This section analyzes the dynamics of transnational cooperation and how governments are affected by globalization. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES BB At the end of this section, you are expected to: 1. explain the effects of globalization on nation-states; 2. categorize the institutions that govern international relations; and Instructions: Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, write disagree. 3. differentiate internationalism from globalism. 1, The Human Rights Watch is an international advocacy organization. 2. Internationalism and internationalization are two similar ideas. ‘The Asia Pacific Economic Forum is an intergovernmental organization (IGO). 4, The United Nations Children’s Fund is an IGO that addresses worldwide health. 5, The internet is responsible for paving the way for the development of new communication networks.le?» eS 5 the state as a compulsory pol Al 1997) descr snment that maintains the legitim, we aa cman onthe other hand, the concep te thin aCe pat hold gr0UPs of People together ang ol rpelonging Ee ethnicity, language, a ing these two, anation-state can they unity that emanates from civic Alka and others (Schattle the civic society is the basis of the . 7 predefined asa political communi regitimatey execute Peace people's oneness ‘Though some scholars like Appadurai and Ohmae claim thet ou individual function and jurisdict globalization has ace Infact, they still play vital roles Sane ao vestablishes aordertess world Nation-states can i eee seivantages with international and political issue, ae civil society organizations, and multinational companies. On the other hand, they are also accountable for a host ba international norms and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to protect their economy, and face new kinds of pressures of supranational integration and focus of local fragmentation (Schattle, 2014). However, if nation- states no longer have power in today’s globalized world, then why does the United Nations (UN), with its increasing number of states, remain relevant in global decision making? . The 194 member states of UN prove that globalization has affected the | dynamics of nation-states in the context oftheir agency as legitimate holders of force in their jurisdiction, Globalization has, in a way, reshaped the role and functions of nation- States as governing bodies in their Particular territories, ca ee 1sseen to impose a forced choice upon nation- ee “Y conform to the neo-liberal ideas and free-market betnglet behind in terms of 'vatization, and free trade or run the risk of this Contemporary ay levelopment. Of course, the vation: states \6e, are forced to submit themselves to the demands of globally ace, ted fre Bu claims that nation-st ‘*-market principles, Friedman in Steger (2005) tes are i of economic soverei ‘ates are in danger of losing important elements Snty because of the notion that neo-liberalism isbeyond contestation as an aspect of globalizal states still exist but lose a part integral to th tion. In other words, nation- eir economic development ‘onomic movement. Though M-states are forced to realign ples of free trade because of and let global corporations control their ec government policies can be put in place, na their policies to be congruent with the princi the pressures from global corporations. To illustrate, the of the Association of Southeast Asian N; eae yA ‘ations (ASEAN), including the philippines, established the ASEAN Free Trade Area Prater a Its goal is to encourage the member-states to deepen their commitments in investment, trade, and industrial collaboration to brace the increase in the region's economic activity. m for the The rama effect of globalization on nation-states is the establishment of economic and political integrations. One good example is the European Union (EU) and the North America Free ‘Trade Agreement (NAFTA). EU has become a supranational body with 28 members. It has a single currency and monetary system among 17 states, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’ rights to live, work, vote, and run for office, with developed collective mechanism to resolve crises and assist those in need, and with intercontinental juris| of the European Court of Justice ropean Court of Human Rights. The statehood of the members is prudence in the cas and the solved, what has changed is only how the nation-states function, in le, 2014). not dit terms of economy and politics, as part of a whole (S The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and principles. This is obser able in the establishment of the UN as a forum for nation-states to air their differences and try that operates to resolve them. The UN Security Council has powers that include the creation of peacekeeping operations and international sanctions and the authorization of military action. Also, UN's International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes individuals accused of crimes against humanity such as genocide. The founding of ICC is based on the adoption of the Rome Stature of International Criminal Courtin 1998, with the vote of 120 to 7, with 21 abstentions. It began functioning in 2002 when the statute officially came into force. However, the United States, China, and India are not signatories. Thus, the treaty is not binding to these economic powers. Moreover, there are also universal principles that are adopted by nation-states in relation to the dynamism of globalization. Two of them are the Universal Declaration individual's ri .d the other is the of Human Rights that affirms an individual's rights an ; United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea that defines the rights of nation-states on the use of the world’s oceans.Module 2 > The Stutursof Globalization These three mentioned effects are vertica) effect globalization also has a horizontal effect which can by, obser formation of transgovernmental Networks (Slaughter, 2004 edn thg government offices connect with their counterparts in other rr in order to establish linkages that would benefit all patties, These ttes are informal institutions that connect legislators finaney ming ee other valuable individuals who are significant in oa, ingg aspects of global governance. As institutions, and individual state-participants are consciou: Policies should not be violated. The fourth effect of globalization is (TNA). Such happens when activist gi with their counterparts in other states, organization in the Philippines may cor from other human rights groups in Ei government to realign its stance and When a nation-state recognizes inte its behavior in res ou Policies are a re 's that their home coun the rise of transnae; TOUS of nation. ¢t For example, an adi onal activisn ates co