ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF SITEPr GEOMORPHOLOGY Cer Sa eC aes PEDO eCRU een CRESTS Lye CCR oe kom omtd formed and their functions. It focuses UCC otc Meso ele Bact D A aCe cob Rear ocr CMe ms CMO st Pen ee eet met rtiig feat Cres Fortean) + Different climatic environments produce diferent suites of landforms and Geomorphologisis map the distribution of thee andr hanes crrevre In relation (aie seomorphology helps in identity so the potential hazards of the siding the si ‘ompeition ae Seon precip ttle Gi Bete? tetas Tt frequency of flooding or erosion events and come up with an Mivtively design prevent these types of disasters he best use balGEOMORPHIC FORCES AND PROCESSESEXOGENIC FORCES + Forces that acquire strength from the earth’s aco utow SU VE vena etCeca ac bubetss SoldatENDOGENIC FORCES CO rootee vb me bec eb bess Sted uolas SU UCC Ce bueno maa earth's surfaceEXOGENIC PROCESS eae ECC ea eee event Puneet enn ytd PO ee TCS Per ern he enero ent Crete ec on nas roe Ber Cty Reem eee nt So Ce bistrot Erosion is the movement of rock debris by Poon een RC etc DT a eaENDOGENIC PROCESS Gis eee CMa on oun enn) Peed eee etc + Diastrophism Neat oreo builds-up parts of the earth’s crust erent Erker cae On eet nT end as nie rete ee) Boerne Happens when excess stress in the rocks of the Se rivecrem acy nee Rat release into weak zones in the form of seismic ‘Movement of molten rock or magma upwards fret note GncetsLANDFORMS ent SooMEeenC CUE eer nec aT Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. It is defined by it's shape, location and formation. aC CCRC mmc CTd oan o nth cent ec roe Bet tat acute rete BOE LT nee mM CINCO n ETI OSEe Eten4 ee PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS Pe Che UMMC reese as Coote rnc cts e crac its PATTERNED. ‘GROUNDTOPOGRAPHY RO arose Rent eee eC SCs PRU Sno ee Curr aes rca Bra and Corer ene Stent kote ee COCR LS eee PCRS eos NSC ont aa Stee ey mtd Secs oua etre tern act Poet at Cary en MMC eae sn Ts Coes Roe Recess nae Cd Poccieee Es rm Renee resets CO tyTOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURESCONTOUR LINES + These are imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation above a datum or bench mark the trajectory of each contour ee OCCUR cue ioe + A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic map to Peer Gaeta tad Sac coe Cesc is the vertical distance or difference in elevation between contour lines. Index contours are bold or thicker lines that Deen aii cen ae Pe Riad Peg TadDIRECT SURVEY noe ES Roce Rr Roan COE clinometers, to directly measure the location and Bee koan Ta EtsINDIRECT SURVEY Penne Dae eRe eC s Pe Cee tenet Cs ete ete Seo eet eee one (erennrc)SOIL CR Ee oe eR eC ease composition and land usage when developing a location (other Certara Rocco Remco e ty residential, industrial, and other types of development involving surface and subsurface structures. ‘The many types of dirt that are present are investigated. The stability of the land, its foundation, appropriateness, excavation, COS ete ero aa ccentnag the soil (as the topsoil is essential for good plant growth). When Cera ent Ceara aCe SELy Peretti Soil for use in design sites is described by several qualities, or Pee Scr ean eee Meso ee Sa otek ete cio nceere Meth COTTA nC RO Cnc anisa cn om cod Pots} rm PST od ORDERS Eo Peet ter om RettSOIL PROPERTIES COMPOSITIONORGANIC MATTER q COMPOSITIONS refers to the substance that makes up the soil namely: @)} PreziORGANIC MATTER Organic matter varies dramatically in soils, and any building structure is usually limited by it Organic matter is essential not just for soil fertility, but also for moisture absorption and retention, as well as landscaping.WATER The amount of water in a particle varies depending on particle size, local drainage, geography, and climate. Most of the water is absorbed by the gaps between particles; only in organic soils do the particles absorb substantial amounts of water.AIR The remaining space that is not occupied by water is filled with air. There is no air in the layer where groundwater is created by gravity water in the subsoil and underlying rock.TEXTURE The term texture refers to the size distribution of particles in a soil sample.ESV} Sand is the first type of soil. It is made up of, microscopic, weathered rock fragments. Sandy soils are one of the worst types of soil oven en eee eee estas in nutrients and have a limited water holding ersten Soyer ten eo Se eC RCT Dessert eae tS Pern sere enemy eet UCuc aver eect on Eee rec ica? foundations because they have big particles SRC eos