6 Instituigdes governamentais centrais Importancia e tipos de insituicdes centrats Numa federacao, as instituigbes politicas —Iegislativas, executi- vas, administrativas e partidarias — em nivel central contribuem | para defi | nais das unidades constitutivas ¢ os do governo central costu- Ihe a configuracao e o cardter. Os arranjos institucio- mam ser do mesmo tipo. As instituigoes e praticas formais ¢ informais do governo central afetam intensamente a natureza e o funcionamento, nao so dele mes- mo, mas de toda a federagio. 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98BB rroenaLisns Ha sempre alguma dimensio politica na escolha de jutzes, de modo que a composigdo de uma corte pode ser influenciada pela Visio politica e pelas preferéncias daqueles que os indicam. A alter- nnancia de partidos no governo tende a produzit tribunais mais equi- librados, assim como procedimentos visando assegurar o grau de competéncia profissional. Nao ha tribunal superior imune a alega- «oes de parcialidade. Por isso, é importante que disponham de cre- dlibilidade e legitimidade para lidar com casos controversos. Embora algumas federacdes tenham muito éxito nesse particular, em outras a independéncia ou a competéncia das cortes € considerada insufi- ciente —e mesmo suspeita de subserviencia ao Executive ou passi- vel de subornos. Independentemente de como se estabelecam as corte, o sistema Judiciario pode sofrer desgaste durante o julgamento de casos mais polémicos. Nos Estados Unidos, disputas politicas em relagao a0 tema do aborto ou aos direitos civis causaram sérias dfculdades aos tribunais, Na india, cidadaos frustrados tém feito apelos cada vez ‘mais contundentes as cortes sobre quest6es como a poluicao do ar e 1 populagao de macacos em Nova Delhi, problemas que envolvem nao 56 a formulagdo de politicas, como também aspectos juridicos. Por vezes, um tribunal exara decisdes de consequéncias onerosas sem que seja responsavel pela respectiva implementagao. Em algumas federagdes, o papel das cortes em certas matérias € limitado, porque a competéncia para apreciar as disputas ¢ atribuida 4 outro drgio (por exemplo, a Comissao de Aguas, na india), ou por- que acordos maiores sio reservados a esfera politica e nao a juridiea (€ 0 caso dos acordos federal-provinciais no Canada), ou ainda, por- que, antes de recorrerem aos tribunais, os governos devem resolver as disputas, mesmo as de cunho constitucional, por meio de proce- dimentos politicos (Como na Africa do Sub). 8 Relacdes intergovernamentais e politica Interdependéncia e interacéo Em todas as federacdes ha consideravel interdependéncia entre os ‘governs. O modo pelo qual politicos, funcionarios pablices, mem- bros ow interessados em organizacves publicas e privadas e cidadaos ‘em geral tentam influenciar resultados ocorridos fora dos limites da ‘propria jurisdicao € peculiar a vida politica de cada federacao. 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