacri moni-
toringisa da zedamxedvelobis daweseba, romelic moswavleebisa da maTi
mSoblebis kanonier interesebsa da ZiriTad uflebebs realurad daicavs. ka-
nonmdebelma unda Seqmnas iseTi samarTlebrivi sivrce, romelSic aradis-
kriminaciuli garemo iarsebebs. amasTan, praqtikaSi seriozulad gadasaxedia
sapatriarqos mier dafuZnebul an mis kontrols daqvemdebarebul
saswavlebelTa avtorizaciisa da maT mier gansaxorcielebeli akademiuri
programebis akreditaciis politika.
1530 Furseth I., The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System, in: Secular
and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der
Breemen, J. Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, 156.
1531 iqve, 161.
1532 iqve, 154.
1533 xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi,
2013, 36.
1534 Arribas S. C., Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Free-
dom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer,
2013, 309.
1535 Van Haegendoren G., Alen A., The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in: Treatise on
Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992, 267.
196
aRmsareblobis uflebis realizaciis sakiTxs `samxedro mosamsaxuris sta-
tusis Sesaxeb~ kanoni gansazRvravs, romlis mixedviTac, samxedro mosamsax-
ures ufleba aqvs, aRiaros nebismieri religia, aRasrulos religiuri wes-
Cveulebebi, mTavari pirobaa, rom am yovelivem xeli ar SeuSalos samsax-
urebrivi movaleobis SesrulebaSi.1536 amasTan, aucilebelia, religiuri wes-
Cveulebebis aRsruleba aradiskriminaciulad ganxorcieldes da aman
damatebiTi SeRavaTebisTvis pirobebi ar Seqmnas1537.
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi rogorc marTlmadidebeli, ise aramarTlmadidebeli
samxedro mosamsaxureebi sargebloben SesaZleblobiT, sadResaswaulo
dReebSi monawileoba miiRon sazeimo RonisZiebebSi maTi aRmsareblobis
sulier centrebsa da sakulto dawesebulebebSi.1538
1536 `samxedro mosamsaxuris statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis pirveli
winadadeba.
1537 iqve, me-7 muxlis me-2 winadadeba.
1538 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD 01500656805.
1539 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2009 wlis 19 ivnisis #448 brZanebiT damtkicebuli
`saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi Semadgenlobis depar-
tamentis debulebis~ me-6 muxlis `C~ qvepunqti.
1540 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2011 wlis 21 ivlisis #583 brZanebiT damtkicebuli
`saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis da saxmeleTo jarebis TanamSro-
melTa/mosamsaxureTa samsaxuris gavlis wesis~ me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti.
1541 saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros 2015 wlis 13 agvistos werili #MOD 01500656805.
197
Sendeba,1542 rac mxareebs Soris arsebul konstruqciul da samuSao ur-
TierTobebze miuTiTebs. miuxedavad amisa, samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba
aucilebelia da sakanonmdeblo sivrce aucileblad unda Seivsos, raTa am in-
stitutis moqmedeba da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis aRsruleba konkretuli
ministris keTil nebaze an mmarTveli politikuri Zalis interesebze ar iyos
damokidebuli. erTiani midgoma, romelic samarTlebriv donezea uzrun-
velyofili, gacilebiT mdgrad da stabilur urTierTobebs ganapirobebs.
1542 iqve.
1543 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~ qvepunqti.
1544 braldebulisa da msjavrdebulis religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero
pirebTan Sexvedris wesi ganisazRvreba specialuri normatiuli aqtiT. iqve, me-4 nawili;
ix., saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa minis-
tris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur rit-
ualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis
Sesaxeb~.
1545 saqarTvelos patimrobis kodeqsis me-14 muxlis me-3 nawili.
1546 `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero
pirebTan Sexvedris uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis,
probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187
brZanebis me-6 muxli.
198
miekuTvnebian.1547 patimrobis kodeqsiT uzrunvelyofilia piris ufleba, sa-
kuTari saxsrebiT, gonivruli odenobiT, gamoiweros religiuri litera-
tura1548.
penitenciur dawesebulebebSi nebadarTulia Sesabamisi religiuri
sasuliero piris momsaxureba nebismieri aRmsareblobis pirTan
mimarTebiT.1549 saxelmwifo nebismier braldebulsa da msjavrdebuls, ga-
nurCevlad maTi religiuri mrwamsisa, Tanabari uflebebiT aRWuravs da
erTnairad uzrunvelyofs religiis Tavisuflebis praqtikul realizacias,
ra Tqma unda, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiTa da sasjelaRsrulebis
dawesebulebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.
97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses and Others v. Georgia, [ECtHR] App.no.
1563
202
valdebulebas warmoSobs. meore mxriv, msgavsi formulireba calsaxa araa da
hipoTeturad, sxvagvarad ganmartebis SesaZleblobasac iZleva. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, eklesiis mimarT valdebulebaa dadgenili, romliTac mas samewarmeo
saqmianobis ganxorcielebas ukrZalavs (pozitiuri akrZalva). nebismieri in-
terpretaciisas, debuleba sekularizmis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. vinaidan sxva
religiuri gaerTianebebis mimarT araa msgavsi SezRudva dadgenili,
gaugebari da logikurad gaumarTlebelia misi eqskluziurad marTlma-
didebeli eklesiis mimarT gavrceleba. es ukanaskneli Tavisufalia, Tavad
gadawyvitos saqmianobis romel formas ganaxorcielebs. amasTan, Tuki igi ara
`uSualod~, aramed mis mier dafuZnebuli sxva pirebis meSveobiT ganaxor-
cielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas, debuleba mainc umoqmedo iqneba. zemoTqmu-
lidan gamomdinare, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti unda
gauqmdes.
6. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia da gansakuTrebuli
statusiT sargeblobs. mas, erTaderTs, aqvs msgavsi statusi Tanamdebobaze
yofnis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi da gansxvavebiT prezidentisgan, rome-
lic, aseve, xelSeuvalobiT sargeblobs, misi Tanamdeboba ar aris periodu-
lobiT arCeviT gansazRvruli da miT umetes, saxelmwifos organizaciul
struqturaSi Semavali. xelSeuvalobis miniWebiT, marTalia, gamoixateba
kaTolikos-patriarqis, rogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyems-
mTavris, mimarT gansakuTrebuli pativiscema da damokidebuleba, Tumca,
imavdroulad, aRniSnuli, erTgvarad, damakninebelicaa. Zneli warmosadgenia
praqtikuli SemTxveva, patriarqs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis-
gan gaTavisuleba dasWirdes. xolo, Tu Teoriulad msgavsi SemTxveva dadga,
sakiTxavia, ratom unda gaTavisufldes saqarTvelos romelime moqalaqe
pasuxismgeblobisgan. amiT diskriminaciuli da arademokratiuli prece-
denti SeiZleba damkvidrdes. yvela adamiani kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, Sesa-
bamisad, yvelas sakuTari qmedebis wili pasuxismgebloba unda miezRos. kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebis pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti amoRebul unda iqnes,
konstituciis me-14 muxlTan Seusabamobis motiviT.
7. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebidan aTwleulze metis gasvlis mi-
uxedavad, im normebis umravlesoba, romlebic TviTaRsrulebad xasiaTs ar
atarebs, kvlavac formalur debulebad rCeba. marTalia, jer prezidentis,
Semdeg ki mTavrobis mier ramdenime samarTlebrivi aqti iqna miRebuli da aRs-
rulebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime komisiac Seiqmna, Tumca qmediTi
nabijebi ar gadadgmula.
sakanonmdeblo teqnikisa da politikur-samarTlebrivi kulturis uaR-
resad dabali donis maCvenebelia is garemoeba, rom normatiuli aqtebis ier-
arqiaSi me-2 donis aqti TiTqmis formaluria. misi qmediTobisaTvis aucilebe-
lia Seiqmnas ara formaluri, Tanamdebobis pirebisgan, aramed Sesabamisi
sferos profesionalebisa da SeTanxmebis mxareTa oficialuri warmomadgen-
lebisgan dakompleqtebuli muSa jgufebi, romlebic realur rekomendaciebs
gaweren da praqtikul rCevebs miscemen rogorc saxelmwifos, ise qarTul
eklesias. amasTan, aucilebelia dadgindes zusti da myari vadebi, Sesabamisi
pasuxismgeblobiT, rac aRsrulebis procesis realur dawyebas ganapirobebs.