re's a lower chance of placing a structure PeeLuv ‘The smallest particle in the other two types of soil Pea ce eee ona together, with little or no airspace between them. ‘This soil has excellent water storage properties Pen oes When wet, it seems very sticky, but when dry, it Pee na ee eset ees reese soil, with litle drainage and little room for plant Sener Because of its microscopic particles, it swells and. Pee Sonne ec ae shrinks when it dries, causing the foundation to Seater ety ‘cause fissures and unequal levels in a building, (riled pier or 4 ab-n-qradefoedaton fncianton! to expand. and ahnk a ‘onstruction, ut 2 dled per foundation, ‘hen dg deeper provides structural hardnessThe ability of water to move water downhill is referred to as drainage GOOD DRAINAGE The sbilty of the soi o tanemit A The teat which water in the einem or aces pet or pipe tin te sl ie aberbed by the pecan fae Brenner coe ree ee Ere neat tn a Hemant eaterSOIL LAYERS The humus is the sol's top layer. It's Full of living things like plants, rotting leaves, needles, moss, and more. Ths layers extremely thin and black in color. Tenet ner down ithe topo ay mae apf minerals sits ‘decomposing plant and animal materi, hi ayer ike The next layer isthe subsoil. It's made up of sand, silt,and clay that haven't been completely broken down, therefore it contains less organi stuf. It also has a lighter color, ‘The next layer doven isthe parent material, Most of the material is weathered rock. Except forthe largest tree roots, there arent many things that dwell down here, the lowest layer of so is called bedrock. It's rock layer that'sSOIL COMPACTION ‘The method of exerting mechanical compactive effort to densify a soil by minimizing the vacuum space between soil particles is known as soil compaction. When particles are forced together to limit the air space between them, compaction occurs. Highly compacted soils have very few spaces between them, resulting in soil with a higher unit weight. Cte go ea process of compaction reduces the possibility of settlement, which Pe et ret mercenaries are ats Pewee a ee eter ea construction process because it provides a stable working surface. ‘The basis of the project isa strong soil base, and all other aspects of| the project are dependent on it. There are a variety of soil compaction equipment alternatives available, each with its own set Bete Vy EQUIPMENT PaterTYPES OF SOIL COMPACTION SUL oto Me COMM Mey rTortat PCTS ae tC century. Steamrollers paved the way for Pera ete Lott aS Cee eC NEY SRO MS aS cnr Cee COM OCR TRL sme re eT and dozer blades. All types of compaction equipment aid in increasing soil density, SoS Etec es Creer csrT 0S Dene Ere Pan re BONO Peet PraySMOOTH ROLLERS compact dirt by applying static pressure, which is occasionally combined with vibration and impact. Smooth rollers are not the only form of compactor reheat Cae Te SUCRE DATTA in the final compaction process to give a smooth construction surface.PADFOOT AND TAMPING FOOT ROLLERS especially in cohesive soils, employ manipulative force to disrupt the natural sThel ed elaanvco mr tuete ean lt Iles eat er Coa Coy em N eC hm OE ACCME ola a betel which means they don't fluff the soil, reducing the soil's potential to absorb additional water if it rains.PNEUMATIC ROLLERS use staggered rubber tires with variable air pressure on small to medium soil compaction jobs or primarily gravel soils where the surface of bladed granular soils needs to be sealed. Ballast systems are common on these machines, allowing weight to be added or removed as needed to fulfill compaction requirements. To help fulfill compaction targets, tire pressure can also be changed.PPTL Og can be used to densify soil in restricted areas. Tamping rammers are small, portable machines that can make many impacts on a soil in a short amount of time.HOW TO SELECT YOUR SOIL Ceol teau gel iiaey ea equipment for soil compaction, the type of soil you're Se ROR oe eee ce coarse-grained soils, and fine-grained soils are the three classifications of soils. Organic soils cannot be compacted or used for construction; hence they will not Dee Ra ee UD subeategories of coarse-grained soils, which are fundamentally granular. They are generally gritty to the touch and do not hold water. Fine-grained soils have cohesive structure and are divided into two types: silt and clay. When wet, clay and silt have a smooth texture! PR MCS CCM SUT MTM CO) cuatanstcga nnnslet snmnnstsierins PSUR RUMI eCeenmS Zona Mel compacting sat me ene ie «Tete oho nd porting ney stealer ih ahs To ry ‘ecivemointos igh ees oesRELEVANT SOIL