VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI - 590 018 KARNATAKA

REPORT OF INTERNSHIP/PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

Carried out in

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by:
INTERNAL GUIDE MEGHANA N
EXTERNAL GUIDE
Mrs .ARPITHA H B 1CG18EE414
Mrs. NAGARATHNAMMA B V
Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE AE BESCOM TUMKUR KOTHITHOPU
C.I.T, Gubbi, Tumkur. TUMKUR

HOD
V C KUMAR
Head,
Dept. of EEE
CIT, Gubbi

Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572216. Karnata

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING2020-2021

i
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572216. Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 2020-2021

UNDERTAKING

I, MEGHANA N bearing 1CG18EE414, student of VIII Semester B.E. in EEE, C.I.T,

GUBBI, TUMKUR hereby declare that the Internship carried out in TUMKUR
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY LIMITED COMPANY and submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING of the Visvesvaraya Technological University ,
Belagavi during the academic year 2020-2021.

Place: GUBBI MEGHANA N

Date: 08-07-2020 [1CG18EE414]

ii
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572216. Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 2020-2021

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Internship carried out in TUMKUR ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
COMPANY LIMITEDis a bonafide work of MEGHANA N - 1CG18EE414, student
of VIII semester B.E.- ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING from
Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology, Gubbi, Tumkur, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of degree B.E., in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the
academic year 2020-2021. It is certified that the Internship work carried out was under my
supervision and guidance.

Guide:
Mrs .ARPITHA H B
Assistant Professor
Dept., of ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
C.I.T, Gubbi

iii
 Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology
(Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
(NAAC Accredited & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution)
NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572216. Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 2020-2021

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship seminar entitled has been carried out by MEGHANA N
– 1CG18EE414 bonafide student of CHANNABASAVESHWARA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, GUBBI, TUMKUR, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree Bachelor of Engineering in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING from the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
year 2020-2021. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report. The Internship report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship/Professional practice
prescribed for the said degree.

SIGNATURE OF GUIDE SIGNATURE OF HOD

Mrs .ARPITHA H B Mr. V C KUMAR
Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE HEAD, Dept. of EEE
C.I.T, Gubbi, Tumkur. C.I.T, Gubbi, Tumkur.

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL
Dr. SURESH D S
Director & principal
C.I.T, Gubbi, Tumkur.

External Viva
Examiners Name Signature with Date
1.

2.

iv
 ABSTRACT

KPTCL plays a very important role in transmission and distribution of power at

various sectors to meet the consumer demand through overhead lines. The distribution of

power takes place through various companies like BESCOM,CESCOM, HESCOM,

MESCOM, GESCOM.

In that KPTCL is given responsibility to BESCOM to distribute the power in 8

districts of Karnataka and mission of BESCOM is to ensure the customer satisfaction and

continuous profit in business, for this BESCOM distribute the power to consumers at

specified voltage and frequency. It solves the problem of consumers complaints regarding

power supply in terms of its quality and technical matters.

The distribution of power is either underground system or over head lines, but

UG cables are preferred now a days because losses occurring is less, and in this

company SCADA system is implemented for controlling and monitoring of

substation, to know faults occurred in it and also in addition to that repairing and

testing of distribution transformers is done for different KVA ratings. BESCOM is

supplying energy meters to consumers and in that smart meters are advancing in

technology, and also attending to consumers complaints and collection of bills from

them is the primary duty of BESCOM.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Several special people have contributed significantly to this effort. First of

all, I am grateful to my institution, Channabasaveshwara Institute of
Technology, Gubbi, which provides me an opportunity in fulfilling my most
cherished desire of reaching my goal.

I, acknowledge and express my sincere thanks to our beloved Director &

Principal, Dr. Suresh D S, for his many valuable suggestion and continued
encouragement by supporting me in my academic endeavors.

I, express my sincere gratitude to V C Kumar, Professor and Head, Department of

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS for providing his constructive criticisms and suggestions.

I, extend my gratitude to my Internship guide Ms. Arpitha , Assistant

Professor, Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS her
guidance, support and suggestions throughout the period of this Internship.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to BESCOM, TUMKUR for giving such

an opportunity to carry out the internship in their esteemed industry/organization.

I sincerely thank Ms, NAGARATNAMMA B V, ASSISTANT

ENGINEER, BESCOM, TUMKUR for exemplary guidance and supervision.

Finally, I would like to thank all the individuals who supported me directly
and indirectly for the successful completion of this internship work.

MEGHANA N
[1CG18EE414]

vi
COMPANY CERTIFICATE

vii
 CONTENTS Page No.

ABSTRACT v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

COMPANY CERTIFICATE vii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 2 HISTORY OF BESCOM 2
2.1 COMPANY PROFILE 3
2.2 ROLES OF BESCOM 4
Chapter 3 ENERGY METERS 5
3.1 INTRODUCTION 5
3.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENERGY METERS 7
3.3 WORKING OF THE ENERGY METER 11
3.4 ENERGY METER TESTING 14
3.5 ENERGY METER FAULT DETECTION 15
3.6 APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY METER 15
Chapter 4 TRANSFORMERS 16
4.1 INTRODUCTION 16
4.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS 18
4.3 PARTS OF TRANSFORMERS 23
4.4 TESTS ON TRANSFORMERS 27
4.5 FAILURE, CAUSES & REMIDIES FOR TRANSFORMERS 39

viii
Chapter 5 SCSDA 41
5.1 INTRODUCTION 41
Chapter 6 DIVISION OFFICE 44
6.1 TARIFFS 44
6.2 LT BILLING 46
6.3 TYPES OF WORKS 48
Chapter 7 CONCLUSION 49

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No: TITLE Page No:

2.1 Guide Map of KPTCL 3

3.1 Single Phase Energy Meter 8

3.2 ACCUCHECK Meter 7

4.1 Transformer 16

4.2 Breather 23

4.3 Core 23

4.4 Cooling System 24

5.1 Conservator 26

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The primary and the foremost responsibility of the operation department is to meet
the customer’s energy demands, provide quality energy through its own distribution
network and to service customer’s various service requirements related to distribution of
power. My team of officers is striving their best to fulfil the consumer’s aspirations in these
directions. For the information of the consumers at large, BESCOM receives its bulk
energy requirements through both state and central allocations and through power purchase
agreements entered in to with various independent power producers besides, procuring
energy through power exchanges or traders. The electrical energy is received through
transmission network owned by KPTCL. The energy so received is distributed to
consumers through the distribution network consisting of 11 KV, 400 V and 230 Volts
overhead and underground lines owned and maintained by BESCOM.

