Instructions
Distribution Transformers
Hermetically Sealed
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. HANDLING AND STORAGE 3
2.1 Receipt Inspection 3
2.2 Lifting and Handling 3
2.3 Storage 4
3. INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING 5
3.1 Installation 5
3.2 Commissioning 6
4. MAINTENANCE 7
4.1 Oil maintenance 7
4.2 Oil corrective maintenance 9
4.3 Re-establishment of the normal conditions of the dielectric 10
5. FAULT PROCEDURES 11
6. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 14
7. OCCURRENCE REGISTER 14
2
1. INTRODUCTION
The contents of this manual are intended as a guide to persons concerned with the
maintenance and servicing of this particular type of transformer.
When installed and commissioned with care, transformers usually require less
maintenance than most other kinds of electrical machines. However, it is important
to establish a regular programme of inspections and maintenance, so that the unit
remains an efficient and safe item of plant.
2. HANDLING AND STORAGE
2.1 Receipt inspection
After arrival on site, the unit must undergo a thorough external inspection. This
inspection should include an examination of the packing case (if exist), tank, fit-
tings, oil leakages and bushings. Any damage whatsoever must be reported to the
carrier, insurance company and to Efacec.
RECEIPT INSPECTION CHECK LIST
Step Description
1st Look for damage due to rough or bad handling during shipment.
2nd Inspect for leaks.
3rd Check paint and auxiliary fittings for damage.
4th Check fins and/or welded components for obvious damage.
5th Any damage must be reported to the carrier, insurance company
and Efacec.
2.2 Lifting and handling
Lifting points on the tanks are clearly visible. The total weight of the unit is dis-
played on the diagram/rating plate fitted to the unit. Ensure that lifting device and
tackle are adequate for the purpose.
If you need to move the transformer, do not push it by the fins (they are made of
thin plate and cannot bear such force), by the insulators or other accessories.
3
2.3 Storage
It is very often the case that units arrive on-site before their planned installation
date. Whenever this is the case, adequate provision for storage of units must be
made. Outdoor oil/fluid filled units may be stored outside.
When long periods of storage are foreseen, it may prove beneficial to protect them
under cover, particularly during adverse conditions. This cover must allow convenient
ventilation to avoid the presence of eventual moisture in contact with transformer
surface.
It is wise to enforce some form of inspection routine while units are in storage, with
a periodic check on insulation resistance.
STORAGE CHECK LIST
Step Description
1st Inspect for leaks and damage.
2nd Take insulation resistance readings and record, check against the
manufacturers test certificate.
HV winding / earth - 5 kV megger
LV winding / earth - 1 kV megger
HV winding / LV winding - 5 kV megger
3rd Thoroughly inspect the paint work, refurbish where necessary with
good quality white spirit based paints.
For further information and advice contact Efacec.
4
3. INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING
3.1 Installation
Oil/fluid filled units must be installed to give maximum accessibility, ventilation and
easy inspection.
Allowances for headroom required for site-erected parts or removal must be taken
into account, together with the environmental conditions.
Ensure that the unit tank has been effectively earthed and where there is risk of
voltage surge and/or lightning, the equipment is adequately protected for such oc-
currences.
INSTALLATION CHECK LIST
Step Description
1st Ensure the unit is on level ground.
2nd Ensure earthing is adequate and connections are effective.
3rd Clean the bushings and check for cracks.
4th Adjust the existing protection devices according to the required
nominal values (if applicable), electromagnetic relays, thermal re-
lays, fuse’s ratings.
Check for their correct working conditions.
5th Repeat checks outlined in “STORAGE CHECK LIST”.
6th Check whether installation allows sufficient visibility of fittings and
any other important signs and clearance for any future maintenance
task.
7th Check if the substation is properly ventilated (the cooling air should flow
freely around the transformer).
5
3.2 Commissioning
A programme of commissioning checks will be required to prepare the unit for
service. The following check list is the basis of such a programme.
COMMISSIONING CHECK LIST
Step Description
1st Repeat the checks outlined in “INSTALLATION CHECK LIST”.
Check the calibration of auxiliary devices fitted, the alarm, trip
function switch’s settings.
Adjust the tap-changer to give the adequate voltage.
2nd Take oil sample (refer to “Oil maintenance” section).
3rd Before cabling, the following insulation tests should be carried out
using a Megger and the readings must be noted.
HV Winding earth - 5 kV megger
LV Winding earth - 1 kV megger
HV Winding to LV Winding - 5 kV megger
If the readings are below 300 MOhm (t=20º C), this should be reported
to site engineer and Efacec. (R20º C ~ Rtº C x 0.397 x e0.0462t)
4th After energising, the LV output voltages should be checked using an
A.V.O. or similar device to prove the LV voltages (phase to phase,
phase to neutral) are within the defined limits.
If LV output voltage is outside the wished range, switch off the sup-
ply. Change the tap-changer position. Before any changing, check if
the transformer is ‘dead’ by touching its tank walls to detect vibra-
tion and with approved voltage indicator at the LV terminals.
