Indefinite Integrals Bare t= 1. Introduction 2. Standard Elementary Integrals 3. Fundamental Rules of integration 4. Integration by Substitution 5. Integration by Parts 6. Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions by Using Partial Fractions 7. Integration of Irrational Algebraic Functions Introduction The concept of integration originated in the course of finding the area of a plane figure. It is based on the limit of the sum of the series whose each term tends to zero and the number of terms tends to infinity. it is observed that integration as the inverse process of differentiation. Primitive or Antiderivative A function F(x) is called primitive or antiderivative of a f(x) if F'(x)= 00), e.8 x a d © is a primitive of x* because, 2 se $( If a function f(x) possesses a primitive, then it possesses infinitely many primitives, which can be expressed as F(x) + C, where, C is an arbitrary constant, e.¢. S212 47, ete are primitives of x, Let f(%) be a function. Then collection of all its primitives is called indefinite integral of f(x) and is denoted by ffrox)dx. Z fF (x)v0]= fl) = fftoods = FO0 + C+ Where F(x) + C is primitive of f(x) and C is an arbitrary constant known as ‘constant of integration’ We should add this constant of integration in the last step, Indefinite Nature of integration ip ECO E(x) +} ok ax = f(x), then also = f(®), where C is an arbitary constant. Thus, J f(xide fs F(x)+C, where C is an arbitrary constant. Thus, the integral of a function is not unique and, if one integral of f(x) is F(x), then F(x) + C will be also an integral of f(x), where C is a constant. Indefinite IntegralsSo, [f(x}dy will have infinite number of values, and hence, itis called indefinite integral of Fs. ‘Standard Elementary Integrals 1 af o alae aa (n=). 2. Z(x)=13 Jarexe. = fon a, Lio) =15 ftax-inp|re, xx0 d o 4 = feta - d{ a a> = oo 7 8. A (eg |e er oot Jor = ve. a 8. 2 (-coss)=sinx = fsinxdx =-c0sx +6. 1, E(sinx)~cosx = Joos xdx -sinx +c. d 5 8. 2 (tans) = sec? x = fee? xe =tanx +c. 9. <(-cot x) = cosec’x = [cosec? xdx -—cotx+C. 10. 4 (secx) = seextanx = [secxtansedk =s00x 4 C, 1. 4 (-cosecx) conse fewest cons 2, rdeye sin x40, foe 13. =cos'x+C. ce eae an stan’x+C. Tee oe : 6 sec" x +0. NeaFundamental Rules of Integration 4 ([r02)d) = £00 is the citferentation ofan integral isthe integrand itselt 4 a 2. I(ftargen)ox = [rnd fgGx)de Is the integral of the sum (or difference) of two functions is equal to the sum (or difference) of the integrals of the functions. ‘The general form of the above rule is, JIACOLL CIEL GDS... F,OD] ox = ACOdx + [EXO + [f,0)dx. ete Conn LT) The value of [O.dx is __. Example 1: Find [7 ** 205 * gy, sin’ x+.cos" x sin’ xdx cos? xdx solution: [3 costy x Sint XOX f_OS Xk ‘sin’ x cos’ x ” sin’ x cos? x ox = jinx, come = [sec xtan xax +[cosec xeot xdx = Sec x-cosee x +6. Integration By Substitution Integrals of certain functions cannot be obtained directly, if they are not in one of the standard forms, but they may be reduced to standard form by proper substitution. The method of evaluating an integral by reducing it to standard forms by a proper substitution is called ‘integral by substitution’ If a0 is a differentiable function, then to evaluate integrals of the form [f(g(x))g'(x)dx, we substitute 0) = t, 9'(X) dx= dt, then the given integral reduced to (F(t)dt. After evaluating this integral, we substitute back the value of t. 1. Integral of the form of Jf(ax +b)dx. Let |= [flax + b)ax Putax+b=t > adx=dt = ob sat. 2 Afroat=49@+0 = 4y(ox+b)+¢. a a a where, [f(x)dx = ax) +c Example 2: Find [(3x +5)'dx. Solution: Let | = [(3x +5)°dx. nee eePut 9x +5 =t >3dx = dt dx A Ge dedeeL se. 1 eel . apt ee = Bax+s} +c. vty (ax +b)" J(ax+ by ax oe Where, n#~1 can be used as a formula. Example 3: Find [ sin(ox + b)dx Solution: Let |= [sin(ax + b)ox Put ax +b = t >adx =dt dx Jsineat =-4eost+e =—Lcos(ox+ 6) +c. a a a 2. Integration of algebraic functions, which are of the form P(x).(ax +b)" or ey where P(x) is a polynomial in x and n is a positive rational number. Working rule: In this form, we put ax + b =z x02 (x) Example 4: Find ox. Solution: =inz-4+0 =In(x+1)-—L +e 2 xt 3. Integral of the form [sin cos" dx Working rule a. If power of sinx is odd positive integer, put cosx = t. LLb. If power of cosx is odd positive integer, put sinx = t. c. If power of both sinx and cosx are odd positive integers, put sinx or cosx d. If power of neither sinx nor cosx is odd positive integer, then see the sum of powers of sinx and cosx. i. If sum of powers is even negative integer, put tanx li, If the sum of powers is even positive integer, express the integrand as the algebraic sum of sines and cosines of multiple angles. Example 5: Find cos? xVsiny dk. Solutior Here, power of cosx is odd positive integer. Put sinx = t > cosx dx = dt Joos? x/sinx ax =J0s? xVsinx cos xax = {(1~ sin? x)sinx cos xox Example Solution: Let | = ;—* Here, power of sinx is -1 and cosx is -3. Sum of power is -1-3 = - 4 (Even negative number) Put tanx = ¢ => sec? x dk = at = dx = sec? x I= foosecxsect x =f AE t= Jeosecx see x at sect ayut sink} Se mtnftans| +24). 6 2 44, Integral of the form [tan”x sec’x dx or [eot"x cosec'x dx a. Working ule for [tan"x seer dx er ——iC ii if power of seex is not even postive integer, then see the power of tanx. Indefinite Integrals1) If power of tanx is odd positive integer, put secx = t. 2) If power of tanx is even positive integer put sec’x - 1 in place of tan” and then put tanx = t. 3) If power of tanx is zero and power of secx is odd positive integer greater than 1, then method of integration by parts is used. Example 7: Evaluate [sec xd. Solution: Let |= [sect xdx Here, power of secx is even positive integer. Put tanx = t. = sec’ x dx it |= fs0ct x. sec! x ax = f(14 tan? x) sect x de = (tee at = fats ferae b. Working rule for [cot™x cose’ dx i. If power of cosecx is even positive integer put cotx ii. If power of cosecx is not even positive integer, see the power of cots. 1) If power of cot is odd positive integer put cosecx = t 2) If power of cotx is even positive integer put cosec’x — 1 in place of cot’x and then substitute cotx = t. 2) If power of cotx is zero and power of cosecx is odd positive integer greater than 1, then method of integration by parts is used Example 8: Find [cot* xek. Solutior Let | =Joot* xdx. Here, power of cotx is even positive and power of coseck is not even positive, Jlcot x)’ ax = [(cosec*x 1) ok = Jeosectxax ~ [2cosec*xdx + fax = eosectx dx+2cotx+x+C @ Let = feosectede = Jeosec?x-cosec*x dx = J(cot? x )-cosectx dx Put cotx = t = —cosec*xdx = dt fle +a From (i) and (ii), 0) cot? x Ja cotx+x Indefinite Integrals5. Integrals of the form [ ett = f #00, £009 ay rode (x) Put fo) = t = Fixydx = dt Example 8: Find [° Solution: Let | = at tn t $C =Inif(x +e tx g, insinx cotx insinx Put in sinx = t 2 [glpreon ova = cotxdx at at ft =lnlin sina] +e 6. Some standard results b. e Integration of tanx Let |= ftanxax, inxdx cos x Put cosx = t >-sinxdx =dt or sinx dx 1=-lafoosx| +e Jtanxdx =tn]sec x] 4.6 Integration of cotx As above we can calculate, Jeot xd =tnfsinx| +c. (00 it yourself) Integration of secx ‘secxdx = fESEXSSEXHtAM Gy tity Nand D'by (secx + tad secx +tanx. luttiplying