Received: 2 February 2022 Revised: 15 July 2022
DOI: 10.1002/mma.8702
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Analysis the dispersive nature of Love wave in
fibre-reinforced composite materials plate: A Green's
function approach
Dharmendra Kumar1
1
Department of Mathematics and
Computing, Indian Institute of
Technology (Indian School of Mines)
Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
2
Department of Applied Sciences and
Humanities, National Institute of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Hatia, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Correspondence
Dharmendra Kumar, Department of
Mathematics and Computing, Indian
Institute of Technology (Indian School of
Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand
826004, India.
Email: kdharmendra745@gmail.com
Communicated by: K Gürlebeck
Funding information
This work is supported by UGC,
Government of India under NET-JRF
Scheme (1122/ (CSIR-UGC NET DEC.
2018)) to Dharmendra Kumar.
1 I NT RO DU CT ION
The complex crustal structure of the Earth is composed of distinct materials with different properties like anisotropy, het-
erogeneity, viscoelasticity, and magnetoelasticity; due to the presence of these properties, complexity in the Earth's interior
Math Meth Appl Sci. 2022;1–18.
Accepted: 26 August 2022
Raju Kumhar1,2 Santimoy Kundu1 Shishir Gupta1
The research article mainly focuses on investigating the dispersive behaviour
of Love waves influenced by an impulsive point source in a fibre-reinforced
magnetoelastic (FRME) plate placed on functionally graded fibre-reinforced
visco-elastic (FGFRVE) semi-infinite stratum. The materials of the considered
structure have been assumed under the influence of magnetic field and function-
ally graded. The functionally graded in the lower semi-infinite space is caused
by consideration of quadratic variation in the shear moduli and mass density.
Maxwell's equation and generalised Ohm's law have been employed to calcu-
late the Laurentz force in the fibre-reinforced magnetoelastic (FRME) plate.
For solving the coupled field equations, three-dimensional Green's function and
Fourier transform are applied; consequently, the closed-form of the Love wave's
dispersion relation is obtained. The obtained dispersion curve is plotted and
compared in the numerical results and discussions by taking the different mag-
nitude of materials quantities such as reinforcement parameter, magnetoelastic
coupling parameter, functionally graded parameter, and visco-elastic parameter.
In some particular cases, the deduced dispersion equation is found to be iden-
tical to the classical Love wave equation for uniform homogeneous isotropic
cases, indicating that the assumed structures are valid. The obtained results from
the entire study can be utilised to better understand the dispersive nature of
Love wave propagation in the considered systems containing fibre-reinforced,
magnetoelastic, viscoelastic, and point sources.
K E Y WO R D S
attenuation coefficient (AC), fibre-reinforced, Green's function, phase velocity (PV), point source,
viscoelastic
M S C C L A S S I F I C AT I O N
74A40, 74A50, 74A20, 74A05, 74J15, 74J20, 74M25
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mma © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1
2 KUMAR ET AL.

increases, which harms our human civilisation. And therefore, to control the phenomena of Earth's interior and to pro-
tect the mankind from these natural disasters like Earthquakes, firestorms, hurricanes, dust storms, tornadoes, floods,
volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes, the study of seismic waves is important as they help
to understand the Earth's architecture. Particularly, the propagation of seismic waves in fibre-reinforced media performs
an important role in geomechanics, geophysics, and the construction sector as these are a group of composite materials,
such as concrete or alumina, that have the property of acting together to form a single anisotropic unit for so long as they
are in an elastic state. Primarily, Belfield et al1 proposed a mechanism of continual self-reinforcement at each point of an
elastic solid. Sengupta and Nath2 investigated the surface wave propagation in anisotropic fibre-reinforced solid elastic
media. After that, Samal and Chattaraj3 researched the propagation of surface in fibre-reinforced anisotropic layer sat-
urated between two flexible media. Singh et al4,5 proposed two different model to study the propagation of SH-wave in
fibre-reinforced materials with corrugated boundaries. The influence of point source on the propagation of a Love-type
wave in a piezoelectric composite structure has been investigated by Singh et al.6,7 To obtain the analytical formulations
for vectorial group and ray velocities in anisotropic layers with monoclinic symmetry, Ilyashenko and Kuznetsov8 con-
structed the dispersion relation for SH waves in stratified anisotropic plates with arbitrary elastic anisotropy. They also
came up with a closed-form relationship between velocities and specific kinetic and strain energy. Kuznetsov9 applied the
Cauchy sexticformalism coupled with the exponential fundamental matrix method to analyse the dispersion characteris-
tics of Lamb waves in stratified media at a broad frequency range (>50). In their studies, they observed several interesting
phenomena related to the dispersion curves of Lamb waves as the stratified plates containing a large number of layers
with different physical properties. Das et al10 presented a model to investigate the reflection and refraction of plane waves
in the composite structure of fibre-reinforced materials with piezoelectricity. Recently, Alam et al11 and Kumar et al12
generated the complex frequency relation of Love waves in fibre-reinforced composite structure.
In recent years, a new area of research have been carried out by researchers and seismologists known as magnetoe-
lasticity which explores the interplay between strain and electromagnetic fields due to its wide range of application in
domains such as seismology, geophysics, damping of acoustic waves in magnetic fields, and geomagnetic and oil prospect-
ing. One noteworthy fact concerning the magnetic and elastic characteristics of magnetoelastic materials is that it also
has an extensive practical application in the field of astrophysics, geo-tectonics, optics, and acoustics. These elastic mate-
rials can convert their electrical, mechanical, and magnetic energy from one form to another. Therefore, these materials
are highly used in modernistic areas like microwaves, lasers, supersonic devices, and infrared applications. Knopoff13 and
Chadwick14 established the concept of magnetoelasticity, which was further refined by Kaliski and Petykiewicz.15 The
theory of linear and nonlinear wave propagations in magnetisable deformable solids is presented by Maugin.16 Later on,
Chattopadhyay and Maugin17 investigated the propagation behaviour of magnetoelastic shear waves because of a momen-
tary point source in the layer over a semi-infinite medium. The effect of different characteristics like irregularity, magnetic
effect, initial stress, anisotropy, and heterogeneity on the propagation of SH-wave in an irregular monoclinic sandwiched
layer with magnetoelasticity have been studied by Singh et al.18 In recent years, some useful work related to the magne-
toelastic composite media has been covered by Majhi et al19 and Alam et al.20 After that, Kumhar et al21 approached the
numerical and analytical techniques to analyse the propagation characteristics of SH-wave due to point source in FGM
layered structure.
Viscoelasticity is an important property of the materials that basically exist inside the surface of the Earth and exhibit
two physical characteristics of the materials named as viscous and elastic. Such materials include bitumen, salt, sediments,
coal tar, and amorphous polymers. The ability to crawl, recover, undergo stress relaxation, and absorb energy is transferred
to as its properties of viscoelastic nature. The investigation of the viscoelastic behaviour of Earth's crust is available in
the literature like Cooper,22 Bhattacharya,23 and Sachoenberg.24 Kaushik and Chopra25 investigated the reflection and
transmission of plane SH-waves at the interface of two different viscoelastic media. Later on, Romeo26 has given a model
to study the effect of SH-wave at the interface of two other viscoelastic solids. Kumar et al27 analysed the higher-order
effects of SH-wave in a structure comprised of an inhomogeneous anisotropic layer and anisotropic viscoelastic half-space.
Recently, The effect of viscoelasticity, inhomogeneity and corrugation on SH-wave propagation in MEFR layer lying over
inhomogeneous viscoelastic half-space have been carried out by Kumar et al.28
The primary cause for the generation of an Earthquake is its internal body forces. These forces originated due to a single
impulsive force that is a function of both space and time travelled through a random path. Mathematically, this impul-
sive force is defined by Dirac's delta function. This kind of force gives the solution of the equation of motion in terms
of elastic displacements, which is usually solved by Green's function. Green's functions method is an effective tool to
solve the families of differential equations related to applied mathematics, fluid dynamics, elastodynamics, mechanical
KUMAR ET AL. 3

