International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmecsci

Free and forced vibration analysis of coupled conical–cylindrical shells

with arbitrary boundary conditions
Xianglong Ma a,b, Guoyong Jin a,n, Yeping Xiong b, Zhigang Liu a
a
College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, PR China
b
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, Fluid Structure Interactions Research Group, University of Southampton, Boldrewood Innovation Campus,
SO16 7QF, UK

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a free and forced vibration analysis of coupled conical–cylindrical shells with
Received 12 February 2014 arbitrary boundary conditions using a modified Fourier–Ritz method. Under the current framework,
Received in revised form regardless of the boundary conditions, each of the displacement components of both the conical and
2 June 2014
cylindrical shells are expanded invariantly as a modified Fourier series, which is composed of a standard
Accepted 3 August 2014
Fourier series and closed-form supplementary functions introduced to accelerate the convergence of the
Available online 9 August 2014
series expansion and remove all the relevant discontinuities at the boundaries and the junction between
Keywords: the two shell components. All the expansion coefficients are determined by using the Rayleigh–Ritz
Vibration analysis method as the generalized coordinates. By using the present method, a unified solution for the coupled
Coupled conical–cylindrical shells
conical–cylindrical shells with classical and non-classical boundary conditions can be directly derived
Modified Fourier series
without the need of changing either the equations of motion or the expressions of the displacements.
Arbitrary boundary conditions
The reliability and accuracy of the present method are validated by comparison with FEM results and
those from the literature. Studies on the effects of dimensional and elastic restraint parameters on the
free vibrations are also reported. Investigation on vibration of the conical–cylindrical–conical shell
combination shows the extensive applicability of present method for more complex shell combinations.
New numerical examples are also conducted to illustrate the forced vibration behavior of the coupled
conical–cylindrical shell subjected to the excitation forces in different directions.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The coupled conical–cylindrical shell is a shell combination of
great interest in practical engineering applications, such as tor-
pedo, rocket, tower and naval hulls of submarines, owing to its
excellent mechanical and physical properties. In practical designs,
the shell combination is commonly used as the foundation
structure subjected to the intricate environment and dynamic
loads, resulting in vibration, fatigue damage and radiated noise.
Since the 50s of last century, much effort has been done to study
the vibration characteristics of shell structures. Many researchers,
such as Donnell, Mushtari, Flügge, to name a few, have developed
various shell theories based on different simplifying assumptions
and approximations. These works have been well summarized by
Leissa [1], Markuš [2] and Qatu [3,4]. Recently, some new
approaches have been adopted to analyze the vibration behaviors
of the shell of revolutions. Wu and Lee [5] used the method of
differential quadrature for free vibration analysis of laminated
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 86 451 82589199.
E-mail address: guoyongjin@hrbeu.edu.cn (G. Jin).
conical shells with variable stiffness. The equations of motion and
the boundary conditions in the whole domain are replaced by a
system of simultaneously algebraic equations with respect to the
function values of all the sampling points. It should be noted that
most of the literature concentrates on the elementary shell
configurations, such as circular cylindrical, conical and spherical
shells rather than the shell combinations. Compared to the
elementary shell structures, different components of the shell
combination find their natural description in different physical
co-ordinate systems and a problem will be caused by the matching
of the interface continuity conditions between the substructures,
which leads directly to the difficulty of obtaining the accurate
vibration solution. The finite element method (FEM) computer
programs such as ANSYS, ABAQUS and NASTRAN have been well
developed and applied for vibration analysis of these complex
shell combinations. However, there are two main disadvantages in
the computation procedure: firstly, a great number of interior
points are needed if one wants to obtain the accurate solution at
high frequencies, which would finally increase the computation
time and storage requirement; secondly, it is hard to identify the
mode shapes corresponding to the certain natural frequencies in
the modal analysis. Thus, developing an accurate and efficient

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.08.002
0020-7403/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137
method is of considerable technical significance to characterize the
vibration of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell combinations.
In the last few decades, a few but not many publications
focused on the vibration analysis of the coupled conical–cylind-
rical shell have been reported in the literature. Kalnins [6] and
Rose et al. [7] used the classic bending theory to examine
rotationally symmetric shells. Hu and Raney [8] proposed a
multi-segmental numerical integration technique to obtain the
analytical results for joined conical–cylindrical shells. The interface
continuity conditions are imposed on the segments of the shell
combination in their study and good agreement is observed
compared with experimental results. The transfer matrix method
was used by Irie et al. [9] to investigate the vibration behavior of a
conical–cylindrical shell combination. Efraim and Eisenberger [10]
studied the free vibration behavior of segmented axisymmetric
shells by using a power series solution and obtained relatively
accurate natural frequencies. Galletly and Mistry [11] obtained the
natural frequencies of cylindrical shells clamped at one end and
closed at the other by different types of shells, including cones,
hemispheres, ellipsoids, etc. by using variational finite differences
and finite elements. Their study indicates the fact that the in-plane
boundary conditions have considerable influence on the natural
frequencies. A local-global B-spline finite element method was
presented by Benjeddou [12] for modal analysis of the coupled
shells of revolution. Caresta and Kessissoglou [13] presented a
classical approach to investigate the vibration characteristics of
isotropic coupled conical–cylindrical shells. In their study, a wave
solution is adopted to solve the cylindrical shell equations while
the conical shell equations are solved by using a power series
solution. These two solutions are coupled together by the means of
the continuity conditions at the junction. A three-dimensional
finite element method is used by EI Damatty et al. [14] to study
numerically the dynamic behavior of a joined conical–cylindrical
shell. Qu et al. [15,16] proposed a modified variational approach to
analyze the free and forced vibrations of ring-stiffened conical,
cylindrical and spherical shell combinations. The coupled shell
structure is partitioned into appropriate shell segments and all
essential continuity constraints on segment interfaces are imposed
by means of a modified variational principle and least-squares
weighted residual method. The dynamical responses of the shell
combination obtained by the method agree well with those from
FEM program. Experiments and numerical simulations are
adopted to investigate the plastic energy absorption behavior of
expansion tubes under axial compression by conical–cylindrical
die was investigated by Yang et al. [17]. Free vibration analysis of
coupled cross-ply laminated conical shells was presented by
Kouchakzadeh and Shakouri [18]. In their study, the cross-ply
conical shell combination is considered as the general case of
cylindrical–conical shells, joined cylinder-plates and cone-plates.
The continuity conditions at the joining section of the cones ware
achieved by the extraction of the appropriate expressions among
stress resultants and deformations.
Mathematically, compared to directly solve the actual problems, it
is easier to obtain the solution for the shell combinations by describing
the boundary value and eigenvalue problems in a variational form.
This is due to the fact that expanding the solution over a set of suited
admissible functions can achieve the extreme or stationary value of
some kind of energy functional for a coupled conical–cylindrical shell.
As the classical variational approach, the Rayleigh–Ritz method has
found its efficiency in the vibration analysis of the shell combinations.
Monterrubio [19] presented the Rayleigh–Ritz method and the penalty
function method to solve the vibration problem of shallow shells of
rectangular planform with spherical, cylindrical and hyperbolic para-
boloidal geometries with classical boundary conditions. Lee et al. [20]
used the Rayleigh–Ritz method to investigate the free vibration of a
joined hemispherical-cylindrical shell. At the joint part of the shell
123
combination in the study, the hemispherical-cylindrical shell is
assumed to have a free boundary condition while the cylindrical shell
has a simply supported boundary constraints.
From the review of the literature, most of previous works on
the vibration analysis of the coupled conical–cylindrical shells just
concentrate on the cases with classical boundary conditions rather
than the general elastic boundary conditions. Even so, either
theoretical formulations or the admissible functions of the dis-
placements have to be changed if one wants to obtain the solution
for the cases with different boundary restraints. Furthermore, the
general boundary conditions are often encountered in practical
engineering applications compared to the classical boundary
conditions since the support types of practical structures are
always complicated and variable in nature. Li [21] proposed
originally the modified Fourier series solution for the vibration
analysis of beams with general elastic restraints. The flexural
displacements are expressed by an improved Fourier series, which
is composed a standard Fourier series and an auxiliary polynomial
function introduced to remove all the relevant discontinuities at
the boundaries. Subsequently, this method was extensively
adopted for the vibration analysis of rectangular plates, circular
cylindrical, conical, etc. shells with classical and non-classical
boundary conditions [22–27]. Ma et al. [28] investigated the active
control of an elastic cylindrical shell coupled to a vibration
isolation system. The cylindrical shell is simply supported at its
two ends and four active control strategies are evaluated in terms
of the acoustic power radiated from the supporting shell. In
practice engineering applications, the foundation structures are
always formulated by shell combinations with non-classical
boundary conditions rather than the simply supported elementary
shells. To the author's best knowledge, few publications focused
on the vibration analysis of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell
with general elastic boundary conditions have been reported.
The main objective of this paper is to develop an alternative and
unified solution for the vibration analysis of the coupled conical–
cylindrical shell with general elastic boundary conditions. The Reiss-
ner's thin shell theory is used to formulate the theoretical models of
the conical and cylindrical shell components. Regardless of the
boundary conditions, each displacement of the two shell components
is invariantly expressed by the modified Fourier series composed of a
standard Fourier series and closed-form auxiliary functions. The
introduction of the auxiliary functions can not only remove all the
potential discontinuities at the boundaries and the junction between
the two shells, but also ensure and accelerate the convergence of the
series expansions. All the expansion coefficients are determined by
using the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure as the generalized coordinates. The
accuracy and convergence of present method are validated by
comparison with FEM results and those from the literature. The effects
of semi-vertex angle of the cone and the elastic restraint parameters
on the free vibration behavior of the shell combination are studied.
New examples are also conducted to analyze the forced vibration
responses of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell subjected to the
driving forces in different directions.
2. Theoretical formulation
2.1. System description
The geometry and co-ordinate systems for the coupled conical–
cylindrical shell are depicted in Fig. 1. The conical shell is described
with the ðxc ; θc ; r c Þcoordinate system, in which xc is measured
along the generator of the cone starting at its small edge, θc is the
circumferential co-ordinate and rc is perpendicular to middle
surface of the conical shell. The displacements of the conical shell
with respect to this coordinate system are described by uc,vc and
124 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

Fig. 1. Co-ordinate systems and force and moment resultants of the conical–cylindrical shell.

