O.S.S. Confidential Copy No. 3 of 30 cAnalysis of The Personality of Adolph Hitler With Predictions of His Future Behavior" and Suggestions for Dealing With Him Now and After Germany’s Surrender a By HENRY A. MURRAY, M. D. Harvard Psychological Clinic OCTOBER, 1943ANALYSIS OF THE PERSONALITY OF ADOLF HITLER with predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after Germany's surrender ae Henry A. kurray, M.D. Harvard Psychological -ClinicFOREWORD © "he aim of this memorandum is (1) ta present an analysis of Adolf Hitler's personality with an hypothetical formation of the manner of its evelopment; (2) on the basis of this, to make a fow predictions as to his conduct when confronted by the mounting successes of the Allies; and (5) to offer some suggestions as to how the U. S- Government might now influence his mental condition end behavior (assuming it sees fit to do so), and might decal with him, if taken into custody, after Germany's surrender. the. proper interpretation of Bitler's person- ality is important aa a step in understanding the paycholoay of the typisel Neal, and ~ since the typical Nazi exhibits a strain that bas, for @ long time, besn prevalent among Germans - as & atep in understanding the psychology of the German people. Hitler's uaprscedented appeal, the elova- ee tion of this man to the status of e demi-god, can be explained only on the hypothesis that he and his Adeology have almost exactly met the ntads, longings, and sentiments of the majority of Germans.BHI ec ee ere ES -2- ‘the attainment of a clear impression of the psychology of the German people is essential if, after surrender, they are to be converted into a peace-loving nation that 1s willing to take its proper place in a world society. - Anal; As i9 well known, there are no thoroughly re- [able sources of information about Hitler's early life and what is known about him since 1918 is in many respects insufficient or contradictory. . This analysis has been based, for the most part, on the following material: 1. .Data supplied by the office of Strategic services 2. Hitler's MEIN KAMPF, New York, miller & Hitchcock, 1959 Ler's MY NEW ORDER, Wew York, 3. al & Hitchcock, 194] 4a Ee den, Ks, HITLER, A BIOGRAPHY, Li ondon, 1836 &. Rauschhing, H., VOICE OF DESTRUCTION, id York 6. "Baynes, H. G., GERMANY POSSESSED, : Londons 1342 it 1a generally agresd that MBIN KAMPF 1s not to be ‘relied on aa a factual document, but as the translators say in the introduction to the American edition, this work "is probably ths best written evidence of the character, the mind, and the spirit of Adolf Hitler.” An-anslysis of the metaphors used inMEIN KAMPP has proved rewarding in the attempt to discover the underlying forces of his personality. My NEW ORDER, edited by Roussy de Seles, has slo been utilized extensively. : ‘A paper published by W.H.D. Vernon, HITLER THE MAN ~ HOTRS POR.A CASE HISTORY (Jour. of Abn. & Soc. Paychol., 1942, 37, 295-308), was written under my general supervision and contains most of the ideas of Professor G. W, Allport and myself on this topic so far es they wore crystallized in the fall of 1941. qnis article by Vernon is included in toto as an introduction, theredy relieving ms of the necessity of restating (in the deteiied analysis that follows) all the sommonly-known fects.Section 1. Seotion 2: Saction 3: Seétion 4. Section 5: * gection §% GONTENTS OF THIS MENCRANDUM , Summary of the Entire Hemorandum. HITLER THE HAN - NOTES FOR A CASE. HISTORY by W; B,D, Vernon (the beat available short outline of Hitler's personality). (Summary, Part-A) Detafled Analysis of Hitler's Personality (written especially [For paychologiata, psychiatrists) « . (Summary, Part B) Predictions of Hitler's Behavior in the Coming Future. (summary, Part C) Suggestions for the Treatment of Hitler, Now and After Garmany's Surrender. (Sumeary, Part D) Suggestions for the Greatrent of Germany.SECRION z Gondenadd Review of the Entirs MemorandumCONFIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM ‘ containing A.. Brief Analysis of Hitler's Personality. B.: Predictions of Hitler's Behavior. CG. - Suggestions for the Treatment of Hitler. D:. Suggestions for the Treatment of the. : German People. Submitted by Henry A. Murray, i Barvard Paychological Clinic, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Committse for National Morale, “New York. A. Brief Analysis of Hitler's Personality I. Dynamical Pattern, Counteractive Type. « Thers 19 little disagreement among professional, or even among amateui, psychologists that Hitler's personality is an example of the counteractive type, a type thet is marked by intense and stubborn efforts {1) to overcome early cisabilities, weaknesses and humiliations (wounds to self-esteer), and sometimes also by efforts (11) to revenge tnjurcer and in- gults to pride. This 1s achieved by mana of andenlego. Reaétion Forniatton which involves (1) the repression and denial of the inferior portions of the self, and (14) strivings to become (or to imagine one hes become) the exact opposite, represented by an {dealego, or image of ® superior self successfully aecompliahing the once-impossible feats and thereby curing the wounds of pride and winning general respect, prestige, fame. This 1a a very gomion formila, normal (within Limits) and widely admired in Western cultures, but in Hitler's oase'all the constituent forces of the pattern are compulsively extreme, and based on a week nourotio strugtural foundation. The chief trends are these: @) Counteraotive Need for Dominaice, Superiority; (2)° Counteractive Agsros- Ston,-Revenge; (5) Repression of Conscience, Cane pltance, Loves (4) Projection of Oritiotzablé, Hloments of the self. 1. Counteractive Need for Dominancé, Superiority.- The developmental forma for this 4s as follows: (41) intolerable faelings of in- fertority (partly because of yielling to the’ will of a harsh and unjurt penson), leeding, to (44) contempt of om inferior traite (wekress, timidity,Big ad alae oy submissiveness) and the fixed determination to repress them in oneself and to condemn them in others, accompanied by (111) admiration and envy of power in others and a vision of self as ultimately superior (idealego) leading to (iv) repeated efforts to become “guporior (counteraction out of wounded pride}, en- Souraged by moments of extreme self-confidence in which one belioves oneself the equel of one's vision, {his, as we have said, is a very common form ‘of development, but in Hitler the trend is so intense ané the cormorly balancing forces (affection, conactenss,. self-criticisn, humor) are so weak that we axe Justified in speaking in speaking of megalo- mate (Gelusiona of omnipotence), despite the fact that the man has succeeded in getting a large pro- portion ef ths Germe1 people to believe that he is svpertor: (4) that he haa been divineiy appointed to lead them to power and glory, and (11) that he ts naver wrong and hence must de f¢liowed with blind obdience, come what mayo . Hitler's underiying tnferiority feelings, bis basic self-contempt are shown by his choosing as oriteria of supericrity (traits of Idoulego) attributes of what he and capacities that are the rety oppFRTMRERS EPI Yo eR ate. AS OAT + ta himself or once was, Thia my be illustrated by his fervent eulogy of (a) brute strengtts (b) pintty of bos; and (0) forttisty. “1. (a) Admiration of Brute Strength, ontompt of Weakheds,— Eitler has always worshipped physical force, military conquest, and ruthless . domination. He has respected, onvied. and_emilated the techniques of power, even when manifested by « ‘hated enemy. From first to last he has expressed eotitempt of wealméss, indectston, lack of energy, _ fear of consctence; yWealnésges. - There is a Invge feminine component in his congtitution. As a child he wee frafi'and sickly, emotsonelly dependent on hig mother. He never did any manuel work, never engaged in athletics, was turned down as foréver itit for conacription in the Austrian army. Afraid of his father, his behavior was outwardly submissive, and later he was arinoyingly éubédrvient to bis superior officars. Four years in tha Army, he never rose above the rank of corporal. At the end he broke down with “ph Even lately, a wer neurosis, hys in all his glory, he suffers frequent emtionet+ godlapses in which he yolls and weeps. He has night~ mares froma