Standardization of Some Electrocardiographic Parameters of Captive Leopard Cats

(Leopardus tigrinus)
Author(s): Sam Goldy Shoyama Oda, Ronaldo Jun Yamato, José Daniel Luzes Fedullo,
Moacir Leomil Neto and Maria Helena Matiko Akao Larsson
Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , Sep., 2009, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 2009), pp.
414-420
Published by: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27751714

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 Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40(3): 414 420, 2009
Copyright 2009 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians

STANDARDIZATION OF SOME ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS

PARAMETERS OF CAPTIVE LEOPARD CATS {LEOPARDUS
TIGRINUS)
Sam Goldy Shoyama Oda, D.V.M., M.Sc, Ronaldo Jun Yamato, D.V.M., M.Sc., Jose Daniel Luzes
Fedullo, D.V.M., M.Sc., Moacir Leomil Neto, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., and Maria Helena Matiko Akao
Larsson, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Abstract: Thirty-three captive leopard cats, Leopardus tigrinus, were anesthetized with xylazine (1-2 mg/kg)
and ketamine (10 mg/kg), and electrocardiograph (ECG) tests were recorded in all leads with 1 cm = 1 mV
sensibility and 25 mm/sec speed repeating Dil lead at 50 mm/sec speed with the same sensibility. Results expressed
by mean and standard deviation were: heart rate (HR) = 107 ? 17 (bpm); P-wave = 0.048 ? 0.072 (s) X 0.128 ?
0.048 (mV); PR interval = 0.101 ? 0.081 (s); QRS compound = 0.053 ? 0.012 (s) X 1.446 ? 0.602 (mV); QT
interval = 0.231 ? 0.028 (s); R-wave (CV6LL) = 1.574 ? 0.527 (mV); R-wave (CV6LU) = 1.583 ?0.818 (mV);
heart rhythm: normal sinus rhythm (15.2%), sinus rhythm with wandering pacemaker (WPM) (60.6%), sinus
arrhythmia with WPM (24.2%); electric axis: between +30? and +60? (6.1%), +60 (6.1%), between +60? and +90
(57.6%), +90' (9%), between +90? and +120? (21.2%); ST segment: normal (75.7%), elevation (18.2%), depression
(6.1%); T-wave polarity (Dil): positive (100%); T-wave (V,?): absent (6.1%), negative (63.6%), positive (18.2%),
and with interference (12.1%). Through ECG data comparison with other species, unique features of Leopardus
tigrinus" (leopard cat) ECG parameters were detected. Some of the study animals presented with an R-wave
amplitude that was indicative of left ventricle overload according to patterns for normal domestic cats {Felis cati).
Echocardiographic exams revealed normal heart cavities' function and morphology. The aim of this study was to
establish some electrocardiographic parameters of captive L. tigrinus.
Key words: captivity, electrocardiography, Leopardus tigrinus, standardization, wild cats.