wc in the xc,θc and r c directions, respectively. φ is the semi-vertex where εxc 0 , εθc 0 and γ xc θc 0 are the normal and shear strains in the
angle of the cone, R1 and R2 are respectively the radii of the cone at middle surface of the conical shell, kxc 0 and kθc 0 are the mid-
its small and large edges, Lc is the cone length along its generator surface changes in curvature and τxc θc 0 is the mid-surface twist.
and hc is the uniform thickness of the conical shell. The radius of The strain energy and the kinetic energy for the conical shell
the cone at any point along its length can be written as can be written as
Rc ðxc Þ ¼ R1 þ xc sin φ. A cylindrical coordinate system ðxs ; θs ; r s Þ is Z 2π Z Lc  
Ec hc 1 μc
considered for the cylindrical shell, in which xs, θs and rs, VC ¼ ðεxc 0 Þ2 þ ðεθc 0 Þ2 þ 2μc εxc 0 εθc 0 þ ðγ xc θc 0 Þ2 Rc ðxc Þd xc d θc
2ð1  μ2c Þ 0 0 2
respectively, denote the axial, circumferential and radial direc-
2 Z 2π Z Lc  
tions. The deformations of the cylindrical shell can be defined by Ec hc 1  μc
þ ðkxc 0 Þ2 þ ðkθc 0 Þ2 þ 2μc kxc 0 kθc 0 þ ðτxc θc 0 Þ2 Rc ðxc Þd xc dθc
us,vs and ws in the xs,θs and rs directions, respectively. For both the 24ð1  μ2c Þ 0 0 2

conical and cylindrical shells, the thickness is assumed to be ð7Þ

negligible compared to length or radii of curvature of the shell
and
and the normals to the middle surface are considered always to be (
Z 2π Z Lc 2  2  2 )
straight and normal to the middle surface. Under these assump- ρc hc ∂wc ∂uc ∂vc
TC ¼ þ þ Rc ðxc Þd xc d θc ð8Þ
tions, Rayleigh–Ritz energy method will be used to establish the 2 0 0 ∂t ∂t ∂t
theoretical formulation of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell
based on the Reissner's thin shell theory. where, Ec, μc and ρc, respectively, are Young's modulus, Poisson
ratio and density of the conical shell.

2.2. Mathematical formulations of the coupling system 2.2.2. Energy functional of cylindrical shell component
Similarly to the conical shell, the strain energy and the kinetic
2.2.1. Energy functional of conical shell component energy of the thin circular cylindrical shell are given as
According to the Reissner's thin shell theory [1], the mid- Z 2π Z Lx ( 
surface strains, curvature and twist changes for the thin conical Es hs ∂us ∂vs ws 2
VS ¼ þ þ
shell can be written as 2ð1  μ2s Þ 0 0 ∂xs R2 ∂θs R2
    )
∂uc ∂us ∂vs ws ð1 μs Þ ∂vs ∂us 2
εxc 0 ¼ ð1Þ  2ð1  μs Þ þ þ þ R2 d xs dθs
∂xc ∂xs R2 ∂θs R2 2 ∂xs R2 ∂θs
8 !2
1 ∂vc uc wc 3 Z 2π Z Lx < ∂2 w
εθ c 0 ¼ þ þ ð2Þ Es hs s ∂2 ws
xc sin ðφÞ ∂θ xc xc tan ðφÞ þ þ
24ð1  μ2s Þ 0 0 : ∂x2s R22 ∂θ2s
"  2 2 #)
∂vc 1 ∂uc vc ∂2 ws ∂2 ws ∂ ws
γ xc θ c 0 ¼ þ  ð3Þ  2ð1  μs Þ  R 2 d xs d θ s
∂xc xc sin ðφÞ ∂θc xc ∂x2s R22 ∂θ2s ∂xs ∂θs
3 Z 2π Z Lx (  
∂2 wc E s hs ∂vs ∂2 ws ∂vs ∂2 ws ∂vs 2
kxc 0 ¼  ð4Þ þ  2μs 2 þ
∂xc 2
2
24R2 ð1 μ2s Þ 0 0 ∂θs ∂xs2 ∂θs R2 ∂θs
2 2 R2 ∂θs

 2 )
cotðφÞ ∂vc 1 ∂2 wc 1 ∂wc ∂vs ∂2 ws ∂vs
kθ c 0 ¼ 2  2  ð5Þ  4ð1  μs Þ þ 2ð1 μs Þ R2 d xs d θs ð9Þ
xc sin ðφÞ ∂θc xc sin ðφÞ ∂θ2c xc ∂xc ∂xs ∂xs ∂θs ∂xs

and
1 ∂vc 2 2 ∂2 wc 2 ∂wc Z Z ( 2  2  2 )
τ xc θ c 0 ¼  vc  þ ρs hs 2π Lx
∂ws ∂us ∂vs
xc tan ðφÞ ∂xc x2c tan ðφÞ xc sin ðφÞ ∂θc ∂xc x2c sin ðφÞ ∂θc TS ¼ þ þ R2 d xs d θs ð10Þ
ð6Þ 2 0 0 ∂t ∂t ∂t
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 125

where Es, μs, and ρs respectively, denote Young's modulus, the written as
Poisson ratio and the mass density of the cylindrical shell.
ko;x ðus uc cos φ þ wc sin φÞ N x;s jxc ¼ Lc ;xs ¼ 0 ¼ 0 ð17Þ

2.3. Energy functional of external force and the shell combination

ko;θ ðvs vc Þ  N xθ;s jxc ¼ Lc ;xs ¼ 0 ¼ 0 ð18Þ
Point force is the typical loading case, which is frequently
encountered in practice. Thoroughly understand the vibration 
∂M xθ;s 
ko;r ðws  uc sin φ  wc cos φÞ  Q x;s  ¼0 ð19Þ
behavior of the shell combination subjected to the point force R2 ∂θc xc ¼ Lc ;xs ¼ 0
would be helpful for the complex loading cases. The potential
energy Pf caused by a point force can be written as   
∂ws ∂wc 
Z 2π Z Li K o;r   M x;s  ¼0 ð20Þ
∂xs ∂xc xc ¼ Lc ;xs ¼ Ls
Pf ¼ ðf ui ui þ f vi vi þf wi wi Þδðxi  xf ; θi  θf ÞRðxi Þdxi dθi ð11Þ
0 0
where ko;x , ko;θ , ko;r and K o;r , respectively, denote the stiffnesses of
where f ui , f vi and f wi are the external force in the xi, θi and ri the springs between the two shell components.
directions, respectively. i¼c,s denote the cases of the external As indicated in the mathematically expressions of continuity
force acting on the conical or cylindrical shells respectively and δ is conditions and boundary conditions, all of the force and moment
the Dirac function. resultants of the conical and cylindrical shell components are
When all of the energy expressions are prepared, the complete restrained by employed springs. Therefore, arbitrary continuity
solution can be obtained by using the Rayleigh–Ritz procedure. conditions and boundary constraints can be achieved by varying
The total energy functional of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell the value of springs’ stiffness. Specially, the classical boundary
is taken as the sum of the energy contributions from the shell conditions can be simulated by varying the stiffnesses of the
components, continuity conditions and boundary constraints. boundary springs to be extremely large or extremely small. Thus,
Thus, the Lagrangian energy function (L) of the shell combination the potential energy stored in the boundary springs and connec-
can be written as tive springs can be described as
L ¼ V C  T C þ V S  T S þ Pb þ Po þ Pf ð12Þ Z (   )
1 2π ∂wc 2
where Pb and Po respectively denote the potential energy caused Pb ¼ kx;c u2c þ kθ;c v2c þ kr;c w2c þ K r;c jxc ¼ 0 R1 d θc
2 0 ∂xc
by boundary conditions and continuity conditions, which will be
described in the following sections. Z (  2 )
2π
1 ∂ws
þ kx;s u2s þkθ;s v2s þ kr;s w2s þ K r;s jxs ¼ Ls R2 d θs
2 0 ∂xs
2.4. Arbitrary boundary conditions and continuity conditions
ð21Þ
For the sake of simulating the arbitrary boundary conditions Z 2π
and the continuity conditions, artificial spring technique is 1
Po ¼ fko;x ðus  uc cos φ þwc sin φÞ2 þko;θ ðvs  vc Þ2
adopted here. Specifically, four sets of stiffness-like springs are 2 0

used at the un-coupled end of the conical shell with subject to the
ðxc ; θc ; r c Þ coordinate system, including three sets of linear springs
respectively along the xc, θc and rc directions, and one set of
rotational springs around the rc directions. Similarly, with subject
to the cylindrical coordinate system ðxs ; θs ; r s Þ for the cylindrical
shell component, four sets of stiffness-like springs are used at un-
coupled end of the cylindrical shell and another four sets of
springs are used to link the two shell components. Thus, the
boundary conditions for the coupled conical–cylindrical shell
combination can be expressed as
kx;i ui  Nx;i jxi ¼ 0 ¼ 0
kθ;i vi  Nxθ;i jxi ¼ 0 ¼ 0
 would lead to the discontinuities of the displacements and their
∂M xθ;i 
kr;i wi  Q x;i  ¼0
R1 ∂θi xi ¼ 0
 the vibration behavior of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell
∂wi 
K r;i þ M x;i  ¼0
∂xi xi ¼ 0
where Nx;i and N xθ;i is the in-plane forces, Q x;i is the transverse
shear force, M x;i is the bending moment and M xθ;i is the twisting
moment as shown in Fig. 1 (i ¼ c; s), ki;x , ki;θ , ki;r and K i;r respec-
tively, denote the stiffnesses for linear springs in xi, θi and ri
directions and rotational springs around ri direction
Since the connective springs are designed with subject to
the ðxs ; θs ; r s Þ coordinate system, the displacement components of
the conical shell at the coupled end should be transferred from the
ðxc ; θc ; r c Þ coordinate system into the ðxs ; θs ; r s Þ coordinate system.
Thus, the continuity conditions for the two shell components are
þko;r ðws  uc sin φ  wc cos φÞ2
  )
∂ws ∂wc 2
þK o;r  jxs ¼ 0;xc ¼ Lc R2 d θs ð22Þ
∂xs ∂xc
2.5. Unified solution for the coupling system
The admissible function of the displacement is essential to
ð13Þ achieve an accurate and convergent solution in the Rayleigh–Ritz
procedure. The traditional Fourier series is a well-known form to
ð14Þ describe the displacements of the shell structures. However, it is
just applicable to some very simple boundary conditions and
ð15Þ
derivatives at the boundaries for the cases with complex boundary
conditions. Since the main purpose of the paper is to investigate
ð16Þ with general boundary constraints, the admissible functions are
required to satisfy not only the energy expressions, but also the
continuity conditions and general elastic boundary constraints.
Under the consideration mentioned above, the modified Fourier
series is adopted to represent the displacements of both of the
conical and cylindrical shells. The modified Fourier series is
composed of a standard Fourier series and an auxiliary polynomial
function introduced to remove all the potential discontinuities of
the displacements and their derives at the joint and the bound-
aries. Thus, the displacements of the conical shell component
(uc ,vc ,wc ) and the cylindrical shell component (us ,vs ,ws ) can be
written in the form of the modified Fourier series with the
126 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