bad consolenges and he has long spells “hen energy, confidence and the power of decision abandon bin. Sexually he 1s a full-fledged masochist / 1. (bd) Admiration” of Pure Noble German =~ Blood, Contempt of’ Jewish, Slav and other Blosd,~ Hitler has always extplled the superior qualities (of pure, unmixed, and uncorrupted German bload. He ‘admires the aristocracy, Qoncurrently he has never censed expressing his contempt of the lower classes ‘and His aversion to adwixtures of the blood of other races, of Jewish blood especielly; ‘and yet - Hitlew's oun Origiad ate ‘Not Noble oF _ Beyond Reproadtis. Hitler comes from 111iterate Re: nit stock derived from a mixture of races, no pure Germans emong them, His father was illegitimate, “waa married three timga, and 1s seid to have been onspicuous for sexual promiscuity. Hitler's mother web @ domestio servant. It is said that Hitler's father's father was a Jow, and it is certain that hia godfather was a Jow; and that one of his sister@ managed a reataurent for Jewish, students in Vienna and another wa, for a time, the mistress of a Jews”¥ cea ee eee eran eens ee Re ETS + Bitlerta appearance, when he wore a long beard during ‘bis outcast Vienna days, was said to be very Jewish. of these facts he is evidently ashamed, Unlike | : Mapoleon, he has ‘réjected. 411 hia relations. As @ partial explanation, of his complex about impurity of blood it may be ‘seid that as a boy of . twelve, Hitler was caught engaging in some sexual . “experiment with a little girl; and later he seems ‘to have developed a syphilophobis, with « diffuse CZ, teseiat. contamination ef the blood through contact with*s women. ft is almost certein that this irrational Greed was partly due to the association in his mind of sexuality and excretion, He thought of sexual “pelations as something excectingly filthy. | 1. (0) Advocacy of Portility.~ Fertility, the family as the breeding ground of warriors, multi« _Ploation of the German race ~ theso have been cardinal ‘pointe in Hitler's ideology; and “yet - . Hitler himself 1¢ Impotént.- He is unmarried and his old acquaintances say that he is incapeble of consummating the sexual act in a normal fashion. ‘This infirmity we mst recognize as an instigation to exhorbitant cravings for superiority. Unable to«demonstrate male power before a woman, he is impelled to compensate by exhibiting unsurpassed power befors men in the-world at larges | , 4, (a) Aghteventent of Powor through Oratory) Hitler cowld neither change his origina nor decree . bis potency, and unlike. Mussolini he has never tried ‘to develop himself physSeally, but he became for & while tha most powerful individual in the world, pri- marily by the use of miss-Antoticating words, Aristotle bas seid that the metaphor 1s thé most potent ‘fords on earth, and Hitler, master of crude metaphor, has confirmed the @ictum.in this generation. By seducing “he manses with his eloquence, end getting them to accept him as their divinely appointed guide, he com relied the smaller circles of industrialists, politie > clans and military leaders to fall into line also. Hitler speaking before a large audience ise man possessed, comparable to » primitive medicine man, or shaman. He ie the incarnation of the crowd !s unspoken needa’ and craving! been created, and to a large extent invented, by the and in this sense he has people of Germany.“Hitler has compared the masses to ‘a woman who mist be courted with the arts and skills known to ‘passion only;, and 4t 1s not unlikely that the emotional source of his ergiastic spesches were childhood tantr by which he successfilly appealed to his ever-indulgent mother. : . . 1. (0) Significance of the Counteractive Pattern. = Counteraction ig easential to the develop- . ment of strength, but in Hitler's case it has been extravagent and frantic. He has not ascended step vy step, building the structure of his character solidly &s he went; but instead has rushed forward with panting haste, pretentiously. As a result, there is a great distance between Hitler at hia best and Hitler at hia.worst; which means-that when he is ond Hitler at Sie sor overcome at last by a greater force he will collapse © suddenly end completely = end as an utter wreck, 2. Counteractive Aggression, Revenge. - That the will to power.and the craving for superiority cen not account for the whole of Hitler's psychology ia evidenced vy his anmsssurable hatred, hatred ex- pressed in the absence of an adequate atimuius, an incessant need to find some object on which to vent his pent-up wrath. This can be traced back with rela- * tive certainty to experiences of insult, humiliation‘and wounded pride in childhood. The source of such Ansults, we have many reasons to believe, was Hitler's father, a coarse boastful man who ruled his wife “(twenty-three years younger than himself) and his, children with tyrannical severity snd injustice. 2. (a) Explanation. ~ The hypothesis is advanced; supported by much evidence, that as ¢ boy Hitler wae severely shocked (as it were, blinded) by witnessing sexual intercourse between his parents, and his reaction to this trauma was to swear revenge, ‘to dream of himself as reestablishing the lost glory of his-mother by overcoming and humiliating his fether. “The boy's relative weakness made this action impossible, end so the drive and passion of revenge : yas‘ repressed and locked up within bin under tension. Only much leter when @ somewhat similar stimulus occurred - the subjugation and humiliation of his motherlend (Eitlerta term for Germany) in 1918 - -wao_ this qnergy efi revenge released, after e short period of shook and hysterical blindness. This would explain the fact that Hitler exhibited no energetic ambitious drive of his. own from the age of 13 years (when hig father, the enemy, died) te the age of 29 years (when a new onemy, the conqueror.3,10 + of the motherland, appesred). It also helps to account for Hitler's relentless devotion to the relsb{litation of Germany, a fact which 12 hard to explain in a man who 418 so extremely ogodentric in other relations. In Moin Keapf Hitler repeatediy epoaks of permany ae « beloved woman. (Note, In this connestion it may be said that the evidence is in favor of Hitler's having experienced the common Oedipus Complex (love of mother, hate of father), but that in His case this pattern ‘was reprassed and submerged by another pattern: pro- found admiration, envy and éinilation of his father's faaowline power and a contempt of hts mother's fomtniné’ gubitaniveneas and weoknéss, Thus both paPshta word ambiyalént to hia: “his father was ~~ hated and redpected; his mottier was loved and de~ preciated. Hitlér's conspicuous actions have all been in imitetion of his father, not his mother.) Whether this genetisa) hypothesis 14 cortect or not, 2t is certain fet. there 4a a vast reservoir of resentment and reverige in, Hitler's make-up. whtch accounts for his gult of brutality and his many dots of inexcusable destructivenesd an@ érusltys’ Ha te possessed by what amounts to a°hohtoldel séipilagenwhich has rio vent tn a "woak piping time of peace” (unless he became an outright criminal), and there- fore ha has constantly pushed events toward war, or ‘soeonsonttngs . " . (b) Significance of Revenge. -As-a result ‘ee the fect thet resentment te the meinspring of Hitler's career, it is forever impossible to : hope for any meroy or ramen treatment from him. His revengefulness van be satisfied only by the extermination of his countless enemies. Be Repression of Conscience, Compliance, Love. — - Unlike Goering and other associates, Hitler is no healthy smoral brute. He 1s a hive of secret neurotic companctions aid feminine aéntimentalities whicl lave had to be stubbornly repressed ever since he embarked on his céréer of ruthless dominance and revenge (instigated by real or supposed insults}. Every new act of umususl cruelty, such as the purge of 1954, bas been followed by a period of anxtety and | daplétion, agitated déjection and Aightméres, which can be interpreted only as the unconset ous operation of 4 Hed congcienés. Hitler wants nothing so mck ad ‘to arrive at the state where he can commit crimes without guilt feelings; but despite his bosste of having transcended Good and Evil this had not beenoe ee possible. The suicidal trend in his personality is eloquent testimony of « repreased