N" an by (secx + tanx) Put secx + tanx = t = (secx tanx + sec®x) dx = dt t= =tn wc |secx + tanx}+c Indefinite IntegralsDonte atl Another form of J secxdx =n! tan( +C. (Important) d._ Integration of jeosecx cosecx(cosecx ~ cot x) et = oosecxdx = | S°SeeMCOS CK CORN) oe. multiplying N! and D'by (secx + tanx) Let i= f feessereos eer C089 a. Huleiplying Nand O'by (ee0x + ‘anv Put cosecx - cotx = t ( coseck cotx + cosec*x)dx = dt 1= [2 f'(x)dx = dt ” v4 1= fede +c en ea hs, vine Solution: Put sin’x=t Example 10: Find [ 1 ok = dt. ix =fleJ xa -Sre-3 err Remark: in rational algebraic functions if the degree of numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of denominator, then always divide the numerator by denominator and use the result. Numerator Remainder Denominator Denominator i uotient +Example 1: Solution: Example 2: Solution: Example 3: Solution: Example 4: Solution: Example 5: Solution: evaluate fo (12 sin x) (Fsing(t-sinx) (t-sing}ox -pltcaalee 1 in x) sec? xox -[seextanxd = tanx-secx 1 Evaluate fonashaeanoeee Let |= Jsinxsin2xsinax ox = 2Y(asinxsinax)sin3xax = 1 f(cosx-cos3x)sin3xax 2 2 = Jf 2cos.xsinax ~2sinx cosdx)ak = 2f(sin4x +sin2x)~sin6x Jdx 1) -cos4x €08(2) cose = A fsingxates fsinzxde—[singxax] = 5] 8 CD evaluate fS0224= 28 gy, Let = fEOS2E= C0824 yy _ (20084) (costa—y) af SOE Ao oy ‘cosx—cosa ean =2{(cosx + cosa)ax = 2 cosxdx + 2cosa dx =2sInx+(2cosa)x+C evaluate j—si0 Singx—@) Let SOX ae; Putx-a=t= dx=dt sin(x —a) cost 4 cosasint a 28D ye of ost nee ae naf St ae + cosol dt sint = sina tnlsine| +(cosa)e+¢ = sine infsin(x—o] +(cosa)(x-a) +c Evaluate ftanxtan2xtanaxax Let 1 = ftanxtan2xtandxak tan3x = tan(2x +x) = tangx = £802x+tanx _, tangx — tan3x tan2x tanx = tan2x +tanx 1 tan2xtanx = tangx tan2x tanx = tan3x - tan 2x —tanx 1 f(tanax—tan2x—tanx}dx = Hog, sec3x|- Hog, see2x| og, sec x|+ 2 Indefinite IntegralsExample 6: Evaluate [cos xcosec’x dx. Solution: Here, power of cosx is odd. = t Scosx dx = dt fa-rtse 3 aed = Usinx)’ ~2sinx-cosecx +¢ Example 7: Evaluate [ tan’ 2xsec2xdx. Solution: Here, power of tan2x is odd positive. Putz sec2x dz = 2 sec2x tan2x dx. tan? 2x-sec2x 2 sec2xtan2x tan? 2xdz = 7 {(sec? 2x ~1)dz 2 2 Example 8: Tan Solution: Let |= je Dividing the numerator and the denomirator by cos'x, we get, (omnes at Pea tanx? vtanx. Let tanx = t = sec? xdx = at avtanx +c Solution: -2cosVx +¢Integration by Substitution (Continued) ‘Some Important Substitution eax x=atan0 ora cot 2 ex x=asin0 or a cos wow x= asec or a cosect cos2 a + i x= a cos%® + fisin’® 1. Integration of the forms of (i) eo 0) and (ii) jx 3 Put x =atand = 0 = tan’ a = de =0 seco do asec? Odd armed) tan" 0) Stan +¢ = A [tn|x-of-tn|x rol] ve axs9 Solution: Let 1 _ [rorm of j=] = Indefinite IntegralsWe have made coefficient of x° as unity before applying the formula. 2 Integral ofthe type of jE —. ax bx +e ‘To evaluate this type of integral, we express ax’ + bx + c as one of the form x? + a? or x? ~ aor a? - x7, de Example 2: (a) Evaluate [Ge Solution: Let |= [__%* _ Bey 10x48 First we make coefficient of x’, unity 17 de now, pat x1 Z=t-oci=dt oe |Foxmotf ale ron a Example 2: (b) Evaluate Solution: Let sin’ 2 sinx cosx dx = dt Ja < same as example 2. Wve 3 Integra ofthe form of | Ep Spey igs ) (a aa ® IS infer vie va] +e Proof Let |= [—%— Vere atand = 0=tan*~ a infsecd + tano|+ C= Unltand + Vi tar? a] +c Put x=a tan > dx =a sec’ do asec’ do [seco do tii ate grats+e nerve toga ctype +7 7a|+0, where 6, Clog (i) [Pe tfeerefve he 3 Proof Let = [--% I =a Put x= asec = dx -asecd tan0 do gsec@tandde 1= [FS - fcecodd =In|seco + tand|+c lo*(sec*0-1) =infseco + VeecT0=] +6 = ines Pa] = Info Vie oF -loga+c Put x=a sind = 0=sin'~ @ = dx=a cos ao acoso x J = Jao =00=sin' X06 (1 sin?) frames svtate fp [9 25x? Solution: Let; /__1_ay fo 25x° Toi 1g BX = esin 240 - Vig BX, m gon" gor Fee Form ot f 4. Integration of the form of Nora or reducible to Newser Put, ax? + bx +c in any of the form x? + a? or x? - a or a? ~ x” and then integrate. Indefinite IntegralsExample 4: Evaluate f _— V9+8x-x? 7 dx 9+ Bx — x? 1 ox lace) YGF 0 4y Putx-4=todx=dt Solution: Let yf 1 x 5 a x-4+16-16 1 tat Ne t " 5 5 pxta ax? +bx +e pxtq fax? + bx +e To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following methods. 5. Integration of the form of [ dx and | Write the numerator c+ @ Ree d +q=A\—(ax’ + bx +c)/+B prvanal Si | ie, px+q=A(2ox +b)+B b. Obtain the values of A and B by equating the lke powers of x, on both sides. c. Replace px + q by A(2ax + b) + B in the given integral, and then integrate. 2x-3 Example 5: Evaluate [7*—3— dx : See Solution: Let ) = {2x3 43x18 Let 2x a4] Ze eax s)|o2 3 2x- = Al2x +3)+B Equating the coefficient of like powers of x, we get, 2=2Aand -3=3A+8 Solving this, we get, AzB=-6 (x+3)-6 yy _ oe 43x = 18 8 Indefinite Integralsx3 xg +C = inf? +9419] 6. Integral ofthe form of f= ft tf tf (asinx + bcos x) (a+bsin’ x+ccos* x) (asinx + bcos x)(csinx +dcosx) 1 To evaluate the above types of integrals, we use the following methods. a. Divide the numerator and the denominator by cos*x. b. Replace sec’x, if any, in denominator by 1 + tan’x, 1 tat at? + bre c. Put tanx = t so that secxdx = dt, which reduce the aove integral in the form of [ and then integrate. 1 a’ sin’ x +b’ cos’ x st a? sin’ x +b” cos’ x Dividing the numerator and the denominator of cost, we get, Example 6: Cvaluate [ Solution: Let r=, oe sex Sean oF Put tanx = t > sectxdx = dt sei ji 5 | i } Indefinite Integrals1 ,{atanx | an a2). 1 1 @rbeosx 1) (asinx vb eosx re)” : ' 7. Intograt of the form of [tac tacoony lav tame 2tans 1-tan’ + a. Put sinx=—78892 copy = ENS etary Tetan®s om b. Replace 1+ tan* 2 in numerator of sec” > 1 c. Put tanX = t= tec? dx = at iied weed A This substitution reduces the integral in the form of (1 ot? +bt+c dit, then integrate evaluate f-——1 a Is aainx cose Example Solution: Let / Ssyaeimeveoor™ 34 2sinx + coax 2tans Asta? s Put sinx =—7"9"2_ and cosx = 0 Trtan'j Tetan®s 1 tan’ 5 ty tan? 3(te tants) +4tans-+1—tan?§ aa 2tan 54 4tang+4 Put tan: oe (c+ +1 =tan'(exnve=tan‘(ttan2) cc a jinx +b cosx F cos@ and b = r sind Alternative method to evaluate integrals of the form of, To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute, avo" +b? and 0 asinx + beosx cosdsinx + rsindcosx = r(sin(x +6) Example 8: Evaluate \eawwveox™ Indefinite Integrals8. Integral ofthe form of [22 ax fe anvvemy put v3 =rcos, 1 1 or=V341=2, 0=tan' Vs _ Jisinx cos sind ols 1 1 Se rieinxeos0 casein’) ~Srainoeray™ lean X*2 = Heosectx + 0b = 4] +c tan(< 5 2° 1sinx +b cosx alan 2 x +d cosx We use the following methods to use the above integral. Numerator = A (Deno (nator) + B [dc of denominator] b. Obtain the values of A and B by equating the coefficients of sinx and cosx. 4. Integration of the form /| Replace the numerator by A (c sinx + d cosx) + B(c cosx ~ d cosx) and then integrate. Example 9 Evaluate (——* dy Tr a4eotx Solution: Let (= [1 ax Sv aeotx sin Bsinx + 4cosx AQ3sinx + 4c0s x) + 8(3.cos x ~4sinx) Equating the coefficients of sinx and cosx, we get, 1=3A- 4B a O=4A+38 ai) Solving, we get, An2 and a=-4 25 25 B(Bsinx + 4cosx)~ $(Bcosx~Asinx) |, Bsinx +4cosx cos x— asin D oy = 3sinx +4cosx ae inl3sinx +4cosxl+C asinx +b cosx +e psinx +cosx +r Numerator = A (Denominator) + B (de of denominator) + C Obtain the values of A, 8, and C by equating the coefficients of sinx, cosx, and constant term on both sides. Replace the numerator by A(p sinx + q cosx + r) + B(p cosx - q sinx) + C and then integrate, im ntga Indefinite Integralsintugrate ofthe form [22° #2 a fegrate of the form | Ogg 1. Numerator = A (Denominator) + B (Derivative of denominator). Integration by Parts Indefinite integrals can often be easily evaluated by the formula for integration by parts. Theorem if u and v are two functions of x, then du Juvdx = foe [veo Proof Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions of x. We have, d d a ge 109-900} = FOIE 19d} + 900 3 1FO0} Integrating both sides, we get, ro) 200) = j[00 Z to00) Jo + fate) Zttooiax = Jr0)-Z hac = f09-960)- fated Z tt} de ~@ Let 109 =u, Z fava} =v 0 that 914)= [vee i Juvdx =u oor (4 Jvc oe In words, we can express the integration by parts as follows, Integral of product of two functions = First function x Integral of second ~ Integral of (de of first function x Integral of second function) From (1 Proper Choice of First and Second Functions We can choose the first function as of the function which comes first in the word ‘ILATE’, where, | = Inverse circular function, L = Logarithmic function, A= Algebraic function, o E = Exponential functions. For example, if we have the function xe’, then we take x as first function and e* as second function. vty Stands for trigonometrical function, Second function should be easily integrable. Example 10: Evaluate [x e“ dx Solution: Using ILATE" rule‘ comes before: a. 5 dx a off Gee xfer ox j(( 2 fore) =xet—fetdx =xe"~ e+ C =x —1ex+C IIf we do not follow this rule, then what happens? ex d taf Xe wetfrde-{{( Ler] fran lee [OS aene'ese (Ze) | Now, we need to evaluate [x*e" dx which is more complicated then what we started with, Le, [ xe" dx. We should follow ‘ILATE’. Example 11: Evaluate flog, x ox. Solution: =) 18% de =o, afro j{( Zoe, x fr 1 = xlog, x— [1x de =xlog.x-x+C=x (log.x-1) #6 x viz Here, we had only one function, and not product of two functions. Still we applied ILATE. Example 12: Evaluate [x tan” xdx. Solution: Let Jxtan xox Here, tan" is inverse function and x is algebraic function. . We take tan” as first function and x as second function. {tare x) xe = tan xf xa (é (tant): fad a ftantx tp eee xean'x tptates 2. 2 1x xtan'x x, tan’x = -24 ape +c viz ‘if both functions are of same type (l.e., both are trigonometric functions), then the function which is easily integrable is taken as second function’ Pee aoa Ley) Integrate the followings. 1. Jet sin(be vee 2, [tan xo 2. sec? xd aHint 1. Consider e* as the first function and sin(bx + c) as second function and integrate using parts and again onsider sin(bx + c) as first function and e* as second function and integrate using parts. 2. tan'x=(1)-(tan*x) 3. sec? x =(secx) (sec? x) Example 13: Solution: Evaluate a. Je sinbeak b. Je™ cosbxdx Let P= Je cosbx dx and Q= fet sinbxdx (oveye e P +i Q= [e™ (cosbx + sinbx)dx = fe*"dx = Te 1b) _€* (cosbx-+isinbx)(a-16) ~ a+b real and imaginary parts, we get, (ocosbx +bsinbx) = cos(bx-0) aoe ~ sin(bx -0), (asinbx - bcos bx) Where, r= Ja? +B? and 0 = tan (2) Integral of the form of fo" {F(x)+*(x)} x Theorem Proof Example 14: Solution: Jet {i(x)+t(x)}de=erF(x) rc. Ls = fe {f(x)+ (x)Jax Jor (x)ax + [a'r (x)ax Ji (f)-etdx + fer (xjox [Considering f(«) as first function and e* as second function] =fxofe'dx— [10 - Je'dxdx + fe'F(x) dx = e°F(x) — Je" ddx + Jo"Fx)ax + =e°f(x)+C Evaluate jolrtoe) gy x Let (esto) fe (2 toes} on 1 Here, £00) = log x and fF") = 5 Indefinite IntegralsExample 1: Evaluate (© ax e468 +5 GO Solution: Let | = [© e460" +5. Put e"=t = e'dx =e at. Example Solution: Put et=t > -e%dk = dt steel X infeve=a]ee =-tnle* +e*=a]+0 eax Example 3: Evaluate [77~2 ok Solution: Let |= f= ax “9 21-28 .j2e 1+ 1, (ay) baz xed Nes Putx!= 9 =t 3 4x°dx = dt = ax =tat a at Venice, ae =, ~a+c, =~ Put? = t =3 Beak = dt => xo = Zt in|} 4.0,Example 4: Evaluate [% we oxaT XO $x2 + 2x41 Solution: Lot = [242 *24*1y, aan Hore, degree ofthe numerator is greater than the denominator. Therefore, divide the numerator by denominator before integrating. t= [[oar 2 Fe oe = fete afer Now, 3x -1=A(2x - 1) +B Equating the coefficient of like powers of x on bath sides, we get 3=2Aand -1=-A+B Solving these, we get Example 5: x Put x=ac0s20 = che =—2asin20<0 and 0 Zeos"(2) @ a(t cos20) ja(1+ 0820) 6 2a nsin2pd0 =| 298 x26x2sindcos0d0 cos) = -20f2sin* oa 2a) [1~cosa0}4n =20][c0829— Joo ~20] 28220]. Indefinite IntegralsExample 6: Solution: 1=f ( _ (Dividing W’ and’ by.cos? x) V3 —tanx| avec -e Example 7; Evaluate [sin(log, x)dx Solution: Let | = [sin(log, x)dx Put logx=t > x=e' > dx =e'dt Je'sineae Let sint as, the first function and e' as, second function. int edt — | (cost/evat)dt - e* sint ~ fe costae =e'sint -[eosefe’ de [(-sine/e'at}de]=e' sine -e cose fe sineat J=e' sint—e' cost—1 > 21 =e' sint-e' cost Je [sine -cose 2 .[sin(logx) ~cos(logx)] = X[sin(log x) -cos(ioe)] vty We could take e' as first function and sint as the second function as well. xsin' xdx Vine Example 8: Evaluate [. Solution: Let |=Example 9: Solution: Example 10: Solution: Example 11: Solution: Ce I= ftsineat Here, tis the first function and sint is the second function. 1 =t{sinedt—{(1-fsinede}it =-teose + foostae =~ t cost + sint + = osin xVt sin? t +x +0. x—sin’ xvi? +0 evauate for(22) a Let !=fe 1= Jet [F(x) +F'(x)]ox=e'F(x)+e eet lice Mac xr xea ox x40 Evaluate f ox +0 caseta=0 case2a>0 case3a<0 ox evaluate | 1-tan’ X 2 Let cosx = 1+ tan’ = 2 A sect Xx = at Seo Indefinite Integralsat bl faxb) (ee This becomes a problem similar to the previous problem. We will have to consider the following cases. Case 1. g=b 40, case 2. a#b,and 4=0, case 3. a band, A>0, case 4. a+b, and 2<0. Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions by Using Partial Fractions Rational Functions IF F() and g(x) are two polynomial functions, such that 9(x) #0, then £4) is called a rational algebraic function or a rational function of x. 9) IF degree of F(x) < degree of goo, then £*) jg called a proper rational function. ow) F(x) If degree of fs) > degree of gs, then 14) is called an improper rational function, fw 1¢ £09 ig an improper rational functions, then we divide f(x) by g(x) and 2% js expressed in the form gl) g(x) 9+ where ¢(x) and (x) are polynomials and the degree of '¥(x) is less than that of gO) Thus, £4 could be expressed as the sum of polynomials and proper rational functions. ax) Partial Fractions Fon Any proper rational functions 2% can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each having a imple factor of co) simple factor of g(). Each such fraction is known as partial fraction and the process of obtaining them is called the resolution or decomposition of the given function into a partial fractions. Method of Breaking a Proper Fraction into Partial Fraction 4. When denominator is non-repeating linear factor : fe) A uppose (xa) (x-b)(x-6) x-a x-b' x-c' Where A, 8, and C, are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on RHS to the numerator on LHS and then substituting x = a, b,c, Or by comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, and the degree of f(x) Is less than three 2x43 Example t: Resolve =" into partial fraction. 