INTRODUCTION to be overcome for the successful conservation of

these species. Furthermore, the high coefficient of
The destruction of free-living feline habitat by
consanguinity can lead to an emergence of a larger
countless factors, such as the encroachment by
number of congenital diseases in certain popula
agricultural borders, the exploration of ores and
wood, settlement and construction of dams tions. Therefore, maintaining small populations'
for
survival will likely require intense handling, through
hydroelectric power stations, and illegal hunting,
translocation of individuals from one population to
are responsible for the decline of these felid
another, providing a diffusion of the genetics from
populations.13 Considering that all Brazilian,
different populations of the same species.
free-living felines are in danger of extinction,
zoos have a keen interest in maintaining and MATERIALS AND METHODS
reproducing these species in captivity. However,
with rare exceptions, these zoos have beenThis study was approved by the S?o Paulo Zoo
Scientific and Research Committee. Thirty-three
experiencing difficulty in the adaptation of small
healthy
feline species to captive reproduction programs.14 adult captive Leopardus tigrinus (leopard
Diseases, inadequate housing, poor nutrition, cat, 17 males and 16 females) were evaluated by
suboptimal reproduction, and a reduced number electrocardiograph (ECG) examination. All cats
were also vaccinated with triple vaccine (Fel-O
of animals in captivity are big obstacles that need
VanPCT-lab?, Fort Dodge Saude Animal Ltda,
Campinas, S?o Paulo 13065-858, Brazil) and kept
From Rua Maestro Jo?o Sepe, 145, Sao Paulo, S?o in collective cages where they received a special
Paulo 04181-030, Brazil (Oda); the Fundacao Parquediet of bovine muscle, bovine heart, sardine, and
Zool?gico de S?o Paulo, A v. Miguel Stefano, 4241, S?o
vitamin and mineral supplementation.
Paulo, S?o Paulo CEP 055-11-50730811, Brazil (Fe
dullo); and the Departamento de Clinica Medica,These animals were anesthetized with a protocol
Faculdade de Medicina Veterin?ria e Zootecnia, Uniof xylazine (Sedazine?, 1-2 mg/kg; Fort Dodge
versidade de S?o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Saude Animal Ltda, Campinas, S?o Paulo, 13065
Marques de Paiva, 87, S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo 055-1 8581
1 Brazil) and ketamine (Dopalen?, 10 mg/kg;
Sespo Divis?o Vetbrands Saude Animal, Jacarei,
30911262, Brazil (Yamato, Neto, Larsson). Correspon
dence should be directed to Dr. Oda (samoda@usp.br).
S?o Paulo 12308-420, Brazil) and subjected to ECG
414

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 ODA ET AL.?WILD FELIDS' ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS 415

n.m gr?hcos o?r? s/? mdS

i ; r ? ; * i ; s !
Ehm
?SS*?
immmmmmm^m
issmc

aar?aaaiaaaa&Ssft^ ia^s*
_^ ._?_?3*8 a*?y?
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mmmmwMmm , .

Figure 1. Electrocardiographic exam of anesthetized Leopardus tigrinus in a DU lead at 50 mm/sec speed and
1 cm = 1 mV sensibility.

examinations. The ECG exams were obtained0.31 kg and ranged from 1.82 to 2.89 kgs. The
using the electrocardiograph ECG 6 model results of the electrocardiographic parameters
(ECAFIX, S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo 05069, Brazil);analyzed are shown in Tables 1 and 2 (heart rate
the animals were positioned in right lateral[HR], duration and width of P-wave, PR interval,
recumbency, on a rubber rug to avoid interferduration and width of QRS compound, QT
ences, and electrodes were fastened to the skin interval, R-wave in the derivations CV6LL and
with alligator clips. The contact points were CV6LU, heart rhythm, electric axis, ST segment,
moistened with liquid alcohol. and T-wave polarity in the derivation Dil and
V10).
All exams were registered, in all leads, in 1 cm
= 1 mV sensibility and 25 mm/sec speed,101115 The qualitative electrocardiographic parame
repeating the Dil lead at the 50 mm/sec speed ters (rhythm, axis, ST segment, and T-wave
with the same sensibility (Fig. 1). The leadspolarity in Dil and V10) observed were as follows
registered were DI, Dil, DIU, aVR, aVL, aVF,(listed as percentage of animals):
CV5RL, CV6LL, CV6LU, and V10.41011 Heart rhythm: Normal sinus rhythm (15.2%);
The values obtained were statistically evaluatedsinus rhythm with wandering pacemaker (WPM)
using descriptive analysis so that mean and(60.6%); sinus arrhythmia with WPM (24.2%);
standard deviation could be calculated. The Electric axis: Between +30? and +60? (6.1%);
results were analyzed using a two-sample /-test+60? (6.1%); between +60? and +90? (57.6%);
and confidence interval (Minitab 14 for Win +90? (9%); between +90? and +120? (21.2%);
dows, Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania ST segment: Normal (75.7%); elevation (18.2%);
16801, USA) with significance set at P < 0.05. depression (6.1 %); T-wave polarity (Dil): positive

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (100%); T-wave (V10): absent (6.1%); negative

(63.6%); positive (18.2%); and interference (12.1 %).
The animals used in this study had a meanThe R-wave amplitude (Dil) presented by
some?animals could be indicative of left ventricle
body weight and standard deviation of 2.34

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 416 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Table I. Heart rate, amplitude and duration of P-wave, PR interval, QRS compound duration, rhythm, and
electric axis from leopard cats anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine, Sao Paulo, 2006.