   
consideration of the symmetric modes as [24,25] Li 3 πxi L3 3πxi
0 1 ζ 4 ðxi Þ ¼  cos  i 3 cos ð34Þ
1 1 2 1 π 3 2Li 3π 2Li
cos ðλcm xc Þ cos ðnθc Þþ ∑ ∑ A~ ln ξl ðxc Þ cos ðnθc Þ C
c
B ∑ ∑ Acmn
B m ¼ 0 n ¼ 0 l ¼ 1 n ¼ 0 C It can be proved that the requirement for the selection of the
uc ðxc ; θc ; tÞ ¼ ejωt B
B 1 1 2 1
C
C
@ þ ∑ ∑ A c cos ðλ x Þ sin ðnθ Þþ ∑ ∑ A~ c ξ ðx Þ sin ðnθ Þ A auxiliary polynomial function is guaranteed, since it is easy to
mn cm c c ln l c c
0
m ¼ 0n ¼ 1 l ¼ 1n ¼ 1
verify that ς01 ð0Þ ¼ ς0″ 0 0″
3 ð0Þ ¼ ς2 ðLÞ ¼ ς4 ðLÞ ¼ 1ξ2 ð0Þ ¼ ξ2 ðLÞ ¼ ξ2 ð0Þ ¼ 0,
ð23Þ ξ1 ð0Þ ¼ ξ1 ðLÞ ¼ ξ01 ðLÞ ¼ 0, ξ01 ð0Þ ¼ 1,ξ02 ðLÞ ¼ 1.
0 1
By Substituting Eqs. (7)–(11) and (21, 22) together with the
1 1 2 1
c ~c admissible functions defined in Eqs. (23)–(34) into Eq. (12), and
B ∑ ∑ Bmn cos ðλcm xc Þ sin ðnθc Þ þ ∑ ∑ B ln ξl ðxc Þ sin ðnθc Þ C
B
jωt B m ¼ 0n ¼ 1 l ¼ 1n ¼ 1 C then setting the variation of the preceding functional with respect
vc ðxc ; θc ; tÞ ¼ e B C
1 1 2 1 C
@ þ ∑ ∑ B c cos ðλ x Þ cos ðnθ Þ þ ∑ ∑ B~ c ξ ðx Þ cos ðnθ ÞA to the expanded and supplemented coefficients independently to
mn cm c c ln l c c
m ¼ 0n ¼ 0 l ¼ 1n ¼ 0
zero, one obtains the equations of motion for the coupled conical–
ð24Þ cylindrical shell combination as
0
1 1 4 1
1 ðK  ω2 MÞD ¼ F ð35Þ
c ~c
B ∑ ∑ C mn cos ðλcm xc Þ cos ðnθc Þ þ ∑ ∑ C ln ζ l ðxc Þ cos ðnθc Þ C
B
jωt B m ¼ 0n ¼ 0 l ¼ 1n ¼ 0 C where F is a column vector of the generalized forces and consists
wc ðxc ; θc ; tÞ ¼ e B C
1 1 4 1 C
@ þ ∑ ∑ C c cos ðλ x Þ sin ðnθ Þ þ ∑ ∑ C~ c ζ ðx Þ sin ðnθ ÞA of the expression series multiplying the amplitude of correspond-
mn cm c c ln l c c
m ¼ 0n ¼ 1 l ¼ 1n ¼ 1 ing force component in the order. The stiffness matrix K, the mass
ð25Þ matrix M and the coefficient vector D can be written as
" #
and KCC KCS
0 1
K¼ T ; ð36Þ
1 1 2 1
KCS KSS
s ~s
B ∑ ∑ Amn cos ðλsm xs Þ cos ðnθs Þþ ∑ ∑ A ln ξl ðxs Þ cos ðnθs Þ C
B m ¼ 0 n ¼ 0 l ¼ 1 n ¼ 0 C " #
us ðxs ; θs ; tÞ ¼ ejωt B
B
C
C
1 1 2 1
@ þ ∑ ∑ A s cos ðλ x Þ sin ðnθ Þþ ∑ ∑ A~ s ξ ðx Þ sin ðnθ MCC 0
mn sm s s ln l s s ÞA M¼ ð37Þ
m ¼ 0n ¼ 1 l ¼ 1n ¼ 1 0 MSS
ð26Þ
D ¼ ½AC ; BC ; CC ; AS ; BS ; CS T ð38Þ
0 1
1 1 2 1
B~ ln ξl ðxs Þ sin ðnθs Þ
s s
B ∑ ∑ Bmn cos ðλm xs Þ sin ðnθs Þþ ∑ ∑ C
AC ¼ ½AC00 ; AC01 ; ⋯; ACmn ; ⋯; ACMN ; A~ 00 ; A~ 01 ; ⋯; A~ mn ; ⋯; A~ MN ; A00 ; A01 ; ⋯;
B m ¼ 0n ¼ 1 C C C C C C C
l ¼ 1n ¼ 1
B
vs ðxs ; θs ; tÞ ¼ ejωt B C
1 1 2 1 C
@ þ ∑ ∑ B s cos ðλ x Þ cos ðnθ Þ þ ∑ ∑ B~ s ξ ðx Þ cos ðnθ Þ A
m s s s s
~C ~C ~C ~C
mn ln l
m ¼ 0n ¼ 0 l ¼ 1n ¼ 0 C C
Amn ; ⋯; AMN ; A00 ; A01 ; ⋯; Amn ; ⋯; AMN T ð39Þ
ð27Þ
BC ¼ ½BC00 BC01 ; ⋯; BCmn ; ⋯; BCMN ; B~ 00 ; B~ 01 ; ⋯; B~ mn ; ⋯; B~ MN ; B00 B01 ; ⋯;
C C C C C C
0 1
1 1 4 1
C~ ln ζ l ðxs Þ cos ðnθs Þ
s
C smn
Bmn ; ⋯; BMN ; B~ 00 ; B~ 01 ; ⋯; B~ mn ; ⋯; B~ MN T
C C C C
B ∑ ∑ cos ðλsm xs Þ cos ðnθs Þ þ ∑ ∑ C C C
B m ¼ 0n ¼ 0 l ¼ 1n ¼ 0 C ð40Þ
ws ðxs ; θs ; tÞ ¼ ejωt B
B 1 1 4 1
C
C
@ þ ∑ ∑ C s cos ðλ x Þ sin ðnθ Þ þ ∑ ∑ C~ ζ ðx Þ sin ðnθ Þ A
s
mn sm s s ln l s s
CC ¼ ½C C00 ; C C01 ; ⋯; C Cmn ; ⋯; C CMN ; C~ 00 ; C~ 01 ; ⋯; C~ mn ; ⋯; C~ MN ; C 00 ; C 01 ; ⋯;
m ¼ 0n ¼ 1
C C C C C C
l ¼ 1n ¼ 1

ð28Þ
C C ~C ~C ~C ~C
C mn ; ⋯; C MN ; C 00 ; C 01 ; ⋯; C mn ; ⋯; C MN T ð41Þ
where ω is the angular frequency, t represents time, λcm ¼ mπ=Lc ,
~c ~c
Acmn ,A~ ln ,Amn ,Aln ,Bcmn ,B~ ln ,Bmn ,B~ ln ,C cmn ,C~ ln ,C mn ,C ln
c c c c c c c
λsm ¼ mπ=Ls , and AS ¼ ½AS00 ; AS01 ; ⋯; ASmn ; ⋯; ASMN ; A~ 00 ; A~ 01 ; ⋯; A~ mn ; ⋯; A~ MN ; A00 ; A01 ; ⋯;
S S S S S S

s ~ s s ~s s ~s s ~s s ~ s s ~s
A ,A ,A ,A ,B ,B ,B ,B ,C ,C ,C ,C are the expansion S S ~S ~S ~S ~S
mn ln mn ln mn ln mn ln mn ln mn ln Amn ; ⋯; AMN ; A00 ; A01 ; ⋯; Amn ; ⋯; AMN T ð42Þ
coefficients and they can be solved by the Rayleigh–Ritz proce-
dure. ξl ðxi Þ ðl ¼ 1; 2Þ are the supplementary functions for the in-
BS ¼ ½BS00 BS01 ; ⋯; BSmn ; ⋯; BSMN ; B~ 00 ; B~ 01 ; ⋯; B~ mn ; ⋯; B~ MN ; B00 B01 ; ⋯;
S S S S S S
plane displacements, whileςl ðxi Þðl ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ are the supplemen-
Bmn ; ⋯; BMN ; B~ 00 ; B~ 01 ; ⋯; B~ mn ; ⋯; B~ MN T
S S S S S S
tary functions for the radial displacement. Theoretically, both ξl ð43Þ
and ςl must be closed-form functions and sufficiently smooth
CS ¼ ½C S00 ; C S01 ; ⋯; C Smn ; ⋯; C SMN ; C~ 00 ; C~ 01 ; ⋯; C~ mn ; ⋯; C~ MN ; C 00 ; C 01 ; ⋯;
over the length of the conical shell in order to meet the require- S S S S S S

ments provided by the continuity conditions and boundary con-

straints. In this paper, these supplementary functions are specially S S ~S ~S ~S ~S
C mn ; ⋯; C MN ; C 00 ; C 01 ; ⋯; C mn ; ⋯; C MN T ð44Þ
selected as [24,25]
 2 The detailed expressions for the other used sub-matrices are given
x in Appendix A.
ξ1 ðxi Þ ¼ xi i 1 ; ð29Þ
Li The natural frequencies and eigenvectors of the coupled con-
ical–cylindrical shell combination can be obtained by solving the
 
xi 2 xi problem of Eq. (35) when F¼0. Subsequently, the mode shapes of
ξ2 ðxi Þ ¼ 1 ð30Þ
Li Li the shell combination can be yielded by substituting correspond-
    ing eigenvectors into the displacement expressions. For the forced
9Li πxi L 3πx vibration analysis of the shell combination, the expanded and
ζ 1 ðxi Þ ¼ sin  i sin ð31Þ
4π 2Li 12π 2Li supplemented coefficients of the displacements can be directly
    obtained by solve the Eq. (35).
9Li πxi L 3πxi
ζ 2 ðxi Þ ¼  cos  i cos ð32Þ
4π 2Li 12π 2Li 3. Numerical examples and discussions
   
Li 3 πxi L3 3πxi In order to illustrate the convergence, accuracy and versatility
ζ 3 ðxi Þ ¼ sin  i 3 sin ð33Þ
π3 2Li 3π 2Li of presented method, some numerical examples on vibration
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 127

Table 1
Convergence of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell with C–C, F–F, S–S boundary conditions.