and civil engineering, and physics of solids. These methods contain many analytical and numerical techniques, such as
boundary-element, eigenstrain, singular integral equation, and dislocation. Green's function is a useful tool for studying
impulsive point sources in different media since it helps to understand better the actions connected with a concentrated
source of force at a point. Green's function is characterised by how a material medium responds to a force of impulsive
excitement based on the inherent features of the medium. Sato29 pioneered the approach of sequential reflections at the
boundaries for Love waves propagating from a single point source in a uniform layer on top of a semi-infinite homoge-
neous substratum. The relationship between Green's function and an impulsive point source is investigated by Aki and
Richard.30 Chattopadhyay et al31,32 and Alam et al20 investigated the effects of a point source on the propagation of hor-
izontally polarised shear waves (SH-waves). Apart from that, Kundu et al33 discussed the propagation of SH-wave in an
orthotropic elastic medium to study the effect of different involved parameters and observed that the velocity of SH-wave
decreases as the dimensionless wave number increases.
Other than this, some more mathematical models related to seismic sources have been carried out by some well-known
authors. Madariaga and Cochard34 generated improved Boundary Integral Equation (BIE) methods to study the slip
and rate-dependent friction models that allow them to establish adequate control of slip velocity field and stress on
the fault. To examine the perturbation propagation in the plane and spatial Lamb's problems, Kravtsov et al35 devel-
oped a model called numerical finite element models. A loading that is normal to the boundary surface and harmonic
in time causes the perturbations in this model. The uncertainty in the variation of observational error, source param-
eters, and modelling error is due to the complex behaviour of earthquakes. There are two types of rupture modes in
earthquake models with dynamic weakening: Expanding-crack and self-healing pulse modes. And to study the dynamic
rupture of crack-like to pulse-like modes, the spectral properties of seismic sources have been applied by Halldorsson and
Papageorgiou.36 Recently, Wang and Day37 developed a model called the specific barrier model (SBM), which is a par-
ticular case of composite seismic source model in the manner in which seismic moment is distributed in a deterministic
method on the fault plane because of moment and area constraints. In his study, they relax the basic assumptions of the
SBM due to the subevent size described by the probability density function, which controls the frequency of the occur-
rence of subevent sizes. Thus, the SBM appears to come up with an effective and simple explanation which covers the
important characteristics of seismic source composite media.
So far, the propagation of the Love wave due to a point source has received no mathematical investigation in
fibre-reinforced material containing magnetoelastic properties in the layer and functionally graded and viscoelasticity in
the half-space. This motivated us to take the present model in our study. In this article, we have discussed the esteemed
mannerism of Love wave propagating in a fibre-reinforced magnetoelastic (FRME) layer of width H laid over a func-
tionally graded fibre-reinforced viscoelastic (FGFRVE) half-space. The propagation of Love waves originated from an
impulsive point source situated in the middle of FRME layer and FGFRVE half-space with different parameters like func-
tionally graded, reinforcement, and viscoelastic. In this study, the complex wave number k = k1 (1 + i𝛿) is taken for Love
wave. Here, the imaginary party 𝛿 represents the AC of the Love wave. Greens function technique has been applied to
solve the problem with a unit impulsive force, which can be represented as the Dirac delta function. The closed-form of the
frequency equation is determined, resulting in the real portion of the dispersion relation and the imaginary component
of the AC.
Novelty: The novelty of the present work has been encapsulated below:
• To analyse the impact of source point of disturbance on the Love wave propagation in MEFR-FGFRVE layered
structure.
• The concept of magnetoelasticity in the layer, as well as functionally graded and viscoelasticity in the half-space,
adds a new dimension to the current literature on Love waves.
• The functionally graded of the Earth's crust increases as we go on increasing the depth of the Earth. And there-
fore, taking the quadratic variation of rigidity and density in the half-space of the considered model gives more
eminent exemplification of the functionally graded Earth's model and makes the research more flexible to the real
structure.
• The obtained result of the Love wave given by Equation (60) is compared with two different cases:
(I) When the half-space is free from functionally graded.
(II) When the original result coincides with the classical Love wave equation.
4 KUMAR ET AL.

FIGURE 1 Structure of the problem [Colour figure can be viewed

at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

2 D E S I G N OF T HE PRO B LE M

We
[ are ] considering a structure in which a Love wave propagating due [ to a] point source (S) in a FRME layer (L1 ∶ 𝓏 ∈
0, H ) of fixed width H lying over a FGFRVE half-space (L2 ∶ 𝓏 ∈ H, ∞ ) along with the Cartesian coordinate system
𝓍𝓎𝓏 as indicated in Figure 1. The variation in the rigidity and density for the half-space are taken to be quadratically
varying with depth including 𝜖 as the functionally graded parameter. The disturbance point source (S) is located where
the layer and half-space meeting on 𝓏-axis. Let 𝓊p , 𝓋p and 𝓌p (p = 1, 2) denotes the components of displacement for the
FRME layer and FGFRVE half-space along the direction of 𝓍 , 𝓎, and 𝓏, respectively. We considered Love waves travelling
along the 𝓍-axis and solely generating displacement in the 𝓎-direction. So, our assumptions are as follows:

𝓊p (𝓍, 𝓏, 𝓉) = 0 = 𝓌p (𝓍, 𝓏, 𝓉), 𝓋p = 𝓋p (𝓍, 𝓏, 𝓉) ; (p = 1, 2.)

𝜕
Additionally, there is no accession rate along 𝑦-axis, that is, 𝜕𝓎
= 0.