HRa P-wave PR QRS

Species (bpm) Rhythmb Electric axis P-wave (s) (mV) interval (s) compound (s)
>pardus
igrin us 1 120 SR WPM +60?to +90? 0.02 0.12 0.06 0.04
L. igrinus 2 100 NSR +90? 0.02 0.10 0.08 0.06
L. igrinus 3 90 SR WPM +90? to +120? 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.06
L. igrinus 4 110 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.12 0.05
L. grinus 5 100 SR WPM +90? to +120? 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.05
L. Igrinus 6 110 SR WPM +90? to +120? 0.05 0.25 0.08 0.04
L. 'grinus 7 150 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.04 0.22 0.08 0.06
L. Igrinus 8 130 SR WPM +30? to +60? 0.04 0.20 0.06 0.05
L. grinus 9 110 SA WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.15 0.09 0.06
L. grinus 10 80 SA WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.12 0.08 0.06
L. 'grinus 11 120 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.04 0.17 0.08 0.06
L. grinus 12 120 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.15 0.06 0.05
L. igrinus 13 70 SA WPM +90? 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.06
L. Igrinus 14 100 SR WPM +90? to +120? 0.04 0.12 0.08 0.07
L. Igrinus 15 100 NSR +60? to +90? 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.07
L. igrinus 16 110 NSR +60? to +90? 0.04 0.10 0.08 0.05
L. igrinus 17 80 SA WPM +60? to +90? 0.04 0.25 0.09 0.06
L. igrinus 18 130 NSR +60? to +90? 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.05
L. igrinus 19 90 SA WPM +60? 0.05 0.12 0.10 0.06
L. igrinus 20 130 NSR +60? to +90? 0.05 0.20 0.12 0.06
L. igrinus 21 110 SR WPM +90? to +120? 0.04 0.17 0.08 0.06
L. igrinus 22 80 SA WPM +30? to +60? 0.04 0.10 0.08 0.03
L. 'grinus 23 90 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.08
L. grinus 24 120 SA WPM +60? to +90? 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.06
L. igrinus 25 100 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.05
L. 'grinus 26 90 SA WPM +90? to +120? 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.04
L. igrinus 27 100 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.04
L. igrinus 28 110 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.04
L. grinus 29 120 SR WPM +60? 0.03 0.10 0.06 0.04
L. grinus 30 120 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.02
L. 'grinus 31 120 SR WPM +90? 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.04
L. grinus 32 110 SR WPM +60? to +90? 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.04
L. igrinus 33 100 SR WPM +90? to +120? 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.05
SD 17.44 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.01
AVERAGE 106.67 0.05 0.13 0.10 0.05

HR, heart rate (beats per minute).

b Rhythm: SR WPM, sinus rhythm with wandering pacemaker; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; SA WPM, sinus arrhythmia with
wandering pacemaker.

enlargement, if compared with the normalresponsible for these ECG findings, as a more
parameter for Felis cati (domestic cat: 0.9 mV).4
horizontal heart position provides greater R
However, a parallel echocardiographic study3 wave amplitude in the absence of enlargement
using the same animals did not reveal any heart of the left ventricle.12
cavities' size alterations in those animals whose Xylazine is an ot2-agonist drug that causes a
R-wave was over 0.9 mV. Comparative X rays dose-dependent cardiac depression due to stimula
of the animals that presented increased andtion of a2-adrenergic receptors in the central and
normal R-wave amplitude verified that animalsperipheral nervous system. It also causes a decrease
with an R-wave over 0.9 mV presented a moreof central and peripheral norepinephrine release,
horizontal heart, relative to the thorax, whengenerating a decrease of sympathetic nervous
compared with those that presented normal Rsystem activity. Effects of xylazine on the cardio
wave amplitude (Figs. 2, 3). Positioning of the vascular system include decreased heart rate, an
heart within the thorax was presumed to be
atrioventricular blockade that can be of 1st, 2nd,

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 ODA ET AL. WILD FELIDS1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS PARAMETERS 417

Table 2. QRS complex amplitude, depression or elevation of ST segment, T-wave polarity, QT interval
duration, R-wave amplitude in CV6LL and CV6LU derivations, and T-wave polarity in V10 derivation of leopard
cats {Leopardus tigrinus) anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine, S?o Paulo, 2006.