Boundary conditions Mode number MN ANSYS

10  10 11  10 12  10 13  10 14  10 15  10

C–C 1 0.2244 0.2242 0.2241 0.2239 0.2236 0.2236 0.2238

2 0.2362 0.2360 0.2360 0.2358 0.2357 0.2357 0.2359
3 0.2456 0.2456 0.2451 0.2448 0.2443 0.2443 0.2442
4 0.2552 0.2552 0.2552 0.2551 0.2551 0.2551 0.2550
5 0.2668 0.2667 0.2667 0.2666 0.2666 0.2666 0.2664
6 0.2684 0.2683 0.2682 0.2681 0.2680 0.2680 0.2680

F–F 1 0.0097 0.0097 0.0096 0.0096 0.0094 0.0094 0.0100

2 0.0257 0.0257 0.0256 0.0256 0.0256 0.0256 0.0257
3 0.0302 0.0302 0.0299 0.0299 0.0291 0.0291 0.0291
4 0.0465 0.0465 0.0465 0.0465 0.0465 0.0465 0.0465
5 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727 0.0727
6 0.0811 0.0810 0.0810 0.0809 0.0808 0.0808 0.0807

S–S 1 0.0812 0.0809 0.0807 0.0805 0.0804 0.0804 0.0809

2 0.2088 0.2087 0.2084 0.2081 0.2076 0.2076 0.2079
3 0.2105 0.2105 0.2104 0.2102 0.2100 0.2100 0.2101
4 0.2248 0.2248 0.2248 0.2248 0.2248 0.2248 0.2247
5 0.2267 0.2267 0.2266 0.2265 0.2264 0.2264 0.2264
6 0.2426 0.2426 0.2426 0.2426 0.2426 0.2426 0.2426

analysis of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell with classical Table 2

boundary conditions and general elastic boundary conditions are Non-dimensional frequency parameters Ω for the F–C supported conical–
presented in this section. For conveniently referring to the classical cylindrical shell.
boundary conditions, F, S and C denote respectively free, simply-
Mode Non-dimensional frequency parameter Ω
supported and clamped restraints. Unless otherwise specified, the
order
geometric and material parameters of the coupled structure are as
follows: R1 ¼ 0:4226 m, R2 ¼ Ls ¼ 1 m, hc ¼ hs ¼ h ¼ 0:01 m, φ ¼ 30o , n m FEM Efraim and Caresta and Kessissoglou [13] Present
Ec ¼ Es ¼ E ¼ 2:11  1011 Nm  2 , νc ¼ νs ¼ ν ¼ 0:3, ρc ¼ ρs ¼ ρ ¼ Eisenberger [10] (Donnell–Mushtari)
7800 kg m  3 . Non-dimensional
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi frequency parameter is introduced 0 1 0.501989 0.503779 0.503752 0.503792
here Ωm;n ¼ ωm;n R2 ρð1 ν2 ÞE. In addition, the zero natural fre- Ƭ 0.609866 0.609852 0.609855 0.609854
quency corresponding to the rigid-body mode of the coupled con- 2 0.929602 0.930942 0.930916 0.930890
ical–cylindrical shell is neglected in all the following results. 3 0.953238 0.956379 0.956315 0.953124
4 0.968473 0.971634 0.971596 0.969493
5 1.006064 1.012090 1.011884 1.009102
3.1. Convergence study 1 1 0.292689 0.292875 0.292908 0.292873
2 0.633491 0.635834 0.635819 0.635810
For the sake of validating the convergence of present method 3 0.811100 0.811454 0.811446 0.811231
firstly, natural frequencies of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell 4 0.929372 0.931565 0.931481 0.930879
5 0.947084 0.952178 0.952189 0.948502
with subject to different truncated configurations are carried out
6 0.983178 0.992175 0.991959 0.991452
in this subsection. The first six non-dimensional frequency para-
meters for C–C, F–F and S–S supported conical–cylindrical shells 2 1 0.099810 0.099968 0.102034 0.099915
2 0.501471 0.502701 0.502899 0.502641
are listed in Table 1. For different boundary conditions, there is no 3 0.690708 0.691305 0.691479 0.691144
need to either reformulate the theoretical model or change the 4 0.857243 0.859114 0.858901 0.858632
admissible functions of displacements, and only need to re-valuate 5 0.912869 0.915870 0.916072 0.906351
the stiffnesses of the boundary springs. In the case of FEM 6 0.955633 0.960702 0.960475 0.960521
program, i.e. ANSYS, 120  40 and 120  30 finite element mesh 3 1 0.087406 0.087603 0.093771 0.087584
of SHELL63 elements are used respectively for the conical shell and 2 0.390717 0.391569 0.392199 0.391539
the cylindrical shell. From the results in Table 1, it can be found 3 0.514212 0.514478 0.515184 0.514379
4 0.751608 0.753402 0.753593 0.750903
that the non-dimensional frequency parameters converge rapidly 5 0.794909 0.796590 0.796983 0.792080
with the increasing truncated number. Since the results converge 6 0.915186 0.919635 0.919391 0.919605
well at the truncated number M¼ 14 and N ¼ 10, the following
4 1 0.144547 0.144619 0.150574 0.144599
calculations will be implemented with the truncated numbers. 2 0.329750 0.330354 0.331698 0.330337
And also, good agreement between the convergent results and 3 0.395380 0.395649 0.397604 0.395622
those from ANSYS shows the accuracy of present method. 4 0.645119 0.646678 0.647700 0.644582
5 0.691826 0.692805 0.693197 0.691144
6 0.871991 0.871812 0.871555 0.871938
3.2. Validation 5 1 0.199367 0.199546 0.203896 0.199464
2 0.295743 0.296020 0.296330 0.295989
In order to further validate the accuracy of the present method, 3 0.370626 0.370901 0.376227 0.370866
Table 2 compares the frequency parameters of the coupled 4 0.578509 0.579750 0.581667 0.578490
5 0.612690 0.613363 0.614222 0.612703
conical–cylindrical shell obtained by present method with those
6 0.815318 0.817951 0.819801 0.816743
from ANSYS and the literature reported by Efraim and Eisenberger
[10] and Caresta and Kessissoglou [13].Very good agreement is Ƭ denotes the purely torsional natural frequency
128 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

Fig. 2. Some selected mode shapes and corresponding natural frequency parameters Ωmn for the coupled conical–cylindrical shell with F–C boundary conditions.

observed for not only the lower-order natural frequencies but also 0.35
the higher-order frequencies. C-C
For directly illustrating the vibration behavior of the coupled S-S
0.3 F-F
conical–cylindrical shell, some selected mode shapes for the F–C
supported shell structure are given in Fig. 2. It is obvious that the
Frequency parameter Ω

vibrations of the conical shell and the cylindrical shell are 0.25
commonly coupled. Furthermore, it is noted that a purely torsional
mode appears when n ¼0 [1], this is due to the fact that the 0.2
circumferential displacement in the equations of motion for the
coupled conical–cylindrical shell is uncoupled with either themer-
idional or radial displacement under this circumstance. 0.15

3.3. Effects of the dimensional and the elastic restraint parameters 0.1

In this section, new examples are conducted to illustrate the

effects of the dimensional and elastic restraint parameters on the 0.05
vibration behavior of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell. Various
classical boundary conditions, including C–C, S–S and F–F, are 0
examined here. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
The influence of the semi-vertex angle of the cone φ will be Semi-vertex angle φ
examined firstly. When the semi-vertex angle φ varies from 0–901, Fig. 3. The lowest frequency parameter of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell
the conical shell degenerates from the annular plate to the with C–C, S–S and F–F boundary conditions as the semi-vertex angle φ increases.
cylindrical shell. At the meanwhile, the axial stiffness of the shell
combination decreases gradually. Fig. 3 shows the lowest nature the cone φ increases from 0–901. The new dimensional parameter
frequency parameters of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell with Lc/R2 ¼0.8 is used. The lowest frequency parameter of the case
C–C, S–S and F–F boundary conditions as the semi-vertex angle of with C–C boundary conditions keeps invariantly at a constant in
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 129

the range of φ from 0–601, and then it decreases dramatically as φ
increases due to the decreasing axial stiffness. A wave-like
behavior is observed for the lowest frequency curve for the case
with S–S boundary conditions, which has solo peak at φ ¼601. A
nearly horizontal line is presented for the case with F–F boundary
conditions, which may be caused by the fact that the lowest
natural frequency for the case is mainly dominated by the
cylindrical shell component and thus, the variation of the semi-
vertex angle of the conical shell component has little effect on the
mode. In addition, the case with C–C boundary conditions has the
largest value of the lowest natural frequency than the cases with
S–S and F–F boundary conditions.
One outstanding advantage of the present method is that it can
be conveniently applied to deal with the cases with general elastic
boundary conditions. Thus, the effects of the meridional, circum-
ferential, radial and rotational springs’ stiffnesses on the vibration
behavior of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell should be thor-
oughly understood. For the sake of generalizing the effects, the
non-dimensional elastic restraint parameters Γ u ,Γ v ,Γ w and Γ wr are
introduced here as the ratios of the meridional, circumferential,
radial and rotational boundary springs’ stiffnesses to the in-plane
stiffness Eh=ð1  ν2 Þ, respectively.
Fig. 4 shows the first and the second frequency parameters with
the variation of one group of the boundary springs' stiffnesses,
whereas the other three groups of boundary springs’ stiffnesses are
assigned to be extremely large value (104). It can be found from the
Fig. 4(a) that the values of the two natural frequencies increase
rapidly in the range of Γ u (101–102) and keep level outside the range.
In Fig. 4(b), the effect of the circumferential boundary springs’
stiffness is given. The two frequency parameters remain at the
constants at the start and the end of the whole considered stiffness
range. However, different from the forgoing figure, when Γ v varies
from 10  4–102, there are two obvious rising stage and relatively
stable intermediate values for the two curves respectively. This may
be as a result of the rigid body motion of the coupled conical–
cylindrical shell in the circumferential direction caused by the
weakening circumferential boundary restraints. The behaviors of
the two natural frequencies of the cases with the radial and
rotational variable-restraints are similar to each other as shown in
Fig. 4(c) and (d). The difference between the two figures is the range
of the stiffness leading to the rapid variation of the two natural
frequencies. For the radial springs, the range of Γ w is 10  1–101, while
for the rotational springs, the range of Γ wr is from 10  4–10  2. From
the four figures, it can be concluded that the meridional restraint has
the greatest effect on the vibration behavior of the coupled conical–
cylindrical shell than the restraints in the other three directions, and
the variation of the circumferential restraint would lead to the new
stable natural frequencies of the shell combinations.