2.1 Solution of the top-most FRME layer with a point source

The constitutive relation for linearly elastic fiber-reinforced media is provided by Belfield et al1 and is given by

𝜎 pq = 2𝜇T1 epq + 𝜆ekk 𝛿pq + 𝛼(ap aq ekk + ak am ekm 𝛿pq ) + 2(ap ak ekq + ak aq ekp )(𝜇L1 − 𝜇T1 ) + 𝛽am ak ap aq ekm .
(1)
p, q, k, m = 1, 2, 3,

where 𝜎 pq represents stress components, 𝛿pq represents Kronecker delta, and ap represents a⃗ components with a21 +
a22 + a23 = 1. 𝜆, 𝛼, 𝛽, (𝜇L1 − 𝜇T1 ) are elastic constants that have a stress dimension. 𝜇L1 and 𝜇T1 can be recognised as the
longitudinal and transverse shear modulus, respectively.
When there isn't any force exerted by the body, the governing equation of motion for a point source (S) is

𝜕 2 𝓊p
𝜎 pq,q + F p = 𝜌 (p, q = 1, 2, 3), (2)
𝜕𝓉2

where 𝓊p be the component of displacement for the medium in pth direction and F p is the forces at the emergence with
respect to the coordinates where the elastic displacements are calculated. If the medium is fully conducting and has a
force 𝒥⃗ × ℬ⃗ called electromagnetic force or Lorentz force, then Equation (2) is written as

𝜕 2 𝓊p
⃗ p + Fp = 𝜌
𝜎 pq,q + (𝒥⃗ × ℬ) (p, q = 1, 2, 3). (3)
𝜕𝓉2

⃗ p represents force components in the direction of p, 𝒥⃗ means the electric current, and the magnetic
Here, (𝒥⃗ × ℬ)
⃗
induction vector is represented by ℬ.
KUMAR ET AL. 5

As a result, for the upper layer, the only equation of motion that is not disappearing is

𝜕𝜎 12 𝜕𝜎 23 𝜕 2 𝓊p
+ ⃗ 𝓎 − 𝜌1
+ (𝒥⃗ × ℬ) = 4𝜋𝜏1 (𝓇, 𝓉), (4)
𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓏 𝜕𝓉2

where 𝜌1 is the medium's density and 𝜏1 (𝓇, 𝓉) be the upper layer's force density distribution function owing to a point
source and [ ( )]
𝜕𝓋 𝜕𝓋 𝜕𝓋
𝜎 12 = 𝜇T1 1 + a1 (𝜇L1 − 𝜇T1 ) a1 1 + a3 1 , (5)
𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓏
[ ( )]
𝜕𝓋1 𝜕𝓋1 𝜕𝓋1
𝜎 23 = 𝜇T1 + a3 (𝜇L1 − 𝜇T1 ) a1 + a3 . (6)
𝜕𝓏 𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓏
Now, in order to determine the Lorentz force in the FRME layer, we will use the well-known Maxwell's equation for
electromagnetic force as

⃗
⃗ × ℰ⃗ = − 𝜕 ℬ ,
∇ ⃗ = 𝒥⃗ ,
⃗ ×ℋ
∇ ⃗ · ℬ⃗ = 0,
∇ ⃗.
ℬ⃗ = 𝜇e ℋ (7)
𝜕𝓉

The generalised Ohm's law, on the other hand, is provided by

( )
𝜕𝓊
⃗ ⃗ + ℰ⃗ .
𝒥⃗ = 𝜎 ×ℋ (8)
𝜕𝓉

Here, ℰ⃗ denotes the induced electric field, ℋ

⃗ generates magnetic fields (MF) that are both primary and induced, and 𝜎
and 𝜇e represents the conduction
( co-efficient
)M and induced permeability, respectively.
The Maxwell's stress tensor 𝜎p,q 0 x by the reason of MF is given by

( 0 )Mx
𝜎p,q = 𝜇e [𝒽q ℋ p +𝒽p ℋ q −𝒽k ℋ k 𝛿pq]. (9)

Suppose ℋ⃗ = (ℋ 1 , ℋ 2 , ℋ 3 ) and 𝒽i = (𝒽1 , 𝒽2 , 𝒽3 ) such that the change in MF is denoted by 𝒽p . The displacement
current was not taken into account when writing the preceding equation; now from Equations (7) and (8), we get

[ ( )]
𝜕ℋ⃗ 𝜕𝓊⃗p
⃗
∇ ℋ = 𝜇e 𝜎
2 ⃗
+∇× ⃗
×ℋ . (10)
𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓉

Equation (7) can be stated in component form as

𝜕ℋ x 1 2
= ∇ ℋ x,
𝜕𝓉 𝜇e 𝜎
[ ( ) ( )]
𝜕ℋ 𝑦 1 2 𝜕 𝜕𝓋 𝜕 𝜕𝓋
= ∇ ℋ𝑦 + ℋx 1 + ℋz 1 , (11)
𝜕𝓉 𝜇e 𝜎 𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓏 𝜕𝓉
𝜕ℋ z 1 2
= ∇ ℋ z.
𝜕𝓉 𝜇e 𝜎

When 𝜎 → ∞, we have a fully conducting medium. Then Equation (11) becomes

𝜕ℋ x 𝜕ℋ z
= 0 = , (12)
𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓉

and [ ( ) ( )]
𝜕ℋ 𝑦 𝜕 𝜕𝓋1 𝜕 𝜕𝓋1
= ℋx + ℋz . (13)
𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓏 𝜕𝓉
6 KUMAR ET AL.

Thus, from the above two equations, we conclude that there exist no perturbation in ℋ x and ℋ z ; however, there may
be in ℋ 𝑦 , thus a minor perturbation 𝒽2 (say) in ℋ 𝑦 is appropriate. We have

ℋ x = ℋ 01 , ℋ 𝑦 = ℋ 02 +𝒽2 , ℋ z = ℋ 03 . (14)

Here, MF is initially represented as ℋ⃗ 0 = (ℋ 01 , ℋ 02 , ℋ 03 ). Suppose ℋ⃗ 0 = (ℋ 0 cos 𝜙, 0, ℋ 0 sin 𝜙) with ℋ 0 equaling

|ℋ⃗ 0 |, and 𝜙 denoting the direction that the wave intersects the MF. And therefore we can have

⃗ = (ℋ 0 cos 𝜙, 𝒽2 , ℋ 0 sin 𝜙).