QRS
compound
(mV) ST segment T-wave (polarity) QT interval (s) CV6LL (R in mV) CV6LU (R in mV) V,() (T-wave)
1.30 normal positive 0.22 1.77 1.87 absent
2.30 normal positive 0.25 2.10 3.20 negative
1.75 normal positive 0.24 1.10 0.35 negative
0.75 normal positive 0.21 0.60 1.25 negative
0.45 normal positive 0.23 1.60 0.55 absent
1.20 normal positive 0.24 1.20 2.50 negative
2.40 depression positive 0.20 1.00 2.10 negative
0.62 normal positive 0.21 1.20 1.50 negative
1.25 normal positive 0.22 1.35 1.40 interference
1.75 normal positive 0.24 1.80 2.05 negative
1.85 elevation positive 0.22 1.95 1.35 negative
0.82 normal positive 0.20 2.25 0.70 positive
0.65 elevation positive 0.30 0.65 0.62 negative
2.10 elevation positive 0.27 1.70 1.65 negative
1.40 normal positive 0.24 1.50 1.90 positive
1.70 normal positive 0.20 1.62 2.95 positive
1.55 elevation positive 0.30 1.90 2.15 positive
2.05 normal positive 0.20 0.87 2.55 positive
1.05 elevation positive 0.29 1.22 1.70 negative
0.87 normal positive 0.21 1.30 1.70 negative
1.95 normal positive 0.22 2.55 1.85 negative
0.87 depression positive 0.26 1.55 1.75 negative
3.05 normal positive 0.26 2.90 3.30 negative
2.00 normal positive 0.24 2.10 2.35 positive
1.85 normal positive 0.21 2.00 1.80 negative
0.72 normal positive 0.22 2.05 0.75 interference
1.80 normal positive 0.20 1.85 0.60 interference
1.40 normal positive 0.22 1.10 1.05 negative
0.90 normal positive 0.22 1.15 1.30 negative
1.10 normal positive 0.22 1.10 1.70 negative
1.10 normal positive 0.22 1.40 1.35 negative
1.85 normal positive 0.21 2.10 0.40 negative
1.30 elevation positive 0.21 1.40 0.00 interference
0.60a 0.03a 0.53a 0.82a
1.45b 0.23b 1.57b 1.58b

a Standard deviation.
h Average.

and 3rd degree, and a reduction of the circulating
blood volume.6 Ketamine is an anesthetic drug of
the dissociative group that has a primarily sympa
thomimetic character and has, as its main mecha
nisms of action, interaction with N-methyl-D
aspartate (NMDA) type receptors, selectively
reducing the excitement produced by the excitatory
aminoacids; blockage of the muscarinic receptors of
central neurons, increasing GABA inhibitor effects;
and inhibition of serotonin, dopamine, and nor
adrenaline re-uptake. The effects of ketamine on the
cardiovascular system include increased heart rate,
heart debit, and blood pressure, and a positive
inotropic action on heart musculature; however, the
reported effect on heart rhythm is controversial.6
These stimulating effects of ketamine on the
cardiovascular system can be attenuated, via
decreased sympathetic activity, by the pre-admin
istration of a2-agonists.6 Many studies can be found
about oc2-agonists and ketamine influence over the
cardiovascular system in cats,2 5 7 8 and they mainly
cite bradycardia and hypotension induction for a
xylazine-ketamine association.5 9
It is evident that ketamine and xylazine can
interfere with electrocardiographic parameters,
mainly with heart frequency and rhythm, but
anesthesia is essential for the accomplishment of
an ECG exam in wild species.