0.250 0.245
1st mode 1st mode
0.245 2nd mode 2nd mode

0.240
Frequency parameter Ω

Frequency parameter Ω

0.240

0.235
0.235

0.230

0.230
0.225

0.220
0.225
0.215

0.210 0.220
-4 -2 0 2 4 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Elastic restraint parameter Гu Elastic restraint parameter Гv

0.245 0.245
1st mode 1st mode
2nd mode 2nd mode

0.240 0.240
Frequency parameter Ω

Frequency parameter Ω

0.235 0.235

0.230 0.230

0.225 0.225

0.220 0.220
-4 -2 0 2 4 -6 -4 -2 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Elastic restraint parameter Г w Elastic restraint parameter Гwr
Fig. 4. First two frequency parameters of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell with variable stiffness of boundary springs: (a) Γ u ; (b) Γ v ; (c) Γ w ; (d) Γ wr .
130 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

3.4. Application of present method to complex shell combination the joint conical–cylindrical–conical shell combination will be taken
as an example to illustrate the extensive application of present
Besides addressing the problem caused by general elastic method in practice. The new conical shell is assigned at the other
boundary conditions, present method can be conveniently devel- end of the cylindrical shell component and has the same material
oped to the cases of complex shell combinations. In this subsection, and geometry parameters as previous one. The whole shell combi-
nation is free supported at its two ends in the calculation. Table 3
shows the comparison of natural frequencies obtained by present
Table 3 method and FEM program (ANSYS). Small deviation is observed
Non-dimensional natural frequencies of the conical–cylindrical–conical shell com- from the table, which validates the accuracy and feasibility of
bination with F–F boundary conditions. present method for complex shell combinations. Some selected
mode shapes for the conical–cylindrical–conical shell combination
Mode no. ANSYS Present Error (%)
with F–F boundary conditions are shown in Fig. 5.
n m
3.5. Forced vibration analysis
0 1 0.5276 0.5339 1.19

1 1 0.5763 0.5838 1.30 This section will concentrate on the forced vibration analysis of
2 1 0.0275 0.0272 1.09 the coupled conical–cylindrical shell subject to point loads. The
2 0.0315 0.0319 1.58 structural damping is essential to make the present theoretical
3 1 0.0790 0.0791 0.13 model of practical significance. In this study, the damping is
2 0.0821 0.0823 0.24 introduced by using a complex Young's modulus En ¼ Eð1 þ iηÞ
3 0.3184 0.3208 0.75 [15] instead of the original one E, where η is defined as the
4 1 0.1417 0.1418 0.07 damping of the shell combination. Four points including point A
2 0.1447 0.1446 0.07 (0,0,0.4226) point B (0.5774,0,0.7113), point C (0.8660, 0, 0.8556)
3 0.2749 0.2763 0.51 at the conical shell and point D (0.5, 0, 1) at the cylindrical shell are
4 0.3927 0.3920 0.18
introduced in the local co-ordinate systems respectively. Fig. 6
5 1 0.1948 0.1952 0.21 shows the radial displacements of point C and point D for the C–C
2 0.2001 0.2002 0.05
supported shell combination subjected to radial point force
3 0.2482 0.2485 0.12
4 0.3661 0.3654 0.19 (f wc ¼ f wc ejωt ,f wc ¼ 1) located at point B. The results obtained by
present method agree well with those from FEM program, which
6 1 0.2175 0.2183 0.37
2 0.2443 0.2446 0.12
validate the accuracy of the present method to predict the forced
3 0.2490 0.2485 0.20 vibration of the shell combination. From the comparison of the
two figures, it can be found that the radial displacements of point

Fig. 5. Some selected mode shapes for the coupled conical–cylindrical–conical shell with F–F boundary conditions.
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 131

C and D perform identically at the first three resonant frequencies
and become easy to distinguish as the frequency increases.
Generally, the response at point C is larger than that at point D,
which thanks to not only the relatively closer location of point C
but also the fact that the vibration distribution is mainly concen-
trate on the conical shell rather than the cylindrical shell in the
considered frequency range, although vibrations of the shell
combination is usually coupled as indicated in the modal analysis.
In the calculation procedure, only 2226 dofs are needed for the
convergent truncated number M¼ 14 and N ¼ 10 whereas FEM
program requires more than 40,000 dofs for 120  70 finite
element mesh of SHELL63. Therefore, it is clear that one can save
much computational cost by using the present method in favor of
the computer storage requirement compared to the conventional
finite element method. Furthermore, the boundary conditions
at the extremities of the conical–cylindrical shell combination
and the continuity conditions at the junction of the two shell
components are always complicated and variable in practice. For
different boundary conditions and continuity conditions, one must
re-establish the computation model by using the finite element
program or change either the equations of motion or the admis-
sible function of displacements with other analytical techniques.
On the contrary, one can easily achieve the accurate solutions for
the cases with different continuity and boundary conditions by
just varying the stiffnesses of related springs with present method.
The calculation procedure is significantly simplified. In general,
present method offers a simply yet powerful technique to deal
with the shell combinations with variable continuity and bound-
ary conditions.
An axial point force located at one end of the coupled conical–
cylindrical shell is a typical loading case encountered commonly in
practice. New examples are implemented to examine separately
the responses of the two shell components and the F–C boundary
conditions are considered here. The point load f us ¼ f us ejωt in the xs
direction is set at point A in the axial direction and its amplitude is
taken as f us ¼ 1. Fig. 7(a) and (b) show the responses at point B,
point C and point D for the F–C supported shell combination in the
meridional and radial directions respectively. For the meridional
responses as shown in Fig. 7(a), although the point B is nearer to
point A than point C, the displacement of point B is smaller than

-4 -5
10 10
ANSYS ANSYS
Present method -6 Present method
10
Radial displacement (m)
Radial displacement (m)

-6
10 -7
10

-8
-8
10
10
-9
10

-10 -10
10 10

-11
10
150 200 250 300 350 400 150 200 250 300 350 400
Frequency (Hz) Frequency(Hz)
Fig. 6. Radial displacements for the coupled conical–cylindrical shell subjected to the radial point force f wc at point B: (a) point C; and (b) point D.

-4 -4
10 10
Point B Point B
Point C Point C
-6 Point D -6 Point D
10 10
Radial displacement (m)
Axial displacement (m)

-8 -8
10 10

-10 -10
10 10

-12 -12
10 10
150 200 250 300 350 400 150 200 250 300 350 400
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 7. Responses for the coupled conical–cylindrical shell subjected to the point load f us : (a) meridional displacement; and (b) radial displacement.
132 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137
-4
10
-6
10
Radial displacement (m)
-8
10
-10
10
-12
10
50 100
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 8. Radial displacements for the shell components of the shell combination point load f us : (a) at point C; and (b) at point D.
that of point C when the frequency is lower than 260 Hz, and then
the behavior revises, which means that the distance to the driving
force is not the crucial factor for the values of response. The
displacement measured at point D is smaller than those at point B
and C in the whole frequency range in general.
Generally, there will be none radial responses for the elemen-
tary cylindrical shell subjected to the axial load owing to the
thoroughly separation of meridional and radial displacements in
the energy expressions. However, when the cylindrical shell is
coupled with the conical shell subjected to the axial point force, a
moment around the circumferential direction will occurs at the
coupled end of the cylindrical shell component as a result of force
transmission through the conical shell component from the axial
point force. As a result, strong radial responses are excited for the
cylindrical shell component as shown in Fig. 7(b). All of three
curves for point B, C and D have the almost same resonant peaks at
the natural frequencies of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell.
Thus, it can be concluded that the conical and cylindrical shell
components are highly coupled in the radial directions.
For the sake of completeness of the research, the forced vibration
behaviors of the shell combination with different semi-vertex angles
are numerically investigated here. Fig. 8 shows the radial responses
measured at two points (C and D) for the shell combination subjected
to the point load f us and considers three cases of semi-vertex angle of
the cone φ(301, 361 and 451). For the radial displacement at point C as
shown in Fig. 8(a), the resonant frequency increases as the angle φ
increases. This provides the principle to obtain proper natural fre-
quencies of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell combinations
through changing the semi-vertex angle of the cone. However, from
the numerical point of view, the responses corresponding to the
relevant resonant frequencies are approximately equal. In general, the
behavior of the response at point D, as shown in Fig. 8(b), is similar to
that at point C in trend for all three cases of the angle, especially at the
resonant frequencies, which means that the influence of the semi-
vertex angle of the cone is consistent on both the conical and
cylindrical shell components.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, a unified solution is developed for vibration analysis
of the coupled conical–cylindrical shell with general elastic boundary
conditions. Regardless of the boundary conditions, each displacement
of the conical and cylindrical shell is invariantly expressed as the
-5
10 o
o
φ=30 φ=30
o o
φ=36 φ=36
o o
φ=45 φ=45
Radial displacement (m)
-7
10
-9
10
-11
10
150 200 50 100 150 200
Frequency (Hz)
modified Fourier series, which is composed of a standard Fourier
series and closed-form auxiliary functions introduced to accelerate the
convergence of the expansion series and remove all the potential
discontinuities at the boundaries and the junction between the two
shell components. The boundary conditions and the continuity con-
ditions can be achieved by the artificial spring technique, i.e. stiffness-
variable boundary springs and connective springs. Thus, the classical
and non-classical boundary conditions can be simulated conveniently
by just varying the stiffnesses of the corresponding artificial springs.
The unknown expansion coefficients are solved by using the Rayleigh–
Ritz method based on the Reissner's thin shell theory. The fast
convergence and good accuracy of present method are demonstrated
by comparisons of results with those from reported literature and FEM
program. A number of examples are conducted to illustrate the free
and forced vibration characteristics of the coupled conical–cylindrical
shell combination with classical and general elastic boundary condi-
tions. The semi-vertex angle of the cone and the boundary restraint
parameters have greet influences on the vibration behavior of the
coupled conical–cylindrical shell combinations. Specially, the impact
due to the semi-vertex angle of the cone is consistent for both the
conical and cylindrical shell components, which, however, is deter-
mined by the boundary conditions. And the variation of the circum-
ferential restraint parameter would lead to a new stable natural
frequency. Large radial responses are excited for the cylindrical shell
component when the shell combination is subjected to the axial point
force, which should attract much attention in practice. The accurate
results obtained by present method compared with those from ANSYS
for the coupled conical–cylindrical–conical shell show the applicability
of present method for more complex shell combinations.
The present method provides a general algorithm and success-
fully achieves the accurate and convergent solutions for both free
and forced vibration analysis of the coupled conical–cylindrical
shell. Based on this, the methodology is expected to be applicable
to vibration analysis for the other shell combinations and provide
accurate results for the other approaches as reference.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the reviewers for their con-
structive comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the
financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation
of China under Grant Nos.51175098 and 51279035.
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 133