Depending on the geographical locations and constraints, the distribution network

can be in the form of either overhead lines or underground cables. Cables are Generally
used in urban areas and overhead lines are adopted in rural areas. Different network
configurations are possible in order to meet the requirement of the consumers. Due to
growth in economic activity, the demand for electricity is ever increasing and posing
many challenges in view of deficit in generation and therefore there is a need to
distribute the available energy in an efficient manner. This is being achieved through
SCADA. Also for Bangalore city, distribution automation is conceived and is expected to
be operationalised in a year or so which helps in maintaining uninterrupted power supply
to our City consumers. Further due to advancement in the technology the affordability
and dependability towards various electrical and electronic gadgets by common man has
increased and in view of these the demand towards electricity adds to the complexity and
capacity constraints in the distribution system.

1
 CHAPTER 2

HISTORY OF BESCOM

Fig 2.1 Guide Map of KPTCL

In the year 1999 , Karnataka embarked on a major reform of the power sector . As
a first step , Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) was dissolved and in its place , the
Karnataka Electricity Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) was
incorporated . This was followed by the constitution of

Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) in November 1999 . In the

next phase of the reform Process , the transmission and distribution business managed by
the KPTCL were unbundled in June 2002 .

2
 Four new distribution companies were formed to distribute power in Karnataka.

They are

 BESCOM – Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited

 HESCOM – Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited

 MESCOM – Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited

 GESCOM – Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited

In the year 2005 CESCOM – Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited

was carved out from MESCOM to meet the increasing demand in power. At present 5
Distribution Companies are working in Karnataka.

Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM) has taken over the
responsibility from KPTCL For the distribution of electricity in 8 districts and
commenced its operation from 1st June 2002 .

2.1 COMPANY PROFILE

BESCOM – Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited is responsible for

power distribution in eight districts of Karnataka. They are

 Bangalore Urban
 Bangalore Rural
 Chikkaballapura
 Kolar
 Davangere
 Tumkur
 Chitradurga
 Ramanagar

3
 BESCOM covers an area of 41,092 Sq Kms . with a
population of over 207 lakhs . The company has 4 Operating
zones .

 Bangalore Metropolitan Area Zone (North) ,

 Bangalore Metropolitan Area Zone(South)

 Bangalore Rural Area Zone ,

 Chitradurga Zone .

9 – Circle Office 147 – Sub division Office

32 – Division Office 534 – Section Offices

2.2 ROLES OF BESCOM

 BESCOM is responsible for distribution of power to consumers at the rates

approved by KERC Tariff

 Supplying of power at specified voltage and frequency.

 Maintenance of 11 KV lines, distribution of transformers and equipment’s to

ensure reliable and quality power supply.

 Augmentation of infrastructure to meet the demand.

 Ensuring safety of Human and animal life by taking suitable actions to

minimize risk of accidents. Perspective planning of activities in relation to
demand and supply of Power

 Maintenance of 11 KV lines, distribution transformers, cables and

equipment’s to ensure reliable and quality power supply to the consumers.

4
 CHAPTER 3

ENERGY METERS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
An electricity meter, electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the
amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically
powered device.

Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customer’s premises for billing
purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the
kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually read once each billing period when energy
savings during certain periods are desired, some meters May measures demand the
maximum use of power in some interval. Time of day metering allows electric rates to
be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak,
lower cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load
shedding during peak load periods.

DIRECT CURRENT
An Arno type DC electricity meter showing that the calibration was in charge
consumed rather than energy As commercial use of electric energy spread in the 1880s,
it became increasingly, important that an electric energy meter, similar to the then
existing gas meters, was required to properly bill customers, instead of billing for a
fixed number of lamps per month.

DC meters measured charge in ampere-hours. Since the voltage of the supply

should remain substantially constant, the reading of the meter was proportional to actual
energy consumed. For example, if a meter recorded that 100 ampere-hours had been
consumed on a 200-volt supply, then 20 kilowatt-hours had been supplied.

Many experimental types of meter were developed. Thomas Edison at first

worked on a direct current (DC)electromechanical meter with a direct reading register,
but instead developed anelectrochemical metering system, which used an electrolytic
cell to totalise current consumption.

5
 At periodic intervals the plates were removed and weighed, and the customer
billed. The Electrochemical meter was labour-intensive to read and not well received by
customers.

A ‘Reason’ Meter
An early type of electrochemical meter used in the United Kingdom was the
‘Reason’ meter. This considered of a vertically mounted glass structure with a mercury
reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical
action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the column. Like all other DC meters, it
recorded ampere-hours. Once the mercury pool was exhausted, the meter became an
open circuit. It was therefore necessary for the consumer to pay for a further supply of
electricity, whereupon, the supplier’s agent would unlock the meter from its mounting
and invert it resorting the mercury to the reservoir and the supply.

ALTERNATING CURRENT
The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of
Hungarian Otto Blathy’s patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works
at the Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889, and the first induction kilowatt-hour meter
was already marketed by the factory at the end of the same year. These were the first
alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by the name of Blathy-meters. The AC
kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Blathy’s original
invention. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric
company developed a recording watt meter (watt-hour meter) based on an ironless
commutator motor. This meter overcame thedisadvantages of the electrochemical type
and could operate on either alternating or direct current.

The 1894 Oliver Shallenberger of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation

applied the induction principle previously used only in AC ampere-hour meters to
produce a watt-hour of the modern electromechanical form, using an induction disk
whose rotational speed was made proportional to the power in the circuit.

