EXPLICIT CLAIM
done with references to facts, but proving
• It is directly, precisely and clearly stated,
analyzing what a writer or speaker is trying to
explain based on what he or she actually says.
It can be easily identified by linking it to the
claim by the word or concept “because.” For
example, if I claim that Johnny is “guilty of
murder,” the first explicit reason is probably
something like, because “he killed Jose”.
• It is not directly stated and it is assertions
that can be retrieved by reading between the
lines. They are normally found in key
assumptions and context: when, where, why,
who, what. Assumptions often infer values,
and values are often dependent on context.
For example, the argument provides
compelling, seemingly valid evidence that
Johnny did kill Jose. In other words, the first
explicit reason has been supported and we
judge it valid. However, the logical link
between “kill” and “murder” is only implied
and has yet to be established. The difference
between “kill” and “murder” will be
determined by values and context: did
Johnny kill Jose on purpose, in an accident, in
self defense, during a time of war. . .? These
will determine whether or not the claim is
valid.
Claim : Johnny murdered Jose.
Explicit Reason : because “he shot him
while watching the show.”
Implicit Reason : “he shot him on purpose”
Implicit Reason : “the shooting was not
justified” etc.
To prove an argument, we would need to
find evidence supporting both the Explicit
and Implicit Reasons.
Proving an Explicit Claim is easy and can be
Implicit Claim requires context. Note also
how it generates its own argument.
Arguments consist of:
a. Claims – the main idea or the thesis which
attempts to present or defend an issue.
b. Reasons or Premise – a basis, or assumed
on which reasoning proceeds.
To Find Explicit and Implicit Reasons, follow
this formula:
1. State the source’s Claim/Thesis as
accurately and clearly as possible;
whenever possible, try to do so by
quoting the author’s own language/
words.
Claim Example: “The Magat River Dam
should be removed.”
2. Locate and summarize the Explicit Reasons
(ERs); state the ER as it followed the Claim
and the word ”because”. Again, however
possible, do so using direct quotes.
Explicit Reason Example “. .. because it is
threatening the fish cage”.
3. Locate the Implicit Reasons (IRs) for each
Explicit Reason. This will do a combination of
two things: it will state/ clarify/make obvious
the logical principles that connect the Explicit
Reason to the Claim, and in so doing, it will
usually state/clarify/make obvious the cultural
principle or values that connect the Explicit
Reason to the Claim.
To find the IR: Write an IF the IR (is
true), THEN Claim (is true) sentence. You
may need or want to broaden the Explicit
Reason to state the general value rule.
But be careful to state the line of
reasoning as accurately as possible.
4. Now, for each ER, you need two sets of • It is a statement that has existed
information: (past), exists (present) or will exist
(future).
a. Evidence that the Explicit Reason is
• It is used to support factual evidence
true. This is a matter of locating
that is sufficient, reliable and
QUOTATIONS and/or factual information.
appropriate.
For the example, you simply need to
Examples:
prove that the dams indeed threatens the
1. Based on study, HIV is still the on the
fish cage.
top list of deadliest viruses in the world.
Note that proving this is a matter of data,
2. The Department of Education
of numbers, and facts.
implements the modular learning as
b. Evidence that the Implicit Reason is
per response to the IATF
true. Locating evidence the IR is true can
recommendations.
be tricky, as the IR is usually implied in
the overall context the source speaks to.
These are Guidelines in Writing and
Since the Implicit Reason usually refers to
Defending Claims of Fact:
values (valuing fish cage, valuing dams)
and because context refers to “who,
what, where, when, why”, you then say,
if your livelihood depends on fishing.