2x+3 2x43 Solution: > (3)09) = 2K +9 =AK +1) + BK - 3) Indefinite IntegralsPutting x = -1, we get 2(-1) +3 = B(-1- 3) Again putting x = 3, we get 2@)+3=AG+1) SA a0) 2. When denominator is repeated linear factors ter —— fe) A 8, . ya) (x by (x-c) xa xb (x-cy xe | (xc) (xc) Where A, 8, B, .., @tc., are constants and the value of the constants are determined by substitution as in method (I) and remainings are obtained by comparing coefficients of equal powers of x on both sides. 3x-2 Gap eae Inte Partial fractions. Example 2: Resolve ax-2 eee CFO D042 x1 (x Solution: Let xe1 x42 Sx 2= AK — DOH DO #2) HAG #1) #2) + BE — 10 #2) + OK — 1° 4) Putting x = 1, we get 3-2=A(1+ D+) 1 aa-d Putting x = -1, we get 3(-1) - 2 = B(-2)4(-1 + 2) a--5 ia Putting x = -2, we get 3(-2) - 2 = C(-3)%-2 +1) Now equating the coefficient of x’ on both sides, we get O=ArB+C ax-2 2 1 ce (ea) (eva) (eva) 360-1) OOF AD" WD) a3. When denominator is non-repeated quadratic factors fx), A Bx+e — jm __. + eee (x-0) (or sbxve) ~ *-0, * [ar +be ve) Where A, B, and C are constants and are determined by either comparing coefficients of similar powers of x or as mentioned in the method |. Let cnn Le BE A BE, 2K 41 = AGE +1) + (BK + OK -1) Putting x = 1, we get 2e1=Ad+) Now, equating the coefficient of x’ and x, we get O=A+Band2=-B+C Solving these, we get a=-2 and c=2 2 2 (2x01) aeer | (0) 29 4. When denominator is repeated quadratic factors f) AB HD ExtF (ox? +bx+e)(pesqx sry OF +bEHE © PX FOK+T (py? equ er) where A, B, C, D, E, and Fare constants and are determined by equating the like powers of x on both sides or giving values to x. Suppose Example 4 Resolve —2*~3 into partial fractions. (x-4)(e 49) Solution: Let —2*—3 _ - A, Xs | Dxs Goyfey Tt Cea 32x = = AGE + HP + x + Coe — NE! + 1) + (Ox + EK = 1) Putting x = 1, we get 2 - 3 = A(1+ 1) oA a Equating the coefficients of like powers of x on both sides, we get O=A+B; O=C-B; 0=2A+B8-C+D;2=C+E-B- and soving. wo got B= 1 D; -3=A-C-E Putting A ande= © 2ax-3 (x=) (2 +4) rae (aye oa Integration Using Partial Fractions xx Bamples evtate [FA Solution: Hoo, dares of N'> degre of © x - 1x-6 Putting x = 1, we have 7-6 = A(t - 2) «A= Putting x = 2, we get 4-6 = 8(2-1) B=8 me Wa (x=1)(x=2) © x1 x2 8 Fig “Me a tale poo sfany = $e -Unl x11 + Bln x-21+6 Example 6: Evaluate [> ample 6 Esluate [GF a) Solution: Let ——® ____ -_A_, +E " (evay(wva) x42 ees B= AGE + 4) + (Bx +O) +2) Putting x = -2, we get 8=A(4+4) => A=1 Equating the like powers of x on both sides, wo get = A+B, 0-28+C 4,C=2 Solving these, we get B -2 d= tn k+ 21-1, 4 lerqpera* lea 2] ieree) («-2) de Now, x44 x= 2= A(x) +B Comparing the like powers, we get 1 = 2A and ~: Indefinite Integralspe? pe py oe : a 2 leva ea 2 Ninf v4]-2et tan £ 2 aa lnjx+2|-Finix? +4] stan? Xo 2 2 Bape ene | (2 +1)(? +4) fa rational function contains only even powers of x in both numerator and denominator, then to resolve it into partial fractions. We follow the following methods. 1. Put x? =t in the given rational function. 2. Resolve into partial fractions. 3. Replace t by x ele tee pee : Ta yera) tea 7 tre t=Att + 4) + Blt +1) Putting t = —1, we get -1=A(-1+4 = An} Again t = ~4, we get —4 = B(-4 +1) e-4 —t 1 4 —*__.-_1_,_4 D(H) a(x? +1) 3(x? +4) x dx 1 ae slat 3 _tan'x | 3 4, 3‘6 oe] Sinx co8x (14+ sinx €08x) Example #: Evaluate [—%— xe) Solution: a xe) Puts? +1=t = nx™dx = dt > de =—L ot Pc Putt=11= 149 2% Jae finie—a}-twiei}ve = Ape |-2iner +40 xXdx xe xt i x a Integrals of the form of Jag MSs eee ed where Ais a constant. To evaluate this type of integral, we use the following algorithm, 4. Divide the numerator and the denominator by x’. 2. Express the denominator of integral in the form of (3) aK 3. waite &(x°2) or a(x—2) in numerator x x 4, Substitute x+1=t or x--=¢ as the case may be. This substitution reduces the integral in oneJ ox — eat et Example 9 Evaluate Solution: Let Example 10: Evaluate (2 —! dx eat Solution: Let 1 =[*—! ax at Divide the numerator and the denominator by x, we get numerator Lalo) vidsCor arate Integrate the following, [+1 Integration of Irrational Functions Three Standard Integrals 1 NOH ce KF +E sin’ X20 2 Jie +0? = Sao eZ inh war ea +c 8. Nino ox =% S neste e+e Let) = [Vom a Putx=asin® > dx =acosédé ? a? sin? 2 2 a Jaa sin’ 0 «cos dd = 0° feos? 0d = & j(1+c0s20) 0 = © [J0 + jeos20 a0] = S/o. sam? oe a re = £ [0 +sina coso] +e ANF 4% sin X40 2 Similarly, by suitable substitution we can integrate (I!) and (III. So do it by yourself. Example tt: Evaluate [7x —10—x dx Solution: Let /=[V7x-10-x° ox = J {-(x*-7x+10) oxA (2-7) e109 + Bin (22) Cerra tat Integrate the following. toe +0 2 Vx +08 3. xx Ket 4. Integral of the form of (px +qNax? +bx +e di. To evaluate this type of integral, we use the following algorithm. o (ax? a. Express (px tq) = AS (ax? + bx ve) +8 b. Obtain the value of A and B by comparing the coefficients of like powers of x. c. After finding the value of A and 8 the integrand is reduced to any one of the types of integrals [NOAH ae or [Ve va! dx or fa oF ax 4d. Use the appropriate formula. Example 12: Evaluate [(x +1) Vex 01 oe Solution: Let (= [(x+t)Ve—x 41 ox Letx+1=AQx-)+8 Equating the like powers of x on both sides, we get 1=2Aand1=-A+B Solving these, we get A b= JP (2a ir tok + 3 fied des = Sy + Now, f, = [(2x=1) Va xr ax Put xt —x+1= t= (2x-1) dx =atand y= PP aat = fife ard titan ae fife Z) 2 ae =f (4) ox [Form of jx? +0? ox | 2 Integrate the following. 1 (xe) ine 2a 1 2. Integration of the form of lGopere®™ To evaluate this type of integral put cx + d= t? Example 13: Evaluate |“ sxample 13: Evaluate | —“~— . (x8) vx ob (x3) Varo Putxt2=t? dx =2tdt Solution: Let / = 2tan't +c =2tan'(dirva) +6 3. Integration of the form of f ca (ox +bWex! +dx +e In this type of integral put ax +b= 7 LLx Example 14: Evaluate | Galraet dx ava vane? Solution: Let / Put x+1=tdx=-Lat t e ie 1 x ot -dt aya 1 thd Hooyer tte Wer infevve va 4e=-tn i (xr) Integrate the following fl oes &e 4. nega oft tomo [oe To evaluate this type of integral put dx +e = bromo: enlist [Ee : =[—*%— Solution: Let /=[ ro =) K ae “I eon “i oo1 esta en Bl ce Ln [Pe foe wa luvv2 22 lea tae t feet] ete eevee Nat) 2a |e +Voeed +e 5. Integration of the type of _—— (ox? + bx +0) Vax? +ex +f In this integration put P+EX*F of yt (Not always applicable) ox vbxve t x Example 16: Evaluate {——“~ : wae e2 Solution: Let -tat (rey ee6. Integration of the form of (a) Jlx2 vo" ete wf is a positive rational number In this type of integral, put t= x Va" +x? Example 17: Evaluate f(x + ervey ax Solution: Let r= (xe JoTO) ees put x a? Vere -(t-x) 20+ rape x{LeDlar- Le arr fea= 1242 tre 2a )*" 2 2 264 NET) +S (ee TH) +0 ;—* Example 1: (aay Solution: x0 + 2x+2=(x +141 Let x +1=tan@ dx = sect#de | Joos’ do = 3 f2cos’@ do = jE” ao eet) 1 eet =+e 2 2 ae(xeiy Jee w+ 2x42 Example 2: Evaluate foe ea Xxx Solution: | - ee) Lotse=t 2xdx = dt pode tat tdt t pan Eee, ear 2! (yee) (yee) BT Poet Indefinite IntegralstA -t+N+Greclr+y 1 sas SAS A=W] t=0:0-A+c > c= t=1=A+2B +2 1 dt 3 1 tet eal dt =~ Mog, |1+¢e|+ 4 alallen sell glace Consider 4,= [tt * dt = 2 (2%? ge = p12 at ae a ee Bee aI Bet Loge #04] 621 From equations (i), (ii), and (ti we get 1=—Jiog five] +S toe, fe e+ =~ floe, 1+ | lot. xt 2? +4] sinx ——SIDx _ gy + sinx cosx Example 3: (a) Evaluate 1 2 t+sinxcosx | 2/t+sinxcosx 2" pee sinx -cosx = 2 Trsinx cosx oe Let sinx - cosx=t; 1~ 2sinx cosx o a = Gi) w o oi) Indefinite Integralsinx—cosx 4, 14 sinx cosx Let -sinx - cosx =u (sinx - cosx)dx = du du were nsnccosn 3 [—E wo 2 From equations (), i, and (id, we get Bissinx—cosx + tan V3 - sinx +cosx 1 tog, ete ae ssamele 2 (9 Saline [aaa Solution: [oe let = | Saxeoax (isin c08) '= 08x = 7 (2.c08x)= 2 ((sinx + cos) + (cosx -sinx)) (sinx + c08x) + 3 (cosx—sinx) sinx +.cosx 1 cos x -sinx = 2 j—_Sinx e0sx __ gy, , 47 _co8x—sinx___ 2! sinx cosx (1+ sinx cosx)" * 2 sinx cos x (1+ sinx cosx) For |, let sinx - cosx = t and proceed as example 3(a) For I, let ~sinx ~ cosx = u and proceed as in example 3(a) Example 4: Solution: Indefinite IntegralsExample 5: Solution: Example 6: Numerator 1= 3 (2) = 3 ((¢ +4)-(¢-9)) xe +122 x ate dax a 3 at Let x?