6
 The Blathy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they
are two-phase motor meter. Although the induction meter would only work on
alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the
Thomson design. Shallenberger fell ill and was unable to refine his initial large and
heavy design, although he did also develop a polyphase version.

3.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ENERGY METERS

The energy meters are classified into two basic categories, such as;

 Electromechanical Type Induction Meter

 Electronic Energy Meter
 Energy meters are classified into two types by taking the following factors into
considerations
 Types of displays analog or digital electric meter.
 Types of metering points: secondary transmission, grid, local and primary
distribution.
 End applications like commercial, Industrial and domestic purpose.

Technical aspects like single phases, three phases, high tension (HT), low
tension (LT) and accuracy class materials.

The electricity supply connection may be either single phase or three phases
depending on the supply utilized by the domestic or commercial installations.
Particularly in this article, we are going to study about the working principles of single-
phase electromechanical induction type energy meter and also aboutthree-phase
electronic energy meter from the explanation of two basic energy meters as described
below.

7
1. SINGLE PHASE

Fig 3.1 Single Phase Energy Meter

ELECTROMECHANICAL INDUCTION ENERGY METER

It is a well-known and most common type of age-old energy meter. It comprises
a rotating aluminium disc placed on a spindle between two electromagnets. The
rotations speed of the use of gear trains and counter mechanism. It is made of two
silicon steel laminated electromagnets: Shunt and Series magnets.

Series magnet carries a coil which is of a few turns of thickness wire connected
in series with the line; whereas the shunt magnet carries a coil with numerous turns of
thin wire connected across the supply.

8
 Braking magnet is a kind of permanent magnet that applies the force opposite to
the normal disc rotation to move the disc a balanced position and to stop the disc while
power gets off.

Series magnet produces a flux which is proportional to the flowing current, and shunt
magnet produces a flux proportional to the voltage. These two fluxes lag at 90 degrees due to
inductive nature.

The interface of these two fields produces eddy currents in the disk, utilizing a force,
which is proportional to the product of instantaneous voltage, current and the phase angle
between them. A braking magnet is placed over one side of the disc, which produces a
braking torque on the disc by a constant fields provided by using a permanent magnet.
Whenever the braking torques become equal the sped of the disc becomes steady.

A Shaft or vertical spindle of the aluminium disc is associated with the gear
arrangement that records a number proportional to the revolutions of the disc. This gear
arrangement sets the number in a series of dials and indicates energy consumed over
time.

This type of energy meter is simple in construction and the accuracy is

somewhat less due to creeping and other external fields. A foremost problem with these
types of energy meters is their proneness to tampering, which necessitates an electrical-
energy-monitoring system. These series and shunt type meters are widely used in
domestic and industrial applications.

Electronic energy meters are accurate, precise and reliable type of measuring
instruments when compared to electromechanical induction type meters. When
connected to loads, they consume less power and start measuring instantaneous.

9
3-PHASE ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER

This meter is able to perform current, voltage and power measurements in three
phase supply systems. By using these three phase meters, it is also possible to measure
high voltages and currents by using appropriate transducers. One of the types of three-
phase energy meters is shown below (given as an example) that ensures reliable and
accurate energy measurement compared to the electromechanical meters.

It uses AD7755, A Single-phase energy measurement IC to acquire and process

the input voltage and current parameters. The voltage and currents of the power line are
rated down to signal level using transducers like voltage and current transformers and
given to that IC as shown in the figure. These signals are sampled and converted into
digital, multiplied by one another to get the instantaneous power.

Later these digital outputs are converted to the frequency to drive an

electromechanical counter. The frequency rate of the output pulse is proportional to the
instantaneous power, and (in a given interval) it gives energy transfers to the load for a
particular number of pulses.

The microcontroller accepts the inputs form all the three energy measurement ICs for
three-phase energy measurement and serves as the brain of the system by performing all the
necessary operations like storing and retrieving data from EEPROM, operating the meter
using buttons to view energy consumption, calibrating phases and clearing readings; and, it
also drives the display using Decoder IC.

Till now we have read about the energy meters and their working principles. For a
deeper understanding of this concept, the following description about the energy meter gives
complete circuit details and its connections using a microcontroller.

10
ENERGY METER CIRCUIT USING MICROCONTROLLER:

The above figure shows the watt-hour meter circuit implemented by using Atmel
AVR Microcontroller. This circuit continuously monitors and acquires voltage and current
parameters of the mains single phase supply. Microcontroller gets these parameter values
from a signal conditioning circuit, which is driven by OP-AMP ICs.

3.3 WORKING OF THE ENERGY METER

The energy meter has the aluminium disc whose rotation determines the power
consumption of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series and shunt
electromagnet. The shunt magnet has the pressure coil, and the series magnet has the current
coil.

The Ip produces the twoΦp which is again divided into Φp1 and Φp2 . The major
portion of the flux Φp1 passes through the side gap because of low reluctance. The flux
Φp2 goes through the disc and induces the driving torque which rotates the aluminium
disc.

The flux Φp is proportional to the applied voltage, and it is lagged by an angle

of 900 . The flux is alternating and hence induces an eddy current Iep in the disc.

The load current passes through the current coil induces the flux Φs . This flux
causes the eddy current Ies on the disc. The eddy current Ies interacts with fluxΦp , and
the eddy current Iep interacts with Φs to produce the another torque. These torques are
opposite in direction, and the net torque is the difference between these two.

11
The phasor diagram of the energy meter is shown in the figure below.

12
ACCUCHECK

Fig 3.2 ACCUCHECK Meter

Accucheck LT+ is specially designed for on-site testing of three phase whole
current and current transformer (CT) operated energy meters. It helps in productivity
improvement and revenue protection with reliable and accurate error measurements.

BENEFITS

 Provides high accuracy -0.2 with ring CT and 0.5 with clamp on CT.

 Maximum current up to 10A in direct mode and up to 500A in clamp-on mode.

 Suitable for electro-mechanical and digital energy meter testing.

 Measures active, reactive and apparent energy.

 Single mode operation available for single phase meter testing.

 Extensive test result storage.

13
FEATURES

 Different modes testing available-pulse, snap switch, dosage mode.