203
8. jvrisweris samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebisa da konstituciuri SeTanx-
mebis am nawilis aRsrulebisaTvis aucilebelia SemuSavdes iseTi sistema, ro-
melic uSualod adamianze iqneba morgebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi nebismi-
eri saxelmwifo momsaxureba, maT Soris, qorwinebis registracia, maqsimalu-
rad gamartivebuli da dainteresebul pirze orientirebuli unda iyos. ami-
tomac jvrisweris aRiarebisas saqarTvelom unda airCios efeqturi da gamar-
Tuli modeli, romelic am procesSi piris minimalur CarTvas moiTxovs.
aucilebelia, ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi
`saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssa~ da `samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonSi, romliTac jvrisweris aRiarebisTvis samarTlebriv
pirobebad samoqalaqo qorwinebis namdvilobis safuZvlebi iqneba miCneuli.
amasTan, arsebuli registrirebuli samoqalaqo qorwineba jvrisweris
damabrkolebel garemoebad unda iqnes aRiarebuli sakanonmdeblo doneze.
aucilebelia, Seiqmnas eklesiis reestri, romelze wvdomac saxelmwifos Sesa-
bamis saregistracio organoebs eqnebaT, rac faqtebis dublirebasa da Secdo-
mis daSvebis albaTobas minimumamde Seamcirebs. amasTan, eklesiam unda Seqmnas
gamarTuli sistema, romlis meSveobiTac yoveli saqorwino ritualis win
samoqalaqo reestris bazebidan miiRebs utyuar da gadamowmebul informa-
cias dasaqorwinebel pirTa ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. iusticiis minis-
tris aqtiT detalurad unda mowesrigdes eklesiasa da saxelmwifo or-
ganoebs Soris informaciis gacvlisa da miwodebis sakiTxi. jvrisweris
Sesaxeb monacemebi da dokumentacia eklesiam avtomatur reJimSi, dauy-
ovnebliv unda miawodos Sesabamis saregistracio organoebs, romlebic maT
erTian bazaSi moaqceven.
ganqorwinebis sakiTxi msoflioSi gavrcelebuli praqtikiT unda
mowesrigdes da am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba saxelmwifos organoebis mxridan
Sesabamisi wesiT daregistrirebul ganqorwinebas mieniWos. marTalia, aR-
niSnuli eklesiisTvis mboWavi Zalis ar iqneba da mas mxolod saxelmwifo aRi-
arebs, Tumca msgavsi modeli samoqalaqo urTierTobebis stabilurobisTvis
gacilebiT xelsayrelia.
informaciis gamWvirvaleoba, saeklesio da saxelmwifo organoTa Soris
efeqturi komunikacia, monacemTa da dokumentaciis gacvlis uzrunvelyofa
da rac mTavaria, dauyovnebliv aRsruleba, saboloo jamSi, rogorc kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, ise misi
debulebis deklaraciuli xasiaTis normatiulad transformacias ganapiro-
bebs. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan am sakiTxSi
TanamSromlobisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis Semdeg, Tavisuflad Sesa-
Zlebelia sxva `tradiciuli~ religiuri gaerTianebebis mier Sesrulebuli
religiuri qorwinebis samarTlebrivi Zalis aRiarebac, rac gacilebiT demo-
kratiul, pluralistul marTlwesrigs uzrunvelyofs.
9. religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmobis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT
saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi srulad Tavsdeba konstituci-
uri SeTanxmebis aRsrulebis procesis dadebiT konteqstSi, miT umetes, rom
SeTanmebis pirveli muxlis me-6 punqtis debuleba mxolod deklaraciuli
xasiaTisaa da raime valdebulebas ar Seicavs. igi saxelmwifos keTil nebaze
204
amaxvilebs yuradRebas da misi mxridan religiuri dResaswaulebis uqme dRee-
bad gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas da ara valdebulebas adgens. Sesabamisad,
mcdaria saxelmwifosgan damatebiT religiuri dResaswaulebis uqmeebad gam-
ocxadebis moTxovna konstituciur SeTanxmebaze miTiTebiT, miT umetes, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sadResaswaulo dasvenebis dReebi Sromis kodeqsSi
isedac dasaSvebze gacilebiT metia.
10. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom aRiara XIX-XX saukuneebSi eklesiisTvis
miyenebuli ziani da itvirTa am zianis anazRaureba. ziani, romelic marTlma-
didebel eklesias miadga, jer ruseTis imperiis, Semdeg saqarTvelos demo-
kratiuli respublikis mTavrobis, xolo bolos sabWoTa kavSiris mier iyo
ganxorcielebuli. am sami subieqtidan, meoris garda, yvela saqarTvelos
dampyrobelia da maTi samarTalmemkvidre vercerT SemTxvevaSi iqneba
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. Sesabamisad, erTaderTi periodi, romlis
drosac miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebac saqarTvelos unda
ekisra, 1918-1921 wlebia. pirveli respublikis mier religiuri gaerTiane-
bebis mimarT sakmaod agresiuli kampania ganxorcielda, ris Sedegadac
qarTuli eklesia, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad dazaralda.
danarCen periodSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eklesiis Tanazomierad, Tavad
iyo msxverpli, ris gamoc, alogikuria dazaralebulma sxva dazaralebulis
mimarT kompensaciis movaleoba aiRos.
11. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtis debuleba, rom-
liTac kompensaciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT specialur komisias normati-
uli aqtebi unda moemzadebina, praqtikaSi ar ganxorcielebula. mniSvnelo-
vania kompensaciis raodenobisa da asanazRaurebeli moculobis dadgena ganx-
orcieldes saxelmwifosa da eklesiis SeTanxmebiT, aRniSnulis safuZvelze ki
moxdes kompensaciis saboloo odenobisa da misi gadaxdis periodis gan-
sazRvra. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisaTvis
miyenebuli zianic am konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da ara ganyenebulad,
ziani ki anazRaurdes proporciulad.
12. saxelmwifo biujetidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasargeblod yo-
velwliurad aTeulobiT milioni lari ixarjeba. mxareTa SeTanxmebiTa da
normaTa sistemuri analiziT, SeiZleba mas kompensaciac ewodos. Tumca misi
zusti odenobisa da periodis argansazRvris gamo, SeuZlebelia imis varaudi,
Tu ra xnis manZilze SenarCundeba msgavsi praqtika. aucilebelia, eklesiis sa-
sargeblod gamoyofil Tanxas oficialurad daerqvas kompensacia da sakanon-
mdeblo doneze aikrZalos biujetidan eklesiis an romelime religiuri gaer-
TianebisaTvis uSualod religiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis raime
finansuri saxsrebis gamoyofa. amiT, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad eklesia da
religiuri organizaciebi `ixeireben~, vinaidan am TemiT spekulacia erTxel
da samudamod dasruldeba.
finansebTan dakavSirebiT, erTaderTi, razec SeiZleba eklesia da sax-
elmwifo SesaZloa SeTanxmdnen, es raime formiT nebayoflobiTi saeklesio
gadasaxadis an misi msgavsi institutis SemoRebaa. am SemTxvevaSi espanuri
modelis recefcia yvelaze adekvaturi iqneba. nacvlad pirdapiri dafinanse-
bisa, moqalaqeebis religiuri kuTvnilebis Sesabamisad, winaswari Tanxmobis
205
safuZvelze, maT mier saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod gadaxdili gadasaxa-
didan (rogorc wesi, saSemosavlo) gansazRvruli procenti Caericxeba Sesa-
bamis religiur gaerTianebas. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria maqsimum
0,1-dan 0,5%-ze. amasTan, aucilebelia, daculi iyos im adamianTa uflebebi, vi-
sac gadasaxadis gadaxda ar surs, an ar miakuTvnebs Tavs romelime religiur
gaerTianebas. maTi gadaxdili saSemosavlo srulad Cairicxeba saxelmwifo
biujetSi. am modelis pirobebSi saxelmwifo mxolod gadasaxadebis adminis-
trirebaSi daexmareba religiur gaerTianebebs da Suamavlis rols
Seasrulebs, rogorc es gavrcelebulia civilizebul samyaroSi. aqve aRsaniS-
navia, rom es Soreuli perspeqtivaa da amisaTvis ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebi, aramed sazogadoebis mentaluri mzaoba da rac mTavaria,
gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa nebaa aucilebeli.
13. konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT eklesiisTvis bevri SeRavaTia dadgenili,
gadasaxadebis nawilisgan gaTavisuflebulia ara mxolod uSualod eklesia,
aramed isic, vinc am ukanasknelis sasargeblod asrulebs restavracia-
aRdgenis, moxatvis da msg. samuSaoebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebis kuTxiT saxelmwifom nakisri valdebulebebis umravlesoba
sagadasaxado kodeqssa da Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi asaxa, qonebis
gadasaxadSi, konkretulad miwasTan dakavSirebiT, eklesia araa gaTavisu-
flebuli gadasaxadisgan, Tumca konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5
punqtiT dadgenil SeRavaTebSi `miwa~ moqceulia. amitomac aucilebelia
cvlileba Sevides sagadasaxado kodeqsis 206-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `e~
qvepunqtSi da sityvebi _ `garda miwisa~, amoRebul iqnes. am konstruqciis
amoRebiT kanonmdebloba konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan SesabamisobaSic mova
da axali mowesrigeba sxva religiur gaerTianebebsac mniSvnelovan SeRavaTs
miscems.
14. Zalze mniSvnelovania, saxelwifom aradiskriminaciuli garemo da
religiuri gaerTianebebis moqmedebisaTvis Tavisufali sivrce Seqmnas.
marTalia, zogadad, religiuri organizaciebi sxvadasxva SeRavaTiT
sargebloben, Tumca maTsa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris uflebrivad
seriozuli gansxvavebaa, rac sagadasaxado SeRavaTebSi vlindeba. sax-
elmwifos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis sagadasaxado privilegiebi SeTanx-
mebiT aqvs nakisri, rasac evrokomisiisa da eklesia-saxelmwifos ur-
TierTobebis zogadevropuli, TanamSromlobis modeli amarTlebs, Tumca
meti pluralizmisa da gamWvirvaleobisaTvis, sasurvelia, saxelmwifom ram-
denime eqskluziuri SeRavaTi sxvebzec gaavrcelos. aRniSnuli biujetSi se-
riozul cvlilebebs ar gamoiwvevs da arc ekonomikaze imoqmedebs uaryof-
iTad, radgan saxelmwifos gadmosaxedidan am ramdenime sferodan miRebuli
Semosavali mizerulia, gansxvavebiT religiuri organizaciebisgan, ro-
melTaTvis gadasaxadebSi daxarjuli Tanxa uzarmazar odenobas SeiZleba
Seadgendes. am mizniT, umjobesi iqneba, saxelmwifom aiRos pozitiuri
valdebuleba da sagadasaxado kodeqsis 99-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ qve-
punqtidan, 168-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `v~ da meore nawilis `b~ qve-
punqtebidan amoiRos sityvebi `saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mier~. aRniSnuli
206
cvlilebebiT konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebac Sesrul-
deba da sxva religiuri organizaciebic Tanabari privilegiebiT
isargebleben.