2 3
Appendix A Mαc;uu11 Mαc;uu12
6 Mα α 0 7
6 c;uu21 Mc;uu22 7
6 7
The elements of sub-matrices used in Eq. (35) are given as 6
Mc;uu ¼ 6 7 ðA12Þ
2 3 6 Mβc;uu11 Mβc;uu12 7
7
Kc;uu Kc;uv Kc;uw 4 0 5
6 T 7 Mβc;uu21 Mβc;uu22
Kcc ¼ 6 K
4 c;uv
Kc;vv Kc;vw 7;
5 ðA1Þ
KTc;uw KTc;vw Kc;ww 2 3
Mαc;vv11 Mαc;vv12
2 3 6 Mα α 0 7
Ks;uu Ks;uv Ks;uw 6 c;vv21 Mc;vv22 7
6 7
6 T 7 6
Mc;vv ¼ 6 7 ðA13Þ
Kss ¼ 6 K Ks;vv Ks;vw 7 ðA2Þ 6 Mβc;vv11 Mβc;vv12 7
7
4 s;uv 5
4 0 5
KTs;uw KTs;vw Ks;ww Mβc;vv21 Mβc;vv22

2 3
Kcs;uu Kcs;uv Kcs;uw 2 3
6 T 7 Mαc;ww11 Mαc;ww12
Kcs ¼ 6 K
4 cs;uv
Kcs;vv Kcs;vw 7;
5 ðA3Þ 6 Mα α 0 7
6 c;ww21 Mc;ww22 7
KTcs;uw KTcs;vw Kcs;ww 6 7
Mc;ww ¼ 6
6 Mβc;ww11 Mβc;ww12
7
7 ðA14Þ
6 7
2 3 4 0 5
Mc;uu 0 0 Mβc;ww21 Mβc;ww22
6 7
Mcc ¼ 4 0 Mc;vv 0 5; ðA4Þ
0 0 Mc;ww 2 3
Kαcs;uu11 Kαcs;uu12
2 3 6 Kα α 0 7
6 cs;uu21 Kcs;uu22 7
Ms;uu 0 0 6 7
6 7 Kcs;uu ¼ 6
6 Kβcs;uu11 Kβcs;uu12
7
7 ðA15Þ
Mss ¼ 4 0 Ms;vv 0 5 ðA5Þ 6 7
4 0 5
0 0 Ms;ww Kβcs;uu21 Kβcs;uu22
2 3
Kαc;uu11 Kαc;uu12
6 Kα α 0 7 Kcs;uv ¼ 0 ðA16Þ
6 c;uu21 Kc;uu22 7
6 7
Kc;uu ¼ 6
6 Kβc;uu11 Kβc;uu12
7;
7 ðA6Þ 2 3
6 7 Kαcs;uw11 Kαcs;uw12
4 0 5 6 Kα 7
Kβc;uu21 Kβc;uu22 α
6 cs;uw21 Kcs;uw22
0
7
6 7
Kcs;uw ¼ 6
6 Kβcs;uw11 Kβcs;uw12
7
7 ðA17Þ
2 3 6 7
Kαc;uv11 Kαc;uv12 4 0 5
6 0 7 Kβcs;uw21 Kβcs;uw22
6 Kαc;uv21 Kαc;uv22 7
6 7
6
Kc;uv ¼ 6 Kβ β 7 ðA7Þ
7
6 c;uv11 Kc;uu12 7 2
Kαcs;vv11 Kαcs;vv12
3
4 β 0 5
Kc;uv21 Kβc;uv22 6 Kα α 0 7
6 cs;vv21 Kcs;vv22 7
6 7
6
Kcs;vv ¼ 6 7 ðA18Þ
2 3 6 Kβcs;vv11 Kβcs;vv12 7
7
Kαc;uw11 Kαc;uw12 4 0 5
6 Kα α 0 7 Kβcs;vv21 Kβcs;vv22
6 c;uw21 Kc;uw22 7
6 7
Kc;uw ¼ 6
6 Kβc;uw11 Kβc;uw12
7;
7 ðA8Þ
6 7
4 0 5 Kcs;vw ¼ 0 ðA19Þ
Kβc;uw21 Kβc;uw22
2 3
2 3 Kαcs;ww11 Kαcs;ww12
Kαc;vv11 Kαc;vv12 6 Kα α 0 7
6 Kα α 0 7 6 cs;ww21 Kcs;ww22 7
6 c;vv21 Kc;vv22 7 6 7
6 7 6
Kcs;ww ¼ 6 7 ðA20Þ
Kc;vv ¼ 6 7 ðA9Þ 6 Kβcs;ww11 Kβcs;ww12 7
7
6
6 Kβc;vv11 Kβc;vv12 7
7 4 0 5
4 0 5 Kβcs;ww21 Kβcs;ww22
Kβc;vv21 Kβc;vv22

2 3 2 3
Kαc;vw11 Kαc;vw12 Mαc;uu11 Mαc;uu12
6 6 Mα α 0 7
Kαc;vw22 7
0 6 c;uu21 Mc;uu22 7
6 Kαc;vw21 7 6 7
6 7 6
Mc;uu ¼ 6 7 ðA21Þ
6
Kc;vw ¼ 6 Kβ β 7 ðA10Þ Mβc;uu11 Mβc;uu12 7
7 6 7
6 c;vw11 Kc;vw12 7 4 0 5
4 β 0 5 Mβc;uu21 Mβc;uu22
Kc;vw21 Kβc;vw22

2 3 2 3
Kαc;ww11 Kαc;ww12 Mαc;vv11 Mαc;vv12
6 Kα α 0 7 6 Mα α 0 7
6 c;ww21 Kc;ww22 7 6 c;vv21 Mc;vv22 7
6 7 6 7
Kc;ww ¼ 6
6 Kβc;ww11 Kβc;ww12
7
7 ðA11Þ Mc;vv ¼ 6
6 Mβc;vv11 Mβc;vv12
7
7 ðA22Þ
6 7 6 7
4 0 5 4 0 5
Kβc;ww21 Kβc;ww22 Mβc;vv21 Mβc;vv22
134 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

2 3
Mαc;ww11 Mαc;ww12 where
6 Mα α 0 7
6 c;ww21 Mc;ww22 7 Kαc;uu11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K c μc sin ðϕÞδc;nn' πð  λcm Sm C m  λcm0 C m Sm0 Þ
6 7
6
Mc;ww ¼ 6 7 ðA23Þ
Mβc;ww11 Mβc;ww12 7 K c ð1  μc Þ
6 7 þ δs;nn0 πnn0 C m C m0 Rc  1 þ K c δc;nn0 πC m C m0 Rc
4 0 5 2
Mβc;ww21 Mβc;ww22
þ kc;x R1 δc;nn0 π þ ðko;x R2 cos 2 φ þ ko;w R2 sin 2 φÞ
0
2 3 δc;nn0 πð 1Þm þ m ðA33Þ
Kαs;uu11 Kαs;uu12
6 Kα α 0 7 K c ð1  μc Þ
6 s;uu21 Ks;uu22 7
6 7 Kαc;uu12;mn;ln0 ¼  K c δc;nn0 πλcm C m ξlð1Þ Rc þ δs;nn0 πnn0 C m ξl Rc  1
Ks;uu ¼ 6
6 Kβs;uu11 Kβs;uu12
7
7 ðA24Þ 2
6 7
4 0 5 þ K c μc sin ðϕÞδc;nn' πf λcm Sm ξl þ C m ξlð1Þ Þg ðA34Þ
Kβs;uu21 Kβs;uu22
0 0 0

2 3 Kαc;uu22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ K c δc;nn0 πξlð1Þ ξl ð1Þ Rc þ K c μc sin ðϕÞδc;nn0 πfξlð1Þ Þξl þ ξl ξl ð1Þ g

Kαs;uv11 Kαs;uv12
6 K c ð1  μc Þ
Kαs;uv22 7
0
6 Kαs;uv21 7 þ δs;nn' πnn0 ξl ξl Rc  1 ðA35Þ
6 7 2
Ks;uv ¼ 6
6 Kβs;uv11 Kβs;uu12
7
7 ðA25Þ
6 7 Kαc;uv11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K c δc;nn0 πnλcm0 C m Sm0 þ K c δc;nn0 πnC m C m0
4 β 0 5
Ks;uv21 Kβs;uv22
K c ð1  μc Þ
þ δs;nn0 πnλcm Sm C m0 ðA36Þ
2
2 3
Kαs;uw11 Kαs;uw12
6 Kα α 0 7 Kαc;uv12;mn;ln0 ¼  K c μc δc;nn0 πnλcm Sm ξl þ K c sin ðϕÞδc;nn0 πnC m ξl
6 s;uw21 Ks;uw22 7
6 7 K c ð1  μc Þ K c ð1  μc Þ
6
Ks;uw ¼ 6 7 ðA26Þ  δs;nn0 πn0 C m ξlð1Þ þ
6 Kβs;uw11 Kβs;uw12 7
7 2 2
4 0 5
Kβs;uw21 Kβs;uw22  sin ðϕÞδs;nn0 πn0 C m ξl Rc 1 ðA37Þ

2 3 Kαc;uv21;ln;mn0 ¼ K c μc δc;nn0 πnC m ξlð1Þ þ K c sin ðϕÞδc;nn0 πnC m ξl Rc 1

Kαs;vv11 Kαs;vv12
6 Kα 7 K c ð1  μc Þ
α
6 s;vv21 Ks;vv22
0
7 þ δs;nn0 πn0 λcm Sm ξl
6 7 2
6
Ks;vv ¼ 6 7 ðA27Þ K c ð1  μc Þ
6 Kβs;vv11 Kβs;vv12 7
7 þ sin ðϕÞδs;nn0 πn0 C m ξl Rc 1 ðA38Þ
4 0 5 2
Kβs;vv21 Kβs;vv22
0 0
Kαc;uv22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ K c μc δc;nn0 πnξlð1Þ ξl þ K c sin ðϕÞδc;nn0 πnξl ξl Rc 1
2 3 K c ð1  μc Þ
Kαs;vw11 Kαs;vw12 
0
δs;nn0 πn0 ξlð1Þ ξl ð1Þ
6 0
Kαs;vw21 Kαs;vw22 7 2
6 7
6 7 K c ð1  μc Þ 0
Ks;vw ¼ 6 7 ðA28Þ þ sin ðϕÞδs;nn0 πn0 ξl ξl Rc 1 ðA39Þ
6 Kβs;vw11 Kβs;vw12 7 2
6 7
4 β 0 5
Ks;vw21 Kβs;vw22 1
Kαc;uw11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K c μc cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πλcm0 C m Sm0 þ K c sin ð2ϕÞδc;nn0 πC m C m0 Rc 1
2
2 3 ðA40Þ
Kαs;ww11 Kαs;ww12
6 Kα α 0 7
6 s;ww21 Ks;ww22 7 1
Kαc;uw12;mn;ln0 ¼ K c μc cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πλcm Sm ςl þ K c sin ð2ϕÞδc;nn0 πC m ςl Rc 1 ðA41Þ
6 7
Ks;ww ¼ 6
6 Kβs;ww11 Kβs;ww12
7
7 ðA29Þ 2
6 7
4 0 5 1
Kβs;ww21 Kβs;ww22 Kαc;uw21;ln;mn0 ¼ K c μc cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πC m ξlð1Þ þ K c sin ð2ϕÞδc;nn0 πC m ξl Rc 1
2
ðA42Þ
2 3
Mαs;uu11 Mαs;uu12 0 1 0