Note that this process may reveal

inconsistencies in the source’s
argument. You may find, for example,
that identifying the Implicit Reason
disproves the argument. For this reason,
sometimes simply analyzing an argument
leads directly to evaluating it: once
you’ve taken it apart, it may be obvious
why it doesn’t work.
More likely, this process will reveal the
heart of the argument and point us to
the real issues that need to be settled. In
the initial example, if everyone agrees
that Johnny shot Jose, there’s no point
spending a lot of time on this element of
the argument. The analysis may reveal
that we only disagree about whether or
not the shooting was justified or
intentional, so that’s where we need to
invest our time.
TYPES OF CLAIM
CLAIM OF FACT
CLAIM OF POLICY
• Claims of Policy provide a solution or
another series of questions in response to the
claims of fact. They are often procedural,
organized plans.
Examples:
1. The Philippine government should focus on
the improvement of its healthcare system.
2. The Dean of the College of Education must
present the student-teacher’s case studies in
the forum.
Lines of Reasoning:
1. In law, the claim of fact posits that Jim
Santos is guilty of killing his wife.
2. The claim of value would investigate
intent, whether it is first-degree,
manslaughter, accident or whatever.
3. The claim of policy would determine the
punishment, be it acquittal, imprisonment,
execution, etc.
These are Guidelines in Writing and Defending
Claims of Policy:
CLAIM OF VALUE
• It usually leads to essays that evaluate.
• Claims of value examine your topic in terms
of the phrases, “it is better to..., it is unethical
that..., it is wrong to..., it is more beautiful
than...”
• Claims of value also involve “taste” in art,
literature, music, film, food, etc.
• Claims of value involve judgments,
appraisals and evaluations.
• Claims of value have a bias of sorts and
often embedded in social, religious, and/or
cultural values.
These are Guidelines in Writing and Defending
Claims of Value:
Hypertext and Hyperlink
Technology is essential in almost every aspect
of life today. While reading will always be a
fundamental skill, combining with technology
and reading instruction. It links the readers to
the books they read build essential literacy
skills like fluency, research, and vocabulary.
Hypertext is a text in which the reader
may navigate related information through
imbedded hyperlinks. It is prepared and
published in such a way that it is linked in a
non-sequential web of associations that
allows the user to navigate through related
topics from one document to another.
Furthermore the author embeds hyperlinks
in the text that the user can simply click on to
view the related document associated with
the link.
A hyperlink can be a word, a phrase, or an
image that the readers can click on to jump
to a new document or a new category within
the present document. Hyperlinks can be
seen in nearly all Web pages, allowing users
to click their way from one information to
another. Most of the time text hyperlinks are
blue and underlined. Once you move the
cursor over a hyperlink, even if it is text or an
image, the arrow would change to a smaller
hand pointing at the link. When you click it,
the page will be replaced.
Dudeney, Hockly and Pegrum (2013) stated
that hypertext literacy as “the ability to
process hyperlinks appropriately and to use
hyperlinks effectively to enhance a document
or artefact”. Natalya Sinitskaya categorizes
two broad sets of fundamental skills that
readers of hypertext must possess, interactive
reading skills and text navigation skills.
Interactive reading skills. According to
Natalya Sinitskaya, “hypertext engages
readers in active interaction with the text.
The process of interaction needs a set of skills
that is a way different from traditional print-
based literacy”. These are:
o Non-sequential reading
o Critical reading
o Reader-centered encounter with the text
o Collaboration with the author
o Manipulation skills
• Text navigation skills. Three sets of skills are
needed to effectively navigate through a
hypertextual environment (Natalya
Sinistkaya):
o Accessing information
o Browsing
o Orientation in the cyberspace
Examples of Hypertext
Example Article
Intertext
Intertextuality is a way that inspires one text.
This can lead to direct borrowing such as a
quotation, or indirectly such as allusion,
parody, translation, or pastiche. The use of
the text can depend on the learner’s
understanding before reading the secondary
text. Instead of using referential phrases from
different literary works, intertextuality draws
upon the concept, eloquence or ideology from
other texts to be included in the new text. It
may be the retelling of an old text in modern