15. eklesiisaTvis qonebis dabruneba da gadacema metad aqtualuria
saqarTveloSi. samwuxarod, es procesi sruliad gauazreblad da xSirad
qaosurad mimdinareobs, rac uamrav problemas warmoSobs. garda imisa, rom ar
ganxorcielebula gadacemuli da gadasacemi qonebis aRricxva, detalizeba,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis mikuTvnebuli sa-
kuTreba sxva religiur gaerTianebaTa mxridan davis sagania. aucilebelia
religiis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo saagentom (Tuki am formiT mainc iarsebebs), an
specialurma komisiam, TiToeul maTganTan dakavSirebiT moamzados Sesabam-
isi rekomendaciebi da modave mxareTa Soris Suamavlis funqcia Seasrulos.
sacicocxlod mniSvnelovania, sabolood dadgindes, ra qoneba darCa sax-
elmwifos eklesiisTvis gadasacemi. amasTan, Sefasdes sxva religiuri gaer-
TianebebisTvis gadasacemi qoneba da isini daubrundes istoriul
mesakuTreebs, Sesabamisi saeqsperto daskvnebis, arqeologiuri, istoriuli
Tu saxelovnebo kvlevebis, uflebamosili organos daskvnis safuZvelze, an
gadaeceT alternatiuli sakuTreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu restituciis pirveli
varianti ver xerxdeba. procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ki cvlilebebi unda Se-
vides `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi, raTa saxelmwifos
aRar hqondes ufleba usasyidlod gadasces saxelmwifo qoneba eklesias da
xeli Seuwyos mis zedmetad privilegirebul mdgomareobas.
16. saxelmwifo muzeumebSi arsebuli saeklesio saganZuris mesakuTred
eklesiis aRiarebis miuxedavad, dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani katalogi da sa-
ganZurs mikuTvnebuli nivTebis sruli aRwera ar ganxorcielebula. es
garkveulwilad adasturebs konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-8 muxlis pirveli
punqtis simbolur xasiaTs. normis realurad asamoqmedeblad, unda aiRweros
eklesiis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli, muzeumebis sacavebSi ganTavsebuli nivTebis
dawvrilebiTi aRwera. garda amisa, unda Seicvalos amave muxlis me-2 punqtiT
dadgenili samarTlebrivi nonsensi, romliTac xsenebuli nivTebi sax-
elmwifosa da eklesiis erTobliv mflobelobaSia. norma unda Camoyalibdes
Semdegi redaqciiT: `zemoaRniSnuli saeklesio saganZuri (wmida nawilebisa da
wmida relikviebis garda), rogorc saerTo erovnuli saganZuris nawili, ka-
nonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, aris saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi.~.
17. saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-9 muxlis
me-2 punqtiT nakisri valdebuleba da SeimuSavos specialuri wesebi, normati-
uli aqtis samarTlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, rogorc (a) saeklesio sa-
ganZuris dacvisa da sargeblobis, ise (b) kulturul-istoriuli
Rirebulebebis mqone taZrebis aRdgenis, restavracia-konservaciisa da mox-
atvis proeqtebis damtkicebis Taobaze. marTalia, kulturisa da ZeglTa
dacvis saministro eklesiasTan aTanxmebs proeqtebs da piriqiT, es
ukanasknelic mimarTavs saministros, Tumca am yovelives samarTlebrivi
valdebulebis konkretuli saxe da procedura unda hqondes, raTa gansaxil-
vel sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT gacilebiT ukeTesi da stabiluri reJimi
207
damkvidrdes. aRsaniSnavia, rom es wesi gamodgeba sxva religiuri organi-
zaciebis sakuTrebaSi arsebul ZeglebTan mimarTebiTac.
18. ganaTlebis sferoSi nakisri valdebulebebi saxelmwifom konstituci-
uri SeTanxmebis dadebidan 10 wlis Tavze ganaxorciela. sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebma uzrunvelyo SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba. am
mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi dadebiTad
unda Sefasdes. imavdroulad, aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi
religiis integrirebasTan dakavSirebiT socialuri problemebi kvlavac
arsebobs, romelze reagirebac samarTlebrivad aucilebelia. Sesabamisad,
rekomendaciac sasurvel-SesaZleblobis xasiaTs atarebs. mkacri kontroli
unda dawesdes sajaro skolebSi religiuri simboloebis, erToblivi
locvebisa da religiuri niSniT diskriminaciis faqtebze. amasTan, mniSvnelo-
vania, TiToeul darRvevaze adekvaturi da proporciuli RonisZiebebi ga-
tardes, rac momaval darRvevaTa prevenciasac uzrunvelyofs. aucilebelia,
aseve, rig SemTxvevebSi gamkacrdes, zog SemTxvevaSi ki dawesdes saqarTvelos
sapatriarqos mier dafuZnebuli an mas daqvemdebarebuli saswavleblebis
avtorizacia da maT mier gansaxorcielebel programaTa akreditacia.
19. dadebiTad unda Sefasdes sasjelaRsrulebis sferoSi konstituciuri
SeTanxmebiT nakisri valdebulebebis aRsruleba. penitenciur sistemasTan
marTlmadidebeli eklesia aqtiurad TanamSromlobs. specialuri brZanebi-
Taa dadgenili marTlmadidebel da sxva aRmsarebel braldebulTa/msjavrde-
bulTa religiuri uflebebis ganxorcieleba. misasalmebelia is garemoeba,
rom yvela religiuri gaerTianebisa da religiis mimarT samarTlebrivad
Tanabari midgomebi moqmedebs. urTierTobaTa specifika ki zogadad aRi-
arebul, civilizebul saxelmwifoebSi arsebul sistemebTanaa TanxvedraSi.
20. sasjelaRsrulebis sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavdacvis sferoSi spe-
cialuri mowesrigeba ar arsebobs, Tumca, sxva mxriv, mdgomareoba
damakmayofilebelia. sasurvelia, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi moqmedi samxedro
moZRvris (kapelanis) statusi, misi daniSvnis wesi da masTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kiTxebi sakanonmdeblo doneze ganisazRvros, rac mas gacilebiT met stabi-
lurobas SesZens da konkretuli ministris keTil nebasa Tu mmarTveli Zalis
ganwyobaze ar iqneba damokidebuli.
saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT
damkvidrebuli marTlwesrigi eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis evro-
puli modelisTvis ucxo ar aris. mis mimarT bevri kiTxva da problema
arsebobs, Tumca maTi gadawyveta oficialuri politikis arCeviT, samarTle-
briv doneze aqtebis daxvewiTa da aradiskriminaciuli midgomebis gam-
oyenebiT sruliad SesaZlebelia. amasTan, aucilebelia, sistemurad Seicva-
los religiis sferoSi saxelmwifo politika da igi erTian samarTlebriv Car-
CoebSi moeqces. SeTavazebuli rekomendaciebisa da sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxevaSi, saxelmwifo SeZlebs ara marto
qarTul eklesiasTan, aramed sxva religiur gaerTianebebTan mimarTebiT ad-
ekvaturi, demokratiuli da Tanamedrove marTlwesrigi Seqmnas,
erTdroulad, mosaxleobis umravlesobis religiur interesebsac
208
daakmayofilebs da religiuri umciresobebis rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebasac uzrunvelyofs.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba ubralod gamorCeul da ierarqiulad maRal samarTlebriv doku-
mentad ar darCes, romelsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba ar gaaCnia. misi
debulebebi unda aRsruldes da dainergos. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis arseboba sakmarisi araa. aucilebelia religiur
organizaciebTan mimarTebiT saxelmwifos erTiani midgoma da politika sa-
marTlebriv doneze adekvaturad gamoixatos. amisTvis ki mniSvnelovania
religiuri organizaciebis Taobaze specialuri kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, ro-
melic adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacviT maqsimalurad demokratiul,
Tanabari SesaZleblobebis damfuZnebel religiur garemos daudebs saTaves.
saxelmwifom unda SeZlos da sazogadoebas miawodos sruli informacia sax-
elmwifo-religiuri organizaciebis urTierTobebis specifikis Taobaze,
raTa marginalizebulma jgufebma ar SeZlon sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris
ganxeTqilebisa da areulobis Setana. rogorc `sekularuli~ araa saSiSi
sityva, ise eklesia-saxelmwifos `TanamSromloba~ araa konstituciis princi-
pebis darRveva. aucilebelia yovelive es samarTlebrivi standartebis
dacviT ganxorcieldes.
da bolos, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba srulad iqneba aRsrulebuli,
rodesac ara mxolod politikuri neba iarsebebs amis Taobaze, aramed
obieqtur sinamdvileSi eklesiis zomieri privilegirebuli statusi sxva
religiur jgufTa mxridan diskriminaciis gancdas ar gamoiwvevs. aucilebe-
lia jer Tavad dokumentis mniSvnelovani xarvezebi aRmoifxvras, Semdeg ki
zogadad religiuri organizaciebis uflebebisa da interesebis gaT-
valiswineba dadges dRis wesrigSi, radganac msgavs gaerTianebaTa maRali sta-
tusi da stabilurobis gancda, saxelmwifosTan erTad, Tavad saqarTvelos
samociqulo eklesiis upirvelesi interesi unda iyos. mxolod msgavs qmede-
baTa ganxorcielebiTaa SesaZlebeli, saqarTvelom Tanamedrove samyaros
miRwevebTan da civilizaciis gamowvevebTan mimarTebiT adekvaturi pozicia
daiWiros da ganviTardes.
