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    17 views13 pages

    Biochemistry Notes

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    Recee joseph

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13
    Aspects of biochemistry a discuss how the structure and properties of water relate to the role that water plays as a medium of life: b explain the relationship between the structure and funetion of glucose: ¢ explain the relationship between the structure and function of sucrose; d_ discuss how the molecular structure of starch, glycogen and cellulose relate to their functions in living organisms: € describe the generalised structure of an amino acid and the formation and breakage of a peptide bond; f explain the meaning of the terms primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, and describe the types of bonding (hydrogen, ionic, disulphide) and hydrophobic ich hold the molecule in shape; interactions wl The human body is made of many different types of molecule. Most of your body is water, which has small molecules made of two atoms of hydrogen combined with one atom of oxygen, formula H,O. The other main types of molecule in organisms are proteins, carbohydrates, fats and nucleic acids. These molecules make up your structure, and they also undergo chemical reactions ~ known as metabolic reactions ~ that make things happen in and around your cells. Up until the mid 1950s, we did not know very much about the structures of these molecules or how their structures might relate to the ways in which they behave. Since then, there has been outline the molecular structure of haemoglobin, as an example of a globular protein, and of collagen, as an example of a fibrous protein, ensuring that the relationships between their structures and functions are clearly established; know how to carry out tests for reducing and non-reducing sugars (including quantitative use of the Benedict's test), for starch and lipids and (the biuret test) for proteins; know how to investigate and compare quantitatively reducing sugars and starch; describe the molecular structure of a triglyceride and its role as a source of energy; describe the structure of phospholipids and their role in membrane structure and function. an explosion of knowledge and understanding, and today a major industry has been built on the many applications to which we can put this knowledge. Biotechnology makes use of molecules and reactions in living organisms, and research continues to find new information about how molecules behave, and new uses for this technology in fields including medicine, agriculture, mining and food production. In this chapter, we will look at the structures of the main types of molecule found in our bodies ~ and in those of every other living organism (Table 1.1) We will also see how these structures relate to the functions of the molecules. molecules The’ (Figure water and water vapour se surprising properties. Other substances made ‘of such small molecules {temperatures found on mos ‘ater may be found asa solid, (qWmermocte Ina water molec, me wo hysogen 1” ‘Sora ae finde one seo ne ft Mites beaetcns gen ia ie en SE Sarin es pages se covalent bend wry " | a a soar hyrapen tong | | eemmunotemt se = Figure 1.1 a The structure of a woter molecule; hydrogen bo negte pspece otooctemsty > Latent heat of vaporisation ‘The energy needed io break the Sodium enoridedisolving in water ((Stocoseaisotving in water “& ‘ud of water moles eee Figure 15 Water asa solvent, Glucose sa covalent molecule that dsoves in water vessels and phloem sieve tubes of a plant. Urea, [Cohesion and surface tension the main nitrogenous excretory product of ‘mammals, i removed from the body dissolved in water as urine Density and viscosity, Water molecules liquid water are pulled closely together by the hydrogen bonds between them, and this makes water a eatvly dense liquid. The density of pure water is 10 gem. Comp for example, with ethanol, which as a density of only 0.79¢em" Most living organs containing alot of wat their average density —for example by ‘emptying parts oftheir body with air—to help 10 sink It takes quite lot of effort to swim through water. You have 40 push aside the molecules, _ which are arated (0 one another and therefore Teluctant Lo move apart. We ‘Jransparency Monosaccharides ‘A carbohydrate molecule unit is alld a monosace cannot be further hydrolysed. Amor the simplest form of sugar ‘of monosaccharides. Gleeraldchde 63 trioseand isthe frst carbohydrate formed ‘uring photosynthesis, Ribose (a pent fundamental con sarbon atom I oi atom 5, The ring therefore contains oxygen. but carbon atom 6 snot par of the ring. In solution, _lucose (and other monosaechatide) molecules ‘Table 1.2. Some examples of monosaccharides, ee | Tne poston one goups around carbon 2 eter ether he maease stuctse arte HoH ays osc bond Chapter t: Aspects of biochemistry HW g—0. No SL LHI SS wl PLA? “o bob Figure 1.11 The breakage {A sucrose molecule is made up of an a-gucose molecule inked toa fructose molecu by 8 1-2 glycosidic bond (Figure 1.12). This is therefore an} ,B2 bond ‘Sucrose can bean important source of enersy forthe human body. The enzyme sucrase 1d “anon 4 %—o. H Sef Ne! HHO oo Neo ay © Ly ob enon Figure 12 Formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose (Caper Aspects ef bechemisry together, Polysaecharide molecules ean be and so cannot dissolve in water, an example of polymer molecules made upof many ease monostcchandes- linked ee 1 napects er ecnemsty ——— (Moroeienacrn stisnaangsweogrnca | sattingandsengpeare ‘of amylose dnd plycogen ae shown in Q sman body sleogen stows are J found inte iver and in moses whee He 5 ak granules of elycogen can often be scen ° in photomicrographs. They are ‘form glucose by an enzyme § phosphorylase. which sativa § iasulin when bloed glucose levels are low * FThe presence of starch can be indicated using molecules This produce ping side by sell bed together by th ef hyogen bonds Athouh ech nem basing rahensne moles a glycosite bonding trons a coving poyserchrie eral ‘41-6 yea bonding 1-4 gyeosie stoanch pons ong \ ee a) igure 1.13. Amylose one ofthe two polysaccharides in sarc) and glycogen, ‘On page 2, we saw how hydrogen Bonds form between water molecules They arise becse ‘the hydrogen and oxygen ‘one art of the group carries a small negative ‘charge and another part caries a small positive charge A hydrogen bond is the attraction between these small negative and ostve charges. ‘on carbon I of diferent glucose units inthe ‘chai, The small negative charge on the oxygen stom of one ~OH group is attracted 1 the small Positive charge onthe hydrogen atom of another OH group This pulls the molecule into a spiral. Proteins Proteins ae substances whose Ee Ree ee ed ‘The ober main go Indrogen bonds can charges, they ar atracted on water molecules Sch molecu are polar ‘Molecules that donot hate dipoles are nonpolar They do nt interact realy with water, and so are said fo be hydrophobic. Lipids (pages 22-24) are important examples of hydrophobic substances. Royn es 6-8 hee Chapter 1: Aspects of bochemistiy their names are abbreviated to these eters. | ch as val eu and es. —_—— —_——— | V-ESSMNA or eee i | | eves vee spc biochemisy ing -NH,, “COOH or “OH groups are hydrophilic, ‘may be involved in jonic bonding or hydrogen ‘Amino acids wi They may be {Chapier t: Aspects of biochemstry tertiary structure. Imagine « {oa kettle for example. There rae grove ‘tec sou? ‘haemoglobin molecule atoms in all.A group sich as the haem group. Which makes up part of a protein but snot an amino acid, is called prosthetic group In baemoglobin, the two aechains and wo ‘Bechains are curled into balls making haemoglobin The shape that they pr Collagen ~@ fibrous pro ‘A comparison of globular and fibrous proteins Chapter Aspects of bochemisry ‘membranes (page 59) seas mst hase se pe sbape irmines thie funtion, and they therefore have avery precise primary structut always being made of exactly the same sequence ‘of amino acids making up a chain of exactly the ‘ame length-In contrast, fibrous proteins may have more variable primary st limited range of 1. which it | ttsrmmaneect Tictouncpotncomcen | gleatdon Grice fondinbcsipaioe nesseree | Waterco Some taauamee tes maser ge [Pecan eas [ Bowwedacergdheieiecoes | cape Seopa se net eset Smeoancsia econ | Tartan after ocnpect wna, | ~Tecibaytpong

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