concept.
What is Text Evidence?
Evidence is essentially proof. It’s a fact that
help you know that something is true. Text
evidence is when you use specific examples
from a text (such as quotations) to help
support your own claims and ideas. It is
important because it gives your words validity
and strength, proving that you did, in fact,
read and understand that text for yourself.
Evidence will not be the same as claims,
evidence can be one or a set of fact. Claim is
an assertion of belief about what is true or
what should be. Take a look at the examples.
Fact: Barrack Obama was the 44th President
of the United States. (No further explanation
because this is true)
Claim: Aliens are buried at Area 51 at Nevada.
(This statement needs further evidence)
Textual evidence only uses facts to make its
point. Without text evidence you are making
empty claims without any support to back
them up. This makes you come across as an
unreliable writer, because you don’t have any
proof that what you’re saying is a valid
interpretation.
Characteristics of a good textual evidence
1. Precise – it is based on accurate proofs just
like numbers (statistic), exact quotation etc.
2. Descriptive- presenting a factual
observation of something or someone 3.
Factual- based on truth
Process in writing Textual Evidence
1. State your idea: Express the thought that
you have in the text.
2. Cite what in the text led you to that idea:
Give a supporting statements to your
evidence you can quote or paraphrase the
text.
3. Explain the Evidence: Explain how the
quote(s) or paraphrase(s) you pointed out
support your idea.
Here are the initial phrases for citing
evidence:
he author said . . . It said on page . . .
According to the text . . . A quote that
shows this is . . .
For example . . . This demonstrates
____________ because . . .
Based on. . . . This is evident because . . .
For instance . . . This proves because . . .
From the reading, I know. .
PROJECT PROPOSAL
A project proposal is a file or a document that
consists of your suggestion to improve your
company. Everything that the sponsors
needed was written there. A good project
proposal must be convincing; it should give a
very informative details to your project. It
usually combines project management skills
with a few other essential skills: research,
data analysis, and some copywriting.
Things to consider in writing a project
proposal
a. Your audience – you must consider who
will be the people who will read your
proposal. You might use unfamiliar term/
jargons that will lead them to confusion
• How familiar are they with the project or
problem? What do they already know? What
do they not know?
• Should you provide background information
on a particular topic?
• What do they want to hear?
• Is there any particular way to make them
better understand what you want to convey?
b. Potential pitfalls
Here are the reasons why some project
proposals get rejected
• Poorly defined proposal
• Proposal not aligned with organizational
goals
• Project benefits not clearly and credibly
defined
• Ineffective project proposal presentation
c. Data and Research- these are the
supplementary information that will help you
to ace the proposal.
These includes the facts, statistics and other
information that will help your project.
Guidelines in writing a Project Proposal
1. Cover Sheet – This includes the name of
organization that is in charge with the grant
fund. Also, it must have a project title; the
project title should be short and descriptive.
2. Executive Summary - The Executive
Summary is a short, precise gist of your
project proposal. Make sure to include a
brief outline of your project description
and how your project contributes to the
achievement of national development
3. Project Description
• Background
This will serve as the body of the proposal
describe the need of the project and how the
proposal was produce. Explain why the
project is being proposed, how it relates to
indicator achievement and how it is
innovative. If the project is proposed by more
than one organization, or will involve more
than one organization in the
implementation process, please explain the
nature of the partnership required.
• Overall Purpose/objective of the Project
The description of the purpose of the
proposed project should be directly related to
the priorities outlined in the EDF Sector
Policy Support Programmed Indicators, and
should be as clear, concise and focused as
possible. It should include the project’s
purpose, goals, specific 2 objectives,
method, and anticipated impact. Objectives
need to be stated in measurable terms and
be specific and consistent with the
statement of need and the purpose of the
proposed
project. Objectives should be formulated as a