oglf condoning tendency. In conjunction with the repression of conscience ‘and the advance of haté there has been é repression of affection and sympathy.as if "his spirit seemed to ohide such weakness as unworthy of its pride,” a reaction which sémetimes occurs in childhood after an experience of unbearabis disillusionnent occasioned. by the felt treachery of a beloved person. One may find-"a vigilance of grief that would compel the soul to hate for having loved too well." Hitler's affilistive tendéActes have always been very weak; he has never had ‘any close personel friends; he £4- entirely incapable of normal human relationships. Thie is due, in part, to the cessation in early life of sexual development. : 3. (a) Self-Vindicating Criminality, — Paradoxical as it may ‘seem, Hitler's répéated crimes are partly caused by conscience and the nedessity of appeaging it. For having once set out on a life of orime, the man can not turn back without reversing his entire ground for pride and taking the humiliating path of self-abasement and atonement, The only methodhe'"has ‘of, subduing his mounting lunconscious guilt fe $6 sonmd another act of aggression, and so to prays, aait wore, by the criterion of succese, that bis polley is favored ky fortune and therefore justi- fied and right, Pailure is the only wrong. 3, (b) Significance of the Resr: Conséiencé by Suscesaful ‘Criminality. - As soon as of the timé cones when repeated: offensive actiona end in failure, Ritler will tose faith tn ié1f and dn his destiny, and becom the penpileds, pepresged cons as the ‘most likely outcome. 4 Projection of Crittotzablo Elsnents ef ‘the etim of bis 1 Sy with suicide or mental breakdown Self.- Hitler perceives in other people the traits or tendencies that are criticizable in himself. Ts, instead of being devoured by the vulture of his own condemning conscience or of hia own disdain, he can attack 'what he epperceives as evil or con- temptible in the external world, and so remain un- conscious (most of the time) of his own guilt or his own inferiority. ‘his ‘iechaniam whereby a men 8603 his own wicked impulses or weaknesses in others, is called projection, It 4s one way, the pardnoid way, of mainteibing self-éstéém. The mechanismooguxs ae, constantly in Titlen thst £¢ 1s posattle “to get 6 vary, good 1080 of the repudiated portions of big own personality by noticing what he condomns in others ~ treachery, lying, corruption, war-mongen- ing, ote. This mechanism would have had more disastrous gonseqnences, for. hls sanity if be had not geined sone governance. over at by conaciouely “adopting (as good poiitical strategy) the practice of blaming his opponents» 5,” Parenoia’ Stimtoms.- Hitlerts dynemical pattern, e8 described, correaptnis clecely to that of parancta insanity. Inéesd ho hes “erhibtted, at one time o» another, 911 of the ‘olesstio1 symptoms of paranoia sobizophrenta: hypersensitivity, panics of anxiety, irrational Joslousy, delusions of persecution, dé~ ‘Justions of omatpotencs, and messiahyhip. How 4s it, ‘then, that Hitler has escaped con- finement as a dangerous psychopath? This interesting question will be considered later. 6. Reagtions to Opposition and Fouétration. - Opposition is the stimulus which startles Hitler into life. In the face of it his powers ere gathered and eugnented. When opposition bacomes stronger resulting in severe frustration, his reaction has-15 + . . ‘. . often been as follows: (i) emotional outburst; tantrum of rage ‘and accusatory indignation ending “in foare end self-pity; succeeded by (11) portods Of {nertis, exhaustion, melancholy and indecisive hess (agcompanied sonis tines by hours of acute dejec~ tion snd Giaquioting migntmares) leading to recupera~ “easton to. ‘avanterattatk with great force and ruth lesaness, the entire cycle may run its course in , 24 hours, of it may be woeks before the ‘aggressive @eciston of the third stage is reached. For years this pattern of reaction to frustra- * $ion has met with success; each counterattack has brought Hitler nearer to hie goal. “Since the tur of fortune on the Rusgian front, however, the number of frustrations have. increased and Hitler's counter- attacks have failed, at times disastrously. There - is no structure for defense in Hitler's personality: he can only stfiké when inflated witi eonfidende, or collapse when’ éonfiasnde abandons ‘him. As time goes on, therefore, we can anticipate en increase in the intensity, frequency and duration of Hitler's periods of collapse, and a decrease in the gonfidence and power of his retaliations.& point to be remembered’ about Hitler is that ‘be started his carser at acratch, a nonentity with “Rothing to loss, and he geleoted a fanatical path ” for himself which requires.as an ending - compiste éuspess (omnipotenée) or ubter failure (death). No compromise. fa possible.- Since it ie not he per- sonally Who has to do the fighting, his collapses can occur in privatia at Berchtesgeden, whore hy can re- cuperate, and then once agein come back wth some new and always ‘more Aesperate plen to destroy the enemy. There is a power! 1 compulsion in him to Sa6rifice Mmself end all “of Germany to the revenge- ful annibtlation of western culture, tc die, cragging ” all of Europe with ‘him into the abyss, This he would fel was the lest resourses of an insulted and unéndir able ‘extetence. 7. Wood for Création; Painting; ‘Aréhitecture, German State, Legerd of Self.- We surmise that Hitler's early enthusiasm for painting was due to the fact (1) that this was the one exercise at which he excelied in school (and thus it offered a compensa- tory form of achievement); (ii) that 4t provided an acceptable outlet for a destructive soiling tendency repressed in infancy; and (411) that painting, and-17- especially architecture later, also called for much eonstrustivenass, which served to balance (operate ‘as a reaction formation ‘to, and atonement for) the "primitive béndetey to destroy. Hitler has alwaye enjoyed ‘the painting of ruined temples (just as he has liked ta contemplate the destruction of cities inhabited by his enemies) ; but he has likewise taken pleesure in painting immense castles (just as he has “oacupted htineit designing butid: _ Reich). : A careful study of Hitler's writings: and conduct ngs for che Third bas convinesd us that he is not entirely devoted to destruction, @s 80 many claim. In his nature there 4s a deep valid strain of creativeness (lacking, to be sure, the necessary talent}. His creativity has been engaged in combining elements for an -1declogy, in organizing’ the National Sccielist Party, and in, composing the allegory of his cwn life. He is the author ‘and leading actor of a great drama. Unlike other politiciana, Hitler has conducted his life at certain seasons as a Romantic artist does, believing that it 1s the function of a nation's first statesman to furnish creative ideas, new policies, and plans.Hitler's long-concesled secret hetero- sexual fentasy has boon exposed by the systematic analysis and’ correlation of the three thousand odd metaphors He ses. in Mein Kampf. The results of this " study were later ¢onfirméd by the testimony of one who "cisims to know". It's not necessary to describe its peculiar features here; suffice it ts vay that “the sexual pattern has rosulted from the fusion of (1) a.pitmttive sxeretony sotting’ tendendy, ond (14) ‘a passive widehistie térdency (hypertrophy of the feminine component in hiy muke-up). The secend eloment (masochism) derives much of its strength | from an juiddigéd bud heed foe’ pant ganent, a tendency which may be expected 4n one who has assiduously re- pressed, out of swollen pride, the submissive reactions (compliance, coBperation, payment of debts, expression of gratitude, acknowledgment of errors, apology, confession, atonement) which are required of every- body who would adaptively participate in social life. While Hitler consciously overstrives to assert hia infinite superiority, retire tnéting tively oorreste the balance ‘by imposing an erotic pattern that calls elf. nt. for infinite”-19- = This ‘erotic pattern, hewever, is not a strong force in Hitler's personality, nor does it comprise his entire libidinal investment. It alternates with other pattems - répressed (or as some claim overt) homosexuality, for example. What 1e important to recognize here 1s that the purpose