209
bibliografia
samecniero literatura
210
gegenava dimitri, zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul
sakonstitucio samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80,
Tbilisi, 2013
gegenava dimitri, qanTaria beqa, canava lana, TevzaZe Tengizi, maWaraZe zurabi,
javaxiSvili paata, erqvania TinaTin, papaSvili Tamari ,
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, me-3 gamocema,
Tbilisi, 2015
gegeSiZe daviTi, saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis
saRvTismetyvelo koncefciis kritika, Tbilisi, 1986
dekanozi aleqsandre (Smenani), avtoriteti da Tavisufleba eklesiaSi, n.
doborjginiZis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(22), 2008
dekanozi emanueli (klapsisi), marTlmadidebeli eklesia pluralistul
samyaroSi, d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#1(28), 2009
doliZe isidore, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, samarTali batoniSvilis
vaxtangisa, Tbilisi, 1963
doliZe isidore, Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tbilisi, 1953
dubeki inger, saxelmwifo da eklesia daniaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT,
meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
egnate IV, marTlmadidebloba da Tanamedroveoba: mowmobis orientiri, Jurn.
`solidaroba~, #3(12)’07, 2007
elineki georg, Zveli samarTlis brZola axal samarTalTan, z. nanobaSvilis
Targmani, b. zoiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006
emilianidesi aqiles, saxelmwifo da eklesia kviprosSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da
eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis
redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
erqvania TinaTin, saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis samarTlebrivi
konteqsti _ qarTuli modeli, mokle SedarebiT-
samarTlebrivi mimoxilva evropuli kavSiris magaliTze, Jurn.
`sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #6, 2013
efsTini riCard, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis gzajvaredinze.
qristianuli samarTlebrivi sazogadoeba (CLS) martinesis
winaaRmdeg, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #5,
2012
van buerni jeraldin, bavSvebi da religia, a. gegeWkoris Targmani, Jurn.
`solidaroba~, #1(10)’07, 2007
vardosaniZe mariam, religiis Tavisuflebis regulireba saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT,
wignSi: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi
gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, k.
korkelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2006
vardosaniZe sergo, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-
1952 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2001
vaCeiSvili aleqsandre, narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t. II,
Tbilisi, 1948
zoiZe besarion, Zveli qarTuli memkvidreobiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2000
211
TinikaSvili daviTi, magaliTi saepiskoposo msaxurebisa, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#2(29), 2009
ibani ivan s., saxelmwifo da eklesia espaneTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT,
meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
ivaniZe maia, religiisa da sisxlis samarTlis urTierTobis zogierTi
istoriuli aspeqti, Jurn. `samarTali~, #2-3, 1998
izoria levani, korkelia konstantine, kublaSvili konstantine, xubua giorgi,
saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005
iRumeni petre (meSCerinovi), eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb,
d. TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(28), 2009
kakabaZe sargisi, qarTveli xalxis istoria, Tbilisi, 1997
kaxiani giorgi, sakonstitucio kontrolis zogierTi Teoriuli aspeqti, Jurn.
`adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005
kokaia levani, religiis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba unda daCqardes, Jurn.
`samarTali~, #10-12, 2004
kekelia TaTia, gavaSeliSvili elene, ladaria konstantine, sulxaniSvili irina,
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri
identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX saukunis bolo _ XXI saukunis
dasawyisi), Tbilisi, 2013
korkelia konstantine, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2004
kurtaniZe kaxaberi, evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleas rekomendacia:
saxelmwifo, religia, sekularoba daadamianis uflebebi,
Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010
kurtaniZe kaxaberi, esqatologiuri politologia, arsebobs Tu ara eklesiuri
ideologia?, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(35), 2010
lomouri nodari, narkvevebi qarTlis (iberiis) samefos istoriidan, Tbilisi,
1975
lomouri nodari, qristianobis gavrceleba da damkvidreba saqarTveloSi, meore
gamocema, Tbilisi, 2009
loria valeri, gelaSvili baadur, bendeliani manana, adamianis uflebebi da
religia, Tbilisi, 2006
loqlini reid b., kedlis bevri fanjara, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis
mimoxilva~, #5, 2012
maisuraZe giorgi, marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisufali suli, Tbilisi,
2013
maklini devid, saxelmwifo da eklesia gaerTianebul samefoSi, wignSi:
saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g.
robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011
mama paisi mTawmindeli, sityvebi, wigni IV, ojaxuri cxovreba, Tbilisi, 2006
macaberiZe malxazi, saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba da miReba,
Tbilisi, 2008
212
macaberiZe malxazi, saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba,
qarTuli konstitucionalizmis saTaveebTan – saqarTvelos
1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, baTumi, 2011
melaZe giorgi, mumlaZe giorgi, sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba: istoria, sajaro
ganxilvebi da gavlena religiur umciresobaTa uflebebis
dacvaze saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis
mimoxilva~, #10, 2016
melaZe giorgi, noniaSvili giorgi, religiuri organizaciebis registraciis
sakiTxi qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio
samarTlis mimoxilva~, #9, 2016
melqaZe oTar, `sakonstitucio kontroli~ - terminis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 1998
meni aleqsandre, religia, `pirovnebis kulti~ da sekularuli saxelmwifo, d.
TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #6(39), 2010
mesxia SoTa, Zlevaჲ sakvirveli, Tbilisi, 1972
metreveli valeriane, romis samarTali, safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2005
metreveli valeriane, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009
mTavarepiskoposi anastasiosi, marTlmadideblobis damokidebuleba sxva
religiebTan, z. juRelis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#7’06, 2006
mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos saeklesio kanonebis krebuli,
Tbilisi, 2010
mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.
1, uZvelesi droidan VI saukunemde, Tbilisi, 2012
mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.
2, VI-XI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012
mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.
3, XII-XVI saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012
mitropoliti anania (jafariZe), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t.
4, XVII-XX saukuneebi, Tbilisi, 2012
mitropoliti giorgi (xodri), qristianoba pluralistul samyaroSi, eklesiaTa
msoflio sabWos centraluri komitetis sxdomaze
warmoTqmuli sityva (adis-abeba, 1971 w.), d. TinikaSvili
Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #1(34), 2010
mSvildaZe marika, adeuli qristianobis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009
nadareiSvili giorgi, qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi XI-XII
ss. saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1959
nadareiSvili giorgi, qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi,
2005
narindoSvili malxazi, gogelia vano, julayiZe TaTia, jaSi zurabi, glurjiZe
erekle, religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004
noli rudiger, religiisa da religiis Tavisuflebis roli Tanamedrove
konfliqtur situaciebSi, m. pakacoSvilis Targmani, Jurn.
`solidaroba~, #1, 2006
pavliaSvili qeTevani, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1917-1921 wlebSi,
Tbilisi, 2000
213
papastatisi karalambos, saxelmwifo da eklesia saberZneTSi wignSi: saxelmwifo
da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis
redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
papuaSvili nugzari, msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2002
papuaSvili nugzari, wm. episkoposi gabrieli sarwmunoebisa da moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb, anu: iwyoda Tu ara igi uars ekumenizmze?, Jurn.
`solidaroba~, #3(36), 2010
pozti riCard, saxelmwifo da eklesia avstriaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT,
meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
prodmou elizabet, ambivalenturi marTlmadidebloba, Jurn. `solidaroba~,
#1(22), 2008
radbruxi gustav, samarTlis filosofiis xuTi wuTi, d. gegenavas Targmani,
samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012
robersi gerhard, saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, wignSi:
saxelmwifo da eklesia evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g.
robersis redaqtorobiT, meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi,
2011
saginaSvili qeTevani, marTlmadideblobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi ucxo qveynebis magaliTebis fonze,
Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001
saginaSvili qeTevani, saeklesio sasjelebis istoria, Jurn. `adamiani da
konstitucia~, #3, 2002
saginaSvili qeTevani, saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri mimarTulebebi da maTi
regulirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoyalibebis
aucilebloba, Jurn. `samarTali~, #11-12, 1997
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-
1921, Tbilisi, 1990
saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba.
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. turavas
redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013
spikeri manfred, qristianoba da Tavisufali konstituciuri saxelmwifo, z.
iaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #5(32), 2009
stefani alfred, religiisa da demokratiis urTierTSeTavsebadobis Sesaxeb, d.