clear statement of what is expected to be
achieved through project implementation.
These expected “outcomes” should be
measurable and conceptually related to the
objectives and goals of the Sector Policy
Support programed and the Goals outlined in
Medium-term Policy Framework. Describe
the activities that will comprise project
implementation.
4. Project Work Plan- It will show how the
projects will be done, this will cover the
objectives and possible steps in aiming the
goals of the project.
5. Proposed Budget- Your proposal should
include a detailed Budget Justification
explaining an estimate for each line item. If
applicable, support from collaborating
agencies and other funding sources that
contribute directly to the project should be
itemized in the budget by source, amount and
duration
6. Conclusion- Sum-up your proposal, have a
brief discussion of the problem, possible
solution and other significant parts.
• Tips for writing a conclusion:
- Your proposal should read like a book.
- Refrain from introducing anything that
doesn’t fit.
- Make sure all project proposal elements are
present.
7. Appendices- any photo or other
documents that is connected to your proposal
will be attached here.
Reminder: Edit/proofread your proposal
You have to reread your proposal or you may
show it to your peer just to make sure that
there is no mistake.
Please check the language, grammar and
spelling. Those are the common mistakes in
writing a proposal.
RESEARCH REPORT
In Reading and Writing course in Senior High
School, the focus of the lesson is writing a
research report and not a research paper.
These terms are often used interchangeably
as both include diving into researching, or a
systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish
facts and reach new conclusions. However,
there is a major difference between the two.
Research Paper
ü The purpose of a research paper is to
discover new knowledge.
ü It is question-based.
ü It has a clear and arguable thesis.
ü The researchers use data and ideas as
evidence to support their position.
ü The researchers analyze and interpret the
information.
ü Its conclusion presents unique assessment
and conclusion.
Research Report
ü The main purpose of a research report is to
inform as it is prepared after a study is
completed.
ü It is topic-based.
ü It’s discussion is comprehensive as it
summarizes the information gathered.
ü It presents analyses of finished studies of
OTHER RESEARCHERS.
ü It does not result in new knowledge.
The University of Adelaide has presented the
following steps as guide in writing a research
report.
STEP 1 – Analyze the Task
A student working on a research report may
ask himself the following questions to analyze
the task:
• What is the purpose of the report?
• Who is the audience for the report?
• What is the word limit?
• What is the topic of the report?
• What is the expected format of the report?
STEP 2 – Develop a Rough Plan
• Write a thesis statement clarifying the
purpose of the report.
• Jot down what you already know that might
be relevant to the report.
STEP 3 – Do the Research
• Check school or public library catalogs or
books.
• Look through magazines, and explore Web
sites.
STEP 4 – Draft the Body of your Report
• Introduction – the purpose of the report
shall be seen here. The thesis statement will
be useful here. Background information may
include a brief review of the literature already
available on the topic so that you are able to
place the report in the field.
Literature Review – It may be useful to
outline the literatures gathered in a
chronological manner or in thematic way.
• Methodology – Write what you did and
how you did it in a comprehensive manner.
• Results – Indicate what was found out in
research but you must always take note NOT
TO INTERPRET THEM.
• Discussion – The relevance of the results
and the findings are discussed here. It will
relate back to the literature review and the
introductory thesis statement.
• Conclusion – This is a summary of the most
significant results/findings. New materials are
not included in this section.
• Recommendations – This includes
suggestions for what needs to be done
further.
STEP 5 – Draft the Supplementary Material
• References or Bibliography – This includes
all the materials (literatures and studies) used
in your report.
• Appendices – These should add extra
information to the report. If appendices are
included, they must be referred to in the body
of the report and must have a clear purpose
for being included.
STEP 6 – Draft the Preliminary Material
• Title of Report – The title should be clear • the page numbers of your sources (if they
and it should indicate what is really being are part of multi-source volumes)
studied.

