Welcome Page 4 Qe Living things Page 6 8 Ecosystems Page 18, 9S The biosphere Page 30 Q Energy Page 42 © sound, light, andheat page 54 © Etectricity Page 66 o Is it sunny everywhere? Page 78 © How much of the Earth is water? Page 92 More hands on! + Animal and plant cells * Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems + The five kingdoms + Dichotomous keys * Weird and wonderful organisms + Elements of an ecosystem + Grassland ecosystems + Forest ecosystems + Desert ecosystems + Aquatic ecosystems + Urban ecosystems * Food chains * Food webs + Threats to biodiversity + Protecting species + Different forms of energy + Energy transformations + Renewable energy sources + Non-enewable energy sources + Properties of sound + Light sources and properties of light + Reflection + Refraction + Properties of heat + Electrical charges + Static electricity + Current electricity + Edison and the lightbulb + Famous inventors and inventions + The worlds climate zones + Different climates in Mexico * Climate graphs * Climate change + The weather + Weather forecasts and maps + Factors affecting climate + The hydrosphere + Bodies of water + Stages of a river + The water cycle Page 102+ Make a Book of Life + Discover why plants have a cell wall + Living or nondiving? + Do a presentation on an ecosystem + Investigate how animals survive the cold of the Arctic tundra + Amazing adaptations + Create and promote your own nature reserve + Find out the best way to clean up an oil spill + Create a plan to save energy at home + Discover how important light is for plants + Design a campaign warning about the risks of too much energy + Investigate how sound travels and wiy telephones used to have cords + Design and build a lightup board game + Find out what happens when you change components in an electrical circut + Cooperation is key + Shine on sunny sun + Hear energy, see energy, feel energy + Electricity everywhere + Prepare a slide presentation about weather and climate + Make a weather vane * Weather and climate * Create a water pollution awareness campaign + Find out how the water cycle works + Bodies of water Glossary -~\ le ZScience helps us understand how the world works. It helps us solve problems and can make life easier. I wonder why / how ...? How does ... work? What would happen if ...? Scientists use the scientific method to understand the world around us. It always starts with a question. Scientists then decide how to answer the question by thinking of an experiment. Before carrying out the experiment, they guess what will happen. This guess is called a | prediction or a hypothesis. AY Scientists draw conclusions from their observations and the results of their experiments. These conclusions help us to understand the world we live in.Which picture is being foab described? Listen and guess. Welcome to the amazing world of science! In this book, you will: ® do a presentation on an ecosystem © create and promote your own nature reserve. © sreate a plan to save energy at home. ® design a campaign warning about the risks of too much energy. ® design and build a board game.Life has done extremely well here on Earth. Scientists estimate several million species live on our planet! Which kingdom is each organism from? Which kingdom is missing?Sook Cells, tissues, organs, systems characteristics of living things? In this unit, you witl make a Book of Life. To do this, you will: + learn about different types of cells. + research information and take notes about an interesting organism. + organize facts and share information with others. + present the information you have collected. AT aDiscover ... Ota ait jelly-tike substance inside a rt) Poet All living things are made up of cells. Although we can only see them with a microscope, they are very important. The cells on the far left are human cheek cells. Can you guess what type of organism these cells belong to? Cells may look very different from one another, but they have several similar characteristics and structures. GQ Nucteus: controls what happens Q cytoptasm: jellysike substance that inside the cell and contains all helps give the cell shape and is where the genetic information. all the cell structures are found, © cet membrane: © Vacuote: a storage controls the movement space for the cell of substances in and out of cells i out about other structures hin a cell. What jobs do they do? 8Background There are some similar structures in animal and plant cells, but only plant cells have a cell wall. Hypothesis Why do plant cells have a cell wall? Write your hypothesis in your notebook. Materials eight balloons, four shoe boxes Method 1 Blow up the balloons (not too big). Put one balloon in each shoe box and leave the rest out. 2 Build two towers, one using only the What do the balloons represent? balloons and the other using the shoe What do the shoe boxes represent? boxes with balloons inside. a t Conclusions What is the function of a plant cell wall? I Fo4+-} +} Animal cells don't have a cell wall, Compare the human body with a tree. What does the human body have to fete with support that a tree doesn't? ' eee‘Can you name any of the systems in the human body? Cells are the structural units of life, but their function doesn’t stop there! Organs work together to make systems. e) What organs are in a plant? = Most cells work with other similar cells to make layers, known as tissues. For example, individual muscle cells cane Lola es Many tisswes work together to make organs, like the heart, skin, or stomach. Each organ has a specific job. What is the biggest muscle in the human body?All the systems work together to ensure that we function properly as an organism. Other organisms, such as animals, plants, and fungi have the same organization. Only the basic structural units — the cells ~ are different from ours. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular They have one cell that does everything What do you call an organism with many cells? + Choose an interesting organism. + Find out if it is unicellular or multicellular. Investigate what types of cells, tissues, organs, or systems it has. + Draw the organism on a piece of paper and add labels. Unit 1 11MACUL eer COT rce eae McCants Protists come in many different shapes and sizes. Some protists take in food, like this unicellular protozoon. Other protists are multicellular and make their own food, like this giant kelp, which is an alga. Sa ? f Bacteria are in the Monera kingdom and are unicellular. They are so tiny that you need a microscope to see them. Most bacteria get their nutrition from other organisms. Investigate how many types of bacteria have been found in the human belly button. Plants are multicellular. They make their own food from sunlight and water. What is this Process called? 12CG ol Many people think fungi are plants, but eee a they're wrong! Fungi cannot make their own will know the food, so they must break down other organisms err ont to get energy. Most fungi are multicellular. meets and will be Listen to Katie and b Oks Ceci Matt talking about |e three different DN RT organisms. Pek tase} hu Write down the errant characteristics and then classify each organism into a kingdom. cab Find out what S unicellular s Pes are called, Animals are multicellular. Like fungi, they Cannot make their own food. The two main groups of animals are vertebrates and invertebrates Which vertebrate or invertebrate subgroups do these animals belong to? Have you ever had to take antibiotics? & > Although Bacteria can be helpful to humans, they also cause disease, Alexander Fleming discovered that certain fungi produce a substance called oo ; penicillin, which kills dangerous + How does it obtain nutrients? How does it move? bacterial Manu lives have bean How does it reproduce? Which kingdom does it belong to? ened or feociel Coane + Write the information in bullet points. discovery of this frst antibiotic. Unit 1 13 + Find out more about the organism you chose in Stage 1.DET ee Dae ae BC Cures ote ae How do we know if something is living or non-living? You can build a dichotomous key to identify organisms based on nutrition, number of cells, or what they Look like. Work with @ partner and procter using the Key on this page. dichotomous Key using seen is ow / . isms! —, different organi 14hob Like all rules, exceptions exist. Some organisms are tricky to classify! eee Find one of these weird organisms hidden in the unit, The Venus flytrap is no ordinary The platypus lays eggs, but plant it gets its energy by is not a reptile, fish, or bird. eating insects! However, it can still make its own food between How is the meals like other plants. platypus classified? This may look like a plant, but it is actually a leaftailed gecko. Te can mimic leaves to This looks like a tree, but it j Pn is actually a marine animal This lichen gives taxonomists __@void being eaten, called Spirobranchus giganteus, a double headache. It is known as the Christmas tree both a fungus and an alga worm, The tentacles are actually living together in the same Ss specialized mouths! organism. What is a taxonomist? NESSIE) + Find out three interesting facts about your organism. «swap information with a partner. Which organism is the strangest? + Make a poster of your organism, Include your drawing and information from Stages 1 and 2. Believe it or not, ™y organism + Add pictures and write a descriptive paragraph | has / does / is / can about your interesting facts.Language Review Bo ©} Match the prefixes to the endings. Complete the sentences in your notebook. Prefixes: uni- multi- in- anti- -cellular -biotics -vertebrates -cellular a Anorganism that contains several different cells that work together is a..... organism. L~ b Bacteria only have one cell and are an example of a ..... organism. There are two main groups of animals: vertebrates and .. d_ Sally is feeling better because the...... she is taking are fighting her bacterial infection. PV, @® Write the correct question word. Match each question to the correct answer. a_..... does giant kelp grow? s do plant cells have acell wall? aie photosynthesis. .~ discovered penicillin? Porstiictural support: . kingdom does the platypus belong to? Reorernenne € ....do plants make their own food? Thea! f. .....is the plural of fungus? The Animal kingdom. ©} complete the sentences using the modal verbs must or might. a This organism is unicellular, but doesn’t make its own food; it... be a bacterium b This organism is unicellular and makes its own food; it..... be a protist. © This organism is multicellular with cell walls; it..... be a fungus. d This organism is multicellular and makes its own food; it..... be a plant. € This organism iso multicellular vertebrate; it..... be an animal,EBD For these questions, circle the correct answer for each blank. are the building blocks of life. Organs Cells b Tissues work together to form...... organisms —_| Systems organs look like plants but they can’t make their own food. Bacteria Fungi d The..... controls the cell and contains all the genetic information, nucleus cytoplasm [EAISF@p last) ©B copy and complete the mind map. movement reproduction cells are o1 janized into levels: —— + Get into expert groups for each kingdom. Discuss what your organisms have in common. Are they all multicellular? Do they make their own food? + Now form new groups of five, each person representing a different kingdom. Talk about your organism and present your poster. This is an oreenes m + Your teacher will then collect the organism posters that can / does / is ‘and organise them into a book: The Book of Life! Es