6 Mα α 0 7 Kαc;uw22;ln;mn0 ¼ K c μc cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πξlð1Þ ςl þ K c sin ð2ϕÞδc;nn0 πξl ςl ð1Þ Rc 1

6 s;uu21 Ms;uu22 7 2
6 7 ðA43Þ
6
Ms;uu ¼ 6 7 ðA30Þ
6 Mβs;uu11 Mβs;uu12 7
7
4 0 5 Kαc;vv11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K c δc;nn0 πnn0 C m C m0 Rc 1 þ Dc cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 πnn0 C m C m0 Rc 3
Mβs;uu21 Mβs;uu22
Ec ð1 þ μc Þ
2 3 þ sin ðϕÞδs;nn0 π
Mαs;vv11 Mαs;vv12 n 2 o
6 Mαs;vv21 Mαs;vv22
0 7   λcm Sm C m0  λcm0 C m Sm0 þ sin ðϕÞC m C m0 Rc  1
6 7
6 7
Ms;vv ¼ 6
6 Mβs;vv11 Mβs;vv12
7
7 ðA31Þ Dc ð1  μc Þ
6 7 þ sin ðϕÞ cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 π
4 0 5 2
Mβs;vv21 Mβs;vv22 fλcm λcm0 Sm Sm0 Rc 1  2λcm Sm C m0 Rc 2
 2λcm0 C m Sm0 Rc 2 þ sin ðϕÞC m C m0 Rc 1 g
2 3
Mαs;ww11 Mαs;ww12 þ δc;nn0 πkc;θ R1 þko;θ R1 δc;nn0 πð  1Þm þ m
0
ðA44Þ
6 Mα α 0 7
6 s;ww21 Ms;ww22 7
6 7 K c ð1 μc Þ n
Ms;ww ¼ 6
6 Mβs;ww11 Mβs;ww12
7
7 ðA32Þ Kαc;vv12;mn;ln0 ¼ K c δs;nn0 πnn0 C m ξl Rc þ δc;nn0 π  λcm Sm ξlð1Þ Rc  sin ðϕÞC m ξlð1Þ
6 7 2
4 0 5 o
Mβs;ww21 Mβs;ww22 þ sin ðϕÞλcm Sm ξl þ sin 2 ðϕÞC m ξl Rc 1
 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 135

þDc cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn' πnn0 C m ξl Rc 3 þn2 sin ðϕÞλcm0 C m Sm0 Rc 2 þ sin 2 ðϕÞλcm λcm0 Sm Sm0 Rc 1 g
Dc ð1  μc Þ
þ cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 π þDc ð1  μc Þδs;nn0 πnn0 f sin 2 ðϕÞC m C m0 Rc 3
2
þ sin ðϕÞλcm0 C m Sm0 Rc 2
f  λcm Sm ξlð1Þ Rc 1  2 sin ðϕÞC m ξlð1Þ Rc 2
þ sin ðϕÞλcm Sm C m0 Rc 2 þ 4λcm λcm0 Sm Sm0 Rc 1 g
þ2 sin 2 ðϕÞλcm Sm ξl Rc 2 þ 4 sin 2 ðϕÞC m ξl Rc 3 g ðA45Þ
2
þδc;nn0 πkc;r R1 þðko;x sin φ
K c ð1  μc Þ n 0
0
Kαc;vv22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ K c δs;nn0 πnn0 ξl ξl Rc þ
0
δc;nn0 π ξlð1Þ ξl ð1Þ Rc þko;r cos 2 φÞR2 ð 1Þm þ m δc;nn0 π ðA51Þ
2 o
0 0 0
 sin ðϕÞξlð1Þ ξl þ sin ðϕÞξl ξl ð1Þ þ sin 2 ðϕÞξl ξl Rc  1 Kαc;ww12;mn;ln0 ¼ K c cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 πC m ςl Rc 1  Dc δc;nn0 πλ2cm C m ςlð2Þ Rc

þ Dc cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn' πnn0 ξl ξl Rc 3

0
þ Dc μc δc;nn0 πf  n2 C m ςlð2Þ Rc 1
Dc ð1  μc Þ n 0  sin ðϕÞλcm Sm ςlð2Þ  n02 λ2cm C m ςl Rc 1
þ cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 π ξlð1Þ ξl ð1Þ Rc 1
2  sin ðϕÞλ2cm C m ςlð1Þ g þ Dc δc;nn0 πfn2 n02 C m ςl Rc 3 g
Z Lc
 2 sin ðϕÞ
0
½ξlð1Þ ðxc Þξl ðxc Þ=R2c ðxc Þdxc þ n02 sin ðϕÞλcm Sm ςl Rc 2  n2 sin ðϕÞC m ςlð1Þ Rc 2
 sin ðϕÞλcm Sm ςlð1Þ Rc 1 g
0 2
Z Lc 0
 2 sin 2 ðϕÞ ½ξl ðxc Þξl ð1Þ ðxc Þ=R2c ðxc Þdxc þ Dc ð1  μc Þδs;nn0 πnn0 f sin 2 ðϕÞC m ςl Rc 3
0
Z Lc  sin ðϕÞC m ςlð1Þ Rc 2
0
þ 4 sin 2 ðϕÞ ½ξl ðxc Þξl ðxc Þ=R3c ðxc Þdxc g ðA46Þ þ sin ðϕÞλcm Sm ςl Rc 2  4λcm Sm ςlð1Þ Rc 1 g
0
þ δc;nn0 πkc;r R1 ςl ð0Þ þ δc;nn0 πko;r R2 ςl ðLc Þ ðA52Þ
Kαc;vw11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K c δs;nn0 πnC m C m0 Rc 1
0 0
 Dc μc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnλ2cm C m C m0 Rc 1 Kαc;ww22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ K c cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 πςl ςl Rc 1 þ Dc δc;nn0 πςlð2Þ ςl ð2Þ
0 0
 Dc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnn02 C m C m0 Rc 3 þ Dc μc δc;nn0 πf  n2 ςl ςl ð2Þ Rc 1 þ sin ðϕÞςl ςl ð2Þ
0 0 0
þ Dc sin ðϕÞ cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnλcm Sm C m0 Rc 2 þ n02 ςlð2Þ ςl Rc 1 ςlð2Þ ςl Rc 1 þ sin ðϕÞςlð2Þ ςl ð1Þ g
0 0
Dc ð1  μc Þ þ Dc δc;nn0 πfn2 n02 ςl ςl Rc 3 g  n02 sin ðϕÞςlð1Þ ςl Rc 2
þ cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πn
2 0 0
 n2 sin ðϕÞςl ςl ð1Þ Rc 2 þ sin 2 ðϕÞςlð1Þ ςl ð1Þ Rc 1 g
f  λcm0 2 sin ðϕÞC m Sm0 Rc 2  4 sin ðϕÞC m C m0 Rc 3
2
0 0
þ Dc ð1  μc Þδs;nn0 πnn0 f sin 2 ðϕÞςl ςl Rc 3  sin ðϕÞςl ςl ð1Þ Rc 2
 2λcm λcm0 Sm Sm0 Rc 1  4 sin ðϕÞλcm Sm C m0 Rc 2 g ðA47Þ
0 0
 sin ðϕÞςl ςl Rc 2 þ 4ςl ςl ð1Þ Rc 1 g
Kαc;vw12;mn;ln0 ¼  K c δs;nn0 πnC m ς Rc 1  Dc μc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnC m ςl Rc 1
l 0
þ δc;nn0 π½K c;w R1 ςlð1Þ ð0Þςl ð1Þ ð0Þ þ K o;r R2 ςlð1Þ ðLc Þςl ð1Þ ðLc Þ
0

Dc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnn02 C m ςl Rc 3 ðA53Þ

þDc sin ðϕÞ cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnλcm Sm ςl Rc 2
Dc ð1  μc Þ Kαc;uu21 ¼ Kαc;uu21 T ; ðA54Þ
þ cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πn
2
f2 sin ðϕÞC m ςlð1Þ Rc 2 4 sin ðϕÞC m ςl Rc 3
2 Kαc;vv21 ¼ Kαc;vv21 T ; ðA55Þ

þ2λcm Sm ςlð1Þ Rc 1  4 sin ðϕÞλcm Sm ςl Rc 2 g ðA48Þ

Kαc;ww21 ¼ Kαc;ww21T ðA56Þ

Kαc;vw21;ln;mn0 ¼  K c δs;nn0 πnC m ξ Rc 1 þ Dc μc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnC m ξlð2Þ Rc 1

l
Mαc;uu11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ ρc hc δc;nn0 πC m C m0 Rc ; ðA57Þ
Dc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnn02 C m ξl Rc 3
Dc sin ðϕÞ cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnC m ξlð1Þ Rc 2 Mαc;uu12;mn;ln0 ¼ ρc hc δc;nn0 πC m ξl Rc ðA58Þ
Dc ð1  μc Þ
þ cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πn 0
Mαc;uu22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ ρc hc δc;nn0 πξl ξl Rc ; ðA59Þ
2
f λcm 2 sin ðϕÞSm ξl Rc 2  4 sin ðϕÞC m ξl Rc 3
2
Mαc;ww11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ ρc hc δc;nn0 πC m C m0 Rc ðA60Þ
þ2λcm Sm ξlð1Þ Rc 1 þ4 sin ðϕÞC m ξlð1Þ Rc 2 g ðA49Þ
0 0 Mαc;ww12;mn;ln0 ¼ ρc hc δc;nn0 πC m ςl Rc ; ðA61Þ
Kαc;vw22;ln;l0 n0 ¼  K c δs;nn0 πnξl ςl Rc 1 þK c μc cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnξlð2Þ ςl Rc 1
0 0
K c cos ðϕÞδs;nn0 πnn02 ξl ςl Rc 3 Mαc;ww22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ ρc hc δc;nn0 πςl ςl Rc ðA62Þ
0
K c sin ðϕÞ cos ðϕÞδ πnξ ς s;nn0
l l
Rc 2
Dc ð1  μc Þ MαC;uu21 ¼ MαC;uu12 T ; ðA63Þ
þ cos ðϕÞδc;nn0 πn
2
0 0 MαC;ww21 ¼ MαC;ww12T ðA64Þ
f2 sin ðϕÞξ ς Rc  4 sin 2 ðϕÞξl ςl Rc 3
l l ð1Þ  2
0 0
2ξlð1Þ ςl ð1Þ Rc 1 þ4 sin ðϕÞξlð1Þ ςl Rc 2 g ðA50Þ Mαc;vv ¼ MαC;uu ðA65Þ