 User friendly menu driven backlit LCD display with keyboard.

 Windows based Base Computer Software (BCS) for data upload, analysis and
reporting.

 Portable printer for on the spot error reports.

 Easy mounting arrangement.

 Wide range of voltage and current inputs.

3.4 ENERGY METER TESTING

In every residence, malls, industry, everywhere energy meters are used to

measure the electrical energy consumed. Those consumers which consume large energy
needs better technology to manage their energy consumption and need more data to
improve their services. Improvement in energy meter technology has increased the
value added features such as remote sensing, LCD display, recording of tempering
events, and many more quality monitoring features in it, along with compactness of
size. But it has raised the problem of electromagnetic interference which affects the
performance of the equipment. So for better reliability, energy meters have to pass
through various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests where meters are compared
under various normal and abnormal conditions with a laboratory to ensure its accuracy
in the field.

14
STANDARD TESTS OF ENERGY METERS

The performance tests of an energy meter as per IEC standards are divided
mainly in three segments which include its mechanical aspects, electrical circuiting, and
climatic conditions.

1. Mechanical component tests.

2. Climatic conditions test include those limits which influence the performance of the
meter externally.

3. Electrical requirements covered many tests before giving accuracy certificate. Under
this segment, energy meter is tested for:

 Heating effect

 Proper insulation

 Supply of voltage

 Protection to earth fault

 Electromagnetic compatibility

3.5 ENERGY METER FAULT DETECTION

If the meter stops, turn on 1 appliance at a time and check the meter. If the meter starts
to move very quickly, the appliance could be faulty. If the meter is still moving, it’s
probably faulty.

3.6 APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY METER

Energy meters are widely used in domestic areas for the measurement of electric power
consumed by the customers and these energy meters are commonly used in industrial
sector for controlling the electric power of various machinery according to its reading
and for measurement of electric power.

15
 CHAPTER 4

TRANSFORMERS

4.1INTRODUCTION

The transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical system that
links the circuits which are operating at different voltages .These are commonly used in
applications where there is a need of AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to
another. It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage and currents by the use of
transformer in AC circuits based on the requirements of the electrical equipment or device or
load. The term power transformer is referred to the transformers with high power and voltage
ratings. These are extensively used in power generation, transmission, distribution and utility
systems to increase or decrease the voltage levels.

The transformer is a static device (means that has no moving parts) that consists of
one, two or more windings which are magnetically coupled and electrically separated with or
without a magnetic core. It transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to the other by
electromagnetic induction principle. Transformers are extensively used in electrical power
systems to produce the variable values of voltage and currents at the same frequency.
Therefore, by an appropriate primary and secondary turn’s proportion desired voltage ratio is
obtained by the transformer.

Fig 4.1 Transformer

16
 The transformer is probably one of the most useful electric devices ever invented. It
can change the magnitude of alternating voltage or current from one value to another. This
useful property of a transformer is mainly responsible for the widespread use of alternating
currents rather than direct currents that is electric power is generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of alternating current.

Transformers have no moving parts, rugged and durable in construction, thus

requiring very little attention. They also have a very high efficiency as high as 99%.

Transformer is the most important part or equipment in the substations. Without these
transformers the substation does not exists.

A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering the
voltage of an AC supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. It essentially
consists of two windings, the primary and secondary wound a common laminated magnetic
core. The winding connected to the AC source is called primary winding (or primary) and the
one connected to load is called secondary winding (or secondary). The alternating voltage V1
whose magnitude is to be changed is applied to the primary. Depending upon the number of
turns on the primary (N1) and secondary (N2), an alternating EMF E2 is induced in the
secondary.

17
4.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

 Transformer classified as per core

 Core type
a) Open core type

b) Closed core type

 Shell type
 Berry type

 Transformer classified as per output

 Voltage step up type
 Voltage step down type

 Transformer classified as per use

 Mains or power transformer
 Auto transformer
 Battery eliminator transformer
 Driver transformer
 Output transformer
 Push pull transformer
 Single end push pull transformer
 IF or intermediate frequency transformer
 RF or radio frequency transformer.

18
CORE TYPE

 Open core type

In this type of transformer, the primary and secondary windings are wound on
leatherwood paper spools of cylindrical or cubical shape. Laminated iron cores are fitted
inside the spool. This type of transformers is almost out of use now.

 Closed core type

In this type of transformer, L-shaped laminated cores are used which form a closed
magnetic path, in this way, the leakage magnetic flux is greatly reduced in this type of
transformer.

19
SHELL TYPE

In this type of transformer, E and I-shaped laminated cores are used. The primary and
the secondary windings are wound on one above the other on the central part of the core. In
this way, the magnetic flux is divided into two parts at the center of the core and covers both
the windings all around.

BERRY TYPE

This is an improved form of a shell type transformer. The main core of the
transformer is cylindrical and both the windings are wound on it. 8 to 10 shells joined to the
main core cover the coils all around. In this way, the leakage of magnetic flux is minimized
and the efficiency of the transformer is maximized.

20
VOLTAGE STEP-UP TYPE

In this type of transformer, the voltage available at the secondary winding is greater
than the voltage applied at the primary winding. Its secondary winding consists of a greater
number of turns in comparison to that of the primary winding.

VOLTAGE STEP-DOWN TYPE

In this type of transformer, the voltage available at the secondary winding is lesser
than the voltage applied at the primary winding. Its secondary winding consists of a lesser
number of turns in comparison to that of the primary winding.

21
MAINS OR POWER TRANSFORMER

A transformer working at 230 volts, 50 to 60 Hz A.C. main is called a main or power

transformer. It consists of a primary and 2-3 secondary windings.

AUTO TRANSFORMER

It is quite different type of transformer which consists of only one winding. The
winding has a common tap terminal. One end of the winding and the common tap terminal
together work as primary; while the other end of the winding and the common tap terminal
together work as secondary.

BATTERY ELIMINATOR TRANSFORMER

It is used in power supply unit designed to produce L.T.D.C. that is why it is known
as a battery eliminator transformer.