TinikaSvilis Targmani, Jurn. `solidaroba~, #2(29), 2009
stefnaZe jemali, saqarTvelo XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi,
Tbilisi, 1985
surgulaZe akaki, surgulaZe paata, saqarTvelos istoria, 1783-1990, Tbilisi,
1991
surgulaZe ivane, qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevebi, w. I, Tbilisi, 2000
tyeSelaSvili levani, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis istoriis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi, quTaisi, 2014
fanjikiZe Teimuraz, qristianoba _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, Tbilisi, 1984
ferari silvio, saxelmwifo da eklesia italiaSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT,
meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
214
fridneri lars, saxelmwifo da eklesia SvedeTSi, wignSi: saxelmwifo da eklesia
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi, g. robersis redaqtorobiT,
meore gamocemis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2011
qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, III nawili, s. xanjalaZis redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 1991
qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, IV nawili, m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi,
1993
qiqoZe geronti, erekle meore, Tbilisi, 1958
RaRaniZe merabi, saqarTvelos sekularizaciis gzaze, wignSi: saqarTvelos
konstitucia 20 wlis Semdeg, v. nacvliSvilisa da d.
zedelaSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2016
Saio andraS, xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m.
maisuraZis Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2003
Svabe iurgen, germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebi, e. CaCaniZis Targmani, k. kublaSvilis, T.
niniZis, b. lolaZisa da q. eremaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi
215
xecuriani joni, saxelmwifo da eklesia, urTierTobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi,
Tbilisi, 2013
xecuriani joni, saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #1, 2001
xecuriani joni, qarTuli eklesiis konstituciuri safuZvlebi, Jurn. `adamiani
da konstitucia~, #3, 2002
xizanaSvili (urbneli) n., rCeuli iuridiuli Canawerebi, Tbilisi, 1982
xubua giorgi, samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2004
xucurauli irakli, qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis
urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifoSi, Jurn. `samarTali~, #9-
10, 2001
Corpus Juris, w. I, samarTalmcodneobis sakiTxebi, d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 2015
A Massage from His Beatitude Ignatius I to His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI, Patriarchate of Antioch
News, 2/663, 17th of September, 2006
Abilmouna Raed, Reconciling the Hijab within Laïcité France, Journal of Islam Law and Culture,
Vol.13, No.2-3, 2011
Ahdar Rex, Leigh Ian, Religious Freedom in the Liberal State, 2nd Ed., Croydon, 2015
Allen J. Timothy, The Separation of Church and State: Myths, Mantras, Mandates, Forum on Public
Policy Online, No.3, 2007
Amundson Stephen, Separation of Church and State: How It Has Impacted Religious Diversity, SPEA
Honors Paper Series, Vol.2, #12, 2008
Anckar Carsten, Religion and Democracy, A Worldwide Comparison, Abingdon, 2011
Anderson Paul B., The Orthodox Church in Soviet Russia, Foreign Affairs, #39, 1960-1961
Annicchino Pasquale, Laïcité as Civil Religion: An Italian American Perspective, The George
Washington International Law Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010
Arribas Santiago Caňamares, Religious Equality in the Spanish Constitutional System, in: Law,
Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law),
Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013
Årsheim Helge, Legal Secularism? – Differing Notions of Religion in International and Norwegian
Law, in: Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human
Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova
and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014
Asad Tatal, Formations of Secular, Christianity, Islam, Modernity, Stanford University Press, 2003
Baker Robert A., The Presidency and the Roman Catholic Church, Journal of Church and State,
Vol.2, No.2, 1960
Bartulin Nevenko, The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia (Origins and Theory), Leiden-
Boston, 2014
Bennet Edward M., The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet State, 1946-1956: A Decade of the
New Orthodoxy, Journal of Church and State, Vol.7, No.3, 1963
Ben-Porat Guy, Religion and Secularism in Israel, Between Politics and Sub-Politics, in: Religion
and Politics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited by J.
Haynes, Abingdon, 2010
Berg Thomas C., Colby Kimberlee W., Esbeck Carl H., Garnett Richard W., Religious Freedom,
Church-State Separation, and the Ministerial Exception, Northwestern
University Law Review Colloquy, Vol. 106, 2011
216
Berger Benjamin, The Limits of Belief: Freedom of Religion, Secularism and the Liberal State,
Canadian Journal of Law and Society, Vol.17, No.1, 2002
Bernard Jean, The Evolution of Matrimonial Jurisprudence: The Opinion of a French Canonist, The
Jurist, #41, 1981
Blitt Robert C., One New President, One New Patriarch, and a Generous Disregard for the
Constitution: A Recipe for the Continuing Decline of Secular Russia,
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.43, 2010
Bociurkiv Boholan R., Church and State in the Soviet Union, International Law Journal, Vol.14,
1958-1959
Brown Brendan F., The Relation of Theology and Philosophy to the Forms of Marriage, Journal of
Family law, Vol.1, Iss.1, 1961
Brown Wendy, Civilizational Delusions, Secularism, Tolerance, Equality, in: Reveal in Democracy,
Secularism and Religion in Liberal Democratic States, Edited by Ch. Marllé,
G.M. Nielsen and D. Salde, Brussels, 2013
Burgess John P., Church-State Relations in East Germany: The Church as a “Religious” and
“Political” Force, Journal of Church and State, Vol.32, No.1, 1991
Cahil Edward, Notes on Christian Sociology, The Irish Mothly, Vol.LI-LVI, 1923
Calo Zachary R., Higher Law Secularism: Religious Symbols, Contested Secularisms, and the Limits
of the Establishment Clause, Chicago-Kent Law Review, Vol.87, 2012
Calo Zachary R., Pluralism, Secularism and the European Court of Human Rights, Journal of Law
and Religion, Vol. 26, Iss. 1, 2010
Carle Robert, Pope Benedict XVI Confronts Religious Relativism, Culture and Society, Vol. 45, Iss.
6, 2008
Carlton Clark, The Faith, Understanding Orthodox Christianity, An Orthodox Catechism, Salisbury,
1997
Catean-Voiculescu Laura, Hurbean Ada, Legal Marriage Versus Religious Marriage Act in Light of
the New Regulations of the Civil Code, Agora International Journal of
Juridical Studies, #2, 2011
Chelini-Pont Blandine, Is Laïcité the Civil Religion of France?? The George Washington
International Law Review, Vol.41, No.4, 2010
Chaplin Jonathan, The Place of Religious Arguments for Law Reform in a “Secular State”, Law &
Justice, Vol.162, 2009
Chaves Mark, Secularization as Declining Religious Authority, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3, 1994
Christoffersen Lisbet, Historical, Cultural and Social Background, in: Religion and Discrimination
Law in the European Union, Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012
Clendenin Daniel B., Eastern Orthodox Christianity, A Western Perspective, 2 nd Ed., Grand Rapids,
2003
Coleman John A., The Secular: A Sociological View, The Way, Vol.30(1), 1990
Costigan Richard F., State Appointment of Bishops, Journal of Church and State, #8(1), 1966
Cranmer Frank, National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, Law & Justice – Christian Law
Review, Vol.149, 2002
Cranmer Frank., Olivia J.G., Church-State Relationships - An Overview, Law and Justice, #162,
2009
Cumper Peter, The Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – The British Experience,
in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and
217
Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Baden-Baden,
2013
Curtiss John Shelton, Religion as a Soviet Social Problem, “Social Problems”, #7, 1959-1960
Dal Pont G.E., Charity Law and Religion, in: Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common
Law, Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyerson and R. F. Croucher, London, 2005
Davies Margaret, The Future of Secularism, A Critique, in: Law and Religion in Public Life, The
Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011
Davies R., Church and State, The Cambrian Law Review, Vol.7, 1976
Davis Derek H., A Commentary on the Supreme Court’s “Equal Treatment” Doctrine as the New
Constitutional Paradigm for Protecting Religious Liberty, Journal of Church
and State, Vol.46, 2004
Dawson Jerry F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, Journal of
Church and State, Vol.7, No.2, 1965
De Tocqueville Alexis, Democracy in America, University of Chicago Press, 2002
De Vries Hent, Religion and Violence, Philosophical Perspectives from Kant to Derrida, The Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2001
Doe Norman, Christian Law, Contemporary Principles, New York, 2013
Doerr Edd, The Importance of Church-State Separation, in: Toward a New Political Humanism,
edited by Seidman B.F. & Murphy N.J., New York, 2004
Durham W. Cole Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution
(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto,
W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013
Dwyer Christopher, Divorce in Italy, Quis Custodiet, Vol. 36, 1972
Edge Peter W., Religion and Law, An Introduction, Ashgate, 2006
Eighmy John Lee, Institutional Support in a Welfare State: The Crisis in Church-State Relations,
Journal of Church and State, #4(2), 1962
Evans Carolyn, Thomas Christopher A., Church-State Relations in the European Court of Human
Rights, Brigham Young University Law Review, No.3, 2006
Farrugia Ruth, The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Maltese Family Law and Policy, in:
The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J.
Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011
Fennelly John E., Property Disputes and Religious Schisms: Who Is the Church?, Saint Thomas Law
Review, Vol.9, 1997
Ferrari Silvio, Introduction to European Church and State Discourses, in: Law & Religion in the 21 st
Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S.
Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010
Ferrari Silvio, Proselytism and Human Rights, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction,
Edited by J. Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010
Fischer Judith D., Wallace Chloe J., God and Caesar in the Twenty-First Century: What Recent
Cases Say about Church-State Relations in England and the United States,
Florida International Law Journal, #18, 2006
Flood Gavin, Orthodox Christianity and World Religions, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited
by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012
Fokas Effie, Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in: Orthodox
Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity
and Politics, Edited by V. Roudometof and V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010
218
Földesi Tamás, Religious Human Rights in Eastern Europe, Emory International Law Review,
Vol.10, 1996
Fr. Gomes Evaldo Xavier, Church-State Relations from a Catholic Perspective: General
Considerations on Nikolas Sarkozy’s New Concept of Laïcité Positive, Journal
of Catholic Legal Studies, Vol.48, 2009
Francis John G., The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships,
Journal of Church and State, #4, 1992
Froese Paul, Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed, Journal for
the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.43, #1, 2004
Fukuyama Francis, The Origins of Political Order, From Prehumen Times to the French Revolution,
London, 2012
Furseth Inger, The Ambiguity of Secular and Religious Space: The Norwegian Penitentiary System,
in: Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in Human
Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der Breemen, J. Casanova
and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014
Gabashvili Manana, Place and Role of Athonite Monks in the Georgian Politics of Medieval
Centuries, in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization, Edited by D.
Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013
Gallagher Clarence, Marriage in Eastern and Western Canon Law, Law and Justice – Christian Law
Review, Vol.157, 2006
Gautier Mary L., Church Elites and the Restoration of Civil Society in the Communist Societies of
Central Europe, Journal of Church and State, Vol.40, No.2, 1998
Gedicks Frederick Mark, Religious Exemptions, Formal Neutrality, and Laïcité, Indiana Journal of
Global Legal Studies, Vol.13, Issue 2, 2006
Géraud André, The Lateran Treaties: A Step in Vatican Policy, Foreign Affairs, #7, 1928-1929
Gori-Montanelli Riccardo, Botwinik David A., Mexican Divorces: Italy, International Lawyer, #1,
1966-1967
Grdzelidze Tamara, The Georgian Tradition, in: The Orthodox Christian World, Edited by A.
Casiday, Routledge, 2012
Greenawalt Kent, Religious and the Constitution, Vol.2, Establishment and Fairness, Princeton, 2008
Greenawalt Kent, Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited
by J. Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010
Greenawalt Kent, Secularism, Religion, and Liberal Democracy in the United States, Cardozo Law
Review, Vol.30, 2009
Grinda Georges, The Principality of Monaco (State, International Status, Institutions), 2 nd Ed.,
Translated by J.C. Duursma, The Hague, 2010
Gurian Waldemar, Hitler’s Undeclared War on the Catholic Church, Foreign Affairs, #16, 1937-
1938
Habermas Jurgen, Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism, Journal of
Political Philosophy, Vol.13, 2005
Hackett Rosalind I.J., Rethinking the Role of Religion in Changing Public Spheres: Some
Comparative Perspectives, Brigham Young University Law Review, Issue 3,
2005
Hammet Harold D., Separation of Church and State: By One Wall or Two?, Journal of Church and
State, #7, 1965
219
Harding Maebh, Religion and Family Law in Ireland: From A Catholic Protection of Marriage to A
“Catholic” Approach to Nullity, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A
Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011
Hart David Bentley, The Story of Christianity, A History of 2,000 years of the Christian Faith,
London, 2013
Hayes P.J., Impediments to Marriage in the Catholic Church, The North American Review, Vol.180,
1905
Heckel Martin, Religious Human Rights in Germany, Emory International Law Review, Vol.10,
1996
Helmholz Richard H., Human Rights in the Canon Law, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An
Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010
Henderson Ernest F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, London, 1910
Hirschl Ran, Comparative Constitutional Law and Religion, in: Comparative Constitutional Law,
Edited by T. Ginsburg and R. Dixon, Cheltenham, 2011
Hofman Frank J., The Development of the Canon Law of Marriage, Acta Juridica, 1983
Hoff Timothy, Religion’s Accommodation to American Law and Culture, in: Legal Responses to
Religious Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits),
Edited by A. Sarat, New York, 2012
Holt Niles, The Church Withdrawal Movement in Germany, Journal of Church and State, Vol.32,
1990
Horn Carl III, Secularism and Pluralism in Public Education, Harvard Journal of Law and Public
Policy, Vol.1, No.1, 1984
Huntington Samuel H., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking World Order, New York, 1996
Jänterä-Jareborg Maarit, The Legal Scope for Religious Identity in Family Matters - The Paradoxes
of the Swedish Approach, in: The Place of Religion in Family Law: A
Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü, Antwerp-Portland, 2011
Jensen Darryn, Classifying Church-State Arrangements, Beyond Religious Versus Secular, in: Law
and Religion in Public Life, The Contemporary Debate, Edited by N. Hosen
and R. Mohr, Abingdon, 2011
Jones H., The Church in Wales: A church for the Welsh Nation, Law and Justice, #149, 2002
Kuhelj Alenka, Religious Freedom in European Democracies, Tulane European and Civil Law
Forum, Vol.20, 2005
Kuiper Barend Klaas, The Church in History, Grand Rapids, 1988
Ibán Iván C., God in Constitutions and Godless Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution
(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto,
W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013
Isakhanyan Levon, Analysis of Legal Issues Related to the Armenian Diocese in Georgia, in:
Freedom of Religion in Georgia and Armenia, Regional Conference on the
Freedom of Religion or Belief, Conference Report, July 2013, Tbilisi
Korkelia Konstatione, Mchedlidze Nana, Nalbandov Alexander, Compatibility of Georgian
Legislation with the Standards of the European Convention on Human Rights
and Its Protocols, Tbilisi, 2004
Ladeur Karl-Heinz, Augsberg Ino, The Myth of the Neutral State: The Relationship Between State
and Religion in the Face of New Challenges, German Law Review, Vol.8,
2007
Langlaude Sylvie, Introduction: Secularism, Religious Liberty, and the ECHR, International and
Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 55, October 2006
220
Ledewitz Bruce, Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism, Bloomington, 2011
Leigh Ian, Objective, Critical and Pluralistic? Religious Education and Human Rights in the
European Public Sphere, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe,
Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012
Lerner Natan, Religion and the Basic Legislation in Israel, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom
of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C.
Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013
Listl Joseph., Church-State Relations in Germany, The Jurist, #56, 1997
Loughlin Martin, Foundations of Public Law, Oxford, 2010
Lozano Rafael Palomino, Religion and Education of Europe Toward a “Soft” Constitutionalization of
a Model of Religious Teaching? in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of
Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C.
Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate Publishing, 2013
Luhmann Niklas, The Difference of Society, Columbia University Press, 1982
Madeley John T.S., E Unum Pluribus: The Role of Religion in the Project of European Integration,
in: Religion and Politics in Europe, The Middle East and North Africa, Edited
by J. Haynes, Abingdon, 2010
Mair Jane, The Place of Religion in Family Law: A Comparative Search, in: The Place of Religion in
Family Law: A Comparative Search, Edited by J. Mair and E. Örücü,
Antwerp-Portland, 2011
Marsh Christopher, Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State,
Journal of Church and State, #47, 2005
McCauliff C.M.A., Dreyfus, Laïcité and the Burqa, Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol.28,
2012
McConnell Michael W., Garvey John H., Berg Thomas C., Religion and the Constitution, New York,
2011
McGrath James J., Canon Law and American Church Law: A Comparative Study, The Jurist, #18,
1958
McGuckin John A., The Issue of Human Rights in Byzantium and the Orthodox Christian Tradition,
in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J.Witte Jr. and
F.S. Alexander, New York, 2010
Mckinley Patrick Brennan, Differentiating Church and State (Without Losing the Church),
Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol.7, 2009
McManus Frederick R., Marriage in the Canons of the Eastern Catholic Churches, Jurist, Vol.54,
1994
Merriman Scott A., Religion and the State, An International Analysis of Roles and Relationship,
Santa Barbara, 2009
Meyendorff John, Christian Marriage in Byzantium: The Canonical and Liturgical Tradition,
Dumbarton Oaks Papers, #44, 1990
Minnerath Roland, Church Autonomy in Europe, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,
Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001
Modak-Truman Mark C., Beyond Theocracy and Secularism (Part I): Toward a New Paradigm for
Law and Religion, Mississippi College Law Review, Vol. 27, 2007
Morán Gloria M., The Spanish System of Church and State, Brigham Young University Law
Review, #2, 1995
221
Morée Peter, Identity, Religion and Human Rights in the Balkans, The Macedonian Case of
Archbishop Jovan in Its Broader Context, Helsinki Monitor, Vol.16, 2005
Morini Claudia, Secularism and Freedom of Religion: The Approach of the European Court of
Human Rights, Israel Law Review, Vol. 43, 2010
Mungiu-Pippidi Alina, The Ruler and the Patriarch: The Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church in
Transition, East European Constitutional Review, #7, 1998
Nathan Clemens N., The Changing Face of Religion and Human Rights, A Personal Reflection,
Leiden-Boston, 2013
National Council of Churches, Separation and Interaction of Church and State, Journal of Church and
State, #6, 1964
Nicholson Joanna, The Law of Church and State Relations in the United Kingdom, Sri Lanka Journal
of International Law, #12, 2000
Nord Warren A., Religion, the First Amendment and Public Education, BYU Journal of Public Law,
Vol. 8, 1994
Olshewsky Thomas M., A Christian Understanding of Divorce, Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol.7,
No.1, 1979
O’brien Albert C., Benito Mussolini, Catholic Youth, and the Origins of the Lateran Treaties, Journal
of Church and State, #23, 1981
Orsy Ladislas, Marriage in the Code of Canon Law, Law and Justice, 1988-1989
Palomino Rafael, Legal Dimensions of Secularism: Challenges and Problems, 17th Annual
International Law and Religion Symposium, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah, October 3-5, 2010
Palomino Rafael, The Role of Concordats Promoting Religious Freedom with Special Reference to
Agreements in the Middle East, in: Ius Ecclesiarum Vehiculum Caritatis,
Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004
Papastathis Charalambos K., The Helenic Republic and the Prevailing Religion, Brigham Young
University Law Review, #4, 1996
Petkoff Peter, Legal Perspectives and Religious Rights Under International Law in the Vatican
Concordats (1963-2004), Law & Justice - Christian Law Review, Vol.158,
2007
Peyrouse Sébastien, The Relationship between Church and State in the Post-Soviet World: The Case
of Christianity in Central Asia, Journal of Church and State, #49, 2007
Plesner Ingvill Thorson, Secularism – A Quest for Privatization of Religion? in: Law & Religion in
the 21st Century – Nordic Perspectives, Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å.
Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010
Pollis Adamantia, Eastern Orthodoxy and Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.15, 1993
Powell Russell, The Study of Secularism and Religion in the Constitution and Contemporary Politics
of Turkey: The Rise of Interdisciplinarity and the Decline of Methodology?
University of St. Thomas Law Journal, Vol.7, No.3, 2010
Radan Peter, International Law and Religion, Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, in: Law and Religion, God, the State and the Common Law,
Edited by P. Radan, D. Meyerson and R. F. Croucher, London, 2005
Ramet Sabrina P., Religion and Politics in Germany since 1945: The Evangelical and Catholic
Churches, Journal of Church and State, #42, 2000
Ratzinger Joseph, Pera Marcello, Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam, Basic
Books, 2006
222
Renaud Robert Joseph, Weinberger Lael Daniel, Spheres of Sovereignty: Church Autonomy
Doctrine and the Theological Heritage of the Separation of Church and State,
Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol.35, 2008
Ringelheim Julie, Rights, Religion and the Public Sphere: the European Court of Human Rights in
Search of a Theory? in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by
L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012
Robbers Gerhard, Church and State Relations in the Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution
(Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto,
W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013
Rodes Robert E. jr., Natural Law and the Marriage of Christians, The Jurist, #35, 1975
Rodopoulos Panteleimon, An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law, translated by W.J. Lillie,
Rollinsford, 2007
Romanides John S., The Orthodox Churches on Church-State Relations and Religion Liberty, Journal
of Church and State, #6, 1964
Rosenfeld Michel, Introduction: Can Constitutionalism, Secularism and Religion Be Reconciled in an
Era of Globalization and Religious Revival?, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30,
2009
Rossouw G.J., Macamo Eugenio jr., Church-State Relationship in Mozambique, Journal of Church
and State, #35(3), 1993
Roudometof Victor, The Evolution of Greek Orthodoxy in the Context of World Historical
Globalization, in: Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece, The Role of
Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V. Roudometof and V.N.
Makrides, Ashgate, 2010
Ryngaert Cedric, The Legal Status of the Holy See, Göttingen Journal of International Law, Vol.3,
2011
Sajó András, Preliminaries to a Concept of Constitutional Secularism, I-Con, Vol.6, No.3-4, 2008
Sandberg Russell, Law and Religion, New York, 2011
Sapir Gideon, Staatman Daniel, Religious Marriage in a Liberal State, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30,
No.6, 2009
Schanda Balzs, Religion and State in the Candidate Countries to the European Union – Issues
Concerning Religoon and State in Hungary, Sociology of Religion, Vol.64,
No.3, 2003
Scharffs Brett G., Disparte Suzanne, Comparative Models for Transitioning from Religious to Civil
Marriage Systems, Journal of Law and Family Studies, Vol.12, 2010,
Scheinen Martin, Secular Human Rights Perspectives, As a Challenge to Nordic Law & Religion
Solutions, in: in: Law & Religion in the 21 st Century – Nordic Perspectives,
Edited by L. Christoffersen, K. Å. Modeér, S. Andersen, Copenhagen, 2010
Sharp Andrew, Orthodox Christians and Islam in the Postmodern age, Leiden-Boston, 2012
Sir Bratza Nicolas, The “Precious Asset”: Freedom of Religion Under the European Convention on
Human Rights, in: Religion and Discrimination Law in the European Union,
Edited by M. Hill QC, Trier, 2012
Sirico Louis J. Jr., Church Property Disputes: Churches as Secular and Alien Institutions, Fordham
Law Review, Vol.55, 1986
Slotte Pamela, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Conscience and Education: A Nordic Example, in:
Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion, Equal Treatment, and the
223
Law), Edited by C. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari and D. Thayer, Ashgate
Publishing, 2013
Smith Steven D., Freedom of Religion or Freedom of the Church? in: Legal Responses to Religious
Practices in the United States (Accommodation and Its Limits), Edited by A.
Sarat, New York, 2012
Smith Steven D., Religious Symbols and Secular Government, Israel Law Review, Vol.46, Iss.2,
2013, 197
Stephens Otis H. Jr., Scheb John M. II, American Constitutional Law, Vol.2, Civil Rights and
Liberties, 4th Ed., Thomson Wadsworth, 2008
Stathopoulos Michael P., Secularization of Family Law in Greece, Israel Law Review, Vol.22, No.3,
1998
Study of Religious Discrimination and Constitutional Secularism in Georgia, Tolerance and Diversity
Institute, Tbilisi, 2014
Surguladze Mzia, Georgian Church from Giorgi Mtatsmindeli (George the Hagiorite) to David the
Builder, in: Georgian Athonites and Christian Civilization Edited by D.
Muskhelishvili, New York, 2013
Taylor Scot A., The Law of Tax-Exampt Organizations in a Nutshell, St. Paul, 2011
Temperman Jeroen, State-Religion Relationship and Human Rights, Towards a Right to Religiously
Neutral Governance, Leiden-Boston, 2010
Torfs Rik, Church and State in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: Unexpected Similarities and
Hidden Differences, Brigham Young University Law Review, #4, 1996
Troper Michel, French Secularism, or Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.21, 2000
Troper Michel, Sovereignty and Laïcité, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009
Tsintsadze Khatuna, Legal Apects of Church-State Relations in Post-Revolutionary Georgia,
Brigham Young University Law Review, #3, 2007
Tsoukala Philomila, Marrying Family Law to the Nation, The American Journal of Comparative
Law, Vol.58, 2010
Tulkens Françoise, The European Convention of Human Rights and Church-State Relations:
Pluralism vs. Pluralism, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, No.6, 2009
Tuohy David, Denominational Education and Politics, Ireland in a European Context, Dublin, 2013
Turner Bryan S., Religion and Modern Society, Citizenship, Secularism and the State, New York,
2011
Turner Bryan S., The Religious and the Political, A Comparative Sociology of Religion, New York,
2013
Van Caenegem Raoul Charles, An Historical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law,
Cambridge, 1995
Van Der Ven Johannes A., From Divine Law to Positive Law, A Perspective from the Science of
Religion, in: Secular and Sacred? The Scandinavian Model of Religion in
Human Rights, Law and Public Space, Edited by R. Van Der Breemen, J.