=t = ok1 “Wen (a= rire! Latent pede at = Ajo = Leaw tre = Lean ese set 3 3 tam xe diane (b) Let x’ = t just for partial fraction e e BAR erate! Consider 2x°-1 A(x? + 1) + B(x - 1) nAtB=2 A-B=1A= 3 and @ Consider 4, = JExample 7: Solution: Example 8: Solution: 1 ewe 3) 3 tog, 2 | =) ox inx) (1 08%) J sec X ax = dt eae ee atweeer fa Jag pa j tt 2 \[¥ (ey @ (ey (ey sia consider f= £9) apt) em tog,|t+9]+ oy! ey (oy) ea J=t-2log, [14t]+2 46 Where t = tan® ti 2 Evaluate [ = ainx (rin +2008) dx = 20 wee 2a , ae (148) ae (He)ae 2t [« 2t Cs) efeeeasa—2e) J e(e 2-3) Tel ne ae qt? Consider 14 = Alt! — 2t- 3) + (Bt +O).t t=O: 1=-3A> A 2 -4A+B4C> BHC : 2=B-Clog, te 1 2 = = log, |¢|- = log, |t? -2e-3 3 toe, [eI 3 Loe, | Where t= tanZ Example 9: Evaluate [2 tan® x dx Solution: Let tanx = ¥2 tand, so that we can get rid of YW sign sec’ x dx = 2 sec? 0 d0 1=fv2vaano. v2 sec’ a 00 poof #000. 2000. 1+ 2tan’ 0 1+ 2tan'o 0 228 gj condo (sie? 0) (1+ sin® 0) reyes tee) 5 Lae|t em" +c tanx = V2 tand = =? | So(eos'0 dan8) * cosd Let sind =t > cos@ do =dt = Where t=sina “Far (Divide the numerator and the denominator by x) Indefinite IntegralsVata at V3 x Wat ext +143 x 4c at Wye can be evaluated by substitution of t? + 3 = vorv? Ne +s (&) It is similar to part (A). Please do it yourself. Answer is 2tar “x(xecosx) Example tt: Evaluate Solution: ox p poee acura ~ Ty (eros) = [f° xT xxcoex = log, | x| log, |x +cosx|+C 1 pax Evall inet] 2 ox Example 12: Evaluate [x sin (3 7 } Solution: Let x = 2a cosq @ @ oe : a 7 qos 2q+ Ffeos2qdq = F q(2costq-1) -~ sin2aq+c Ze ~ 22%) - Aaa? + 20 Example 13: Evaluate if Solution: eae dx 2 gy fe tt were t= +1 (#9) eat 7 € 1 stan’x+ 2 #e=tan-tx+ t xxia ad Example 14: Evaluate | (or) (rome Solution: We know (x? +x #1) (@—x+ Daxter +1 ox Example 15: Evaluate | a 2) (0 +2x Ae 42x02) Solution: Using direct partial fraction would be too lengthy. Let x? + 2x = t just for partial fraction. A,B, 6 yea) bet +2 eye Find A, B, and C, using concept of partial fraction. ey én Cy at Vesa Each of, which is a simple integral and can be evaluated. Example 6: Evaluate [(1°" 43" +) (242% + 24” + 6)? ce, x> 0, where ‘fs natural number: Solution: = [(x°" +30" +x") (See 43x" so te . (“Jer 4302" 4 6x") oe Let 249 3x" 46x at 3 m(0 4 ex) = dt at 4 52. aay a 2m 4 39" 46x") 6(m=1) aMultiple Choice Questions (Single Choice 7, Find Je" (xinx + (nx + i)ox Correct) e an a (14 log x)’ dx . : ww ate (8) etinx=C t4logx"* + (log) © xe'im+e (0) none of these (©) logl1+ xtogs|+C (0) none of these (A) loght=2l0gx|+¢ (8) log|x +togx|+¢ ine 8 J (inx) 4 fe | (Ss )« is equal to Sear sc ) ——+¢ (inj W Zee @ se : : © +e (0) none of these © Xs (0) none of these (tmxy' +4 ‘— [—# — te equatto 3. Evaluate jo (1428)? Sint x4 sinx (A) log|sinx|+sinx+e ny (@) log|cosx|-sinx +c (©) loglsinx|-sinx +e @) (0) log|cosx|+cosx +c + ©) x! ( a (0) none of these “ Ae s) se ® s- 10. if F(x) = ftan® x de! tana and 4 = 7 © ary a +C — (D) none of these (5) 2: then 0X) = n-x @ -~« x 1 = rerse say") © x (0) none of these w ines t)ee ®) in[xetea]ce tt. 1= flog, tog, x -}dk is equal to a : (toe, x) () ¢ (D) none of these =e (A) xtog, x+log.x+¢ ein x SE ak is equal to . (8) xlog, log, x +c Vcos”* x log, 3 cos* x dx. log. log, x+—2—+. @ 2 (tanaf* se @) jE (©) log, to#, «+ Se (© 2 (tanx)? +e (0) none of these (0) none of these +A iret rtegrtsx+(cos"3x)° ope = Ay1-9x' +8(cos*3x)' +¢ Where C is the integration constant, then the value of A and 8 are ox ® ® © a-1,e-1 a8 (0) none of these 7” is equal to Nog Xt a) 4 + ¢ joe see 1 @ Htan txt + @ ples tan +C ©) Atog% 1s tant? +e 120° xP 44 (0) none of these cos’ x + cos* x 14, The value of the integral f 2% axis (A) sin x - 6 tan” (sin x) +c (8) sinx -2(sinx)7 +c (©) sin x ~ 2 (sin x)* - 6 tan” (sin x) + (D) sin x — 2 (sin x) -1 + § tan“(in x) +e (8 —1dx The value of JO iam Teeesonet OV2x" — 2x7 41 [IT 2006) ® @ 2 petit © +e (D) none of these 16. Let f(x) for n 2 2 and g(x) (fofo-f) 6) then Jx°7900 dx equals [ur 2007) Indefinite Integrals “ (tne) +k oie @ L(reme yk © mot yk © AL freme yk a7. if F(x) dx =y(x), then [ x°F(x°)dx is equal to — [VEE Main 2013] ) Bevery farvorrdx] +6 © Le(r)—3] evr yen +6 © every fryer + (0) Sewer) feverrar] +c 48. The integral flv der oe is equal to (JEE Main 2014) W (ne 40 (®) xe +e © (xate"F oe (ees 49, The integral | 9% _ equals 22 Od 1) [JEE Main 2015] ® (“sy +e (0) Gt sve (A) -Ot +0 +e © (<4) +e x 2x" 5 aie 20. The integral le pe is equal to [JEE Main 2016] (A) “ce @) ——— (eae vy D(x +x +4) @—* +c («@—*" + 2(x? +x8 +1) A(x +2? +A) Where C is an arbitrary constant.21. Let J, tan? xd, (n> 1). If, + |, = atan’x C, where C is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair (A, 8) is equal to [JE Main 2017] @ (20] ® ( - ol do} or h 1) 22. The integral sin? xcos? x rr (sin® x cos? xsin? x +sin? xc0s?+ 08x) is equal to [EE Main 2018) a — 46 Teor x i ate tan) “ ® ao ar © Sretan’x) tse 1+cot? x (Where C is a constant of integration) 5x sin * 2 dx is equalto___. [YEE Main 2019] sin 2 (Where c is a constant of integration) o (A) x+2sinx +2 sinax+e (8) 2x + sinx + sinax +6 (©) 2x + sinx + 2 sinax + ¢ (0) x+2sinx+ sinax +e Multiple Choice Questions (One or More aa, if SIX, C08 1 oad eee [ut 2009) « ® © o Fill in the Blanks Questions 2s. [Sg A 8 = Ax +B log (@e® - 4) +C, then ec oon seo Subjective Questions viet j ox (@% ef sinx + cotx + xsinx sinx 28. If (x) = cosx + sec? x and f(0) = 0, find f(x). 26. Evaluate 27. Evaluate ox 29, Evaluate [V1-sin2x dx 30, Evaluate [sin3xsin5x dx cos* x ox (ier) oe 31. Evaluate 32, Evaluate 33, Evaluate [tan'xsec’ xox tetanx gy Ttanx 34, Evaluate 35, Evaluate ox I six > 0 Vi-cos2x sin(2+3log, x (230g, x) 4, 36, Evaluate Evaluate x ax. ae. Evaluate JE co, tanx dx 39. Evaluate J log, cosx 40, Evaluate | (2x? +1)sin®(2¥° + ax) de 41. Evaluate 42. f [(sin2x-+.c0s2x)o ne ) +0, Find the values of a and c. 43, Evaluate [x" (1+Inx)dx 44. Evaluate Indefinite Integrals45, Evaluate 46. Evaluate 47, Evaluate 48. Evaluate 49. Evaluate 50. Evaluate 51. Evaluate 52. Evaluate 53. Evaluate 54, Evaluate 55, Evaluate 56. Evaluate 57. Evaluate 5B. Evaluate 59. Evaluate 60. Evaluate 61. Evaluate 62. Evaluate 63. Evaluate 64. Evaluate 65. Evaluate 66. Evaluate sinx cos x cos! x ox x dx Vine ox xiv 10x* + 10" log, 10 TO + 1008. 