DRIVER TRANSFORMER:

The transformer used for coupling and impedance matching of the two amplifier
stages is called a driver or matching transformer.

OUTPUT TRANSFORMER:

It is a voltage step-down type matching transformer which is used in the output stage
of a radio receiver for matching the amplifier stage with the loudspeaker.

22
4.3 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

1. BREATHER (SILICA GEL)

Fig 4.2 Breather

Silica gel is used for the absorption of moisture in a transformer absence of which, the
dielectric breather is used for the movement of air out of the conservator tank during oil
expansion & into the conservator tank during normal conditions. As atmospheric air has
moisture in it to absorb that silica gel is used.

The colour of silica gel crystal is dark blue but, when it absorbs moisture; it becomes pink.

2. CORE

Fig 4.3 Core

23
 The core acts as support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a low
reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft iron core in order
to reduce eddy current loss and Hysteresis loss. The composition of a transformer core
depends on such as factors voltage, current, and frequency. The diameter of the
transformer core is directly proportional to copper loss and is inversely proportional to iron
loss. If the diameter of the core is decreased, the weight of the steel in the core is reduced,
which leads to less core loss of the transformer and the copper loss increase. When the
diameter of the core is increased, the vise versa occurs.

3. COOLING SYSTEM

Fig 4.4 Cooling System

Cooling system in a transformer is very important for keeping temperature rise of oil
& winding under limits when the transformer is in service for various load & the following
are to be checked & rectified. Check radiator top & bottom valves are fully open, Ensure air
passage between fins is clear by cleaning any foreign objects present, The temperature at top
& bottom is uniform in all radiators, All the fan blades, guards etc are clean & fan rotation &
speed are in order, Check for correct direction of oil/air flow, Check for correct rotation,
unusual noise and abnormal vibration of cooling pumps. If necessary, replace /bearing.

24
 4. WINDING
Two sets of winding are made over the transformer core and are insulated from each
other. Winding consists of several turns of copper conductors bundled together, and
connected in series. The number of turns depends up on the voltage and current i.e., numbers
of turns are directly proportional to the voltage and it is inversely proportional to the current.

5. INSULATING MATERIAL
Insulating paper and cardboard are used in transformers to isolate primary and
secondary winding from each other and from the transformer core. Transformer oil is another
insulating material. Transformer oil performs two important functions: in addition to
insulating function, it can also cool the core and coil assembly. The transformer's core and
winding must be completely immersed in the oil. Normally, hydrocarbon mineral oils are
used as transformer oil. Oil contamination is a serious problem because contamination robs
the oil of its dielectric properties and renders it useless as an insulating medium.

25
 6. CONSERVATOR

Fig 4.5 Conservator

The conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an airtight, metallic, cylindrical

drum that is fitted above the transformer. The conservator tank is vented to the atmosphere at
the top, and the normal oil level is approximately in the middle of the conservator to allow
the oil to expand and contract as the temperature varies. The conservator is connected to the
main tank inside the transformer, which is completely filled with transformer oil through a
pipeline.

7. BUCHHOLZ RELAY
The Buchholz Relay is a protective device container housed over the connecting pipe
from the main tank to the conservator tank. It is used to sense the faults occurring inside the
transformer. It is a simple relay that is operated by the gases emitted during the
decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults. It helps in sensing and protecting the
transformer from internal faults.

26
 8. EXPLOSION VENT

The explosion vent is used to expel boiling oil in the transformer during heavy
internal faults in order to avoid the explosion of the transformer. During heavy faults, the oil
rushes out of the vent. The level of the explosion vent is normally maintained above the level
of the conservatory tank.

4.4 TESTS ON TRANSFORMER

a) VOLTAGE RATIO TEST

Transformer Turn’s Ratio (TTR) measurements are performed to verify the
fundamental operating principle of a power Transformer. By measuring the ratio and phase
angle from one winding to the other, open circuits and shorted turns can be detected. The
turn’s ratio is determined using Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) and needs to be checked
routinely once the transformer is in-service.
Transformer turns ratio measurements can also be triggered by a trip relay and other
Diagnostic tests like Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) and dissipation factor/power factor
measurements. The usual Tolerance on the measured ratio should generally be within 0.5 %
of the nameplate ratings. However, in some cases where the number of turns in a given
winding is very low, the standards allow the ratio to be correct to the nearest turn
(Rather than 0.5% tolerance).

27
TEST PROCEDURE
This test verifies that the transformer windings have the correct number of turns so as
to produce the required voltages. This test is carried out by using a "ratio meter", which
applies an AC voltage to the primary windings. The primary Windings are connected to the 3
phase 400V ac supply. Soon after turning ON the supply, voltage starts inducing in the
Secondary winding. The ratio meter, a potential divider on which tapping are provided so that
voltage across tapping and voltage applied to the ratio meter bears a constant ratio. By
suitably adjusting the voltage ratio of ratio meter the Current flowing through the ammeter is
made zero, which indicates that secondary voltage of ratio meter and transformer under test
are equal in magnitude but act in opposite direction. Their primary voltages being equal,
voltage Ratio of transformer under test is equal to voltage ratio of ratio meter.

VOLTAGE APPLIED
VRY VYR VBR
404 405 405
404 405 405
403 403 403

TEST RESULT

Tap Secondary measured voltage

VRY VRB VBR VRN VYN VBN
1 129.1 129.9 129.9 74.2 74.3 74.3
3 133.9 134.5 134.2 76.6 76.7 77.0
16 175.5 175.5 175.5 100.4 100.3 100.5

28
 b) WINDING RESISTANCE TEST
Winding resistance measurements are used to performed for assessing possible
damage in windings or contact Problems, such as from the bushings to the windings, the
windings to the tap changer, etc.

This test is a verification that proper size of conductors has been used and that the
joints have been made properly. Since this test is indicative in nature, there is no tolerance
applicable to the measured resistances. Resistances of the windings are measured by using
'Resistance Bridge'.

This test also serves two other important testing functions:

(a) The measured resistance is used for obtaining I2 R, which his used in the 'Load loss' test.
(b) Measurements of cold resistance and hot resistance are used for calculation of
temperature rise of windings during The Temperature Rise Test.