ℋ (15)

Initially, 𝒽2 = 0.
Using Equation (15) in Equation (13), we get
[ ]
𝜕𝒽2 𝜕 𝜕𝓋1 𝜕𝓋1
= ℋ 0 cos 𝜙 + ℋ 0 sin 𝜙 . (16)
𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓉 𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓏

Integrating Equation (16), we get

[ ]
𝜕𝓋 𝜕𝓋
𝒽2 = ℋ 0 cos 𝜙 1 + sin 𝜙 1 . (17)
𝜕𝓍 𝜕𝓏
Taking the help of Equations (7) and (8), we get
[( ) ]
𝒥⃗ × ℬ⃗ = 𝜇e ⃗ ·∇
ℋ ⃗ ℋ ⃗ − 1 ∇ℋ
⃗ 2 . (18)
2

The component that does not vanish of Equation (18) is attained as

( ) [ ]
𝜕 2 𝓋1 𝜕 2 𝓋1 2 𝜕 𝓋1
2
𝒥⃗ × ℬ⃗ = 𝜇e ℋ 0 2 cos2 𝜙 + sin 2𝜙 + sin 𝜙 . (19)
𝓎 𝜕𝓍2 𝜕𝓍𝜕𝓏 𝜕𝓏2

Substituting Equations (5), (6), and (19) in Equation (4), we get

𝜕 2 𝓋1 𝜕 2 𝓋1 𝜕 2 𝓋1 𝜕 2 𝓋1
P1 + Q 1 + R1 − 𝜌1 = 4𝜋𝜏1 (𝓇, 𝓉), (20)
𝜕𝓍2 𝜕𝓍𝜕𝓏 𝜕𝓏2 𝜕𝓉2

where [ ( ) ]
𝜇L1
P1 = 𝜇T1 1 − a1 2
1− + XH cos 𝜙 ,
2
𝜇T1
[ ( )]
𝜇L1
Q1 = 𝜇 T1 XH sin 2𝜙 − 2a1 a3 1− ,
𝜇T1
[ ( ) ] (21)
𝜇L1
R1 = 𝜇T1 1 − a3 2 1− + XH sin2 𝜙 , and
𝜇T1
𝜇e ℋ 0 2
XH = .
𝜇T1
Substituting 𝓋1 (𝓍, 𝓏, 𝓉) = 𝒱 1 (𝓍, 𝓏)ei𝜔𝓉 and 𝜏1 (𝓇.𝓉) = 𝜏1 (𝓇)ei𝜔𝓉 , then we obtain

𝜕 2 𝒱 1 P1 𝜕 2 𝒱 1 Q1 𝜕 2 𝒱 1 𝜌1 𝜔2 4𝜋𝜏1 (𝓇)
+ + + 𝒱1 = . (22)
𝜕𝓏2 R1 𝜕𝓍2 R1 𝜕𝓍𝜕𝓏 R1 R1

An impulsive force 𝜏1 (𝓇) causes a disturbance that can be described when considering the Dirac-delta function at the
source point as 𝜏1 (𝓇) = 𝛿(𝓍)𝛿(𝓏 − H), 𝜔 act as the angular frequency and so the FRME layer with an impulsive point
KUMAR ET AL. 7

source has the following equation of motion:

𝜕 2 𝒱 1 P1 𝜕 2 𝒱 1 Q1 𝜕 2 𝒱 1 𝜌1 𝜔2 4𝜋𝛿(𝓍)𝛿(𝓏 − H)
+ + + 𝒱1 = . (23)
𝜕𝓏2 R1 𝜕𝓍2 R1 𝜕𝓍𝜕𝓏 R1 R1

When attempting to solve Equation (23), the Fourier transform is defined as

∞
1
𝑓 𝒾 (𝜓, 𝓏) = 𝓋𝒾 (𝓍, 𝓏)e𝒾𝜓𝓍 d𝓍 (𝒾 = 1, 2), (24)
2𝜋 ∫−∞
along with the inverse Fourier transform,

∞
𝓋𝒾 (𝓍, 𝓏) = 𝑓 𝒾 (𝜓, 𝓏)e−𝒾𝜓𝓍 d𝜓 (𝒾 = 1, 2). (25)
∫−∞

Using Fourier transform in Equation (23) for 𝒾 = 1, we obtain

d2 𝑓 1 d𝑓 2𝛿(𝓏 − H)
2
+ 𝑓1 1 + 𝑓2 𝑓 1 = = 4𝜋𝜏1 (𝓏), (26)
d𝓏 d𝓏 R1
where
𝒾𝜓Q1 𝜌1 𝜔2 𝜓 2 P1
𝑓1 = ; 𝑓2 = − .
R1 R1 R1
−𝑓1 𝓏
Taking 𝑓 1 = g1 (𝓏)e 2 , then we get
d2 g 1
− 𝑓3 2 g1 = 4𝜋𝜏11 (𝓏), (27)
d𝓏2
where
√
𝑓1 𝓏 𝑓1 2
𝜏11 (𝓏) = e 2 𝜏1 (𝓏) and 𝑓3 = − 𝑓2 .
4

2.2 Solution of the lower FGFRVE half-space

Belfield et al1 provide the constitutive relation for linearly elastic fibre-reinforced media between stress and strain
represented by 𝜎 pq and ekk over the preferred direction b⃗ is given by

𝜎 pq = 2𝜇T2 epq + 𝜆ekk 𝛿pq + 𝛼(bp bq ekk + bk bm ekm 𝛿pq ) + 2(bp bk ekq + bk bq ekp )(𝜇L2 − 𝜇T2 ) + 𝛽bm bk bp bq ekm ,
(28)
p, q, k, m = 1, 2, 3,

with bp as the components of b⃗ such that b21 + b22 + b23 = 1, (𝜇L2 − 𝜇T2 ) are reinforcement coefficient where
( ) ( ) ( )
𝜇L2 = 𝜇l2 + 𝜖 𝓏 − H 2 (1 + 𝒾𝜔), 𝜇T2 = 𝜇t2 + 𝜖 𝓏 − H 2 (1 + 𝒾𝜔), 𝜌 = 𝜌2 + 𝜖 𝓏 − H 2

and
𝜇l2 = (𝜇l2 + 𝒾𝜔𝜇l′ ), 𝜇t2 = (𝜇t2 + 𝒾𝜔𝜇t′2 ),
2

where 𝜇l2 and 𝜇t2 are the longitudinal and transverse shear modulus, respectively. Also, 𝜇l′ and 𝜇t′ are viscoelastic
2 2
coefficients. 𝜌2 and 𝜖 are the density and functionally graded parameter for the lower FGFRVE half-space.
Similarly, proceeding as above to get the motion equation for the FGFRVE half-space as

d2 𝑓 2 d𝑓
+ g1 2 + g2 𝑓 2 = 4𝜋𝜏2 (𝓏), (29)
d𝓏2 d𝓏
8 KUMAR ET AL.

