Let's Ger Ir ON! RRatic ana Proportion Aratio is used to compare two or more quantities with the same unit. The ratio of is denoted by any of the following notations: a tob 2b = ato a 3 Let 1G anumbera toa numberb All these notations are read as “a tob” or ‘a is tob”. When a ratio is used to compare two quantities of different units of measure, it is called arate. vl, ~9 Switcx ON! Example 1.6.1 Write a ratio in the form 7 for each of the following: 6 hours to 11 hours 8 days to 2 weeks Php 500 000 sales to Php 750 000 sales Sowtion: 6 hours to 11 hours is = : 8 days to 2 weeks is 8 days to 14 days or .. In simplest form, we write the ratio as x ks Php500000 2 7” The ratio Php 500 000 sales to Php 750 000 sales is written as Php 750 000 = 3 * EXAMPLE 1.6.2 Basti’s Burger sold the following items in one day: 50 cheeseburgers 25 plain burgers 40 French fries 45 canned soda Write ratios for the number of items sold: a) Cheeseburgers to French fries b) Plain burgers to canned soda c) _ Cheeseburgers to plain burgers d) _ French fries to canned soda Scanned with CamScannerSOLUTION: Example 1.6.3 SOLUTION: b) ¢) a) : 50 5 The ratio of 50 cheeseburgers to 40 French fries is 0 vi , 25 5 The ratio of 25 plain burgers to 45 canned sodais 7= = 5 , 50 2 The ratio of 50 cheeseburgers to 25 plain burgers is 55 = 7. 40_8 The ratio of 40 French fries to 45 canned sodais 7° = 5 Manny drives 210 kilometers weekly and consumes on the average 28 liters of gasoline per week. What is the rate in kilometers per liter? To determine the rate get the ratio of 210 kilometers to 28 liters then simplify. ‘Thu: 210 kilometers _ 30 kilometers _ 7.5 kilometers 28 liters 4 liters liter Scanned with CamScannerTwo equivalent ratios form a proportion. Thus, if the ratios ; and 2 are equivalent then we have a proportion, ce d.Note that the proportion ri = S istrueit aac In symbols, we write a proportion as follows: 7 = = ora: 5 15 8 ‘ = tion = = — ss ks t a proportion. aad = be. Thus, the proportion = = 5 Istrue while = = 5— isnot a prop A proportion involves the quantities a, b,¢, andd. If any of the three values are given, the unknown can be x _¢ solved by the method of cross multiplication. For instance, +> = = be Then it follows that dx = be. Solving for x, we obtain x= —. We —()= EXAMPLE 1.6.4 _ Solve for the unknown value of x. b. re gel : . Since % = 2 = 2, then Sx=25 0rx=5. SowwTioN a Sine X= Foe a as) b. since 4 = 2 = 5, then x= (25)(5) = 125. 300 25 x Ee EXAMPLE 1.6.5 A farmer charges a wholesaler Php 1 000 for three crates of newly harvested carrots. How much should a farmer charge for five crates of carrots? Sownion: The given conditions canbe translated mathematically as follows: —>— = 5 where xis x the amount that the farmer should charge for 5 crates. Solving for x in the equation, we obtain 3x = 5 000. Thus x= 222° .. php 1 666.67. Example 1.6.6 Thedistance between two provinces on a road map is 3 inches. In reality, the two provinces are 140 kilometers apart. The distance between two other provinces is 12 inches. How far apart are these provinces in kilometers? a Translating the given conditions mathematically, we have —2- = 22 where xis the SOLUTION: : 140 x distance between the two cites in kilometers. Solving for x in the equation, we obtain 3x = (140)(12) = 1 680. Therefore, x = 560 kilometers, Scanned with CamScanner—S —- EXERCISE 1.6.4 EXERCISE 1.6.5 EXERCISE 1.6.6 ES Ficure It Our! Solve for x. a x:15 = 56:120 , b. 8.8 — © Bea’s Organic Farm earned Php 375 350 in 24 weeks. At the same rate, how much will the farm earn in 52 weeks? Business partners Aloysius and Maurice agreed to divide their profit in the ratio 5:8. If Aloysius received Php 560 000 worth of profit, how much profit did Maurice receive? Proportions can be classified into three, namely, direct proportion, inverse proportion, and partitive proportion. In a direct proportion, as a quantity increases the other quantity increases at the same rate or as a quantity decreases the other quantity also decreases at the same rate. A worker paid by the hour will earn more if he works for more hours. On the other hand, for an inverse proportion, as a quantity increases the other quantity decreases or as a quantity decreases the other quantity increases. Five workers will require more time to finish a certain job compared to 10 workers who will work on the same job. A partitive || proportion results when a certain whole is divided into several shares following a certain ratio, EXAMPLE 1.6.7 Sowwtion: Ashley earns Php 17 280 in 24 hours. How much will she earn in 45 hours? This is a case of direct proportion. The given situation can be translated into the following proportion: Php 17 280 *__ where xis the amount Ashley will earn in 45 hours. 24hours 45 hours 777600 Solving for x, we have 24x = (17 280)(45) = 777 600. Thus, x = = 32400. Therefore, Ashley will earn Php 32 400 in 45 hours. Scanned with CamScannerSOLUTION: EXAMPLE 1.6.9 SOLUTION: 1'50 workers can finish a certain job in 2 weeks, how many weeks will it take 30 workers to finish the same job? This is a case of indirect proportion. The given situation can be translated into the following proportion: 50 _ * where xis the number of weeks it will take the 30 workers to finish the job. 30 Solving for x, we have 30x = (50)(2) = 100. Thus, x= a weeks. Notice that the 30 workers will require a longer time compared to the 50 workers to finish the same job. Dividend earnings of three business associates Anthony, Brian, and Caloy is in the ratio 3:45. If the total dividend earnings amounts to Php 360 000, how much will Brian receive? Let x be the dividend earning of Brian. We can translate the given situation into the following proportion: a = 34+4+5 360000 x 360 000° which is the same as = = 4 = a Thus, 3x = 360 000 so that x = Php 120 000. Hence, Brian’s dividend earning is Php 120 000. Scanned with CamScanner