The measurement of resistance is done at room temperature but corrected to a

reference temperature which is 20 Degrees higher than the temperature class of the unit.
For Example: The reference temperature is 750C for 550C rise oil-filled units, or is 85 0C for
65 0C rise units. For dry Type transformers, the typical rises are 800C, 1150C and 1500C in
the core. It also indicates healthiness of the inter turn Between HV terminal and LV terminal,
then between LV terminal and the neutral.

For delta connected windings, measurement of winding resistance shall be done

between pairs of line terminals. As in Delta connection, the resistance of individual winding
cannot be measured separately, the resistance per winding shall be calculated as per the
following formula:
Resistance per winding = 1.5 × Measured value

The resistance is measured at ambient temperature and then converted to resistance at

75oC for all practical purposes of Comparison with specified design values, previous results
and diagnostics. The resistance can be measured by simple voltmeter, Ammeter method,
Kelvin Bridge meter or automatic winding Resistance measurement kit (ohm meter,
preferably 25 Amps kit)

29
TEST PROCEDURE
For star connected winding, the resistance shall be measured between the line and
neutral terminal. For star connected Auto transformer the resistance of the HV.

TEST RESULTS

HV Winding resistance in mile ohm

Tap R-Y Y-B B-R
1 154.7 155.20 155.55
3 148.35 148.35 149.16
16 151.43 152.03 152.27

LV Winding resistance in mile ohm

R-N Y-N B-N
LV 6.65 6.63 6.64
WINDING R-Y Y-B B-R
13.2 13.30 13.29

c) MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST

Magnetic balance test is conducted only on three-phase transformers to check the
imbalance in the magnetic circuit. Result of this test indicates uniform distribution of flux
insulation. This test is carried out by applying 3 phase 400V AC to one winding measured
induced voltages on other two winding on same side. In general magnetic balanced test is
carried from HV side.

Transformer is connected in either two fashions.

 Star
 Delta

30
STAR FASHION
In case of failure of two phases in transformer (RY, YB or BR) only one limb of
transformer will produce flux by using neutral point. The main aim of this test is hence
proved, that flux produced by one limb is the sum of fluxes of other two limbs. From the
results, we can say that core is in healthy condition.

DELTA FASHION
In case of failure of one phase in transformer (R, Y, or B) then only one limb of
transformer will produce flux and in remaining two limbs will provide return path for that
flux, the main aim of this test is to prove, Flux produced by one limb is the sum of fluxes of
other two limbs so that we can say core don't have any problem for Path of flux.

TEST PROCEDURE
Apply 3 phase 415V voltage to primary winding of transformer and remove any one
phase for delta fashion winding and remove any two winding for star fashion winding.
Note down the voltages in three phases by using multi meter in primary winding and
secondary windings.
 line to line voltage in case of delta fashion
 line to neutral voltage in case of star fashion
Repeat the same procedure for remaining two cases.

31
TEST RESULT

Tap no Voltage applied Voltage measured

across R-Y Y-B B-R
1 R-Y 400 284.4 114.5

Y-B 188.4 401 211.4

B-R 104.3 297 402
3 R-Y 401.6 289.7 110

Y-B 190.8 401.6 209.6

B-R 103.3 297.5 402.3
16 R-Y 401.1 286.7 112.7

Y-B 188.6 402.2 211.5

B-R 98.3 302.6 402.5

d) INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST

Polarization index test on a transformer is carried out to check the service condition of
the insulation of the material. This test is normally conducted to check the dryness and
healthiness of the insulation. Because each transformer is Unique is some ways, it is difficult
to prescribe an acceptable value of IR. It is measured in Mega-ohms. IR is dependent upon
the temperature.

In Insulation Resistance test, high DC voltage is applied across the insulator. This
applied voltage is then divided by Current through the electrical insulator to obtain resistive
value of the insulator. Since as per Ohm’s law, Insulation resistance between HV-LV, HV-E,
and LV-E windings are measured with the help of 5000V/1000V Insulation resistance tester
(megger). Use 1000V megger for measurement of LV-E resistance.

32
 Megger gives required direct (DC) voltage across the insulator, and it also shows the
resistive value of insulation directly in M – Ω and G – Ω range. We generally use 500 V, 2.5
KV and 5 KV megger depending upon the dielectric Strength of the insulation. For example,
we use 500V megger for measuring up to 1.1 KV rated insulation. For high Voltage
transformer, we use 2.5 or 5 KV megger depending up on the insulation level.

When we apply voltage across an insulator, there will be a corresponding current

through it. Although this current is Small and it is in milliampere or sometimes in
microampere range, it has mainly four components.
1. Capacitive component
2. Conductive component
3. Surface leakage component
4. Polarization component

The significance of Polarization Index Test is,

Let I be the total initial current during polarisation index test or PI test
IC is the capacitive current
IR is resistive or conductive current
IS is surface leakage current
IP is polarization current of the insulator

Hence I = IC+IR+IS+Ip

33
Value of insulation resistance test or IR value test, i.e. megger reading
just after 1 minute of the test is
R1= (V)\ (IR+Is+IP)

Megger value of 10-minute test, is

R10= (V)\ (IR+IS)

Therefore, result of Polarisation Index, is

R10\R1=(((V)\ (IR+IS))\ ((V)\ (IR+IS+IP))) = ((IR+IS+IP)\ (IR+IS)) =1+ ((IP)\ (IR+IS))

TEST PROCEDURE
Before measuring the resistance, you should remove all connections to the
transformer and discharge the windings (of Electric wire) to the grounded transformer frame.
Using a direct-indicating, power-driven megohmmeter (an electrical Test instrument
producing a DC voltage), an electrical current of either 500 volts or 1,000 volts DC should be
applied between the winding and ground. The amount of current you use depends on the
rating of the transformer.