where
𝒾𝜓Q2 𝜌2 𝜔2 𝜓 2 P2
g1 = ; g2 = − ,
R2 R2 R2

P2 = 𝜇t2 − b1 2 (𝜇t2 − 𝜇l2 ), Q2 = −2b1 b3 (𝜇t2 − 𝜇l2 ), R2 = 𝜇t2 − b3 2 (𝜇t2 − 𝜇l2 ), and
[ ]
( ) d2 𝑓 2 d𝑓 2 (( ) ( ) )
−𝜖
4𝜋𝜏2 (𝓏) = 𝓏−H 2
(1 + 𝒾𝜔) + 2(𝓏 − H)(1 + 𝒾𝜔) + 𝓏 − H 𝜔 − 𝜓 𝓏 − H (1 + 𝒾𝜔) 𝑓2 . (30)
2 2 2 2
R2 d𝓏2 d𝓏
−g1 𝓏
For the elimination of the first derivative substituting 𝑓2 = g2 (𝓏) e 2 , then Equation (29) becomes

d2 g 2
− g3 2 g2 = 4𝜋𝜏22 (𝓏), (31)
d𝓏2

where √
g1 𝓏 g1 2
𝜏22 (𝓏) = e 2 𝜏2 (𝓏) and g3 = − g2 .
4

3 BOUNDA RY CO NDITIONS AND FREQUENCY EQUATIONS

The uppermost surface of FRME layer is traction free; that is, at z = 0,

( )
d𝑓 1 𝑓1
R1 + 𝑓1 = 0. (32)
d𝓏 2

Displacements are continuous at the common interface of the FRME layer and FGFRVE half-space; that is, at z = H,

𝑓 1 = 𝑓 2. (33)

And the stresses are continuous at the common interface of the FRME layer and FGFRVE half-space; that is, at z = H,
( ) ( )
d𝑓 1 𝑓1 d𝑓 2 g1
R1 + 𝑓1 = R2 + 𝑓2 . (34)
d𝓏 2 d𝓏 2

Thus, Equations (27) and (31) together with the boundary condition (32) to (34) gives the complete mathematical model
d𝒢 (𝓏∕𝓏 )
of the problem. If 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) is the upper FRME layer's Greens function with the condition 1 d𝓏 0 = 0, at both the
points ‡ = ′ and 𝓏 = H. As a result, the equation that is satisfied by 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) is

d2 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 )
− 𝑓3 2 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) = 𝛿(𝓏−𝓏0 ), (35)
d𝓏2

where 𝓏0 and 𝓏 are the arbitrary and field points in the upper FRME layer, respectively.
Suppose Equations (27) and (35) are multiplied by[ 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏] 0 ) and g1 (𝓏), respectively, and after that subtracting and
integrating with respect to 𝓏 over the closed interval 0, H , we get

( ) [ dg ] ( )
1 2 𝑓12H
𝒢1 H∕𝓏0 = e 𝒢1 H∕𝓏0 − g1 (𝓏0 ). (36)
d𝓏 𝓏=H R1

Taking 𝓏0 in place of 𝓏 in Equation (36), and using the symmetry characteristics of Greens function, we get
[ ]
2 𝑓12H dg1
g1 (𝓏) = e 𝒢1 (𝓏∕H) − 𝒢1 (𝓏∕H) .
R1 d𝓏 𝓏=H
KUMAR ET AL. 9

And, therefore,
[ ( ) ]
−𝑓1 2 d𝑓 1 𝑓1
𝑓 1 (𝓏) = e 2
(𝓏−H)
𝒢1 (𝓏∕H) − 𝒢1 (𝓏∕H) + 𝑓 1 (𝓏) . (37)
R1 d𝓏 2
𝓏=H

Assume that 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) are Green's function for the FGFRVE half-space, then we have

d2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 )
− g3 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) = 𝛿(𝓏−𝓏0 ), (38)
d𝓏2

together with the homogeneous boundary conditions

d𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 )
= 0 at 𝓏 = H and come closer to 0 as 𝓏 → ∞. (39)
d𝓏

[ 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏
Again, suppose Equations (31) and (38) are multiplied by ] 0 ) and g2 (𝓏), respectively, and after that subtracting
and integrating with respect to 𝓏 over the closed interval H, ∞ , we have

( ) [ dg ] ∞ g1 𝓏
2
−𝒢2 H∕𝓏0 = 4𝜋 𝜏2 (𝓏)e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) d𝓏 − g2 (𝓏0 ). (40)
d𝓏 𝓏=H
∫H

When 𝓏0 is used in Equation (40) in place of 𝓏, the value of g2 (𝓏) at any position in the lower FGFRVE half-space is

[ ] ∞
dg2 g 1 𝓏0
g2 (𝓏) = 𝒢2 (𝓏∕H) + 4𝜋 𝜏2 (𝓏0 )e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) d𝓏0 .
d𝓏 𝓏=H
∫H

Therefore,
[ ( ) ]
∞
−g1 𝓏 g1 H d𝑓 2 g1 g 1 𝓏0
𝑓 2 (𝓏) = e 2 e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕H) + 𝑓 2 (𝓏) + 4𝜋 𝜏2 (𝓏0 )e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) d𝓏0 . (41)
d𝓏 2 ∫H
𝓏=H

With respect to boundary condition (33), we have

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) d𝑓 1 𝑓1 ( ) d𝑓 2 g1
2
𝒢1 H∕H − 𝒢1 H∕H + 𝑓 1 (𝓏) = 𝒢2 H∕H + 𝑓 2 (𝓏)
R1 d𝓏 2 d𝓏 2
𝓏=H 𝓏=H (42)
−g1 H
∞ g 1 𝓏0
+ 4𝜋e 2 𝜏2 (𝓏0 )e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) d𝓏.
∫H

Using above-mentioned boundary condition (32), Equation (42) takes the form

( ) [ ]
d𝑓 1 𝑓1 ( ) ∞ g 1 𝓏0
( )
1 2 −g1 H
+ 𝑓 1 (𝓏) = 𝒢2 H∕H − 4𝜋e 2 𝜏2 (𝓏0 )e 2 𝒢2 H∕𝓏0 d𝓏0 , (43)
d𝓏 2 A1 R1 ∫H
𝓏=H

where
( ) ( ) ( )
R1
A1 = 𝒢1 H∕H + 𝒢2 H∕H .
R2 𝓏=H
10 KUMAR ET AL.

( )
d𝑓 1 𝑓1
Changing the values of d𝓏
+ 2 1
𝑓 (𝓏) and 4𝜋𝜏2 (𝓏0 ) from Equations (43) and (30) in Equation (37), we obtain
𝓏=H

−𝑓1 g1 H −𝑓1
2𝒢1 (𝓏∕H)𝒢2 (H∕H)e 2 (𝓏−H) 𝜖e 2 𝒢1 (𝓏∕H)e 2 (𝓏−H)
𝑓 1 (𝓏) = 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H) −
R2 R2 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H)
{
∞
d 𝑓2
2
d𝑓 (44)
× ((𝓏0 − H)2 + 2(𝓏0 − H) 2 )(1 + 𝒾𝜔)
∫H d𝓏02 d𝓏0
} g 1 𝓏0
+ (𝜔2 − (1 + 𝒾𝜔)𝜓 2 )(𝓏0 − H)2 𝑓 2 (𝓏0 ) e 2 𝒢2 (H∕𝓏0 )d𝓏0 .