Ivocacy. nnect itself with and based ‘urope to pressure th actions in upholding hy rnational interventions ‘Ponse to international Pressure, its citizens, and Bet suppor Philippine fuman tights, : and changes itreconstitutes the relationship among the nation-state, international actors (Keck & Sikkink, 1998). The fifth and last effect of globalization is the creation of new rarTunications network. Globalization binds communities through digital media. With new technologies in communication, political interaction can happen in a virtual sphere, People can exchange political perspectives through the internet, therefore Stirring political discourse on an online Platform. Because of the So-called network society (Castells, 2009), nation States must reshape themselves to become part of elahal networks in theSection 3.» The Global interstate Sytem arena of finance, education, science, pe seen in the proliferation of onlin the philippines. Conversely, Philippi non Filipinos. Thus, digital media te s ae arts, and sports. This can " e ‘cation from universities outside ne Universities offer online courses to concerns to particular government offices, Many nation-states also establish their own state-funded television networks for information dissemination as alternative to the well-established Privately-funded news networks. In the case of authoritarian and repressive states like China, Russia, and North Korea, the governments make use of media technologies to filter content that can be viewed by their citizens, On the other hand, digital media can also be used by governments to gain public support in their campaigns. Thus, social media, in particular, can become an alternative to mainstream media that advances its biased perspective, In order to facilitate connections among nation-states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) were established. Their aim is to foster strong economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental relationships. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union (EU), and World Trade Organization (WTO) are examples. Established in 1967, the Association of Southeast ——— Asian Nations (ASEAN) now has 10 member states. | Its aims are 1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region; 2) promote regional progression; 3) advance peace and sustainability; 4) promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, technical, cultural, administrative, and scientific fields; 5) provide assistance to each other in the framework of training and research installations in the educational, professional, technical, and administrative spheres; 6) work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of agriculture and industries; 7) advance Southeast Asian research; and 8) preserve close and beneficial collaboration with current international and regional institutions with similar aims and Purposes (asean.org). Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia are the members of ASEAN,scowith 28-state (eu),an ‘qhe Europes® ei fovember 1993- Its goals as established I, and the well-being of "and justice without . : 1) to promote P varity andj oa jerfeedon + able development tain ders; 3) uphold growth and price malin jon and discrimination; jentif technological progress; ’ re torial cohesion ymic, social, : member col a jiversity; and 8) establish an (europa.eu). ‘The World Trade Organization (WTO) has 164 member-states. Its oftrade on a global scale. Its objective is les the sole IGO that caters tor : de runs as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible, lowering trade barriers that may hinder how 5) promot 6) enhance econo) and solidarity am' cultural and linguistic dive economic and monetary union to ensure that trat Italso encourages trade by products and services flow from nation to nation. Some other examples of IGOs are the International Criminal Court (ACC), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). All IGOs serve purposes based on the common interest of their member-states that is deemed beneficial to all parties involved. ‘The intensification of relations among nation-states gave birth to the idea of internationalism and globalism. The former is the theory and practice of interdependent collaboration while the latter is an attitude. Internationalism is basically anchored on the opinion that nationalism should be outrun because links that bind people of different countries sana Powerful than those that disconnect them (Anora, 2014). eee as to avert wars, Immanuel Kant (1795) stated that diene is patton Sa be reached. He conceptualized the up their freedom and oe ‘which proposes that nations must give byéoniinba invseiflonet ne to a larger system of laws that is embodied government is needed 1 Principles. He believed that a form of global hand. Cusoppe re Create and enforce these laws. On the other international cooperation somo assumed that nationalism and cooperation among nation-er ne each other. He believed Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) thousr, en: Eaualy. US President lought that nations were subject to theSection 3 > The Global Interstate System universal laws of God that could be discovered through reason. He adopted the principles of self-determination, democratic government, collective security, international law, and a league of nations in his concept of internationalism. Socialist internationalism, on the other hand, contradicts liberal internationalism. This form of internationalism is based on the view that capitalism is a global system and that the working class must unite as a global class to forward the struggle against capitalism. The notion of socialist internationalism is linked to the goal of a world revolution—to end class struggle globally. The Second International (1889-1916), the original socialist international, was an organization of labor and social parties established in Paris in 1889. It is best known for declaring the International Worker's Day (May 1) and International Women's Day (March 8) and for initiating the campaign for the eight-hour work day. On the other hand, globalism emerged as an attitude that seeks to understand all the interconnections of the modern world and to highlight patterns that underlie them. It pursues to describe and explain a world that is characterized by a network of connections that span multi- continental distances. Overall, the global interstate system is a facet of contemporary political globalization that seeks to form collaboration among nation- states through the establishment of intergovernmental organizations. It is rooted on the idea of internationalism. Experts on interstate relations cannot discount the numerous effects of neoliberalism on the rise of new communication networks utilized by governments.