• Table of Contents – List all sections, sub

In writing references or bibliography, there
headings tables/graphs appendices and give
are three common formats being used.
page numbers for each.
• The MLA format is primarily used in English
• Abstract/Synopsis – This gives a very brief
Literature and other disciplines of the
overview of the report in a condensed form.
humanities.
STEP 7 – Polish the Report
Example for referencing a book.
• Check for conventions. Look for errors in
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House.
spelling, punctuation, and grammar.
MacMurray, 1999.
• Prepare the final copy. Proofread the
• The Chicago style format is usually used for
research before turning over it in.
history texts.
Proper documentation in writing any piece of
• The APA Style (American Psychological
literary work is significant. Documentation is
Association) is used for psychology and other
the process of citing illustrative or supporting
sciences.
reference for statements made.
The basic APA reference format:
Proper documentation:
Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work. Location:
ü Provides credit to the original author.
Publisher.
ü Allows other researchers to find the study
Take note that the format of the literatures
relevant to theirs.
and studies used is different for varied
ü Enables valid and accurate statements from literary material.
experts.

ü Avoids cases of plagiarism.

MOVIE REVIEW

Expressing thoughts about a film orally

Citing all the books, the journals, studies etc. telling it to a friend or a colleague is easier
used in the bibliography or references part of than putting these thoughts into formal
the report is a must. writing.

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources
you have used in the process of researching
your work. In general, a bibliography should
include:
• the authors' names
• the titles of the works
• the names and locations of the companies
that published your copies of the sources
• the dates your copies were published
These analyses of a film expressing opinions
about it is called a movie review. It is an in-
depth unbiased analysis written to inform
other movie goers about what to expect and
get the concept of the film.
In effect, the movie review is a news story on
the film because it answers the five W’s and 1
H.
who – actors How – direction
what production
when – plot/action sound effects/music
where screenplay
why – theme cinematography
The following steps from instructables.com is
helpful in writing a movie review.
Step 1: Write down initial thoughts.
Before writing a review, your initial
reaction, from the performances to the
visual effects and your reactions about the
characters, is needed to be written down. This
way you have your ideas on paper and these
initial ideas can be outlined easily.
Step 2: Create an outline.
Outlining the review will help in deciding
what order the information will be
presented in.
• Indicate subject of the review – title,
director, writer, producer, actors – before
you start the review proper.
Step 3: Write a title for the review.
Titles for reviews call the attention of
readers. Make sure the title makes it clear
what movie is being reviewed.
Step 4: Write the synopsis.
The synopsis is a brief or general survey of the
movie. This is the basic set-up of the movie.
Step 5: The characters.
Write about the performances by the actors,
specifically talking about the main characters.
Include what stood out to you, both good and
bad, devoting a brief description to each
actor.
Step 6: The story
Write about the film's story. Talk about what
worked and what didn't, as well as whether it
held up as a feature length movie or not. This
should act as a follow up to the movie
synopsis that started the review.
Step 7: The Film’s Content
Discuss the genre of the film. Write a more
concise comment giving exact numbers or
details. Comment on the dialogue, casting,
acting, direction, photography, special effects,
editing, sound, music, production, design or
authenticity of the sets. For example, if the
movie is about the early 50’s, are the
costumes, furniture, architecture, etc.
reflective of the period?
Step 8: The Conclusion
• Remember that you should not include the
ending of the film in the review. End the
review by stating whether or not you would
recommend it to anyone. Give the overall
rating using the scale 2 of 1-5 star where 5 is
the highest. Indicate the entertainment value.
What kind of moviegoers would find this
picture interesting?
ACTION PLAN
Planning is one thing. Putting your plans into
words is another. Planning helps you prepare
for the obstacles ahead and keep you on
track. Senior high school students are
required to develop not just the skills of
planning but also in writing an action plan as
this is one of the competencies relevant to be
a globally competent person.
An action plan is a checklist for the steps or
tasks you need to complete in order to
achieve the goals you have set.
It’s an essential part of the strategic planning
process to prepare a strategy to achieve a
personal goal, also I thelps with improving
teamwork planning. It also helps monitor the
progress and plan things out effectively.
The following are the components of an
action plan:
• A well-defined description of the goal to be
achieved
• Tasks/ steps that need to be carried out to
reach the goal
• People who will be in charge of carrying out
each task
tasks. And if they are not currently available,
you need to first make a plan to acquire them.
This should also include thebudget.
STEP 6. Visualize your action plan.