Following the use of boundary conditions (34), Equation (41) gives

−g1 −g1 𝓏 −g1

2𝒢1 (H∕H)𝒢2 (𝓏∕H)e 2 𝜖R1 e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕H)e 2 (𝓏−H)
(𝓏−H)
𝑓 2 (𝓏) = + { }
R2 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H) R2 R2 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H)
{
∞
d2 𝑓 2 d𝑓
× ((𝓏0 − H)2 + 2(𝓏0 − H) 2 )(1 + 𝒾𝜔)
∫H d𝓏0 2 d𝓏0
} g 1 𝓏0 (45)
+(𝜔2 − (1 + 𝒾𝜔)𝜓 2 )(𝓏0 − H)2 𝑓 2 (𝓏0 ) e 2 𝒢2 (H∕𝓏0 )d𝓏0
−g1 𝓏
{
𝜖e 2 −g21 (𝓏−H)
∞
d2 𝑓 2 d𝑓
− e ((𝓏0 − H)2 + 2(𝓏0 − H) 2 )(1 + 𝒾𝜔)
R2 ∫H d𝓏20 d𝓏0
} g 1 𝓏0
+(𝜔2 − (1 + 𝒾𝜔)𝜓 2 )(𝓏0 − H)2 𝑓 2 (𝓏0 ) e 2 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 )d𝓏0 .

Utilising the successive approximation method, the value of 𝑓 2 (𝓏) can be procured from Equation (45), and when
substituted in Equation (44), we get the value of 𝑓 1 (𝓏), which gives the displacement in the upper FRME layer, and we'll
use the first-order approximation because the higher order of 𝜖 can be ignored and is obtained as

−g1
(𝓏−H)
2𝒢1 (H∕H)𝒢2 (𝓏∕H)e 2
𝑓 2 (𝓏) = . (46)
R2 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H)

If 𝑓 2 (𝓏) is assumed to have homogeneous value, Equation (46) provides the displacement at any position in the lower
FGFRVE medium. Substituting this value of 𝑓 2 (𝓏) in Equation (44), we obtain

−𝑓1 −𝑓1
2𝒢1 (𝓏∕H)𝒢2 (H∕H)e 22𝜖e 2 (𝓏−H) 𝒢1 (𝓏∕H)𝒢1 (H∕H)
(𝓏−H)
𝑓 1 (𝓏) = −{ }2
R2 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H) R2 𝒢1 (H∕H) + R1 𝒢2 (H∕H)
{
∞
d2 𝒢2 (𝓏0 ∕H) d𝒢2 (𝓏0 ∕H) (47)
× ((𝓏0 − H)2 + 2(𝓏0 − H) )(1 + 𝒾𝜔)
∫H d𝓏20 d𝓏0
} g 1 𝓏0
+ (𝜔2 − (1 + 𝒾𝜔)𝜓 2 )(𝓏0 − H)2 𝒢2 (𝓏0 ∕H) e 2 𝒢2 (H∕𝓏0 )d𝓏0 ,

which represents the elastic displacement in space and time because of a single impulse force. The value of 𝑓 1 can be
derived from Equation (47), If the values of two unknowns 𝒢1 (𝓏∕H) and 𝒢2 (𝓏∕H) are known. Let us suppose 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 )
as the solution of Equation (35). The following procedure can also be used to achieve the solution to Equation (35).
We have
d2 𝜉
− 𝑓3 2 𝜉 = 0. (48)
d𝓏2
KUMAR ET AL. 11

The two independent solutions of Equation (48), vanishing at 𝓏 = −∞ and 𝓏 = ∞, are 𝜉1 (𝓏) = e𝑓3 𝓏 and 𝜉2 (𝓏) = e−𝑓3 𝓏 .
Therefore, the solution of Equation (48) for an infinite medium is

𝜉1 (𝓏)𝜉2 (𝓏0 )
for 𝓏< 𝓏0 ,
W

𝜉1 (𝓏0 )𝜉2 (𝓏)

for 𝓏> 𝓏0 ,
W
where

W = 𝜉1 (𝓏)𝜉2 ′ (𝓏) − 𝜉1 ′ (𝓏)𝜉2 (𝓏) = −2𝑓3 ≠ 0.

−𝑓3 |𝓏−𝓏0 |
Therefore, the solution of Equation (35) is − e 2𝑓3
.
Since 𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) is to satisfy the condition

d𝒢1
= 0 at 𝓏 = 0 , H, (49)
d𝓏

so, we can suppose that

e−𝑓3 |𝓏−𝓏0 |
𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) = D1 e𝑓3 𝓏 + D2 e−𝑓3 𝓏 − .
2𝑓3
Here, D1 and D2 are random constants that can be determined with the condition (49); we finally get
[ ]
−1 −𝑓3 |𝓏−𝓏0 | e𝑓3 𝓏 (e−𝑓3 (H+𝓏0 ) + e−𝑓3 (H−𝓏0 ) ) e−𝑓3 𝓏 (e𝑓3 (H−𝓏0 ) + e−𝑓3 (H−𝓏0 ) )
𝒢1 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) = e + + . (50)
2𝑓3 (e𝑓3 H − e−𝑓3 H ) (e𝑓3 H − e−𝑓3 H )

Therefore,
[ ]
−1 e𝑓3 𝓏 + e−𝑓3 𝓏
𝒢1 (𝓏∕H) = , (51)
𝑓3 e𝑓3 H − e−𝑓3 H

[ ]
−1 e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H
𝒢1 (H∕H) = . (52)
𝑓3 e𝑓3 H − e−𝑓3 H

In the same manner, we can find the value of 𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) as

[ ]
−1 −g3 |𝓏−𝓏0 |
𝒢2 (𝓏∕𝓏0 ) = e + e−g3 (𝓏+𝓏0 −2H) , (53)
2g3

and so
−e−g3 (𝓏0 −H)
𝒢2 (H∕𝓏0 ) = , (54)
g3

−1
𝒢2 (H∕H) = . (55)
g3
Putting all these values in Equation (47), we get

{ }
⎡ 𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) (1 + 𝜓 )(1 + 𝒾𝜔) − 𝜔
2 2 ⎤
−2e
−𝑓1
2
(𝓏−H)
(e𝑓3 𝓏
+e−𝑓3 𝓏
) ⎢ 𝜖(e g3 2 g3 2 ⎥
𝑓 1 (𝓏) = ⎢1 − { }⎥ . (56)
R2 g3 (e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) + R1 𝑓3 (e𝑓3 H −e−𝑓3 H )⎢ 4g3 R2 g3 (e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) + R1 𝑓3 (e𝑓3 H − e−𝑓3 H ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
12 KUMAR ET AL.