of Hitler's prolonged counteractive efforts is not solely to rise above his Inmble crigins, to overcome his weaknesses and ineptituder, but rather to check and conquer; by means of a vigorous idéalego reaction forme ndorlying positive craving: for passivity and submission. There ie no space here for the mass cf evidence beering on this point, ‘put a few oxamples can be briefly listed: (4) the Jerge feminine component in Hitler's physics] constitu- tion, also His feminine tastes and sensibilities; (41) his initiel identification with his mother; (414) his exaggerated subservience, in the past, to masterful superiors (army officora, Ludendorff, ete.); (iv) attraction to Roehm and othor dominsering homo- sexuals; (v) Hitler's nightmares which, as described by several informants, ere very suggestive of homo- sexual panic; (vi) somo of Hitler's interpretations of human nature, such as whon he says that the people ‘want someone to frighten thom and make them shudderinglysubmissive"; (vig) mtier's repeated assertions that he intends, like Sulla, to ebdicste power (after an orgy of conquest with-full catharsis of his hate) and live quietly by himself, painting and designing pudldings; and fineliy, (viii) ‘récurrent suicidel . threats. , It. B:8, tdeocentricity, Dediéation to the Making 6f an Ideally Powerful, Gor =o trve Saxman, friend or foe, has ever claimed that Htties 1s not “sincere in his dévotion to the Pr: {deal for Germany. Thus ws can say that he has been tdeocentrié (dedicated to an idea) for the lest twenty ian militerists! years. Becauge the idea consists cf a plan fer a society from which the majority of his fellow country- men will supposedly benefit, we can speak of him as sociocentrio (S$) also. But since this interest in hia countrymen is clearly secondary to his personal ambition - feme, immortelity - we put egocentricity (2) fivat; and so write - B.S. Ideocehtrictty. It 4a rare to find so much ideocentricity in a narcistic personality; but only those who are incapable of such Gedication are likely to doubt the reality of it in Hitler, : : 1. Insociation in Gemmany.- Since Hitlor and-21- "a large body of the German people are mutually agreeable, we cen speak of him as Anscoiated, accepting and accepted. It is Hitler's intense affec- tion for the Reich (perhaps felt to this extent only by a nationelist born outside its boundaries) that has acted as a decisive factor in (i) his winnin support of the people and so satisfying bis will to power; (14) giving him'the feeling? vorntt sense of mission; (141) providing yatification (4n his: own mind) for many 11lege2 acts; and (iv) keeping him Folstively” association with a group of like-minded men and so ae, by bringing him into delivering him from the perils of payckclogical isolation. . ‘ (Note. = The supposition that in Hitler's mind Germany is identified with his mother helps to.explein the fervor of his dedication.) : oo III. Sentiments. - Most of Hitler's sentiments ere well known and have already been listed; his high valuetion of Power, Glory, Dictetorship, Nationalism, Militerism, and Brutality; end his’ low valuation of Veskness, Indecision, Tolerance, Compassion, Peace, Rational Debate, Democracy, Bolshavion, Materislism, Capitalism,Yee PRE RT the Jéwiah Race, Christianity. A simplification would be that of regarding him ss the advocate of the aggressive instinct (War, Power and Glory) va. the acqilsitive instinct (Business, Peace and Proaperity). ‘Two questions deserve spsciel con- sideration: .(1) Why, when he waa living es en outcast in Vienna, did Hitler rot become a Communist? and (2) Whst 49 the explanation of Hitler's extreme Anti-Semitism? 1. , Determinants of i tler‘d ant4-Gommnion 1. (a) Hitler's father was an upward mobile individual. Starting as a peasant, he worked his way into the lower middle class, establishing a boundary between himself snd those below him. * Hoth parents reapeoted their social superiors. Thus Hitler instinctively retrested from too close associa- tion with the workmen of Vierina. : “1, (b) “Hitler was too frail for construc- tion work, was unable to hold a job, and ‘therefore hed little opportunity to become associated with a ‘union. : a 1. (e) Having been an ardent nationalist since the age of 12, Hitler's line of cleavage {conflict | between nations) did not conform to the communists! Line of cleavage (conflict between classes).~ - 2 - : -1.(4)" Hitler has always been an advocate of the hleravchical principle: government by, the fittest, rigorously trained and proved in action. The ideal of-Commmnism, on the other hand, calls for a wide distribution of power among those untrained to rule. so 1. fe) Hitler's sentiments bave deen with © militariem from earliest youth. The materialism of Communion never pppeeled to hime . “4. (f) Lacking sympathy for the underdog, ‘eho humanitarian aspect of Communism did not attract * him, Hitler hag always been a bully. 2. Detemuinenits ‘of Hitler's Anti-Sémitiam, « : 2. (a) The influence of wide-spreed Anti- Semitic sentiments (represanted especially by such mén as Lueger and Poder), traditional in Germany. 2. (b) Hitler's personal frustrations sion., The Jew is the classic, scapegoat because he does not fight back with fists and weapons. 2. (ce) The Jew was an object. upon whom Hitler could suitably project his own inferior self (his sensitiveness, weakness, timidity, masochistic sexuelity). required a scapegoat aa focus for his repressed ageres-2. (a) After the Verseilles Treaty the German.people also needed a scapegoat. Hitler offered them the Jewieh race as an act of political strategy. By (@) Having assembled a veritable arny of gangsters (Nazi troopers) end aroused their fight- ing spirit, it waa necessary for Hitler to find some object upon whom these men could vent their brutish passions, to. canalize anger away from himself. 2. (f) Jews; being non-militariatic, could only impede his program on conquest. In eliminating them he ldet no sizeable supports 2. (g) Jews wore associated with several of Hitler's pet entipathies: business, materialiom, democracy, capitalism, communism. 2 (b) Some Jews were very rich and Hitler needed an excuse for dispossessing them. . Pormal ‘Stradture, Hysteria, ‘Scitzophrenta.- Hitler has a relatively weak character (ego structure); his great strength comes from an emotional complex which drives him periodically. Usually he can not voluntarily force himself to atick to a routine of work; he must be compelled from inside, lifted on a.wave of pession. His id (instinctual forces) and ego voluntary control) are in league; his superego (conscience) is repressed,Hitler has exhibited various forms 1. Hysterte. of hysterical dissociation, most notably in the two Bymptoms which constituted hie war neurosis in 1918, namely blindness and aphonia (mutism). He experiences periods of marked abatraction, violent emotional outbursts, visions of hallucinatory clarity. In speaking before crowds he is virtually possessed. He clearly belongs to the sensational company of histgry-moking bystertes, combining, as he does, | some of the attributes of the primitive shaman, the religious visionary, and the erack-breined demagogue - consummate actors, one and all. © It 1s importent to note, however, that Hitler hes a lange “noasare “of control over bis complexes He uses dn emotional outburst to get his own way, turning it on or off as the’ occasion requires. As Erikson says, he "knows how to exploit his hysteria... On the stage of German history Hitler senses to what extent it is safe and expedient to let his own person- ality represent with hysterical abandon what lives in every German listener and reader." 