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 418 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Figure 2. X ray of anesthetized Leopardus tigrinus with an R-wave over 0.9 mV in Dil lead revealing a more
horizontal heart relative to the thorax.

No statistically significant difference between 2. Calvert, C. A., and D. B. Coulter. 1981. Electro
male and female electrocardiographic parameters cardiographic values for anesthetized cats in lateral and
sternal recumbencies. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42: 1453-1455.
was observed (Table 3), and a comparison of
3. Carvalho, P. S. L., G. G. Pereira, L. C. Petrus,
different authors' studies with other species is E. C. Soares, L. E. Michima, and M. H. M. A. Larsson.
shown in Table 4.
2007. Avaliac?o de alguns par?metros ecocardiogr?fi-'
In conclusion, the electrocardiographic parame cos do gato-do-mato (Leopardus tigrinus), mantido
ters of L. tigrinus have their own unique features em cativeiro e submetido ? anestesia com xilazina e
and emphasize that species-specific ECG param quetamina. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 59: 695-699.
eters are needed when evaluating electrocardio 4. Cote, E., and S. G. Ettinger. 2005. Electrocardi
graphs. Electrocardiographic parameters estab ography and cardiac arrhythmias. In: Ettinger, S. G.,
lished in this study can be considered normal when and E. C. Feldman (eds.). Textbook of Veterinary
Internal Medicine. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Mis
a xylazine-ketamine anesthetic protocol is used.
souri. Pp. 1040-1076.
5. Curro, T. G., D. Okeson, D. Zimmerman, D. L.
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to Armstrong, and L. G. Simmons. 2004. Xylazine
thank Fundag?o Parque Zool?gico de S?o midazolam-ketamine versus medetomidine-midazolam
Paulo's staff for their collaboration and technical ketamine anesthesia in captive Siberian tigers (Panthera
assistance. tigris altaicd). J. Zoo. Wild. Med. 35: 320-327.
6. Fantoni, D. T., and S. R. G. Cortopassi (eds.).
LITERATURE CITED 2002. Anestesia em C?es e Gatos. Roca, S?o Paulo,
Brasil. Pp. 151-173.
1. Achury, H. E. V. 1996. Contribuic?o ? padroni 7. Golden, A. L., J. M. Bright, G. B. Daniel, D.
zac?o do tracado eletrocadiogr?fico de gatos (Felis cati,Fefee, D. Schmidt, and R. C. Harvey. 1998. Cardio
Linnaeus 1758), clinicamente sadios. vascular effects of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor

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 ODA ET AL.?WILD FELIDS' ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS 419

Figure 3. X ray of anesthetized Leopardus tigrinus with an R-wave <0.9 mV in Dil lead revealing a more
vertical heart relative to the thorax. Stains on the cranial aspect of the thorax are artifacts.

disturbances. In: Small Animal Cardiovascular Medi

agonist medetomidine in clinically normal cats anesthe
tized with isoflurane. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59: 509-513. cine. Mosby, St Louis, Missouri. Pp. 72-94.
8. Grove, D. M., and E. C. Ramsay. 2000. Sedative 11. Miller, M. S., L. P. Tilley, F. W. Smith Jr, and
and physiologic effects of orally administered a2P. R. Fox. 1999. Electrocardiography. In: Fox, P. R.,
adrenoceptor agonists and ketamine in cats. J. Am. D. Sisson, and S. Moise (eds.). Canine and Feline
Vet. Med. Assoc. 216: 1929-1932. Cardiology, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. Pp. 67-105.
9. Hsu, W. H., and Z. Lu. 1984. Effect of yohimbine
on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in cats. J. Am. Vet. 12. Oda, S. G. S., M. L. Neto, J. D. L. Fedullo, R. J.
Med. Assoc. 185: 886-888. Yamato, and M. H. M. A. Larsson. 2007. Padronizac?o
10. Kitleson, M. D., and R. D. Kienle. 1998. de alguns par?metros eletrocardiograficos de animais
Electrocardiography: basic concepts, diagnosis da of especie Herpailurus yagouaroundi, mantidos em
cativeiro. R. Bras. Ci. Vet. 14: 47-50.
chambers enlargement, and intraventricular conduction

Table 3. Average and standard deviation comparison of some electrocardiographic parameters between
leopard cat (Leopardus tigrinus) males and females anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine, S?o Paulo, 2006.