5th After energising, check the LV voltage phase sequence, using a phase
sequence meter or similar device, connected to the LV terminals.
6th Make an aural check of noise level emitted by transformer.
7th After keeping the transformer under voltage for at least a few hours,
touch on the tank wall to feel the transformer temperature. On no
load, the temperature rise should be limited to a few degrees only.
Any anormal vibration noise or temperature should be reported to
the site Engineer.
6
4. MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE CHECK LIST
Step Description
1st Ensure that the transformer is out of service.
2nd Check external connections for tightness and signs of discolouration
(indicating a hot joint); doubtful connections should be cleaned and
remade.
3rd Check gasketed joints for leaks.
4th Check that the transformer is efficiently earthed.
5th Inspect all tank surfaces and detail parts for signs of damage or corro-
sion, and repair thus.
6th Take insulation resistance measurement, once a year, and record
the results (See “COMMISSIONING CHECK LIST”).
7th Check the well-functioning of all protections (alarms and trips),
every 2 years.
8th Take oil samples for tests: colour and contamination, electric
strength and moisture content (See “Sampling interval”).
4.1 Oil maintenance
The oil/fluid in transformers will show little deterioration after many years of
service, provided that the unit is operated within its design limit and not subjected
to adverse loading and poor ventilation. However, the oil/fluid will deteriorated
rapidly if the manufacturer recommendations are not adhered to or if the unit is
allowed to operate at excessive temperatures for any reason.
The pressure relief device may eject hot oil if there is a fault developing within the
transformer. For this reason no person should be allowed to enter the transformer
compartment while the transformer is energised. No work should be carried out on
any transformer before de-energise it (HV an LV disconnected).
4.1.1 Sludging and oil acidity
Prolonged high temperatures will lead to the development of acidity and sludging of
the oil, which in turn may cause a breakdown of the solid insulation.
Poor ventilation may result in condensation forming inside the transformer that
again will promote acidity and sludging of the oil.
7
4.1.2 Sampling interval
We recommend to take an oil sample for testing, every ten years.
The IEC standard 475 “Method of Sampling Liquid Dielectrics” should be consulted.
Oil fluid test results will show what decisions will have to be taken by the technical
staff. Check oil level and top up through the filling orifice if necessary (see 4.3).
4.1.3 Handling of transformer oil
Transformer oil is a mineral oil and presents no particular hazard to health providing
a good standard of personal hygiene is observed.
Do not wear contaminated clothing and wash thoroughly without undue delay any
parts of the body that have been in contact with oil.
Serious neglect may affect the skin, leading to dermatitis or other skin disorders.
4.1.4 Toxic efects and first aid procedure
lngestion:
Slightly toxic. In the event of ingestion, it may cause moderate irritation of the
mouth, throat, etc. May cause nausea and eventually vomiting and diarrhea.
Clean mouth with water. Obtain medical advice if a large amount has been swal-
lowed. Vomiting SHOULD NOT be induced.
Aspiration:
Unlikely other than as a result of vomiting but if aspiration is suspected medical at-
tention sought in order to avoid pneumonitis.
Eye contact:
May cause redness and transient pain. Rinse with plenty of water. If the symptoms
persist, obtain medical advice.
Inhalation:
Prolonged and repeated inhalation of mist or vapor generated at elevated temperatures
may irritate respiratory tract.
If inhalation of mists, fumes or vapors occurs, causing irritation, move to fresh air.
If the symptoms persist, obtain medical advice.
4.1.5 Fire protection
Auto-ignition temperature >270º C approximately and flash point >140º C.
Use as extinguishing media CO2, Dry chemical, Foam or Water fog.
8
4.2 Oil corrective maintenance
We recommend that this actions must be performed in Efacec, where we have
technical means for that purpose.
4.2.1 Acidity
Acidity oil may be first detected by a strong pungent odour in the oil samples.
Further investigations will probably detect corrosion forming on the inside of tank
cover.
Remedial action must be swift, the unit must be de-tanked and the core and coils
washed thoroughly with warm, clean transformer oil.
The oil in the tank must be drained off and sent for reprocessing. Clean and wash
out the tank with warm, clean transformer oil. Re-tank and fill with fresh oil.
4.2.2 Sluding
Remedial action is as described in “Acidity”, but sludge deposits will harden once
exposed to the atmosphere.
Washing down must be speedily and effective.
The initial detection of sludging will be a visual indication in the sample, being ex-
tremely viscous and dark in colour.
4.2.3 Moisture
For drying out procedure there are a few recommended methods, but drying out by
Short Circuit Methods is preferred.
Plant required for this method is a power supply of suitable voltage and rating and
an oil filter.
Lag the tank with tarpaulins or other suitable materials after rising the tank cover
6-12 inches and supporting on blocks.
The oil will have to be drained to below the main gasket level.
Short circuit the secondary winding, bushings or busbars and applies half to full im-
pedance voltage to the primary winding.