Casanova and T. Wyller, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014
Van Haegendoren Geert, Alen André, The Constitutional Relationship Between Church and State, in:
Treatise on Belgian Constitutional Law, Edited by A. Alen, Boston, 1992
Viscuso Patrick, Orthodox Canon Law, Second Ed., Brookline, Massachusetts, 2011
Von Campenhausen Axel Freiherr, Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A
Comparative Survey, Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001
224
Von Ungern-Sternberg Antje, Participation of Religious Communities in Public Life – Great Britain
and Germany, in: Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great
Britain and Germany, Edited by C. Walter and A. Von Ungern-Sternberg,
Baden-Baden, 2013
Ungureanu Camil, Europe and Religion: An Ambivalent Nexus, in: Law, State and Religion in the
New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge, 2012
Yalensky Victor, Religion, Church, and State in the Post-Communist Era: The Case of Ukraine (with
Special References to Orthodoxy and Human Rights), Brigham Young
University Law Review, #2, 2002
Yildirim Seval, Expanding Secularism’s Scope: An Indian Case Study, The American Journal of
Comparative Law, Vol. 52, 2004
Wagschal David, Orthodox Canon Law, The Byzantine Experience, in: The Orthodox Christian
World, Edited by A. Casiday, Routledge, 2012
Wardle Lynn D., Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Laws
Solutions, Journal of Law and Family Studies, Vol.12, 2010
Ware Kallistos, The Orthodox Way, New York, 1999
Ware Timothy, The Orthodox Church, 2nd Ed., London, 1997
Well Patrick, Why the French Laïcité is Liberal, Cardozo Law Review, Vol.30, 2009
Witte John Jr., Law, Religion and Human Rights, Colombia Human Rights Law Review, Vol.28,
1996
Wood James E., Church and State in Historical Perspective: A Critical Assessment and Annotated
Bibliography, London, 2005
Wright John J., Aggressive Secularism in America, Catholic Lawyer, Vol.6, 1960
Zollman Carl, Nature of America Religious Corporations, Michigan law Review, Vol.14, 1915
Zucca Lorenzo, Law v. Religion, in: Law, State and Religion in the New Europe, Edited by L. Zucca
and C. Ungureanu, Cambridge
Zucca Lorenzo, The Crisis of the Secular State – A Reply to Professor Sajó, I-Con, Vol.7, No.3, 2009
Настольная Книга Священнослужителя, IV Том, Издание Московской Патриархии, Москва,
1983
Смирнов Е.И., История Христианской Церкви, 2-ое Издание, Свято-Троицкая Сергиева Лавра,
2007
Яковлев А.И., Лекции по Истории Христианской Церкви, Москва, 2011
samarTlebrivi aqtebi
226
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2012 wlis 21 Tebervlis #63 dadgenileba `saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel
eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis
ganmxilveli samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 2014 wlis 13 martis #437 gankarguleba
`saqarTveloSi arsebuli religiuri gaerTianebebisTvis sabWoTa
totalitaruli reJimis dros miyenebuli zianis nawilobriv anazRaurebasTan
dakavSirebuli zogierTi RonisZiebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2013 wlis 23 agvistos
№115/n brZaneba `saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis mier 2005 wlidan 2013 wlis pirvel
ianvramde gacemuli/gasacemi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebis
aRiarebis wesis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ministris 2011 wlis 11 martis #36/n
brZaneba `erovnuli saswavlo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2009 wlis 19 ivnisis #448 brZaneba
`saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis J-1 piradi
Semadgenlobis departamentis debulebis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris 2011 wlis 21 ivlisis #583 brZaneba
`saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros generaluri Stabis da saxmeleTo jarebis
TanamSromelTa/mosamsaxureTa samsaxuris gavlis wesis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa
ministris 2010 wlis 30 dekembris #187 brZaneba `braldebulTa/msjavrdebulTa
religiur ritualebSi monawileobisa da sasuliero pirebTan Sexvedris
uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2012 wlis 26 ivlisis #290 brZaneba
`saqarTvelos sabaJo teritoriaze saqonlis gadaadgilebisa da gaformebis
Sesaxeb instruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze~
advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi
UN Religious Tolerance Declaration (1981)
Constitution of Burkina Faso, 1991
Constitution of Mali, 1992
Constitution of Namibia, 1990
Constitution of Rwanda, 2003
Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic, 1995
Constitution of the Co-Operative Republic Guyana, 1980
Constitution of the French Republic, 1958
Constitution of the Hellenic Republic, 1975
Constitution of the Italian Republic, 1947
Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1853
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, 1975
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006
Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, 1831
Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, 1814
Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain, 1978,
Constitution of the Kingdom of Sweden (The Instrument of Government, 1974)
227
Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherland, 1983
Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, 1993
Constitution of the Principality of Monaco, 1962
Constitution of the Republic of Benin, 1990
Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, 1991
Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, 1972
Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996
Constitution of the Republic of Côte D’Ivoire, 2000
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, 1960
Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, 2008
Constitution of the Republic of Gabon, 1991
Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia, 1997
Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 1990
Constitution of the Republic of India, 1950
Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, 1937
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1995
Constitution of the Republic of Madagascar, 2010
Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, 1990
Constitution of the Republic of Senegal, 2001
Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, 2006
Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, 1994
Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982
Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993
Constitution of the Slovak Republic, 1992
Constitution of Togo, 1992
Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark, 1953
Constitutional Law of the Republic of Angola, 1992
Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan, 1992
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act of Ireland, 1972
Fundamental Law of the Republic of Guinea, 1991
New Constitution of the Republic of the Congo, 2002
Post-Transition Constitution of the Republic of Burundi, 2005
Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 26 December, 1933
Law of the Republic of Latvia on “The Religious Organizations”, 1995
Law of the Republic of Poland on “The Guarantees of Freedom of Religion and Belief”, 1989
Law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands on “public Schools and Special Schools Financed by the
State”, 1981
Civil Code of the Kingdom of Spain
Civil Code of the Hellenic Republic
Law 590/77 of Greece “Concerning the Charter of the Church of Greece”
Marriage and Divorce Law of Israel, 1953
Royal Titles Act of New Zealand, 1974
The Church Act (Kirkkojärjestys 1055/1993)
Act on the Orthodox Church (Laki Ortodoksisestakirkosta 985/2006)
228
SeTanxmebebi saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur
marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis organoebs Soris
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo
Angelini v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 10491/83, D.R. 51, 3 December, 1986
Igle Iglesia Bautista ‘El Salvador’ and Jose Aquilino Ortega Maratilla v. Spain, [ECHR], App. no.
17522/90, 11 January 1992
Knudsen v. Sweden, [ECHR], App. no. 11045/84, 8 of March, 1985
X v. the United Kingdom, [ECHR], App. no. 8231/78, 6 March 1982, D.R.28.
McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 545 U.S. 893 (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005)
230
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000)
Lee v. Weismann, 505 U.S. 577 (1992)
Spiritual Outreach Society v. Commisssioner, 972 F.2d335 (8th Cir. 1991)
Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization, 493 U.S. 378 (1990)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)
Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)
O’Hair v. Blumenthal, 588 F.2d 1144 (5th Cir. 1979)
Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 696 (1976)
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)
Walz v. Tax Commisssion, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)
Aranow v. United States, 432 F.2d 242,243 (9th Cir. 1970)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 444 n.3 (1969)
Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 106 (1968)
Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 224 (1963)
Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral, 344 U.S. 94 (1952)
Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)
Follet v. Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573 (1944)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105 (1943)
Jones v. Opelika, 316 U.S. 584 (1942)
Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila, 280 U.S. 1,16 (1929)
Bradfield v. Roberts, 175 U.S. 298 (1899)
Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 at 164 (1878)
Miller v. Baptist Church, 16 N.J.L. 251 (1837)
R (on the application of Begum (Shabina) v. Denbigh High School Governors, [2006] 2 WLR 719
(22 Mar. 2006)
Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 772
R.B. v. Children’s Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1. S.C.R. 315
231
P.(D) v. S.(C), [1993] 4 S.C.R. 141
R. v. Big M Drug Mart., [1985] 1. S.C.R. 295
Brassard et al. v. Langevin, [1877] 1 S.C.R. 145
Opinion No.346.893 of the General Assembly of the French Council of State, November 27, 1989
Autocephalous, Saint, Orthodox and Apostolic Church of Cyprus v. the House of Representatives,
(1990) 3 C.L.R 338
Human Rights Committee, General Comment 22, Article 18 (Forty-eighth session, 1993)
Report of The UNHRC, A/60/40 Vol. I (2005)60
Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, UNHRC, Comm. no.931/2000, CCPR/C/82/D/921/2000, 8
December 2004
Leirvåg and Ors v. Norway, UNHRC, Comm. No. 1155/2003, CCPR/C/82/D/1155/2003, 23
November 2004
Waldman v. Canada, UNHRC, Comm. No. 694/1996, CCPR/C/67/D/694/1996, 3 November 1999
William Eduardo Delgado Páez v. Colombia, UNHRC, Comm. No. 195/1985,
CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985 (1990), 12 July 1990
veneciis komisia
Manitakis Antonis, Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia
and the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission
for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001
Vogel Hans-Heinrich, Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of
Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)63, European
Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 29 June 2001
Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)65, European Commission for Democracy
Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001
232
evropis sabWo
Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools, Prepared by
the ODIHR Advisory Council of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, Warsaw, 2007
mrwamsi
biblia
Zveli aRTqumaჲ
dabadeba
axali aRTqumaჲ
saxerabaჲ maTesi
saxerabaჲ markozisi
saxerabaჲ ioanesi
saqme wmidaTa mociqulTaჲ (aRwerili luka maxarebelisaჲ)
epistole pavle mociqulisa romaelTa mimarT
epistole pavle mociqulisa efeselTa mimarT
episotele pavle mociqulisa korinTelTa mimarT
epistole pavle mociqulisa ebraelTa mimarT
epistole pavle mociqulisa galatelTa mimarT
ruis-urbnisis Zegliswera
saqarTvelos avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis
debuleba, 1995
233
saberZneTis eklesiis enciklikebi
Encyclical Letter “Deus Caritas Est” of the Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI to the Bishops, Priests and
Deacons, Men and Women Religious and All the Lay Faithful on Christian Love, 25 of December,
2005
Encyclical “Summi Pontificatus” of His Holiness Pope Pius XII to Our Venerable Brethren: The
Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the
Apostolic See on the Unity of Human Society, 20 of October, 1939.
Encyclical “Casti Connubi” of Pope Pius XI to the Venerable Brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates,
Archbishops, Bishops, and Other Ordinaries Enjoying Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See
on Christian Marriage, 31 December, 1930.
Encyclical “Vehementer Nos” of Pope Pius X to To Our Well-beloved Sons, Francois Marie Richard,
Cardinal Archbishop of Paris; Victor Lucien Lecot, Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux; Pierre Hector
Couillie, Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons; Joseph Guillaume Laboure, Cardinal Archbishop of Rennes;
and to all Our Venerable Brethren, the Archbishops and Bishops, and to all the Clergy and People of
France, 11 of February, 1906.
Encyclical “Rerum Novarum” of Leo XIII to o Our Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates,
Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries of places having Peace andCommunion with the
Apostolic See, May 15, 1891
Encyclical Letter “Arcanum” of Pope Leo XIII on Christian Marriage to the Patriarchs, Primates,
Archbishops, and Bishops of the Catholic World in Grace and Communion with the Apostolic See,
10 of 1880
Encyclical Letter “Syllabus Errorum” of Pope Pius IX to the Venerable Brethren, all Patriarchs,
Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops having favor and Communion of the Holy See, 8 of December
of 1864
oficialuri korespondencia
234
eleqtronuli wyaro
<http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/jvristsera.htm> [01.06.2014]
<http://constcourt.ge/ge/news/2015-wlis-9-oqtombers-saqartvelos-sakonstitucio-sasamartloshi-
shemovida-sarcheli.page> [10.11.2015]
<http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline> [05.11.2015]
235