2. Sehizophrenia. familiar with borderline stat: - Psychiatrists are not’ un~ ying: between hysteria and schizophrenia. In. some cates the former develops“= BB ‘unto the letter (a serious variety of insanity). Since Hitler, a8 noted above, has exhibited al) the symptoms of paréhoid sdhigephranté, the possibility of a complete mente] breakdown is not remote. flere again, however, it should be observed thet > paranoid dynam 68 ean be used very effectively in souding énd fosuasiag the fotges of ¢ mindiity party on of a dafeated nation. The strategy consists chiefly _ dn’ (1) painting vivid and exaggerated word-pictures of the crimes and treacherdus evil purposes of your powerful opponents. (delusions of persecution); (44) persuading your own group of its innete superiority and glorious destiny (delusions of grandeur); (111) * (subduing consctence by asserting that your common ond justifies the means, that your opponents have used the most dastardly means in tho pest; and (iv) ‘blaming your onemies for every frustration, every @isaastor that occurs. In consciously employing these tactics Hitler has exploited his own paranoid trends and reteined some governance over them. Thus the answer to the question, How has Hitler “escaped veritable insanity? might be this: (1) he hes gained a lergo. measure of control over his hysterical end péranoid trends: by using them= oT - consciously and successfully in the achievement of his’ aims; (44) he has identified himself with and dedicated himself “to a sdéiécentric purpoas, the creation vf an ideal Germany, which has served to © @iminish the pains and perils of an isolated egocen- trism; and (i14).he has been supremely succéssful in imposing his visions and delusions (conforming, as they dia, with existent trénds) upon the German people, and so. convincing them of his unpsralleled superiority. Thus his irreal worjd hes become resi, Ansanity is aenity. Vv. 1. Abilities and Bffective ‘traits. - Hitler's sudteés has depended tod Targe extent upon his own peculiar, abilities end traits: . ds (a) ‘The ability to express with passion the deepest need@ and longings of “the people. 1. (b) The ability to appeal to the most primitive as well es to the most ideal tendgncies in men.‘ 1. (c) The ebilsty to simplify complex probighs and arrive at the quickest solution, — ' 1. (4) fhe ability to use metaphor end draw oif traditional imagery and rth in speaking and writing.. fof, hy (e) Le () 1. (hn) 1. (4) the ability to evoke the sympathy and protectiveness of his people. fhe leader's welfare becomes a matter of concern to them. Complete dedication to his mission; abundant self-confidence; and stubborn adherence to a few principles. Mastery of the art of political organization. Tactical genius; precise timing. Mastery of the art of propaganda. 2. Principles of Political Action. - ‘Among the guiding principles of Hitler's, ~ political philosphy the following are worth listing: 2. (a) (b) 2. (0) 2. (a) 2. .(e) Success depends on winning the support of the mases. The leader of @ now movement mst appeal to youth. The masses need a sustaining ideology; 4t 18 the function of the leader to provide one. People do hot act 1f ther emotions ere not roused. Artistry and drama are necessary to _ the total effect of politicel rallies and mootings.- 29 - (f) The leading statesman must be a ereator of ideas and plens. 2. (g) Success justifies any means. “oy (h) A new movement can not triumph nn wo without the effective use of terroristic methods Be Predictions of Hitler's Behavior Whatever else happens it can be confidently pre- "atebed that Hitler's neurotic spells will increase in frequency end dungtion and biz effectivencss as a | “Leadon will diminish: responsibility will fell toe ‘greater or less extent on other shoulders. Indeed there 1s some evidence that his mental powers have . been deteriorating since” last November, 1942. Only once or twice has he appeared before his people to ‘enlighten or encourage them. Aside from the increase “An neurotic symptoms the following things might happen: 1. Hitler may be forcefully seized by the Military Command or by some revolutionary faction in Germany and be immured in some prison fortress. This event is hard to envisage in view of what we know of the widespread reverence for the man and the protection that is afforded him. But if this were to occur the myth of-the invincible hero would end-pather ignominiously, end Hitler should eventually be delivered into our hands.. The General Staff will no doubt become the rulers of Germany if Hitler's mental condition deteriorates much further (Option #5). “2, Biter may be “shot By 'séme Govier. - The ‘man has feared this eventuality for many years end todey he is protected sa never before, Germans are not inelined te shoot their leaders. This ia possible sige ‘to Have hiiselt shot by omé. Ge é ‘a Jew. - This would complete the myth of the here - death at the hand of some trusted foliower: Siegfried stabbed in the back by ‘Hagen, Caesar by Brutus, Christ betrayed by Judes. {It might increase the fanaticism of the soldiers for a while and create a legend in conformity with the andient pattern, If Hitler could arrange to have a Jew, some paranoid like, himself, kill him, then He Gould d4e inthe belief that his fellow countrymen “would rise in their wrath and massacre every remaining Jew in Germeny. Thus he might try to indulge his insatiable ravengefulness for the last time. 4, Hitler may get binselt killed leading his Zrtte. troops in battlé, - Thus he would live on as a- 3l- hero in the hearts of his countrymen. It is not unlikely that he will choose this ‘course, which would . be very undesireble from our point of view, first begause his death would serveas an exemple to ali his followers to fight with fanatical death defying energy to the bitter end, and second, because it would insure Hitler's imiortality - the Siegfried who led the Aryan hosts against Bolshevism and the Slev. Thia Le one of Hitler's favorite poses. 6, Hitle® may go-Anaie.~ The man has been on the’ verge of perenoid schizophrenia for years and ” with the mounting load of frustration and feilure he may yield hia will to the turbulent forces of the unconsolovs, This would not be undesirable from our standpoint, because, evén if the fact were hidden from the people, morale would rapidly deteriorate as rumors spread, and the legend of the hero would ‘be severely demaged by the outcoms. If Hitler became 4nsane, he should eventually fall into the hands of the Allied Nations, : g. Hitler may commit suicide, - Hitler has often vowed that he would commit suicide if his plans miscarried; but if ie chooges this course he will do 4t at the last moment and in the most dramatic possibler 32+ . _mannet. He wlil retreat, let us say, to the impregnable little refuge thet was built for him on the top of the’ mountein behind the Berghof (Berchtesgaden). There alon¢ he will wait until troops come to take him "prisoner. Asa grand climex he will etthor (1) blow up the mountain end himself with dynemite; or (11) make a funeral pyre of his dwelling and throw hirself on 1b (a fitting Gtterddmmerung; or (111) k411 bin self with a silver bullet’ (Emperor Christophe); or {iv) throw himself off the parapet. This outcome, undesirable for us, is not at all unlikely. 7, Hitler mey dis of néturel couses.— 8. Hitler may seok rofuge ina nettral country.- This is not kely, but one of his associates might drug him end teke him to Switzerland in a plane and thon persuade him thet he should stey there to write his long-plenned Bible for the German folk. Since the Hero's desertion of his people would seriously damage the legend, thia outcome would be more déeirable than some.of the other possibilities. 9, Aitiér miy fell inte thé hends of the Didtod Nations. This 1s perhaps the loast likely, put the most desirable, outcome.In making these prédictions we have been swayed Hitler's chief concern is the immortality of his legend and consequently he will ‘endeavor to plan his .cwn ond according to most by the supposition thet Hitler's chief concern . ‘gne most heroic, tregic and drametic pattern. Options #5 (insanity to somo oxtent) and #5 (drematic suicide), of #4 (death et tho front), strike us ea most probable today. . Propaganda measures should, if possible, be devised to prevent #4 and #5. Cc. Suggestions for the treatment of Hitler lL. After the Defoat of Germeny, if Hitlor 1s taken into custody by the United nations. Any one of the conventional punishments - a trial followod by oxeoution, by i4fe imprisonment or by exile - will provide e tregie onding for the drams of Kitler's sensational carecr; and thus contributs the clement thet 4s nocéssary to tho résurregtion and perdetuation of the Hitlepien legond. “het can tho Allics do that will spoil the tragedy and thus ki11 the legend? As on answer to this queation, the. following ‘plen is Tt should work 4f property executed.1. (a) Bring the Navi leaders to trial; eondemn the chief culprits the death, but proclaim Hitler mentally unbalanced, 1. (b) Commit Hitler to en insane esylum (euch #8 St» Blizabeth's, Weahington, D. C.) and house _ him in a comfortable dwelling specielly butit for his pecupancy, Let the world kmow that he is being well troated, : : 1. (e) Appoint 2 committee of peychtatriets and paychologiate to examino him and teat his feculties at regulon intervals, Unknown to him, havo sound~ filma taken of bis behavior, They will show his fite and tipades end sondemnationg of everyone in the world, ingluding the. German peoples 2. (4) Exhibit vegulerly to the public of the entire world selested gments of these sourd- reols, so thet it een be geen how unbslenced he 1s, “ow madioese his performance on the customary tests. If teken in a routine, scientific and undrematic, manner the piotutes will becoma quite tiresome ofter a while and the people will got bored with itlor in a year or no, (Brust safence to teke the drama out of anything.) Ly (a) Hitler's pase shauld bo presented to the world es @ lesson: “thia 1s what happons to -- 55- _ ereck-brained fenatica who try. to dominate the world." Aa such it could serve as a powerful deterrent to _others with fantasies of world domination. 