TEST RESULT:

Time IR(Mega Ohms)

HV-E HV-LV LV-E
0:00:15 5.4962 4.6042 3.4542
0:01:00 8.2342 6.59 4.82
0:03:00 10.4 9.34 6.34
0:05:00 11.5 10.6 7.28
0:10:00 12.9 12.2 8.83

34
 Rated voltage Minimum IR value(in M-ohms)

300C 400C 500C 600C

66KV & above 600 300 150 75

33KV & 22KV 500 250 123 65

11KV & 6.6KV 400 200 100 50

Below 6.6KV 200 100 50 25

Table 3.1

e) OIL LEKAGE TESTS

Check the joints for leakage of both welded joints and joints with gaskets. If any doubt
of leak, the area must be cleaned of oil using solvent [ethyl alcohol] and apply wet chalk.
This will give a good indication of exact location of leak. If leak is in the gasket, joints must
be tightened evenly. If it is at a welded joint, tap the weld material into the pin hole by using
small ball pane hammer and apply sealing compound. Other area to be checked are drain
plugs, valves in oil piping.

35
 f) OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Open circuit test or no load test on a transformer is performed to determine 'no load
loss (core loss)' and 'no load current I0'. The circuit diagram for open circuit test is shown
in the figure below.

Figure 3.1
Usually high voltage (HV) winding is kept open and the low voltage (LV) winding is
connected to its normal supply. A wattmeter (W), ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) are
connected to the LV winding as shown in the figure.

Now, applied voltage is slowly increased from zero to normal rated value of the LV
side with the help of a variac. When the applied voltage reaches to the rated value of the LV
winding, readings from all the three instruments are taken.

The ammeter reading gives the no load current I0. As I0 itself is very small, the voltage
drops due to this current can be neglected. The input power is indicated by the wattmeter
(W). And as the other side of transformer is open circuited, there is no output power. Hence,
this input power only consists of core losses and copper losses.

As described above, no-load current is so small that these copper losses can be
neglected. Hence, now the input power is almost equal to the core losses. Thus, the wattmeter
reading gives the core losses of the transformer.

36
 g) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
The connection diagram for short circuit test or impedance test on transformer is as
shown in the figure below. The LV side of transformer is short circuited and wattmeter (W),
voltmeter (V) and ammeter (A) are connected on the HV side of the transformer. Voltage is
applied to the HV side and increased from the zero until the ammeter reading equals the rated
current. All the readings are taken at this rated current.

Figure 3.2

The ammeter reading gives primary equivalent of full load current (Isc).
The voltage applied for full load current is very small as compared to rated voltage. Hence,
core loss due to small applied voltage can be neglected. Thus, the wattmeter reading can be
taken as copper loss in the transformer.

Therefore, W = Isc2Req (Where Req is the equivalent resistance of transformer)

Zeq =Vsc/Isc.
Therefore, equivalent reactance of transformer can be calculated from the formula

Zeq2 = Req2 + Xeq2.

These, values are referred to the HV side of the transformer.

Hence, it is seen that the short circuit test gives copper losses of transformer and approximate
equivalent resistance and reactance of the transformer.

37
POLARISATION INDEX VALUES OF TRANSFORMER OIL (PI Value)

The PI is the ratio of the 10 minutes to 1 minute Mega ohm readings when taken with
motorized megger at constant voltage. The following are the guidelines for PI value to
evaluate transformer insulation.

ENERGY METER

PI value Condition
<1 Dangerous

1-1.25 Poor

1.25-2 Fair

>2 Good

38
4.5 FAILURE, CAUSES & REMEDIES OF TRANSFORMER

FAILURE OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Failure can be classified in terms of breakdown whether it is minor or major, on the basis
of the work involved and duration to repair the unit to put back into the service. They are
classified as;

 TEMPORARY: Temporary failures due to minor defects can cause major damages like
tightening of bolts, oil topping up etc. Cost may be less than 1% of the unit & duration is
always less than a day.

 SHORT TERM: short term failures need thorough inspection & it can be possible to
repair the unit in utility’s workshop like disconnection of the loads, bushings failure etc.
Their cost may be less than 10% of the unit & duration may be of the order of a week.

 PERMANENT: For this nature of breakdown, the repair cannot be carried out either at
utility’s workshop or at manufacturers repair’s may due to complete breakdown of an
electric circuit i.e., windings with conductor & insulation. The only solution under this
condition is to scrap the unit for new replacement i.e., ultimate end.

The causes of failure of distribution transformers are may starting from the raw materials
to the operation& maintenance attributed due to varied disturbances. It is difficult to pin
point the cause & the cause of damage after the failure has taken place. Major sources of
transformer failure include.

Manufacturer : Defective materials/ design / workmanship.

Shipping : Handling/packaging.

User : Installation, operator error, over loads, excessive number of line

surges & improper or in sufficient maintenance.

External forces : Earthquake, lightning, animals & so forth.

39
 CAUSES REMEDIES

Improper electrical load. Reallocation of load or changing of the transformer.

Voltage fluctuations Restrict over voltages as per standard

(REC+12 ½ %).

High resistance of the neutral Resistance of the neutral grounding must be

minimum.

Manufacturing defects Proper practices & process in the design &

manufacture.

Consumer installation faults Proper load control is desirable.

Loose span Avoid loose spans & leaning poles in rural areas.

Inadequate protection Demands reliable protective equipments.

Terrain of the land & bad weather & Special designs.

polluted atmosphere

Improper erection IE rules to be followed.

Un authorized connection (by Strong measures against un authorized tappings.

tapping LV lines)

Theft oil Sealed units are preferable.

Absence of lightning arrester Lightning arrester’s required irrespective of capacity..

40
 CHAPTER 5

SCADA
5.1 INTRODUCTION

SCADA stands for supervisory control & data acquisition. It is a control system
architecture that uses computer network data communication & graphical user interfaced for
high level process supervisory management.

The SCADA concept was developed as a universal means of remote access to a

variety of local control modules, which could be from different manufacturer. Like near the
substations are located 66kv, 11kv, 240kv like as there are so many substations.

RTU (remote terminal unit) connect to sensor & actuators in the process & are
networked to the supervisory computer system.

PLC (programming logic controller) these are connected to sensors & actuators in
the process & are networked to the supervisory system in the same way as RTUs.