Mistreated the higher power of 𝜖, Equation (56) can be approached as

−𝑓1
−2e 2 (e𝑓3 𝓏 + e−𝑓3 𝓏 )
(𝓏−H)
𝑓 1 (𝓏) = [ { } ]. (57)
{ } 2 2
𝜖(e𝑓3 H +e−𝑓3 H ) (1+ 𝜓 2 )(1+𝒾𝜔)− 𝜔 2
R2 g3 (e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) + R1 𝑓3 (e𝑓3 H −𝑓 H g3 g3
−e 3 ) 1+ { 𝑓 H 𝑓 H
}
4g3 R2 g3 (e −𝑓 H
3 +e 3 )+R1 𝑓3 (e
−𝑓 H 3 −e 3 )

After applying the inverse Fourier transform in Equation (57), the component of displacement in the upper FRME layer
may be acquired as
−𝑓1
∞
e 2 (e𝑓3 𝓏 + e−𝑓3 𝓏 )e−𝒾𝜓𝓍 d𝜓
(𝓏−H)
𝒱 1 (z) = −2 [ { } ]. (58)
∫−∞ { } 2 2
𝜖(e𝑓3 H +e−𝑓3 H ) (1+ 𝜓 2 )(1+𝒾𝜔)− 𝜔 2
R2 g3 (e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) + R1 𝑓3 (e𝑓3 H
g3 g3
− e−𝑓3 H ) 1+ { 𝑓 H 𝑓 H
}
4g3 R2 g3 (e −𝑓 H
3 +e 3 )+R1 𝑓3 (e
−𝑓 H 3 −e 3 )

By setting the denominator of the aforementioned integral to zero, one can obtain the dispersion relation of Love waves,
that is,
{ }
⎡ ⎤
𝜖(e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) (1 + g𝜓 2 )(1 + 𝒾𝜔) − g𝜔 2
2 2
{ }⎢ ⎥
𝑓3 H 𝑓3 H
−𝑓3 H
) + R1 𝑓3 (e −𝑓3 H
{ } ⎥ = 0.
3 3
R2 g3 (e +e −e ) ⎢1 + (59)
⎢ 4g3 R2 g3 (e𝑓3 H + e−𝑓3 H ) + R1 𝑓3 (e𝑓3 H − e−𝑓3 H ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦

After putting 𝑓3 = 𝒾k𝛾1 , g3 = k𝛾2 , and 𝜓 = k, Equation (59) can be treated as the dispersion relation of Love waves in
FRME layer lying over FGFRVE half-space
[ ( ) ]
R2 𝛾2 𝜖 1 c2
tan (kH𝛾1 ) = + 2 (1 + 𝒾𝜔) 1 + 2 − 2 , (60)
R1 𝛾1 4k 𝛾1 𝛾2 R1 𝛾2 𝛾2

where √ √
Q1 2 c2 𝜌1 P1 P2 c2 𝜌2 Q2 2
𝛾1 = ( ) + − and 𝛾2 = − −( ).
2R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 2R2

4 PA RT I C U LAR CASE S

4.1 Case I
When 𝜖 = 0, then Equation (60) takes the form

R2 𝛾2
tan (kH𝛾1 ) = . (61)
R1 𝛾1

This is the dispersion relation for the propagation of Love waves in a magnetoelastic fibre-reinforced layer on top of a
homogeneous viscoelastic half-space when a point source is present.

4.2 Case II
When a1 = a3 = b1 = b3 = 0, XH = 0, 𝜇T1 = 𝜇L1 = 𝜇1 , 𝜇 t2 = 𝜇l2 = 𝜇2 , and 𝜇l′ = 𝜇t′ = 0, then dispersion relation in
2 2
Equation (61) takes the form √
( √ ) 2
𝜇t2 1 − 𝛽c
c2
,
2
tan kH −1 = √ 2 (62)
𝛽1 c
𝜇T1 𝛽 − 1
√𝜇 √𝜇
1

where 𝛽1 = 𝜌 and 𝛽2 = 𝜌 .
1 2

1 2

Equation (62) is the well-known classical Love waves equation.38

KUMAR ET AL. 13

FIGURE 2 Variations of (A) PV and

(B) AC against k1 H for distinct values of
a1 and a3 [Colour figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 3 Variations of (A) PV and

(B) AC against k1 H for distinct values of
b1 and b3 [Colour figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

5 NUMERICAL CO MPUTAT ION AND DISCUSSIONS

In order to demonstrate the effective features of involved parameters, namely, reinforcement parameter ((a1 2 , a3 2 ) →
𝜇′ 𝜇′
layer, (b1 2 , b3 2 ) → half-space ), magnetoelastic coupling parameter (XH ), viscoelastic parameter (W1 = 𝜔 𝜇t2 , W2 = 𝜔 𝜇l2 ),
t2 l2

and functionally graded parameter (W3 = k𝜖 ) in the dispersion relation (60) on a point source propagation of Love wave,
the numerical values of material constants are taken as
For FRME layer (Chattopadhyay and Choudhury39 )

𝜇T1 = 4.4 × 109 N/m2 , 𝜇L1 = 1.89 × 109 N/m2 , and𝜌1 = 5600 kg/m3

For FGFRVE half-space (Chattopadhyay and Choudhury40 )

𝜇t2 = 7.07 × 109 N/m2 , 𝜇l2 = 3.5 × 109 N/m2 , and𝜌2 = 1600 kg/m3

The graphs for these parameters are plotted for dimensionless PV ( 𝛽c ) and AC (𝛿) against real wave number (k1 H) in
1
Figures 2–7 by taking in to account the real and imaginary parts of Equation (60). Mathematica software has been used
to perform the computational work.
Figure 2A,B manifests the effect of reinforcement parameter (a1 2 , a3 2 ) associated with the FRME layer on the PV ( 𝛽c )
1

and AC (𝛿) against wave number k1 H of Love-type waves. The value of (a1 2 , a3 2 ) has been taken as (0.15, 0.85), (0.35, 0.65),
and (0.55, 0.45). We observe from the figure that the rising values of wave number k1 H and the above mentioned variation
in reinforcement parameter (a1 2 , a3 2 ), the PV ( 𝛽c ) decreases. but after the value of k1 H = 3.5, the PV increases with the
1
14 KUMAR ET AL.

FIGURE 4 Variations of (A) PV and

(B) AC against k1 H for distinct values of
XH [Colour figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 5 Variations of (A) PV and

(B) AC against k1 H for distinct values of
(W1 , W2 ) [Colour figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 6 Variations of (A) PV and

(B) AC against k1 H for distinct values of
W3 [Colour figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

same variation in reinforcement parameter. Also, the the PV curves shift closer to each other for the range 3.2 < k1 H < 3.7,
which shows that the reinforcement parameter (a1 2 , a3 2 ) have almost negligible effect on PV. On the other hand, the AC
(𝛿) responds consistently decreasing due to these parameters and wave number. Hence, we conclude that if we increase
the orientation of a1 2 in 𝓍-direction and decreases the orientation of a3 2 in 𝓏-direction, the PV and AC is lower, which
help us to reduce the destruction caused by Love waves.
The variation in PV ( 𝛽c ) and AC (𝛿) for the reinforcement parameter (b1 2 , b3 2 ) associated with the FGFRVE half-space
1

have been illustrated in Figure 3A,B. The values of (b1 2 , b3 2 ) has been taken as (0.25, 0.75), (0.35, 0.65), and (0.45, 0.55).
KUMAR ET AL. 15