1. (f) A thorough study of Hitler's personel- ity would be of considerable importence to psychiatry; _and the publication of « carefully documented book on the aubject wauld not only act as a deterrent _ (pablighed in populer form) te future would-be Hitlers, ut would be a significant contribution to science, 2. Betwoen Now end thé” Coagetion of Hoatilities.- Tha aim should be either (4) to accslercte Hitler's mantel detertoretion, to drive him 4nsane; oF (14) to prevent him from insuring tha perpetuation of his " Yegona dy ending his life drametically ond tragically. There are various psyehological techniques avall- able for eccelorating Hitler's nervoua bredkdown, but they W111 not be gonaidored hore. None could be 30 certeinly effective as reposted militery setbecks. Wo shell Limit ourselves to @ few mensuroe which might servo {2 (a)) &o deter Hitler from erranging _ a herota of a mertyr's death for himsclf, end (2, (b)) to make him belfeva thet the inmortolity of his legend will not suffer if ho falls into the honds of the United Nations,= .2. (#) Plood Germeny with commnicstions (leaflets, short-wave, long-wave, official speeches, underground transmission from Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey) telling the people that Hitler can not be ‘trusted, thet he is planning (quoting Hess, Strasser, BRanfstacngel, Rauschning and other Nezis in England and America) to leave them treacherously to their fate by gotting himself killed. This will be « sly trick of his te inaure his own prestige and future fome. He does not cere for the German peoples he cares only for hie ows glory. He 1s no better than a soa~ ° ceptain who quits his ship, leaving his crow to drown. . Drop vivid gertoons of Hitler rushing “yudtorousiy forward to bis death on the Russian front (out of a guilty consctence over the noble Germans he has condemned to. die there for his glory); also cartoons of his arranging to heva himself shot, and others of his committing suicide. Interpret this os the eaay way out, ‘a cowardly betrays) of his people, . the act of a bad conscience, the quintessence of vanity. Warn the people ageinst him, the false prophet, the Judas Ispariot of the Germn Revolution, etoctera, If hundreds of thoae lesflets, pemphicts,- 37- atroamers ate dropped over Berchtesgaden, the chances are thet somo of thom will foli in places where nitier | bimsolf 1 likely to come on them, He is very sus- | geptible to ridicule, and if the cartoons are clever Vonough to maka suicide seem cowardly, grotesque, or piatoulous, 1% may be enough to deter him, Predic- _tdon wil] spoil the startling effect. ' @, (db) Fhood Gemhany with another series of qommaications in which the people are told that ‘tha Nazi, leaders who Yed them into this disastrous wan ayo going to be exaguted ~ sil except Hitler “who wil2 be extled bo Saint Helena where he can brood oven hja aina for the roab of bis life, Frite as ae wa thought thet this waa the most terrible of all punishments. But actually this idee should appeal to Hitler, who greatly admires Nepoleon and knows that the Napoleonis legend was fostored by the men's dept yeora at gaint Helena, This treatment would ba better then any he could now be hoping to receive from his cnemica. It might positively attract him. ‘He would imagine himself painting landscapes, writing his new Bible, ¢nd making plans for an even greater cormanvpevolutién tp ‘be carriod out in his none thirty years hence,By the repeated and not too obvious use of these two messages Hitler would be faced by a conflict petween (1) a self-ennihilation which might be in- ‘ terpreted as a cowardly betrayal, and (2) a peaceful old age at Saint Helena. He might choose the latter and so allow himself to be taken by the Allies. Only later would he discover that there was to be no Saint Helena for him. This trick of ours is - Justified by the nacesaity of preventing the resurrec- _tion of the memory of Hitler ag a superman to rouse futire generations of criminals ami revolutionaries. D, Suggestions fox Bs Treatment of the I, Hastening the Breakdowit of Gevhiny's Feith in Hitler.- The German people have put their whole trust in Hitler. He is fhoin man, ag no military commander representing” ‘ spoctal class edala be thoir man. Having taken the entire responeibility for the conduct of affairs, he has become theip conscience and so relieved them temporarily 9 r it, The sprides.-- syatem and security-syatem of each inatvidual German 4 thus based on Hitler's genius and sucooss. The pulk of the people will not easily be persuaded of- 39+ his incompeténce and falseness. They will cling as long as possible to the illusion of his oniscience because without this they have nothing. When it comes, the disenchantment will be sudden snd catas- »_disenchantzent ¥ii> rr trophic to-German morsle generally. The Allies can rely on the march of physical events to bring about the eventual disenchantment: of the Germen people; but since events will march faster and tho war will end sooner if this disenchant- pent can be hestened by other means, the Allies should not overlook the power of words to change sentiments and attitudes, The following suggestions may prove of some value. 1. (a) Boahnigue of 091 ication.- One effective method would be that of printing Leaflets containing the names, rank ond regiments of German goldtere pesently taken prisoner, The Gestapo could hardly suaceed in preventing anxious parents from picking up these leaflets to obtain the latest news of their sons at the front. Communications of this sort might start somewhat as follows: NEWS FROM THE FRONT, Among the 20,000 German soldiers who surrendered to the World Army in Sicily the following were happy “at the prospect of going to America, the land of freespeech and free action: Corp. Hans Schmidt, Capt. Heinrich Wittels, ete. ete. "Why are you leughing?" . -. they were asked. "Because," they answered, “wo are going to thé United States; whereas you are going ‘to the lend of the False Prophet and the Gestapol" etc., etc. We suggest that NEWS PROM THE FRONT be distributed st reguler wookly Sntervels, like a newspaper; in order thet the ‘gormene will learn toexpast it. and Lsok forward to 1t, afnce it will ¢ontein news that they can not obtain in any other way, Mixed in with the lists of German prisoners could ba printed the messages that we wigh to dmpart to the: people. 1. (bd) Nee fon Witler,« In the minds of many Germans the word "Hitler" 16 pt411 surrounded by a layer of reverontiel feelings which protect his image from atteck. Therefore it would be better not to refer to him (except oaeasionally) by name. Much more subtly effective would be the use of another term; False Prophet or Felso Moasieh, Later more dorogateny terms ~ the Ansteur Strategist, Corporal Satan, World Criminel No. 1 - might be offective.