41
 In SCADA control room we will get the information of substation which are all in under
operation.

 SCADA is a type of software application program for process control.

 The SCADA system takes the reading of the meter & checks the states of sensor in
regular intervals.
 This system displays the received data on number of operator screens & conveys back
to the necessary control actions to the remote terminal unit [RTU].
 It collects the information of the substation & generates the alarms in the event of
electrical accidents or faults.
 By the SCADA installation, improper the reliability of the network & minimizes the
down time with high speed transfer of measurement and control commands.

It uses other peripheral devices such as programmable logic controllers and discrete
PID controllers to interface to the process plant or machinery. The operator interfaces which
enable monitoring & the issuing of process commands, such as controller sent point changes
are handled through the SCADA supervisory computer system.

The SCADA concept was developed as a universal means of remote access to a

variety of local control modules, which could be from different manufacturers allowing
access through standard automation protocols. In practice, large SCADA systems have grown
to become very similar to distributed control systems in function, but using multiple means of
interfacing with the plant. They can control large-scale process that can include multiple
sites, and work over large distances as well as small distance. It is one of the most commonly
used types of industrial control systems, however there are so many advantages having of
SCADA.

42
ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTING SCADA:

 Due to timely recognition of fault, equipment damage can be avoided.

 Continues monitoring and control of substation is preformed from
remote locations.
 Saves labour cost by eliminating manual operating of substation equipment.
 Improve the continuity of service by restoring service after the occurrence of
fault (temporary).
 Facilities the view of historian data is various ways.
 Reduces the labour cost by reducing the staff required for meter reading.

APPLICATIONOF IMPLEMENTING SCADA:

 Manufacturing industries.
 Waste water treatment & distributing plants.
 SCADA in power system.

43
 CHAPTER 6

DIVISION OFFICE
6.1 TARIFFS

Tariff refers to the amount of money the consumer has to pay for making the power available
to them at their homes. Tariff system takes into account various factors to calculate the total
cost of the electricity.

The electrical power system mainly consists of generation, transmission and distribution

There are two types of tariffs

1. LT Tariff

2. HT Tariff

LT TARIFF:

This applies to domestic dwelling rural, urban individual and builds for housing society etc.

Types of LT’s

1. LT1: Bhagya jyothi, Kutira jyothi (Free supply of electricity up to 40 units)

2. LT(2A): Residential houses, handlooms, Astrology, CA Office, Farm Houses, Schools,

Hostels, Beauty Parlours, Railway Quatras etc.

3. LT(2B): Private Educational Institutions, Private Hospitals etc.

4. LT3: Hotels, Restaurants, Bakery etc.

5. LT(4A): Upto 5Hp (Agriculture)

6. LT(4B): More than 5Hp

7. LT5: Production Purpose

8. LT6: Governments water supply, Street light

9. LT(7A): Temporary Installation

10. LT(7B): Advertisement boards

44
HT TARIFF:

It is applicable for bulk power purchases who need 11kilo volts or above

Types of HT’s

1. HT1: Applicable to water supply, Sewage water treatment plants (State or Central
Government), etc.

2. HT2: All industries, factories, workshops, flour mill, rice mill, railway and KSRTC,
workshop, Research development areas, horticulture, Bio Technical Laboratory,
Aquaculture, etc.

3. HT(2B): Complex, Hotels, TV stations, bus stand, Railway Station, Stadiums etc.

4. HT(2C): Government Hospital, Charitable Trust, Educational Institutions etc.

5. HT3: Government Maintenances, etc.

6. HT4: Apartments etc.

7. HT5: Temporary (High Paid Tariff)

45
6.2 LT BILLING

 RR Number

 Account Details

 Account ID Number

 Meter Reader’s ID

 Personal Detail

 Name and Address of the owner

 Connection Detail

 Tariff

 Sanctioned load

 Billing Detail

 Billing Period

 Billing Date

 Bill Number

 Consumption Detail

 Present Reading

 Previous Reading

 Meter Constant

 Consumption

 Maximum Demand of Month

 Power Factor

 Sanctioned Load

46
 Energy Charges Detail

 30 units:3.75Rs

 70 units:5.20Rs

 100 units:6.75Rs

 Energy Fuel Charges Adjustment

 Additional Charges

 Conisations

 Ribbets (ex: Solar 50p/unit)

 Power Factor Penalty

 Maximum Demand Penalty

 Interest

 Other charges

 Tax

 Total Bill Amount

 Arrears (Due Bill Amount)

 Government of Karnataka Subsidy

 Payable Amount

 Last Date to Pay

47
6.3 TYPES OF WORKS

1. Self-execution work

2. Departmental work

3. Department contribution work

4. Total tern key work

5. Partial tern key work

1) Self-execution work

Here consumer will pay 10% of supervising charges of the estimate cost. All materials
will be purchased by consumer only.

2) Departmental work

It means BESCOM work all materials for the execution wok is provided by board or
department and work is executed by license holder (govt license hold contractor). He will
pay to the contractor. Labour bill and transportation.

3) Department contribution work

This is related to government firm to firm work or departmental work. No suspension

charges included in this work. Respective department have to be bare all estimate costs to
execute the work. Only board will provide 100% materials to execute and complete the
work.

4) Total tern key work

All the materials and all the work will executed by the govt electric license hold
contractor and board will inspect the quality of materials and quality of execution of the
work. Finally board will pay the bill of all materials and labour in total tern key work.

5) Partial tern key work

In partial tern key work board will call the tender to execute the work. Some materials are
provided by board and some materials are provided by contractor to execute the work.

48
 CONCLUSION

The internship training is a very useful experience during that training period we learn
lot of things in technical aspects like how the transmission and distribution of electricity is
done. We came to know about the various equipments of the Substation system, Electricity
tariff, testing and repairing of transformers, energy meters, State generation and its demand
etc. We have gained new knowledge and met many new people after gone through internship.

The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and weakness are.
This helped me to define what skills and knowledge I have to improve in the coming
time .At last this internship has given me new insights and motivation to pursue a
career in core electrical field.

49