10% + x” [1+2tanx(tanx+secx)]"” oe ox ox? 1 13x axes ax4 2 e(2 | ce x) (cot + logsinx) ox cos0 do a ea x(a) Indefinite Integrals 67, Evaluate 68. Evaluate 69, Evaluate 70. Evaluate 71. Evaluate 72. Evaluate 73. Prove that 74, Evaluate 75. Evaluate 76. Evaluate 77. Evaluate 7B. Evaluate 79. Evaluate 80. Evaluate 81, Evaluate 82, Evaluate 83, Evaluate 84, Evaluate a5. e de" + 6 x+2) de (eaay Jet ok Texte ee oe (x9) cos(x-a)cos(x—b) tan" (secx + tanx) de axa] ox J — -tnftan 8X4]. Sinx+cosx x log (t+ x) dx Jo® ax Jinx + sin2x dx eosx 6082 2sin2$--£084 4g 6—cos’¢—4sing (x4) (veatx + tan) a ox vtanx ox ox xavxt veosax ox sinx ok dx = Ax + Blog, (964) +¢, then find the values of A, B, and C. 86. Evaluate sin Vx cos Vx Yarcoe" x87. Evaluate flog(V1-x + Vt¥x) ak 104, Evaluate [22X42 _ gy 88. Evaluate | sin(log.x) + cos(log.)} de en 408. Evaluate f(x) Vm x dx Se (x008" x sine) ce 106. Evaluate x ‘sin 4x IX axe o+x 407, Evaluate 89. Evaluate 90. Evaluate [ sin” x1 91. Evaluate | —~—"_— dx _ 108. Evaluate 92. Evaluate oa (x+2)(x-3) 408. Evaluate 93, Evaluate [2° *4 gy +16 94, Evaluate | Jy? 2x5 ok 95. Evaluate [x Vx" + 10x ‘0. Evaluate 96. Evaluate [x Vx? +x dx ‘mM. Evaluate ie or. evaluate | ae m2. If 1,., = fos” xcosmx dx, show that (m+ ly, , = 608% sinnx + | oe. evn [— (m+n lnsv-n (x+viema 413. Evaluate [sin4x e%”* ax ea : 99. Evaluate | (2-”) N14 x? 114, Evaluate [———-+— dx (raline ex 100. Evaluate [2 1*=1 gy ee 14 xe08 x) de ton evaluate [ue ded ox ae) (20% 40" — 40 + de" +26" Jax ox 16, Evaluate f=" 402. Evaluate [ (ayer 4103. Evaluate [—% 417. Evaluate tan'{ 20080. sec? do aaa (2-sin20 Multiple Choice Questions (Single Choice Correct) 1© 212) 3.0) 4(A) 5) 612) 2) BC) 9(C) 10.0) 1) 12.(A) 13.(C) 14. (0) 15(C)16.(4) 12 (C)18.(8) 19.8) 20.8) 2L(A) — 22.(C) 23. (0) Indefinite IntegralsMuttiple Choice Questions (One or More Choice Correct) 24. (A), and (8) in the Blanks Questions io c8) Banicer 36 25. A ‘Subjective Questions 26. © inls|+ax ee 2 28. f(x) = sinx + tanx 30, sin2x_sin&x |, a 16 40. (a v6x)-sin(ax? vex)] +c 42, c= 7,0 =K=Any constant aa, tin |e aL xt 46. inloecx + tanx|~cosecx +¢ 4[3x 1 4) sinax+tsinax|+e 48 iz 8 | so. ainie-+4=0 52. Infsecx + tanx|-toglcos x|+¢. 54, -tan"(cosx)+¢ i fina wan af tan v2 Indefinite Integrals 27. et cosec + +6 29. sinx+cosx+C a1, S1N3% . 38IDX or sinx—Jsin? x +c" 2 3 3a, fan'x tan’x _ 35, xcosa~sina Infsinx|+C ~cos(2+3INx ees (2ieinx) 3 39. -Inlincosx| + 45, -x+2tantx+e 47, 2vtanx +C 49. ive [(w-a)]oc 51. Inftor + x%|+0 55. In|(sinx ~ 1) + Vain? x—2sinx—3]+¢ 51. Ve ot+inlxo vie eee58, Jtan(2tanx)+¢ £, Net ‘ 60. + Halsinx —cosx|+c Gt xstn|a? +x 2)-atnlX* +c eee o. ~ + eos2x+6 . eee ee 63. V6 64, eog(sinx) + e(sinx) 65. —Linfsing v2] +4injasing v3] +c 5 5 oe tan'x+C 68. mn —1 1 72. to _ 78. ae lcosx ++ 200s" x +cos x=1 etn wa sits racterentons-sh i 7 axe 78. © 9 90x aotan'* +0 3 2 s 79, V2sin't +C = V2 sin" (sinx—cosx)+C 80. \3| sin" (sinx—cos.x)-Ialsinx + cosx + Vsin3x]]| +¢ at, In feo 2am BEN 0 we se -Anleotx + Jeor? x= 1] V2tn)Bcosx+ V2cos" x con'(=2=8) v6 2 aa. Vix. Vx -2Vt-x +cos" Ve + 82. 83. 35 85. 38¢ = k= Any constant + Joos? x+1eosx 4) 2 2 +c ir Indefinite IntegralsLa (t-24) ima ve 2 87. nlog(Vimx + Vex) + Jsin'x-Tx 0c a8. xsin(log x) +C a9, e[x-seox]+c wf fE]-fEove Eee a 2infxst|+2 infx-af+e 3 3 aa 8 (x-3) 3 3 on, Inper2|r 2 tn|x-9] re 2 1 tant [22-4 . et = |+c aa) 94. 3 1) Varo B GS + 2ln|(x +9) +i VBE] HC 95. peed + Pioje rsa] +e +c 3 1 Bex} 4 (ax sa Va vx * 3g 96. E(sP ox)? (ax ot) 6 97, 2vx - 2tan'Vx +c ve, JX Thc x = go, Vinx? | c 400. x-In|x+3|+tn] x+2| +e On 3 ee cewmere 93 8 101. 102. Ain|t—cosx| + tn|t+cosx|~2tn|1+2c0sx| +¢ 3 2 3 7 7 7 Van t{X2=2x) 4 |x? -2x+2 103. 3" (752)-§ wfc? +e x2 2x42, Btanty 1 1 2 . Stan tx —Finjtext+tin(tex2)+ 5 +e toa. 3 Finite xl Zin(1+ x) 2 Wx son Anrep edfceyicce Sam (ft) -e Indefinite Integrals1,,[trsinx| 1 |, |t+v2 sinx fonftssing|, 1 fins le sinx [2 |1-V2 sinx. ee eee soz. 5th |t+ tan? x] + Fn tan’ x — tan? x +4 foes 102.3 ial feta x 109. atofe Foe -Zinfax-tealFowvife-$.- 1 __s¢ fax —14 a? = x1) ae 110. sin"| —*] +k c m. + 2log|xsinx +cosxl + xtanx +1 112. pt 113, -2cos' x-e7 4 14, sin’ x+ V1 - J * +0 tex c xe xe 1 15. No le ac 2(e* —) "2 Otand +logcosd ~(1-tand)tan'(1-tand) + Stogl2—2tand + tan? ol+cMultiple Choice Questions (Single Choice Correct) 1 © a (14log x)" dx telogx’ + (logx) (1+log x) ox te (x t}tog + (Vx togx) (1+log x)" ok Te xlog x + log x + «(log | : (1+1og xf A ~ 1 xtog x) Flog x (T+ xlogx) (stonx! (i wlogx)(1 08x) [1 xtogx) Let 14 xlogx = ¢ = (1+log x)dx = = JF =tog,le|+¢ =loght + xtog x] .c t= foe, ant xesing cos x(1~sin’ x) ee sinx(sinx +1) Let sinx = t => cos xdx = dt = fifa = {(f-s}e =log|sinx|-sinx =log|sinx|-sinx +c Asin’ x I x= x = [ tan’ x sec? xdx Let tanx =f sec? xx = dt feat rere et ee. altars) ‘sc Option (0) is the correct answer. © We know, fe (F(x) +#'(x))ax = e'F (x) +e xinx =f (x) te inx = F(x) 10. (¢) Jet (xine +14 tmx) de #(x)= tant xo 220% 4 tan tan® x 4 tanx 3 xinx+C = fran’ x (see? x oe tan’ x = tan’ xsec? xox -j(sec? x - sax tanx mi ptanx Option (C) is correct. 1. @) if inx=t Fade ax- v (3) 12. (A) Let 3x= 0 = 3dx = -—sinddd Frenne Lean a ae Be ie ae sinoao 5 Indefinite Integralsone --}(Ste0 0 =-teino-12 40 on 33 =-tsino-Lo +e ae --3 hex cos ax) +c Option (A) is correct. 13. © Let =f wy (eJ2x aya Let x? =t 3x%ox = dt “aleay* eaen* ene len] mn ; lige tat Hog’ + tant} + 3 aI | dean x40 6 eet 3x°dx = dt J xt(e)ox- 2) (gor ~Afef e(ejae-J (uf e(eaee] =J[eu(e)-[ var] = Jeu (e)-[ v(e).axd| = bey (e)-[ eu (e)de TT @obey 21 (A) 1, = Jtan’xdx = [ tan”? x.(sec? x - de J, +1. = [tan"? x-sec? xd _ (tansy, “net fn=6 c one canal i c 22. (C) Divide numerator and denominator with cos” x j;—* (an! tan® x tan ay se x e(teey [(+e).0+e)F “aay Ray dt = 23. (D) sin 3x +sinx =f sin x = [[[o- 4sin’x) + 2c08x] dx =xtsindx+2sinxte Multiple Choice Questions (One or More Choice Correct) 24. (A), (8) Fill in the Blanks Questions Subjective Questions 26. Let ea =f{xedea|on = fx deft ax safe Br Let f= forse teotxe xsinx gy sinx = Jet dx + foosecxcot x dx + fx dk =e" —cosecx + +0 2 20, F(x) ~cosx + sect x (Given) Integrating both sides wrt to x, we get JP *(x) de = [eos.x ok + [ sec? x ok = f(x)=sinx+tanx+e Put x = 0, we get #(0) = sind + tano +c 30=0+0+C =c=0 f(x) = sinx + tanx 29. Let I= [vimsinax dk = [Vi sinxeosx dx = [Veos? x+ sin’ x—2sinxcosx dx = [(cosx- sin x) oe =sinx +eosx +e wore ¥* =| (cos x —sinx)’ = cos x - sin»| _ feos ~sinx Vx: cosx-sinx>0 | sin -cosx ¥ x: Othe Indefinite Integrals20, Let /= [singxsinsx ox = } f2sinsx sinax ox =} f[cos(sx -3x)-cos(6x +3x)] ox 1 = f(cos2x-cosx) a 1 sinax_1 sinax _ a +e 31. Method 1 Let 1 = feos? x dx We know that cos3x = 4 cos’x ~ 3 cosx cos3x +3cosx 0834 308% FJ (cos3x+ 3008 x) ce _ 1 sin3x 3 opts jsineee _sin3x , 38inx | 6 2 Method 2 Here, (= cos’ x dx Here power of cosx is odd, Put sinx = t = cosx dx = dt 1 = Joos? x.cos xox = | (1~ sin x) cos x ox = j(t-e)de =fae—eae a t-Lvc=siny-Isin’ x +c" 3 3 Note: why are two answers different? These seem to be different, but are same. 32. Let 1 = f(x Vxe2) ae putxt2=Pse-2 Bdx= tat 1 f(t -2) xew2e at _ f(t ae? v4) & at _ af! ae +402) ae Indefinite Integrals 33. 