-41- _ + Ly Ue) Sabstipition of a Bigher Simbel. _ The German eharecter-e misture ‘is mrked by 9 strong need te worship, obey, end arerifice, When this oan be ‘fyeussed.on some entity » God, the Absolute, tha- Geman State, the Fuchreb ~. thay axe happy end healthy. Gonsequenthy, 16 wilt. Be eater fo break their present ailegience, $9. Hitler te a patisfactory substitute is presented. ‘Th Germans will net reedily accept a- valve hott ke identified 1n their minds with the apsctal preferences of an enemy-nation (Democracy, eteads it mat be something’ ‘higher, "something ‘supra- Hational that will’ exoita the reapest of sli peoples alika,, There is @ gropt need ow, rother then later, for some form of Yorld Federation, “But lacking this, the Alties in theit message to Germony, ghould use terms thot suggest its spirit. Ageinst Hitler, phe False Prophet, the propegendiata ghould speek of the Worla Conséderice (the name of God can not be used without hypocriay}, and should speak of the forces ° of Russia, Great Britein, Frouce, and the Americas as the World Aimy. , (N.B. Suggestion for one leeflet: Guestion: Who has seduced the Germen people from their true path? Who has turned their hearts ageinst the Gonacienee of the World? whe is responsible this time for Germany's oncirclement by the World “Army? }. .To be effective the terms "World Conscience"ARPES SOE i OO Apa ompR TI “ly ~ 42- ‘ : and: "World Army must te reposted frequently, orld Police Forse” night alvo bs used, . : 1, (a) A Rotledtdon- showld ta‘ mndo of a the ‘firdt whekpurgi ted edition ‘6. Meda Kenge demon: ting Ritles's cynical contempt of the Masses. Rash WUnig ROM THE FRONT efould end with one -6f hese” quotations, Le (oy TdonGs treat dos, ot aigier® with mossoling. “Mussoling provided the model for the ‘Qevélopment’ of thé Next party ond Bitter publioly exprosded his edmiration for the Yteldan lender, (Rte: words. on this potas should be faprinted, ) Muasolini's fall-will do much to undermino German morale, and no opportunity shéuld bo sissed. to WWiss6ink's datodé ~ ‘the Beoline and Fall of the Unholy Alitence, So . Le (f) tthe Conesption ‘of Destiny, '« Oeming bolieve {nm predéatinatios (the, wave, of the future), and all commnicetions addrossed-to them should + bo writton ae if the dofceat of the Felse Prophet wosa a foregoné conclusion. . Some messages should ama ‘from the 'Voioo. of Historyt, - te Oy okt ne Advantage of Hitler's- Be Hens “Poverg.» Bitherte ‘ proetse stetus ond rie in ‘German’ “polities at thia noment £9 nov. definitely known; pub the “daoracsing froquohoy of his appoatonses is probedly uo to a growing incspacity to fulfidl bis _ former function. Ris montal state ia evidently ~ deteriorating. This should be assumed in’ talking * to tho German’ peoples For ‘oxampla: Now that, Magsolind hea oollapsed and Hitles is in the hands of mental spectaliots, what has becomo of the Spirit of Faaotamt” (of "Do you still believe thet @ mon whoso sanity: a boon complotely undermined by Guilt can lead tho ‘German. people to victory agrinst the | Wortar" oo, . OL ae (hy Sozmony's ois “somnsntng ‘11g, “Japan. _ Tho waz, ‘pb gine should be constantly coupled with Japan in sn dronical oF sotirical manners For ‘example: tepho Nala and their blood-brothers, tho Japsnose, havo both demonstrated their willingness to dio for gaton «this summer’ one willicn of them have thrown eway their livos ino fytile attompt to deatroy eivilizetion.” "Who is responsible for this ignoble Joague of Gormany and Japon against the Conacionce of tho Worla?" "A fact to be oxplaincd: Germans are, dying overy doy fighting with Japanese digo inst. Gormen-Ameri¢ens. Why: 1s, that? Who 46 responsible,”ee I ED AE Ss 1a (4) thmteh Student Manifesto. - Tn . planning smnencages te Germany hints for one line of propagende” can be obtained from the sevelutionary manifesto aietributed lest year by abudenta at the University of unten Ze Peake Repms, THis of War Critindls. ~ By (e] Paychslagically 4b ie Important that Mities; of the leades of the Meet Perty, bs tha ong to strvendan and sign tha peace treaty. he Aiises should fisist on this, shold dreg the gangstesa without carentony from their hiding pleces and force them to eign, (A little trickery et this point would be justified.) Ths terms should be - aeyése “G6 tirat, Later when a mora feprosontative— government has been established the terms can bo made nore lenient. Thus in the future the ‘dictators: wil thimiitation of whereas tha democratic be_reonlied 1 conection with unconditional surrender; government will get the credit of securing milder terme. 2. (b) A World Court, at least one momber of which 1s a.Swiss and one a Swede, should immodiately publish’e list of wer ériminals, e@ complete as possible, ahd neutral ¢ountries should be officially werned thet no man on this list must td given senctuarys .45 = The Allies should be prepared to invade sny country that herbors a world oriminal. * a. (s) “the ‘griel of the war criminals should ba. carried out with the utmost despatch. It mat’ nop, be- ellowed: to drag on for months, as this would” give the Gemnana a convincing impression.of our “moral woakness and incompetence, and postpone their regeneration, tn conneetion with the trial a short regdable ook should- be published in German explaining the nature of international law (the brotherhood = * : of nations) and exposing the erines committed by the - Faasists in A.B.C, language. “ _ & pamphlet comparing the terms of the Versailles , Treaty with Germany's method of dealing with conquered eculitriea should.te given. wide circulation, Se Beoatment of pho German People etter the jassation of Hos ee = “Is-4a eeauned ‘that Germany. will be invaded end dodupled Wy Abiied forces; that almltancously thore will bo uppiaings of slave labor and of civilions in’ oecupied territories; thet mish Germam blood will be spilled, This is ea it should be + a fitting Nemesis. The Allied troops will merch in and eventually reatora’ order, This function of yestoring order will moke their presence more acceptable te the Germons.- 48- - ge'eam be pewadeted that we wi2i find the Gorman _ people profoundly humiliated, resentful, a{senchanted, dejected, morose, despairing of the futures Agcustaned to sbeying an axbitedry externs) authority, they will bave no dependable tomer g@ildes to control behavior. “Thee witi be @ wave of orime and suicide. Apathy wHAL bo whasespreads ” waving pessed through 4 ported of intense “ananimi ty and sooperation, Garmany ag a accial system will fall apart, afch man to suffer “gad and moxtifioation Lt private. Dheorgantration and aonfuston will be general, qreating a breeding ground for culta of extrams . “Andividueliom. & atneiderable pert of the population will be weighed dow ty & heavy ‘Senaé of. guilé, which sould 1eed to'8 ‘yevival of religton. The soil will be laid for 4 spiritual regeneration; and perhaps the ‘command, nat way will inhewsh the fatuses 76 tu assumed that ‘sha Allies will devi iitarisa * Gaxmeny, will insist on offiorent guarantioes against future conspienoges, 121 tale steps to Iiquidats- the dunkex Class, will prevoht rearmament end the misiead of raw materials. As Dr. Foerster hea said: 1g goft peace for Germany will ‘be e y hard peace for the German psopic, delivering ‘them to the Prussian caste who Jed them aatray.!~ 47 = ‘Nathiag parmencnt, Rowovar, can ba achieved by wah measured. alone. What is poquired is 9 profound. , Qonversian of Gomes ti attitadd: abandonment of tho “iden (1) that they ard innately superior; (@y that thay ae destined to govern tho earth; (3) thet there Aa no bones Law op authority bigher than the good of the German Stebas. (4) that power 18 to be admired ‘whos averythings and (S) that Might makea Right. +. trdatitdg tHe, domaine payehologieally we siast realise thet wi abe doaling with. netion sufforing frow paranoid trendg: delusiona ef grandcw; delusions ef peraccution; profound hatred of stvong opponenta and céntempt of waek opponents; errogence, suipiaLousnces and “envy « @12 of whtoh had heen build up aa reaation to.an eo i OF: compiox and’ a doairg 't be apphedsaged. . a Possibly. the first four steps ia the troetmont of-a single perancld personality gan ba adapted to the ‘eanvaraton of Germany. © Ei ‘atompting thig we must ned. forget that the gourds of their payohic sioknoss 4a. woundgd pitdd. (a) ELpat Stope= Be phistcién mgt ‘ (4) Individual paranoid. « Paranoids tag not bo Erected succesatubly ‘ip thoy are not dmpresdodETM CERT TNE TEER ERR TRS NNN ESOT RET AME em gh PAC OT hae - 48- fcomerounly or uncensetousty) by the ability, knowledge, wikdone, or perhape mare. magnetic fores, of the physician. “special atrorte, mst semetimes be made to abkieve this end, 9! since paranotds, being full of scorn, are * pot easy b6 impress. : wn (a8) garbany.