• When will these tasks be completed
(deadlines and milestones)
• Resources needed to complete the tasks
• Measures to evaluate progress
The following steps could be helpful in writing
your own action plan:
STEP 1. Define your end goal.
Take note that in order to do things to get
what you want, you must first know what you
want. Analyze the situation and explore
possible solutions before prioritizing the,
Then, run your goal through the SMART
criteria: Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Relevant and Time-bound.
Charts and tables are usually used in making
action plans. This is specific and easy to
understand.
STEP 7. Monitor, evaluate and update.
You can mark tasks that are completed as
done on this final action plan, bringing
attention to how you’ve progressed toward
the goal. This will also bring out the tasks that
are pending or delayed, in which case you
need to figure out why and find suitable
solutions. And then update the action plan
accordingly.
RESUME AND APPLICATION LETTER

STEP 2. List down the steps to be followed.

After clearing out your goals, one must

identify and lay down the steps to finish the
task.

If this is a team task, make sure that the entire

team is involved in this process. This way,
their roles and responsibilities will be known.

STEP 3. Prioritize tasks and deadlines.

Add deadlines and make sure that they are

realistic. This step would identify which task
should be prioritized.

STEP 4. Set milestones. TIPS TO MAKE YOUR RESUME LOOK

Milestones can be considered mini goals
leading up to the main goal at the end. The
advantage of adding milestones is that they
give the team members to look forward to
something and help them stay motivated
even though the final due date is far away.
STEP 5. Identify the resources needed.
PROFESSIONAL
• Do not include personal information: age,
health, marital status, height, weight, religion.
• Never use the first person "I.”
• Do not use full sentences. Each phrase
should start with a strong verb.

It’s crucial to ensure that you have all the • Eliminate all unnecessary words (a, the).
necessary resources at hand to complete the • Never lie or exaggerate.
• Add to the eye appeal of your resume by
varying the typeface for emphasis: bold,
underline, italic, UPPER CASE, etc. (Use italics
for emphasis only - perhaps your job title -
never for the entire resume.) Use an attractive
legible typeface such as Times or Arial, not an
old-fashioned font such as Courier.
• Use "bullets" (•, ♦, *, −) for listing items
under a heading description, such as
experience.
• Proofread carefully. Grammatical, content
and typographical errors may eliminate you
immediately from consideration for an
interview. Ask others to proofread the resume
as well.
• The successful resume is one that results in
interviews. Does your resume present you as
an accomplished person? Is it easy to read,
pleasing to the eye, devoid of all errors,
current, honest?
COVER LETTER
Every resume that you create must be
accompanied by a cover letter or also known
as the application letter. A cover letter
contains your explanation on how you were
able to discover the job vacancy on a specific
company; it shows the employer your
enthusiasm in working with them; and it
definitely has to persuade the employer to
call you for an interview. Your cover letter
may serve as a preview of the skills and
experiences that you have acquired which will
be highlighted in a more detailed manner on
your resume. Moreover, just like the resume,
the cover letter should be proofread and must
not contain grammatical errors.
Parts of a Cover Letter:
a. Salutation
- The salutation contains the addressee of the
letter. As much as possible, you have to
indicate a specific person rather than merely
stating an the office or department. If you do
not know whom are you writing for or if you
do not know how to address the person,
make an extra effort to research about
him/her or better yet, call the company to
verify his/her identity.
b. Opening
- The first few sentences of your letter should
tell the employer which work position are you
applying for. If someone has endorsed you or
informed you about the job vacancy, you
should state it as well as if you are responding
on an advertisement that you might have
seen in the company’s website or from a
classified advertising. Having a background
knowledge about the company can also help
you to make the employer become interested
to you. Therefore, you may express in the first
paragraph, the things you know about the
company, the good reputation that they
have, or any positive experiences that you
may have encountered with them.
c. Body
- The next part of your letter should state
your qualifications. Do not rewrite your
resume in this part, rather you have to
summarize and highlight your relevant skills.
Persuade him/her to look more into your
details in the resume. You may also address in
the body of your letter, the relevant
experiences that you have and how those
experiences have helped you acquire more
knowledge and skills.
d. Closing
- In your final paragraph, express your desire
for an interview, state you contact number
and e-mail address. Make sure that all of the
details about you are correct.