SPECIFICATION SECTIONS ten TU | BOSC arceLIGNEOUS ROCK When molten _rock {magma or lava) cools and hardens, IGNEOUS ROCKS form. This rocl can be weathered and eroded, then redepos and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or it can be metamorphosed due to changes in mineral content caused by heat and pressure. SEDIMENTARY ROCK NSN Sam ele cd eee ees Caen TY Soe ic eas CRG Loman Icy eee ect Pee eta ees tt into a metamorphic rock, ccc mere ee cS Poe Goren deposited, and lithified back intoa sedimentary rock. | METAMORPHIC ROCK| Existing rocks undergo metamorphism because of heat, pressure, or reactive fluid mineral-laden resulting METAMORPHIC ROCKS. ‘Metamorphic also be re-eroded and redeposited.Rite Soc Sterne men sast rs Ce seemn Cento tree inca cd three forms of rock, as well as magma. EU ee keen Pen Geen y EEN Suny Te EUR ates ca anes SUES SROs OC Ts Eeyore on the study of rock, as rock is the primary rcs ROMMEL Coe Oma Mr Pooch tes ROCK CYCLEMETHODS OF astute A variety of fields are used Dat anes Era meer Seer ean eerteor ocr tin Pouce ed laboratory and numerical pre eruee ecns geological oot Perea Md Pee etn Tes In many 8 also explore modern soils, rivers landscapes, and glaciers; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical cycle and investigate the subsurface using geophysical tools,MAIN SOURCES OF WATERRAINFALL Easily collected from areas that are abundant to rainfall via rainwater collection systems DISADVANTAGES ata Sete Pir ec eete Tere Eats that is stagnant can Peeters for mosquitos. YYRAINFALL Easily collected from areas that are abundant to rainfall via rainwater collection systems DISADVANTAGES ata Sete Pir ec eete Tere Eats that is stagnant can Peeters for mosquitos. YYGROUND WATER RARE GruiscLty a. ‘TYPE OF WELLSaD Nis eve COS Matters that are suspended in the water are Peet eee ee eg ea Peter eetet rn erent oy drawing the water out, leaving these sediments behind,CHEMICAL TREATMENTS Ce ee een ci Pee ern salts, iron ete, commonly used chemical is erectpoi he ye CO Filtered on various processes, to remove the particles of vegetable matter, mud, and other particles of matter present in thewater, most Sooner Eee as)AERATION Raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves See?WHAT AFFECTS MICROCLIMATE? The location and the geometry of a building can largely affect the microclimate of the site and the surrounding areas. In densely populated ares, this can restrict air movent making the surrounding areas uncomfortable to live on. Types of soil can also affect the microclimate surrounding the site. Soils heavy in clay can trap heat but cannot conduct it. Sand has a low heat transfer which makes it hot on long periods of time Prezi Skyscrapers can affect the microclimate of the buildings and the environment around it by casting large shadows and directing cold air to the ground, Aerodynamics is studied when constructing skyesrapersUPLAND REGIONS SCR CoM Sco usCe Cort anc Ty OCS sen Cn tg SOM COMET NE ae STO RoR SrC ey Te cet arse) as "lowlands’, "Bottomlands" are areas that are low-lying alluvial lands. Upland areas have a specific type of climate that is notably different from the surrounding lower levels. temperature usually falls with height at a rate of between 5-10 C per 1kM, depending on the humidity of the airCOASTAL REGIONS PCC See acon y SPU Rca coo Te Rts see STC save see ested eee ata at eerie’ Pah Reena Re mene compared with the land. The sea also takes Caron ate erat months and, conversely, a long time to Pes horet tenes nics Coastal microclimates display different characteristics depending on where they ‘occur on the earth's surface.TROPICAL REGIONS SoMa ee Coc CRU LTS COCO ce Saat esi ccny Sree er niece Ctra re er tas time cooling of the land. This involves the aOR ana eceoR nt Coe ace erent nin Sans een nee htt nas The tropical climate is dominated by convective showers and thunderstorms that continue to form over the sea but only develop over land during the day. As a consequence, showers ate less likely to fall ‘on coasts than either the sea or the land.FOREST REGIONS Prva Recon ae ata Cae eee emcees rar ogee Recta com RR eee sae Seve eC CCE ccc one etch euC Bicone Cem CD SOcal MICROCLIMATE STRATEGY MICROCLIMATE DESIGN KEY POINTS: “= Consider building form to protect external spaces including courtyard configurations + Tall buildings can benefit irom an aerodynamic form including simple measures such as ‘smoothed off comers. Facades that are modeled reduce the impact of down wash vortex effect. + Planted windbreaks are most effective in reducing, ‘exposure to and around