6 ‘THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS: Section of severe borehole Mud Cake buildup tool position Bit size ” 63, MICROCALIPER a enlargement| Reading with collapse. Thin Zones MICROCALIPER 43.6 Mud, Mud-Filtrate, and Mudcake Resistivities, Mud, md filtrate, and mudcake’ resistivities—Ry,, Ry, and Rue, respectively are the drilling uid properties most pertinent to log analyses, primarily because electric properties of the nud differ “drastically from those ofthe formation and formation fis, which ‘causes a considerable resistivity contrast between the borehole medi ‘um and the rock. This contrast controls the log quality. ‘The value ‘of Ry. is needed to remove the borehole signal from the total tool response, Nuclear and acoustic properties ofthe borehole medium, also differ from formation properties. Nuclear and acoustic log- aging devices, however, were designed with knowledge guined from carlier electric tools. They were desigaed to minimize the effect Fig. 4.12—Microcallper of Example 4.1. ‘of mud and mudeake on the tool response, The effect of mud and mudcake is also removed (compensated for) automatically ‘The contrast of chemical activities between mud filtrate and for- ‘mation water originates and determines the magnitude of the SP ‘measured in logging operations, ‘Mud, mud filtrate, and mudcake samples, collected in conjune- tion with filter-press tests, are placed successively in a resistivity meter, which provides a direct resistivity reading, The temperature ofthe sample has to be measured because resistivity is strongly de- Pendent on temperature. Ry and Ryy values provided by the meter are usually representative, especially ifthe measurement procedure recommended by APIS is followed. Rye Values are usually suspectMEASUREMENT ENVIRONMENT 67 Invaded Zone Containing Mud Filtrate of Resistivity Rmp and Density Pag mm a a SSS S a SISSON 1 oes LOS Mud Coke of Resistivity Rme» Density Pag and Thickness Ame |_— britling Fluid of Resistivity Rm and Density p,, Permeable Formation Volume Contributing the Major Part of Too! Response TABLE 4,1—K,, VALUES AS A FUNCTION OF MUD WEIGHT| ‘Mud Wight | (rvgai} gi? Ky 10 1200 oa "1 1320 0.708 | 12 1440 0.584 | 13 1500 0.488 4 1650 oie 16 1920 0.390 1 2160 0.350 ‘because the manner in which the mudcake is packed in the cel die tates the resistivity value indicated by the meter. 4.3.7 Correlation of Mud-Filtrate and Mudcake Resistivities to Mad Resistivity. In early practice, only the drilling-mud resistivi- ty was measured. Even in present practice, some mud logging units measure Ry Only periodically. Also, values off, are provided by some measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems.? In this case, ‘Rg i estimated from empirical correlation to Ry. Because of the difficulty associated with measuring Rye, even if a measured value is available, it is usually estimated through empirical correlations ‘The following empirical equation was derived from data taken from 94 field muds’: Ryg=KlRy) ey where Kis @ coefficient that varies with mad weight, Table 4.1 gives Ky values as function of mud weight. It was also found that® Ripe =0.69R gy Rl Rys 2 an gs. 4.1 and 4.2 are presented graphically in Fig. 4.14, The use ofthe correlation in Eq, 41 was restricted i nonlignosulfate mit, Fig, 4.13—Schematle showing the different zones contributing the major part of tool respon hich were not used at the ime that he correlation was developed. ‘A recent study” shows that the use of the correlation can be ex- Danded to today's widely used lignooltonate mids. The sae stay s0 proposed the following correlation fr all ypes of freshwater us log(Rjy/®y)=0.396-0.0475p, «> where py isthe mu density in Ibmlgal Other statistical correlations thet are vali only for Tow-weight, predominantly sodium chloride (NaCI) muds are? TSR a and Ryo SR Eee as Empirical correlations fr specifi md types—suc a ime, syp- sum, and caleum igoite/caleium lgnosulfonste muds—are ava able in Ref. 10, 4.3.8 Effect of Temperature on Mud, Mud-Filtrate, and Mud- cake Resistivities. The mud, mud-filtrate, and madcake resistivi- ties are usually measured at surface temperature. Quantitative interpretation of electric logs requires representative values of Ry. and Rye under borehole conditions "As inthe Case of rocks, the conductivity ofthe mud results mainly from the liquid phase, Drilling mud's conductivity and that ofits filate and cake increase with temperature. For predominantly NaCl muds, the nomograph of Fig. 1.7 or Eq, 1.1] can be used to com vert surface resistivity values to borehole values. Fig, 4.15 graph cally presents NaCl solution resistivity vs. temperature, Sal obtained from Fig, 1.7 or 4.15 is approximate and not true sal because the graphs are for solids-ftee NaCl solutions. ‘Several studies! showed that the effect of temperature on Field drilling rds isnot the same a8 NaCl solution, Over the tem- perature range of 75 to 225°F, the difference may be as much as 10% for Ry and Ryy and 25% for Ryo. Ifa certain ionic content6 THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS: peerey Rm srg MS WERT 3 iret a2 wee oe 12 SSE BI 2 S488 €10 Rint or Ring ——— Fig. 4.14—Empirical corrlations relating Riy and An to measured R, values (from Ref. 8). ge Lh concttnann t Pb apge AMEE EET ES G4 Ea888 87 coms anrscre FER EE E nar FOR Nec! SOLUTIONS Resistivity OF soLUTION {OnM-NETERS) Fig, 4.15—Resistivity vs. temperature for NaCl solutions (trom Ret. 9).