34, 35. =2(x+2)" As t=(x+ 22 Note: let x + 2 = t and process. It is always advisible to avoid squaring. Let = ftan?x sect x dx Here, power of secx is even pt Put tanx = t > sec*x dx = |= fran x sec? x. sec? x de = f tant x(1+ tan® x) sec! x ok = fe (ret) ae =f(vre) ae fe 6'8 _ tant x , tant x | 6 8 +c c ~tanx Tetanx jens cosxt Put cosx + sinx = = (cosx ~ sinx)dx = dt =lnfjve =lnfcos x-+sinx| +c sin(x~9) Let =f eine ox peinxcosa—cos xsing = Joosa ax [sinocot x ci ox = cosa dr-sinal cot x de = xeosa~ sino lnlsinx| +c a asintx V2 sinx > 0) land 2 =-L Jeosecx dk =—bin va ve37. 38. sin(2+3inx) 4 oe Let =f Put2+3n xt de=at = tax=tat x x3 cost + Let I= [> —% Vix cos'x Put cos = ax = dt Put log, cosx = t = (prea =a = tanx dx = ~dt =Inlineos x| +c - Let f= [(2x? +1) sin? (2x? + 3x) ax Put oes ae=t = (6 +3) de = ae 3 3(2x8 + Jo = 3 (20 4) r= ae = Afasinte at a. 42, 43. 44, = 2i(t-cosat) at =e ona Sele sin(4x’ +6x) (2x° + 3x) +c purz=*t2 = 2 (1- 5) w= fet dz =e7+C 4c Let = [(sin2x+cos2x)oe aj[ Feiner eos2x af cos{ 2-2 ax 1 x Lsin| 2x-£|+« v2 ( ‘] But it is given that, sin(2x-c)+0 @=K ~ Any constant — Put xt=t >xInx= Int j)or= tor f= fe-tae= fae =teCaxc alin tx xr) Put x" +1=t > nx dx = dt Let |= Indefinite Integralsax x cosx cos? x + sin’ x sin’ x cosx oe = [eosecxcotxak + [see xee nfsecx + tanx|—cosecx +C a7 Letl= oe Sinxcosx Put tanx = t => sec? xdx = oe = (1+ 0 )ox =at Indefinite Integrals t feeerte vive vive dt t= [Fe-ot+e ve =2Vtanx + 40. Lett = feos! x de 14cos2x) oil 2 ye = 2) (1+20082x+.cos* 2x) dx a [fos afcor xcs [208] ese dean +sin2x+tsinax [+c 3 View’ Put 1+ x0 = = 3x’dx = dt fox = 4 3 xd = Fat51. 52. 53. "Ie pu a etat > Sede = at > Teak = Ie 22 ~ainle|+c wanWrrs cet = ain 2210108, 104, 10" +x” Put to +x =t = (10° log, 10+ 10x")ox = at dt Ia atnfior +x°]s¢ Fee Let = [1+ 2tanx(tanx + seex)F ax = j[te2tan? x 2secxtanx] ox = [[[sec? xv tan? x1 2500 xtanx} de = f(secx + tanx)ox =Infsecx tanx| -togloos»|+¢ tet =f ox 3x1 axe] cen fe ies = -sinx dx = dt =-tan't+c qt? =-tan"(cosx)+¢ 55. 56. 57. oe Asin? x-2sinx 3 Put sinx = t = cosx dx = dt j—# Ve-2-3 at ~2.txtet—4 Hf ey nin — aac = tn{sins 1) = ei=2sinx=3]-c +c 8k ay Bx 44x42 19x = A6x+4)+B Equating the coefficients of like power of x, we get, 6A=-3,1= 4A+8 Let 1 Solving these, we get a=—2. 9 1 x44) p= piaer ae? Bx a4x42 (ox+4) de aax + Harsaes areas = —Binfaxe +4x+2]+ J 42x. Let =f View Let xrt= A(2x)+B Indefinite IntegralsComparing the like powers of x, we get 1=2Aand1=8 Let x?+1=t= 2x dx = dt i= [enkaale i And t= Fy Sig sire Saas 2 oda stn vi]sc =F vista Lvs os 1 3sin x se. Let /=[ Dividing the numerator and the denominator by cos’x, we get (ee Sec? x+ Stan’ x sect x dx Ty tan’ xy Stan’ x sec’ x dx “Satara Put tanx = t= sec’x dx = dt jot = titan 2 *(2tanx)+c 1 tan’ * Put cos x = 2 14 tan? < 2 Indefinite Integrals a1. 2+2tan? X41 tan’ * 2 2 1=[ 7% = tant tre ea(ay BB tan 2 ays) 2 = Zan +e Be oe Teotx yp tees dinx= con Now, sinx = A(sinx — cosx) + B(cosx + sinx) Equating the coefficient of sinx and cosx, we get 1=A+BandO=-A+B Solving these, we get Aztande=t 2 2 if x= c08x)+T(cosx + Sinx—cos 1 cosx +sinx 4, =yle3 lSeecmen =~ 42 infsinx cos x] + = ZrLinfsinx-cosx|+c Let p= [2 t8K+3 gy 43x42 ffs 2x41 et) 3x42 fief Poreresy = Jo =x+0,(2x+1) ox Seige 2x 11= (2K +3) +8 Equating the like powers of x, we get 2=2Aand1=3A+B Solving these, we get A=1,B = -2 (2x+3)-2 48RD (2« +3) ax “Trace oe 2a “Nat nf +946 3|-2f 4D =tale? +3049] nh a r2|-2 =Infe? + ax 42]-2tn nlehth =| +3x-+2]-2In] Ix¥+4 1c x 62. Let /= [xcos! x ok -fx (122225) =A fx der df vcos2x ak pees] ee xsin2x 2 alee (c0s2x] 9 22 26, xsin2x a. 4 + toos2x +c a 3] xfoos2x dx jt. fc0s2x dk) ox] +e b= Jet (F(x)+F set (x)+¢ =extec ‘(x) ox) fee x 64. Let |= fe" (cot x +log sinx) ax Here, f(x) = log sinx > f(x) = FL x08 = cot x -1= Jet (log sinx+cot x) ox = fet (F(x) +F*(x)) ox =e" f(x)+c = et log(sinx)+¢ cos 0 0. 68. Let | Gina) (944 and] Put sind =t cos do =dt at '=Tarytavay pg " (@rey(arat) Det Brae = 1=AG+4t+ 82+ Putt = -2 1=-5A> A= -linfesa|+ 4. tualaesa|ee 3 54 =—1infsino +2|+ Tinfasing +3] +¢ 5 5 Indefinite IntegralsPut xo 41=t = Sxt de =dt = tan’ +c _— = tan" +e B 7) _ Oe green fa Ces oft 8 oa Sayre) a a eee = gt gimitive rex) (1) =tufi}+e Se eae 5 (14x) (14x?) KtT Tex? (+2) de 1 = AQ? +1) + (Bx + Cx #1) a ee Put = 1 Iara) dent = 1= AQ) dx = 2t dt > call (2-142) «2 at Equating the coefficient of like power of x, et _ (A +30 —a)+3)e get ando-B+6 Solving these, we get A jes 7 creel 1 ana c=! (»3}e a J 2 ted grakte -yet te ead ala la ? (+d) J 7a (« 3) + (v3) rute-tez x4 12AQ0 +8 5 (1p) =ae Equating like powers of x, we get 2A=1 > A P (8) 2 eae eat “og er Bt 4 (20) de (de odun'(Het ve Ce a AG = pin? +4] + tantx +c, Indefinite Integralsok oe tet = aay — A, oree Gaye ead = 12 A(x? +1) + (Bx +C)(x-1) Putting x= 1,we have = 2 Equating the lke power of x we get OrAvBand-BSC=0 Solving, we get a=-2 and c= 2 1 al tye 1 peck 17 oe ale alee al 0. nm 72. 73. _ dx, 05(x—a)cos(x—b) 1 snfo-b)-te 08(x—a)cos(x 6) ~ sin(o—b) c0s(x~a)e0s(x 6) pplltan(e-)-tan(e-o))ae cos(x-0} jeos(x—6)|* oa): Let |= Jtan"(secx + tanx)dx = fan “(ee cos de sinx + cos x Let 1=rcos® and 1=r sind Vi rat and 0=tan'1=% Indefinite Integrals s[-taskos(e 0) 09 es(e-el]e_ x '= | Teinxcoso +cosxsind] dx ‘in(x0) ~ton = Joosec(x + 0h +e =Inftan—4}+c ~tnfan #4] .6 8 7A Let [= J xlog(1+x) ax Here, according to ILATE, log (1 + x) is the first function and x is the second function. 1 atog (t+) fx def fx ao 1, ied =} rt, (143)-2 fA oe =3emoe9 Xa foe s) Pinte) 2x toler) 2,4 eI, — we. Let = fo ox inst tet Vx =t > mat First let = a cts fel x2edt = 2fte' at =aftfe’ at- f(r. fet at) ae] =2[tet—Je' at]+c -a[tet-et]ec =2[Vxe*-e% 4c = 26% [Vx— (sinx »2sinxcos x) V2cos’ x +cos x—1 (1+2608x)sinx ax cos? x +eosx—1 Indefinite Integrals 76. Let =f ox p Let =f Put cose = t= -sinx dx = ot pleztse [2t? +t —1 Let 1+ 2t=Alat +1) +B Equating the coefficient of like power oft from both sides, we get 2= 4K and1=A+B By solving, we get A=1and 6=2 2 2 1 1 Bae onjet Vat +t-4 (401) 1 Tp ats alsoaaes; peep dar s-1-— nl 2 we =A aces? x+e08x—1 2 osx +++ Jcos*x+tcosx-A}+e ay 2 2 2sing—cosd_ 6 cos? 4sing +e levts fees te 4 2° 3] + tn we (asin sin’ @—4sing +5 Let sing = t > cos do = dt78. 