~ ‘the eegimente that ootupy, Gamneny should ba the finest that‘the United . . ations’ oat estenble.- Pegiments with a history of : . vietortea, ‘sompoaed ‘of tald weEiedisciplined, soldiers qunmanded by the dest generale. Rowdiness and: drunken- ‘ ness should: not ba permitted, The Germans should be compelled to admit: ‘fheas ere splendid men, not the wool degenerates {democratic soldiers) or barbartng {Rigeien goleters) (WS ware Led to expect." ‘The Ger. mang adaive ordeblinoss, precision, efficiency. $. tb). Second Step. Stap.- The ‘potential wortti . Srrthe-petront” shoe woe femowlageds owl «4° (4) yn@dviauar pavdnoids~ The ine dwelling bi¥aing Hunger of the paranosd 4s for. rocognt~ ‘tion, powep and glory « praise fron those whom he respects, This bongor should be appeased as soon as posbibla, so that the paranoid thinks to himself: *The groat man approciates me. Together wo can face the world. Tk ia as if’ he thought: "He 1a God the Father end I am hig chosen son.9- 49- co! an). Geymany.- Germany's country- este, ita méic, historic culture and monuments of daauty should be appreciated: and praised, Tho ormy of codupation: should meiifost intenap Laterest in the “ gulture of ola Germany end complete indifference to ait recent developments, The troops should be instructed and. ooachad by lectires’and guide-books covering the atatriotsthey will oocupy+ They should be told thet the ware not won, water the heart of tho German ' peopte has been won.” Gommans: of the old schoo) should be hired to teagh “tha Germen: Janguags; to guide the soldiers of tours of the country and of mmsoums,, to teach, native warts and skills. CGonserts shovid ba srranged, omitting pieces that have been specially favored by the Nazis. Baitiona of booka: burned by the Nazis should Be publighéd and put on salo Ammedtately, * «all hig wll getve a double purpose, It will provide education for our troops and oceupy their ‘tine; thus helping to meintain morale. Also the submerged inferiority feelings and restntmonts of the Gormana: wilt be alleviated. :~ 50- 2 3 (¢) hind Stop.,- Insight should be tactfull mo Bee Ree ee os (4) Individual, paranoid, « Very gradually, atop by step, the patient is enlighténed os te his own paranoid mechantiats. Pride in being wnoritioiseble and elways in the right must be gradu- atly replaced by pride tn being able to risa above hig -own | meohanigma end criticize himself, pride in being atreng ‘ehough to admit some weaknesseg and erross Be ahould ‘Ya mate te understand thet ho hae been to bind 2 ad by. wees etone forces which gained eontrol over his proper self. During the course of these telks the physician should freely confess his ow woeknossos end errors, the patient being treated ae an equal. : : . “(4i) Gormany, «The last ten yoars of German history should be interpreted as # violent “Antoatious fover, ssession of the apirit, which took hold of tha people. es soon as they gave cat to the ‘fale proptietd of Fascism , \ A series of articles, editorials, essays and short “ books should pe mitten now by Germons in this country : (tions Mann, Reinhold Mebuhy, foorster, and othors),” sided posatbly by suggeations frén psychidtrista, te be published 4A German newspapers and Siatributed" goen-ettay the occupation. They showld bo -therapeutic asoye éusentially ~.parhepa sigaod by @ pom de plume : “aa if writton by a alnigtor, physiotan, ov weiter ‘kin Garearig's : Lo yt | Not tea much’ ahould be seid in eny one pepers tat, in time, the iden, dsiuatons, treacheriog and orimes of the Na gia. shpuld pe raviewod objectively 4m fidatarteat sequodeg. ‘The doiman peopla should ba nado te waderatend! that tho world negordd thew’ oe wawLtting und unhappy vioting of instinetual forces. The Allios should be magnenimous enough to admit thei# own errore end misdeods. ~ S. (8) Fourth’ Stép.- The ‘pstiont should ba . nsociated in 8 group. . (4) tadwwidued, paranoid.» Having attained 4 measure of satisfaction by winning tha réspeat and ‘friendship of Hits physieten end thon having gatnod some ‘tavdght and control, the petient is reedy for gpoup therapy. Later, ho oan ba persuaded té join outside groups, Grodually he must losra to take - his plage and odeparate on an oqual basis with others. —* _ the gfoup ls Joine should heva a good. :(44) Gormang.—If Germany is to pe converted,’ it 18 of the utmost importence that wome atrong end efficient super-government be eatab- ished as soon cs possible, providing a new world Gonsetence, thet her people cen reapect. As said above, Germens must have something to look up to - a God, a Puehrer, an Absolute, a nationel ideal. It can not be a rival nation, or a temporary elliance of hatdions.- It must be a body ~ a strong body with @ police force ~ which stands above any single stete. “4 supranational syubpl would eventually attract the deference that {s now focussed upon Hitler. Lacking such e symbol, many Germens will certeinly fall into a state of profound disillusionment end despeir. At the proper time Germany should bo inaociated ea en oqual in whatever leegue or federation of netions has, Deon established. : . Prom here on the. therapy of single peranoid pensonelity fella as an analogy, principally becouse the German people will not be in the position of a patdent who comes willingly to the physioten's office. Tho Nezis will be in no mood to be educated by their enomiea. Furthermore it would be very presumptuous of us to try it, The most that the Allies, could do- 53- vwould be to olose 012 schools and untversitics, until Haw pntdefedasat teachers and feculties bed beon sacvuited, The, greatest problem will be in deoling with a whole generation of brutelized end hardened young Nastia. (Perhepa exhibition games of soccer, football, IseRosse end baseball betwecn American . and.English regimonts would serve to introduce ideas of fain play and sportenianship; but much elec must be done + “by Germen édusators.) ‘Pox the conversion of Germany the. most effective agency, wALL be seine foim of world fedgrdtion, With put tose the Allied victory will heve no permenently important gondequancess of Beby ‘We He De Vernon% HITLGA THE WAN -~ NOTES POR A CASH BISTORY : . vy os W, B.D. Vernon ces . ‘Sanvard University The purpose of this paper ia to bring together | in brief ‘fort whet’ 4a known about Adolf Hitler aa a mon.” Fov-if allied strategists could peer "inside Bitles® and adapt thelr stretégy to what they find there, it da 1ivel} that the winning of the war would” Ye speodeds Tt mist be ‘adwieted, to begin with, that the: intrichotes of: #0 éomplex.4 personality would fe Girtiewht engugh'te wnrave}-were the subject present and odoperating tn the taste. But there are two further aifricultios to be faced. ' Ona must attempt both to select out of the great masx of material which has been written about, “wieres that which eppears to be objective, reporting and then further to reconstruct hia personality on the basis of this very inadequate -paychological datas We have, of course, as primry source material, Hitler's own writings and speeches and these tell ua a good deal, Though we must admit, therefore, at its beginning that the nature of our analysis is very tentative and that in many instancesonly tuperfect, proof ean be given fer the inferences which are dram, 1¢ is no mors tentetive than the peyemeldgioal pen pictiros which the’ Nasis themsclves + heve found so useful (3). HUTLER'S ORIOTNS AND EARLY LIFE m any cage study one mat begin by asking who the aubject 1s, whence he coms, who were bis forboars, Heiden (8) presents the most veliable gancalogy avnil- able. Here we note only cortain important points. “Hitler's father, Alois, waa born the 1llegttimate son vf Maria Arne’ Schicklgruber in 1857.1n the village of Spital. «He ms ‘dupposed, to be the son of Johann — Georg Hiedler: However, to his fortieth yorr Alois . bote the nemo of his mother Schicklgruber. Only then, when Georg Hiedlex was (if sti11 alive)? cighty-five yeerd of oge, and thirty-five years nfter the death of his mother, did he teke the nemo Hitler, the medden name of bia wother-in-law.. As Heiden says, "In the life history of Adolf Hitler no mention is : ever mado of the grendperents. on, his. father's sido. 1 January 8, 1877 2 wmere seems to be no record of hin death.