FIGURE 7 Comparison of Love wave dispersion relations for various

scenarios with the classical Love wave case [Colour figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

The behaviour and trend of PV and AC for increasing wave number and mentioned values of (b1 2 , b3 2 ) is similar as that
of the variation in (a1 2 , a3 2 ). The only difference is that the PV curves gets closer to each other in the range 2.8 < k1 H <
3.2. That is, the reinforcement parameter has negligible effect in this range of k1 H. The magnitude of the AC (𝛿) due to
reinforcement parameters ((a1 2 , a3 2 ), (b1 2 , b3 2 )) varies very little high in the lower wave number region than the higher
wave number region, indicating that the reinforcement parameters ((a1 2 , a3 2 ), (b1 2 , b3 2 )) significantly effect the AC (𝛿) in
the higher wave number region. The material's strength and rigidity are greatly improved by fibre reinforcement. As a
result, increasing the reinforcing parameter raises the rigidity of the medium's substance, favouring the Love wave phase
velocity.
Figure 4A,B reveals the impact of parameter for magnetoelastic coupling (XH ) associated with the FRME layer on PV
( 𝛽c ) and AC (𝛿) with increasing wave number k1 H. It has been evidenced by the figure that the variation in the parameter
1

for magnetoelastic coupling (XH ) and rising values of k1 H increases the PV( 𝛽c ) curves. However, the impact of these
1

factors' responsiveness and wave number onAC(𝛿) is just opposite. That is, AC declines with rising values of XH and k1 H.
In comparison to the higher wave number region, the rising effect of the parameter for magnetoelastic coupling (XH )
on the variation of the PV ( 𝛽c ) curves is found more in the lower wave number region. With a rise in the magnitude of
1
the magnetoelastic coupling parameter (XH ), the magnetic force acting on the layer becomes much stronger, resulting in
tighter bonding between the material's constituent particles.
Figure 5A,B influences the Love wave profile of PV ( 𝛽c ) and AC (𝛿) for varying values of the viscoelastic parameter
1
𝜇′ 𝜇′
(W1 = 𝜔 𝜇t2 , W2 = 𝜔 𝜇l2 ) linked with the FGFRVE half-space. From both the figures, we find that the PV ( 𝛽c ) and AC
t2 l2 1

(𝛿) curves decreases with the increase in the values of k1 H and W1 , W2 . The curves of PV ( 𝛽c ) are barely different from
1
one another in the undertaken frequency region; on the other hand, the curves of AC (𝛿) are incredibly distant from
one another for the mentioned frequency region. The effect of W1 , W2 on PV ( 𝛽c ) and AC (𝛿) is insignificant for higher
1
frequencies. From figures, we also find that the PV and AC curves come to stable position for larger wave number. The
destructive power of Love wave is reduced by the viscoelastic nature of the materials.
Figure 6A,B delineates the results of undertaken values of functionally graded parameter (W3 = k𝜖 ) related to the
FGFRVE half-space on PV ( 𝛽c ) and AC (𝛿). The values of functionally graded parameter(W3 = k𝜖 ) has been taken as
1

(0.10, 0.50, 0.90). It is very clear from the figure that the wave number k1 H has favourable effect on PV ( 𝛽c ) and detrimen-
1
tal effect on AC(𝛿); that is, as the wave number increases, the PV ( 𝛽c ) increases and the AC (𝛿) falls. The variation in PV
1
𝜖
( 𝛽c ) is small as compared to AC (𝛿). The variation of AC curves for the undertaken values of W3 = k
is more as compared
1
to the PV curves.
16 KUMAR ET AL.

The comparison of the dispersion relation of the Love wave for various cases is depicted in Figure 7. Curve 1 of this figure
represents the dispersion relation of Love wave for the considered structure, that is, Equation (60). Curve 2 illustrates case
4.1 when the functionally graded parameter is removed from the half-space, that is, Equation (61). Curve 3 delineates
the classical case of a Love wave, that is, Equation (62). It can be seen from the figure that the PV of a Love wave in its
classical form is lower than the PV of the considered structure.

6 CO NC LU SION S

The current study uses Green's function technique to study the propagation of Love waves in a fibre-reinforced magne-
toelastic layer under the impact of a point source. Love wave dispersion relation is calculated in complex form, with the
real part representing PV ( 𝛽c ) and the imaginary part representing AC (𝛿). To get the latent characteristics of the involved
1
parameters, numerical computation and graphical illustration have been performed. The results of the present analysis
are listed below:
(1) All the PV curves in this article follow the same pattern, that is, diminishes as the wave number increases, which
is an obvious aspect of Love wave propagation.
(2) The existence of reinforcement parameter in the FRME layer and FGFRVE half-space has initially diminishing
response on PV but after particular value of wave number this trend gets opposite and also as we increase the
reinforcement parameter in 𝓍-direction and decrease the same in 𝓏-direction, the attenuation curves come close
to each other which reflects that the variation in the value of reinforcement has less impact on AC.
(3) magnetoelastic coupling parameter XH in the FRME layer and functionally graded parameter W3 in FGFRVE
half-space favours the PV of Love waves.
(4) Viscoelasticity in the FGFRVE half-space is shown to be declining on PV and attenuation as well.
(5) All the graphs of distinct parameters ((a1 2 , a3 2 ), (b1 2 , b3 2 ), XH , (W1 , W2 ) and W3 ) related to AC of Love wave shows
similar characteristics i.e., decreases as the value of k1 H increases.
(6) The obtained dispersion relation is in well agreement with the classical equation of Love wave, which authenticates
our problem.
The problem at hand conceptually highlights the propagation behaviour of a Love wave in a layered structure made
of FRME layer below a layer of quadratically varying FGFRVE half-space, all while being affected by an impulsive point
source of a disturbance at its interfacial surface. The Love wave's dispersion equation is determined using the appropri-
ate mathematical techniques. From the study, it can be inferred that the reinforcing parameters and viscoelastic factors
related to the layered structure substantially impact the PV and AC of the Love wave. The results obtained from this inves-
tigation can extract the magnetic and mechanical behaviour of the materials which are buried inside the Earth through
experimental data. This investigation can be helpful in the purpose of investigating the Love wave in FGFRVE half-space
having viscoelastic nature. The findings may also be valuable in preventing destruction in civil engineering, earthquake
engineering, geomechanics, and other fields.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) for providing all the research facilities.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
This work does not have any conflicts of interest.

ORCID
Dharmendra Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2287-4502

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How to cite this article: Kumar D, Kumhar R, Kundu S, Gupta S. Analysis the dispersive nature of Love
wave in fibre-reinforced composite materials plate: A Green's function approach. Math Meth Appl Sci. 2022;1-18.
doi:10.1002/mma.8702