19. Pa ates Now, 4t-1= A(2e-4) +8 Equating the like powers of t from both sides, we get 422A; -1=-4A+8 by solving, we get A=2.8=7 2(2t-4) +7, a4t+s ot Seas can aed ata = 2ln|e? - 4t+5]+7| nl | lay ay = 2tale —4e+5}+Z ran 2 oe 7 = 2tn|sin? paren 22 (x +4) vet r= fA Ie f(e 40 -20- = Jo Fea = [xf de -4f x a+ 20f dx 20 2 20x Stan X +0 3 2 48 20x -a0tan 240 3 2 Lat = (vet + Itanx) = fossa weinncoex = vag Comzesinale asinxcos x *s cosx +sinx is de of sinx ~ cosx 1 (eer +sinx) de (sin x -cos x) Put sinx - cosx = 80. at. = (cosx + sinx) dx = dt srl ae vee = V2sin’t +C = V2sin" (sinx-cosx)+C Let 1= [Vtanx dx = Bi |[veot x + Vann) -(Veot x —Jtanx)| a =I (veot + Vian) obe-2 (veotx Jeans) ax 4 ahah = VBsin"(sinx-cosx)+¢, (as in question number 4.) = |{ eotx - Vian) a = fov8 ox ciaiaiosx “A a : cos x~sinx is de of sinx + cosx t= sj eres) a 1 Put sinx + cosx = t = (cosx - sinx) dx = dt AE = ink Nese, = V2In|(sinx +cosx) + Ysin2x|+ Cy 1 (sinx-cosx)-2 fi tlinx cons land] +c sin*(sinx -cosx)-tn — porous aa? Let 1=f pute Indefinite Integrals2t dt Seat avi Sere _ , (aes) ae Vee =lnfe +e +4-J e at (3-4) ninfe? vee stole] F tan’ (251) ce 3 spl tan MES) 82. Let j = (YEOS2* yy arn [fH 2sie x a LY sin? x = [Neosectx 2 ox cosec*x -2 cosec*x -2 = coset de 9p __ oe Veosec'x-2 ° Veosec"x -2 cosec*x dx sinx ox 7 -2f ok veot?x-1 * Vi-2sin® x aoe ee veot?x-1 “* V2cos* x1 21, joosecte ox OS Yeot® x1 but cote = t= -con8ex = ot at he wf SE6, TES tax =-2sin20 do ax = dx = -4 0820 sin20 do = J {82822 «(4.00820 sin20) 00 eos 20 = feee(a cos 20 x2 sind cos0)d0 cose Let =f. ak-8[c0s20 sin’ 0 do 160520 sy = -8{cos20. = -4{(cos20 —cos' 20) do 7 4| feosan apf S084 | Asin20 | 4 +4 [fa0 + feosa 40] = }-28in20.cos20 ~ 2sin29 +20 +c in 20 cos 20 ~ 2sin20 +20 +C = Vinx . vx -2V1=x +008" +e fe +60" 90°40" 4% 46 26" N, = A(0) + B(de of D) 40% +6 = A(9e™ ~4) +8(180"") Equating the coefficient of like power of e, we get 4 = 9A + 18B and 6 = 40 Solving these, we get oo 85. Let f= ox 87. = Any constant 86. Let 1a fe cE a in V+ c08 lx cos" =2 fain va [5 sn 2 (asin Vx —2 =2 jf asin Ve 2) oe lle 3) =A [sin Vx oe Jobe oA fai de-ave Let = fin‘ Ve ox Put x = sin®0 = dx = 2 sin® cos dé = sin20 d0 |, = Josin2eae Integrating by parts, we get = 0fsin20-{(1. [sin20d0) do 960820 4 1 eos20d0 2 °2 = 000820, 1 sinap 2 =-J0(1-2sin’ 0) +tsinovi-sin'@ +c a Bein’ Vi (12x) + Aivimx +e Let 1 flog Vine + SIX) Integrating by parts, we get (ix « Veen) 1 ai-x as) x 1 Vexeviex 2 Indefinite Integrals= xlog (Mme iva) taints tase 88. log x) +c0s(log x)} o at e'(sint +cost) ot me'sintse = xsin(log x)+¢ 89, Let |= J (xcos? x-sinx) dx cos x Put simx=t 3 cosx dx = dt e Sore = Jer (x-tanxsect x) at xeos? x-sinx) de = fo (see ale ae I ght p =Jelr(-r(o) a Where f(t) = sin?t— I= ef(t)+e 5 ore [eens Fam) em [x-seex] +c cee atx Put x =a tan® = dx = 2a tané sec’ dé _ = 20[ sin" 90. Let / = [sin 2atandsec* dd 0).tand sec? 0a 1 =20fo . ano sec! ada Integrating by parts, we get Indefinite Integrals : 1. 92, 1 =20[ [tand sec? dd ~ [ tan? odd] re] = of 8 (nc 0)e0] =| _ ol; {te} 2- Ee vam fio (<1) ax ea x-1 Ane tan’ [: Jano sec? do = a. tana too) 0 | Let (xeaj(x-a) eet x2 2x21 = Ae 2)+ 80 +1) Putting x a Putting x = 2, we get 2-1=B(2 +1) pra (x+2)(x-3p *2 3 (x-ay Mx ~ BF + B(x + 2)(x — 3) + (K+ 2) = 2x+ Putting x 2x3® Equating the coefficient of x? on both sides, we get o-ate> B-3 ) 2xet («+ 2) (x-3) eT pte x-3 8 lap 3 inpe+2|+ 2 in|x-3]- 25 (3) x44 93. Let /= pres Dividing the numerator and the denominator by x?, we get ke = ah tan wa ( SS ee 3 1ef\mees ox 95. 96. =fyry +r ax xet a4 = A xafee eSin Keene y(xey refec Cen RETEST |(e0a) ies 2x5] +e Let f= flit oi de = fxy(ef +10 Put x? =t=> 2x dx =dt—> xde tie I= Zen at Af eas lines veal] + “iif evi + Zines de ‘| c er. 2 er = Zee tines verdec = pe +The ital ec bet Fa flee de Letx=AQx+1) +8 Equating the like powers of x on both sides, we get T= 2aand A+a=0 A=1 and B=-4 2 2 {( Flee) Ba NT a A flaw) oe ei ce 2 ax oe (2x +1) Vir ox a Put x! + x= (2x + 1dx = dt fe dee2e +62 (rsx) +e, again, 1, = [Vex ok = [irre oe Indefinite IntegralsNow, put x=t? => dx =2tdt tx atdt edt “Veg ra PH 2 SEF at = afar a} ye = 2tantt +c =2vx -2tan' Vx +¢ Pat oe oe tet 1 Here, put x+1=1 = de a t Indefinite Integrals put? +1=u? = 2tdt=2udu sudu ten fA a faw =-VP atte =8 ata +, fow, ——t__ -_A Teva)(e-a) x43 = 1=Ax 2) + 8x +3) Putting x= 2, we get Ne101. 102. =-2infx+3|+t ine +2] +0, 5 5 Fe x-lofee3| stn] xr2|ec ee f Ie oe When, t =14x* a ber i= inx +sin2x m de inxy 2sinx cos x “I jinn sinx (oreand (1 cos" x) (1+ 2008) Put cosx = y => ~sinx dx = dy wv (Hy) (tay) ay ye N29) (ty) 2y) Tey "Te2y 3 1= ACI + yt + 29) + BO — y)G + 2y) + C1 - y)r + y) ry 1 Putting y=1, we getA= Putting y = 103. =- 1 (a leney = Zinh-y| + Zinftsy|-Zinfvay|+c = Ainft-cosx| + tnfr+cosx|-2n é 2 3 |t¥2 08x] +€ Let I= Indefinite IntegralsxP 43x42 (49 (e+) (esas aber) (2 +9) (x9) HO) ap Cele 2 sa) (+1) (x +4) (x4) whey oe aed ey =, +2, xd x A ase (Fae) ei en > x= Al? + 1) + (Bx + CHK +1) 1 Putting x = -1, we get a=—2 iS ee 2 Equating the like powers of x on both sides, we get O2A+Band1=8+C 1 1 Solving these, we get 8= p and C= 3 1 7 I» Ro ipo ate 1y_dx Dest Dead at re 9 ata alee 5 ea For J, Indefinite Integrals —finixst}+tinpestisttantx +c, 2 4 2 Put x=tan@ => dx =sec’d do sec’ gd (1+tan?o) [0 + sind coso] +c, Antes Xt = A tantx + X41) 6. alee alts = Stan? x—Linjtsxi+tin(t+x) + = Bean'x—Linttexis Lin(tee) 5. Let 1= f(x) Vox ax Lette AZ (xox) 8 S x41 (1-2) +8 Equating the like powers of x, we get ~2h=1and -A+B=1 Solving these, we get _ 2 > 1 1 = ay . 1 ff 3¢-29) 03} fax JA 28) Vim? ae + 3 fxm a oa aha t= J(1-2x) Vx? ox Putt =x-x?=t > (-1- 2x)dx = dt ha ffeare£ +0, -2( xox ec, = [fimxow ax =f -(e odd) a4 2 Joint 22 ye, 107% Let tance! 2 al ap yt a B(x ef + Lexa inxx 2x+41 . — () sinx dx tos. Let 1= jo aj__tee (et) (ote A=4 1 swe get B= 2 ing t= Putting €=> Indefinite Integralssoncrctine = Ry injects tale (2-7) . a fp th == Binftetant | Lina a antes GW 1 2t?-2t+2_A : WB gas Btan x1, (aft 21" (ae Be c 2 vi = ot 2+ 2=A(e-1?+ Bt (at—)+ce Putting t = 0, we get A= 2 1 ne Puttingt = 3. we get C=3 Putting t = 1, we get ee tan’e~ 4.4 qt 22 "eet a low, put AX += = Now, put Ax += 109. Let / eae 4 Zan =a ¥ Put t=x+vx?-x+1 = taxa vx? —x41 S poets xtt Pa poe i = (2t-) 1 =a . 2° (xsec? x + tanx’ gy 2H =I)2 epee (ary (xtanxa) ‘Creare en Indefinite Integrals12. 113. at 4 OK gy = fe = tt (xtanx +1) lL xt +f 2x dx wtanxet"! xtanxt oe 2x osx dx © yeanavi'Sysinxcr cos (Put xsinx + c0sx = u (xcosx + sinx = sinx)dx = du xeosx dx = du) x ypdu Ie soft xtanxei tu = eit loall+e : 4+ 2log|xsinx-+cosx| +¢ _ Inga = Joos” xcos.nx a Los"! =Jm - 1 cos ™ feos = os" xsinnx +! feos™ xsin-sinnx sinnx innx cos” x ea Ing = 2008" xsinnx + ° x(cos(n~1)x~cos xcosnx)ax Joos” {c0s(n-1)x = cosnxcos x + sinnxsinx} ie m Inn = 2008" xsinnx +2 a ” Joos” xcos(n-1)x- [eoxxcosmxcx |, oe m Inn = te0s” xsinnx + ™ 4, n Tn ln) m n m cos” x sinnx + 4 ZCOS™ XSINAK HM Ia ns 1 J4sin x08 xcos2x eax = af tan x cos? x(cos® x ~ sin? x) ce = af tan xcos* x(1=tan? x) eek ~ af _tanx wy tar? x)eax Let tan’x = t = 2 tanxsec’xdx = dt (ee ae" =e sc (1+ tan? x) at = 2005" xe" 4c (2-22)ox (1-8 va 11a, we have |7— (exter 1X ef Vee (14 x) 2x) dx 2 jd Jor Genes ins Aa Where =f (14 x008x) de Let xe (14 xe08 x)e™de xe" ( (xe")’) 15. y= st (1+ xe0s x)e"™ax = det Indefinite Integralstlegeay Paper ana)* (Using partial fraction) 1 = togle| es fo oghesc ween xe +C= Hog! ne 116, We have 1a ft ne Ae ae 420! (e* +4)(e" 1), (22% +e" ~ 40% + Ae" + 2}e%c (eae att vt? att vat r2)dt [let et i= Hat 42) st(e? va)ae (e+4)(e 7 [alee af +2(e +4) ae (e+4)(e- “hearts sists es fod w tant +c 2 3(°-1) e 1 =tan'(&) re aes 1" Let = fran’ ( 22088 sect0 do 2-sin20 tan! (See see 000 2-sin20 Indefinite Integrals 4, tetanto | Tetan®O |oece = fean| T8200 | ec? 40 te tan’@ = far ‘(eee ao Te tan® 0 2tand = fean*( 1 Jee eae | (ie e)™ [seca aa = at ot =e) (1-9 y t(1-t)) = ftan“t + tan" (1-e)ot Jaheh Where f= Jtan"e at and 1, = [tan (1—e)at Now, = ftan'e dt =ftan"e 1 tame. 2p fo 2| =ttan't—Llogh+e| 0 Now j, = ftan"(1-e)de =-ftan" (1-e)a(1-0) _[(a—t)tarr (1-2) Ltoghi+(1-2) |= ¢ [using(1)] F=ttan'e— Zloght+e|—(1-t)tan"(1-¢)+ 1 : Plogh+(1-e)|+e = 8 and Hog sec’ #-(1~ tand) tan" (1-tand) 4 2 +Htogle—2tano +tanéo)+¢ = 0 tan0 +logcosd -(1-tand)tan"(1- tan) +Hlogip—2tano +tan'o|+.6 @