Circulate the oil through an oil filtration plant.
Adjust the applied voltage to control the winding temperature (measured by resist-
ance) to among 85-90º C.
Monitor the temperature of the oil in the top of the tank using a thermometer,
which must not exceed 85º C.
Take readings of insulation resistance and temperature hourly.
Plot the insulation resistance against time to form an insulation resistance curve.
After several hours of constant readings the insulation resistance will be seen to rise
rapidly.
Allow the rise to continue for several hours and then disconnect all power.
The transformer has now dried out. The monitoring of temperatures should be done
with spirit thermometers (do not use mercury).
9
4.3 Re-establishment of the normal conditions of the dielectric
The filling of hermetically sealed transformers requires special atention. We advice
that the original transformer conditions shall not be changed.
If it is necessary to re-establish the normal conditions on site, Efacec can supply, on
request, the correspondent procedure. In this case, send the characteristics indicated
in the rating plate to identify clearly the transformer.
The following procedure must be used. It seems simple but we recommend that they
are supervised by a person from Efacec or by a qualified technician (it may cause
irreversible damage to the transformer function).
open
transparent tube
4.3.1 Open the cover of the filling hole (on the tank cover) and unscrew the top HV
bushings nuts (if HV bushings are not elastimold type). With the valve V1 opened,
fill completely the transformer with oil through the tube t.
4.3.2 When the oil flow throughout the filling hole, close it. Keep the process until
all the air comes out through the HV bushings studs; when the oil flow throughout
the bushings, screw the top HV bushings nuts. Adjusting the level of the barrel from
B2 to B1 (or using an oil pump) put the oil in the transparent tube at level h, check
graphic 1 (to be furnished by Efacec on request). Close the valve V1.
4.3.3 At this point, the transformer will have his typical filling conditions re-established.
Inside the transformer, at 20º C, the pressure will be equal to the air pressure (1
bar). The pressure variations with the temperature are shown in graphic 2 (to be
furnished by Efacec on request).
10
5. FAULT PROCEDURES
DGPT2 DGPT2
Alarm - Gas Trip - Gas
No Yes
Gas
present?
No
Combustible?
Check drain valve Yes
for any oil/air leak.
Release gas.
Check alarm
circuit.
Maintain in Service.
Increase Supervision. Leave out of service.
If problem reoccurs Warn Efacec.
warn Efacec.
11
DGPT2
Pressure rise protection
(Alarm or Trip)
Check pressure
settings.
Yes
Wrong
value?
No
Rectify.
Oil temperature must
be < 100ºC
Check ventilation.
Return to service.
Ensure supervision.
No
New Return
trip? to service
Yes
Re-establish the normal
conditions of the
dielectric (4.3).
Return to service.
Increase supervision.
If problem reoccurs
leave out of service.
Warn Efacec.
12
Temperature Protection
(included in DGPT2 or independent)
Alarm Trip Alarm and Trip
Check alarm settings. Check alarm and trip
settings.
Yes Yes
Wrong Wrong
Rectify
value? value?
No No
Return to service
Return to service. Return to service.
Increase supervision. Increase supervision.
Ensure that don’t exist any Ensure that don’t exist any
obstruction to ventilation. obstruction to ventilation.
Check oil temperature. Check oil temperature.
Check ambient temperature. Check ambient temperature.
If problem reoccur warn Efacec.
13
6. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
The core is a three limb design obtained from interleaved cold rolled grain oriented
steel sheet. The low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) windings are built with
electrolytic copper. Between the LV an HV windings, there are an insulating tube
and oil circulation ducts.
The active parts are placed inside a mild steel lank, immersed in oil fluid that as-
sures the electrical insulation and heat exchange by natural convection. The access
to tap changer handle, the pressure relief valve if exists and the lifting luggs are
located on the tank cover. Near the bottom of the tank are located a drain valve
and the earthing terminal.
7. OCCURRENCE REGISTER
INSULATION RESISTANCE VALUES (M Ω)
Date HV/LV HV/Earth LV/Earth Megger
14
TRANSFORMER RECEPTION
Storage In Service
Date Local Signature Date Local Signature
Date Notes
15
TECHNICAL DATA
Serial number
Rated power kVA
Number of phases
Rated voltage - HV V
Rated voltage - LV V
Short-circuit impedance %
Rated frequency Hz
Tapping range %
Conection symbol
Type of cooling
Specifications
Dielectric
No load losses W
Load losses (75ºC) W
Recorded values at expedition time.
Due to our policy of continuos development, specifications may change whithout notice. Not valid as a contractual item.
Efacec Energia, Máquinas e Equipamentos, S.A.
Unidade de Transformadores de Distribuição
Ap. 1018 - Arroteia, Leça do Balio | Parque Empresarial da Arroteia (Poente)
4466-952 [Link] de Infesta - Portugal
Tel: +351 229 562 300
Fax: + 351 229 562 880
E-mail: en@[Link]
[Link]
Mod. EN 04 I 1003 A1