buildings. + Avoid katabatic downhill) winds carrying high density air downa slope. + Avoid placing a building either in frost pockets or alternatively on exposed hilltop locations. Use topography to shelter a building yt (os + Avoid placing a building either in frost pockets or bere alternatively on exposed hilltop locations. Use topography to shelter a building + Use techniques such as planted facades and earth bberming to protect buildings form wind exposure.DESIGN PROCEDURE Detailed knowledge nt jst about the sit but the surrounding reat i crlteal Designers should collet. information about. the topography, byralogy, existing plants, ean paths, and the form and] How the building form affects the surrounding area should be ‘died and prontied: These shouldbe seen nthe design proposal. The building form should be abl to protect and sbield the ground from In densely populated areas, canopies should be added to slow dove the wind directed from above. Building forma should be able to ‘heter the ground from downward vortex and wake effects that ca help accelerate wind speed. This can be achieved by softening corners ofthe buildings snd modeled facades. {hould be placed on the nara side of the bldg. Topography ad - Plante maybe ust helpaleviate the effects through the we of seler@)} Preziae WHY CONSIDER BUILDING ORIENTATION eS nn ee ae facades reducing the need for artificial lighting. + Some typologies especially housing can be zoned to ensure different functional uses receive sunlight at different times of the day. eerste ere enue rete eke en eee non a eee aa ea “LAYOUT AND ORIENTATION MUST BE CONSIDERED FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE DESIGN PROCESS” i)ORIENTATION FOR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING OTe CeCe ce Resto EER need Se ea eee eC eee Bee PR ee co Caen Cet ren eee SORE Re eee meee D layout will also be influenced by topography, wind speed and direction, the site's relationship with the street, the location of Se onei ee een Cnr con winicne emt) Sonn eesen thn ts Cee CURE a EE a te ote SC iss CC pe Cec Oe Ce ee) neighboring buildings, and vehicle access and parking.ea CleveCy Ney’ ildings, and icoy ora ee yO eNA TOMAsta oun aets) s trees and teh em Important considerations of solar e heating are the [protection from prevailing winds Haccess to breezes for ventilation shade to prevent summer overheating and glare Views |Privacy /outdoor flow T covenants and planning restrictions.CHOOSING A SITE TSR e CeCe Ca Coa Te SRC CN eta eta cn Pea SCR CMC tSmeTt! Stout On ce eee Cae Recs Ca rete ream Re eae a passive solar design. FO eceey oe hanes tg Peer nay ema non eno ood a site adjacent to a tall building or substantial PSUR Ce ote ese CRG Tet ecscshry ores An deal site for passive solar design 1 fee of abstr Mie ableto witha ela frwalle for maximum solar gain ar well ing bat may have ‘with east-west alignment i more ely Tobe overshadowed tthe north.CaCO Cname- veel Mrveelole baked hat receives e used for Tefen otdotm ing slope or ‘ substantial | not receive An ideal site for passive solar design will: 1 Be flat or north-sloping 1 Be free of obstructions to the north (and be unlikely to be built out in future) 1 Be able to accommodate a building with a relatively large north-facing wall orwalls for maximum solar gain (as well as north-facing outdoor areas if those are wanted). HA site with north-south alignment likely to receive midday sun and with minimal overshadowing but may have limited morning or evening sun. A site with east-west alignment is more likely to be overshadowed to the north.BUILDING LOCATION - PCa eco ee ee a ROC eC Carma CSS CeO Rome eet itd properties and provide sunny outdoor space. ‘The best location for solar access will vary from site to site depending on site shape, orientation and topography; and Ber eRe eee SCR cee rce ee arity Pete Cee Co OR mS Cea ae location of trees and neighboring buildings will also influence a building’s location on the site. eee reso eee Cee com cL Pee aCe et etre cL ORO acesLAYOUT OO Rag aot aad to maximize comfort during use. In general, this means living areas and outdoor spaces Set et re eS me CURE essed rayOVERCOMING OBSTACLES Cra ee Rest admitting the sun into the building interior. Openings should be primarily orientated southwards, consider the use of conservatories and buffer spaces. Kitchens are better facing east, living rooms to the south and. Re eee otra) Tae te + Office buildings typically are about the reduction of eee her a eet) eee es ene ee ng ee tte ea mentee cng due south sparingly and incorporate shading devices.