Kαc;ww11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K c cos 2 ðϕÞδc;nn0 πC m C m0 Rc 1 þ Dc δc;nn0 πλ2cm λ2cm0 C m C m0 Rc Kαcs;uu11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ ko;x cos φð  1Þm δc;nn0 π ðA66Þ

þ Dc μc δc;nn0 πfn2 λ2cm0 C m C m Rc 1 Kαcs;uu12;mn;ln0 ¼ Kαcs;uu21;mn;ln0 ¼ Kαcs;uu22;mn;ln0 ¼ 0 ðA67Þ

þ sin ðϕÞλcm λ2cm0 Sm C m0  n02 λ2cm C m C m0 Rc 1
Kαcs;uw11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ ko;x sin φð  1Þm δc;nn0 π ðA68Þ
þ sin ðϕÞλ2cm λcm0 C m Sm0 g
þ Dc δc;nn0 πfn n 2 02
C m C m0 Rc 3 g þ n02 sin ðϕÞλcm Sm C m0 Rc 2 Kαcs;uw12;mn;ln0 ¼ ko;x ð  1Þm ςl ð0Þδc;nn0 π ðA69Þ
136 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137

Kαcs;uw21;ln;mn0 ¼ Kαcs;uw22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ 0 ðA70Þ Kαs;uw12;mn;ln0 ¼  K s μs δc;nn0 πλsm Sm ςl ðA94Þ

Kαcs;vv11;mn;m0 n0 ¼  ko;θ ð  1Þm δc;nn0 π ðA71Þ Kαs;uw21;ln;mn0 ¼ K s μs δc;nn0 πC m ξlð1Þ ðA95Þ

Kαcs;vv12;mn;ln0 ¼ Kαcs;vv21;mn;ln0 ¼ Kαcs;vv22;mn;ln0 ¼ 0 ðA72Þ Ks nπLx 2Ds ð1  μs Þ πLx

Kαs;vw11;mn;m0 n0 ¼  δc;mm0 δs;nn0  δs;mm0 δc;nn0 λsm λsm0 n0
R 2 R 2
Kαcs;ww11mn;m0 n0 ¼  ko;r cos φð  1Þm δc;nn0 π ðA73Þ
Ds μs πLx 2 Ds πLx 02
 δc;mm0 δs;nn0 nλ 0  δc;mm0 δs;nn0 nn
R 2 sm R3 2
Kαcs;ww12;mn;ln0 ¼  ko;r cos φς ð0Þδc;nn0 π l
ðA74Þ
ðA96Þ
Kαcs;ww21;ln;mn0 ¼  ko;r cos φδ c;nn0 πς ðLc Þ l
ðA75Þ Ks Ds μs
Kαs;vw12;mn;ln0 ¼  δs;nn0 nπC m ςl þ δs;nn0 πnC m ςlð2Þ
0 0 R R
Kαcs;ww22;ln;l0 n0 ¼  ko;r cos φςl ðLc Þςl ð0Þδc;nn0 π K o;r ςlð1Þ ðLc Þςl ð1Þ ð0Þ Ds 2Ds ð1 μs Þ
 3 δs;nn0 πnn02 C m ςl þ δc;nn0 πλsm n0 Sm ςlð1Þ
ðA76Þ R R
  ðA97Þ
πLx 1  μs πLx
Kαs;uu11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ K s δs;mm0 δc;nn0 λsm λsm0 þ δc;mm0 δs;nn0 nn0 Z Lx
2 2R 2 Ks
m þ m0 Kαs;vw21;ln;mn0 ¼  δs;nn0 πnC m ξl ðxs Þ cos ðλsm xs Þdxs
þ ð 1Þ ks;x Rδc;nn0 π þ ko;x δc;nn0 π ðA77Þ R 0
2Ds ð1  μs Þ
ð1 μs ÞK s þ δc;nn0 πλsm n0 Sm ξlð1Þ
Kαs;uu12;mn;ln0 ¼ K s δc;nn0 πλsm Sm ξlð1Þ þ δs;nn0 πnn0 C m ξl ðA78Þ R
2R Ds μs Ds
 δs;nn0 πnλ2sm C m ξl  3 δs;nn0 πnn02 C m ξl ðA98Þ
R R
ð1  μs ÞK s 0
Kαs;uu22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ K s δc;nn0 πξ lð1Þ lð1Þ
ξ þ δs;nn0 πnn0 ξl ξl ðA79Þ
2R Ks 0 2Ds ð1  μs Þ 0
Kαs;vw22;ln;l0 n0 ¼  δs;nn0 πnξl ςl  δc;nn0 πn0 ξlð1Þ ςl ð1Þ
R R
Kαs;uu21 ¼ Kαs;uu12 T
ðA80Þ Ds μs 0 Ds 0
þ δs;nn0 πnξl ςl ð2Þ  3 δs;nn0 πnn02 ξl ςl ðA99Þ
  R R
K s ð1  μs Þ 2Ds ð1  μs Þ πLx
Kαs;vv11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ þ δs;mm0 δc;nn0 λsm λsm0
2 R 2 Ks πLx K s R πLx 2 2
  Kαs;ww11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ δc;mm0 δc;nn0 þ δc;mm0 δc;nn0 λ λ 0
K s Ds 0 πLx R 2 kp 2 sm sm
þ þ δc;mm0 δs;nn0 nn
R R3 2 K s kp πLx 2 02 K s μs kp πLx 2 02
0 þ 3 δc;mm0 δc;nn0 n n þ δc;mm0 δc;nn0 λ n
þ ð  1Þm þ m ks;θ R2 δc;nn0 π þ ko;θ R2 δc;nn0 π ðA81Þ R 2 R 2 sm
  2ð1  μs Þkp K s πLx 0
K s ð1  μs Þ 2Ds ð1  μs Þ þ δs;mm0 δs;nn0 nn λsm λsm0
Kαs;vv12;mn;ln0 ¼ þ δc;nn0 πλsm Sm ξlð1Þ R 2
2 R
  þ kr1 R2 δc;nn0 πð  1Þ m þ m0
K s Ds
þ þ 3 δs;nn0 πnn0 C m ξl ðA82Þ þ ko;r R2 δc;nn0 π þ K o;r R2 λsm λsm0 δc;nn0 π ðA100Þ
R R
  Ks K sR
K s ð1  μs Þ 2Ds ð1  μs Þ 0
Kαs;ww12mn;ln0 ¼ δc;nn0 πC m ςl  δc;nn0 πλ2sm C m ςlð2Þ
Kαs;vv22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ þ δc;nn0 πξl ðxs Þξl ðxs Þ R kp
2 R
  K s kp K s μs kp
K s Ds 0
þ 3 δc;nn0 πn2 n02 C m ςl þ δc;nn0 πλ2sm n02 C m ςl
þ þ 3 δs;nn0 πnn0 ξl ðxs Þξl ðxs Þ ðA83Þ R
R R R
2ð1 μs Þkp K s
 δs;nn0 πnn0 λsm Sm ςlð1Þ
Kαs;vv21 ¼ Kαs;vv12 T
ðA84Þ R
þ ks;r R2 δc;nn0 πð  1Þm ςl ðLx Þ þ ko;r R2 δc;nn0 πςl ð0Þ ðA101Þ
πLx
Mαs;uu11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ Rρs hs δc;mm0 δc;nn0 ðA85Þ
2 Ks 0 KsR 0
Kαs;ww22ln;l0 n0 ¼ δc;nn0 πςl ςl þ δc;nn0 πςlð2Þ ςl ð2Þ
R kp
Mαs;uu12;mn;m0 n0 ¼ Rρs hs δc;nn0 πC m ξl ðA86Þ K s kp 0 K s μs kp 0
þ 3 δc;nn0 πn2 n02 ςl ςl  δc;nn0 πn02 ςlð2Þ ςl
R R
Mαs;uu22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ Rρs hs δc;nn0 πξl ξl ðA87Þ 2ð1 μs Þkp K s 0
þ δs;nn0 πnn0 ςlð1Þ ςl ð1Þ
R
Mαs;uu21 ¼ Mαs;uu12 T
ðA88Þ 0 0
þ ks;r R2 δc;nn0 πςl ðLx Þςl ðLx Þ þ K s;r R2 δc;nn0 πςl ðLx Þςl ðLx Þ
0 0

K s ð1  μs Þ þ ko;r R2 δc;nn0 πςl ð0Þςl ð0Þ þ K o;r R2 δc;nn0 πςlð1Þ ð0Þςl ð1Þ ð0Þ
Kαs;uv11;mn;m0 n0 ¼  K s μs δc;nn0 πn0 λm Sm C m0 þ δs;nn0 πnC m Sm0
2 ðA102Þ
ðA89Þ
Kαs;ww21 ¼ Kαww12 T
ðA103Þ
K s ð1 μs Þ
Kαs;uv12;mn;ln0 0
¼  K s μs δc;nn0 πn λm Sm ξ  l
δs;nn0 πnC m ξlð1Þ ðA90Þ
2 πLx
Mαs;ww11;mn;m0 n0 ¼ Rρs hs δc;mm0 δc;nn0 ðA104Þ
2
K s ð1 μs Þ
Kαs;uv21;ln;mn0 0
¼ K s μs δc;nn0 πn C m ξ lð1Þ
þ δs;nn0 πnSm ξl ðA91Þ
2 Mαs;ww12;mn;m0 n0 ¼ Rρs hs δc;nn0 πC m ςl ðA105Þ
K s ð1  μs Þ
0 0
Kαs;uv22;ln;l0 n0 ¼ K s μs δc;nn0 πn0 ξl ξl ð1Þ  δs;nn0 πnξlð1Þ ξl ðA92Þ Mαs;ww22;mn;m0 n0 ¼ Rρs hs δc;nn0 πςl ςl ðA106Þ
2

Kαs;uw11;mn;m0 n0 ¼  K s μs δc;nn0 πλm Sm C m0 ðA93Þ Ms;vv ¼ Ms;uu ðA107Þ

 X. Ma et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 88 (2014) 122–137 137

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