Parameters Males (average ? SD) Females (average ? SD) P value

HR (bpm)a 107.61 ? 19.46 105 ? 13.81 0.657
P-wave (s) 0.05 ? 0.09 0.03 ? 0.005 0.257
P-wave (mV) 0.13 ? 0.05 0.11 ? 0.03 0.148
PR interval (s) 0.11 ? 0.10 0.08 ? 0.01 0.279
QRS compound (s) 0.05 ? 0.01 0.05 ? 0.01 0.056
QRS compound (mV) 1.44 ? 0.50 1.44 ? 0.77 0.997
QT interval (s) 0.23 ? 0.03 0.23 ? 0.02 0.915
CV6LL (R in mV) 1.51 ? 0.50 1.67 ? 0.57 0.444
CV6LU (R in mV) 1.51 ? 0.67 1.7 ? 1.04 0.592
a HR, heart rate (beats per minute).

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420 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE

Table 4. Comparison between ECG values of different studies: anesthetized leopard cats {Leopardus tigrinus),
anesthetized domestic cats (Felis cati), unanesthetized domestic cats, and anesthetized jaguarundi
(Herpailurus yagouaroundi).

Parameters L. tigrinus Calvert and Coulter2 (1981) Achury1 (1996) Oda et al.12 (2007)

HR (bpm)a 107 ? 17 206 : 52 290 ? 48 91 ? 17

Rhythm SR WPM;| ND NSR SA WPMa
P-wave 0.05 ? 0.07 (s) 0.03 : 0.01 (s) 0.04 ? 0.01 (s) 0.03 ? 0.01 (s)
0.13 ? 0.05 (mV) 0.1 : 0.05 (mV) 0.09 ? 0.04 (mV) 0.03 ? 0.10 (mV)
PR (s) 0.1 ? 0.08 0.07 : 0.01 0.06 ? 0.01 0.01 ? 0.09
QRS compound 0.05 ? 0.01 (s) 0.04 : 0.01 (s) 0.03 ? 0.01 (s) 0.05 ? 0.01 (s)
1.45 ? 0.6 (mV) 0.46 : 0.33 (mV) 0.34 ?0.18 (mV) 1.08 ? 0.45 (mV)
ST segment normal1' ND normal1' normal1'
T-wave (Dil) positive positive11 positive1' positive1'
QT (s) 0.23 ? 0.03 0.16 ? 0.03 0.15 ? 0.03 0.24 ? 0.02
R-wave CV6LL 1.57 ? 0.53 ND 0.22 ? 0.13 1.07 ? 0.55
(mV)
R-wave - CV6LU 1.58 ? 0.82 ND 0.1S 0.11 0.84 ? 0.68
(mV)
T-wave ? V,,, negative1' negative1' negative1' negative1'
Electrical axis +60 to +90 87 ? 38 +60 to +90" +60 to +90

;|HR, heart rate (beats per minute).

ND, not done; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; SA WPM: sinus arrhythmia with wandering pacemaker; SR WPM, sinus rhythm
with wandering pacemaker.
b Predominantly.

13. Oliveira, T. G.. 1994. Neotropical Cats: Ecology
and Conservation. EDUFMA, S?o Luis, Brazil, Pp. 220.
14. Oliveira, T. G., and K. Cassaro (eds.). 1999.
Guia de identificacao dos felinos brasileiros, 2nd ed.
Sociedade de Zool?gicos do Brasil, S?o Paulo, Brasil.
Pp. 60.
15. Tilley, L. P. 1992. General principles of electro
cardiography. In: Essentials of Canine and Feline
Electrocardiography, 3rd ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadel
phia, Pennsylvania. Pp. 21-55.
Received for publication I May 2007

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