OTE2 Lgok and Can you name these ecosystems? Ecosystems are made up of = living and non-living things An ecosystem can be as big as the Qa ocean or as small as a puddle! I think this ecosystem is T'm not sure. It looks more like aSng Ecosystems on Earth §) Amazing adaptations ee In this unit, you will explore an ecosystem from a different continent and make a presentation. To do this, you will: + discover the characteristics of an ecosystem. « learn about different types of ecosystems. + find out how animals adapt to their surroundings.Discover... Su iet ted LSC een CUCU The non-living components of an ecosystem are called An ecosystem is made up of a the abiotic factors. community of living things and the physical environment that > surrounds thern. The living things that make up the community can be from any of the five kingdoms. Can you remember the names of the five kingdom:© Oo A habitat is the home of a living thing. The habitat of the endangered axolotl is in the lake complex of Xochimilco, in the Valley of Mexico. A group of the same individual is called a population. Different populations that interact with each other are called a community. Living things in an ecosystem are divided into two main groups flora (plants) and fauna (animals). + Choose one of the following ecosystems: the Atacama Desert, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, the Lacandon Jungle, New York City, or the Serengeti National Park. + Research the living and non-living components of your chosen ecosystem.WHAT IS A SAVANNAH? a Savannahs are found in tropical areas where there is more rain, For this reason, you may see some trees, but not many! Elephants, giraffes, and zebras live here. Bobcats can kill prey bigger than themeelves but they usually eat ‘emaller animals. Jf you were @ hunter like a bobcat, what would you eat? Listen to Hannah. What type of ecosystem did she visit? What animals did she see? {.) Temperate grasslands are found in cool climates, normally where it is dry and windy. The grass is often shorter. Bison, deer, wolves, and rabbits live here. Do you know what the word temperate means? Find out! The bobcat lives in dry grasslands found in the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Nayarit. The thick grass provides shelter and the ‘open land makes it easy to hunt rabbits.ish Rainy places allow trees to grow in large groups known as forests. 1 eee OT Deciduous forests are dominated by | Coniferous forests are located in the trees whose leaves change color and fall offi colder zones of the northern hemisphere.! | each fall. You can find deer, wild turkeys, Brown bears, reindeer, moose, wolves, | salamanders, moose, and coyotes. and weasels live among evergreen trees. (as the name suggests, cloud forests are foggy, humid, and have frequent rain. These forests exist in tropical mountain ranges from 900 to 3,500 meters. Air plants like mosses | and orchids cover many trees, and birds We can find over half the plant and animal species on Earth in tropical rainforests. Located near the equator, the temperature is | | like the quetzal make high, but there is lots of rain their home here. + Find out about the climate and location jiying ti"? of your chosen ecosystem. Lacandon + Make a spider diagram showing the Tinele information you have found out so far. locationuence teeter] COL nce eee sere Deserts are the hottest and driest places on Earth, During the day, temperatures can reach up to 50°C, but can drop to 0°C at night. Living things have adapted to the changes in temperature and the lack of water. - wi What is the largest desert | When it is scorching hot outside, in the world? | what better way to beat the heat Where is it | than to sleep all day? Many desert sein? animals are nocturnal. They are only active at night when it is cooler. Vint! Wh Nh) My i ih h! ii i), A cactus can store water for long periods of time. They have a thick animals waxy layer and spines instead of leaves, which reduces water loss. The spines also protect the cactus from animals that might want to eat it! STAGE3 Camels store nutrients in their humps and lose very little water through sweating or urination. This means they can go for a long time without having a drink or a snack! “Research the flora and fauna of your ecosystem. What are the adaptations needed to live in this ecosystem? Think about food, water, predators, prey, and climate. + Add the information to your diagram from Stage 2. (found out that + Tell a partner what you discovered. 24Background Some animals that live in very cold temperatures have a thick layer of fat, called blubber. Hypothesis If you had more fat on your body, would you notice the cold as much? Why? / Why not? Materials large bowl, water, ice cubes, butter Method 1Get a bowl large enough to fit both hands in, Fill it with water and ice cubes. Leave it for five minutes. 2Put both hands in the bowl and count to ten. Take your hands out and warm them for a few minutes. This is the control. 3 Now, rub butter over one hand. Put both hands back in the water and count to ten. 4 Wash your hands with warm water and soap. Conclusions What did you find out? Do you think extra fat on your body would keep you warmer? Why? EMO kal eect ole) Pr ure eles Creare nets) Ce uo the adaptations Direc R CRS _ inthem. How does each hand feelin the water? Do both hands feel the same? 7 ee Re 2) How does each hand feel this time? Do both hands feel the same? Animals in colder Climates need ... 1 Cr 2 %oO i) Discover ... x eC eee Cees CUR erica Te Aquatic ecosystems can be ... fe SEN De: fresh water lakes, rivers, streams, and ponds bulrushes, reeds, and waterlilies fish, crocodiles, turtles, and frogs Water is constantly recycled. salt water oceans and seas giant kelp, seagrass, sea grapes, and plankton sharks, turtles, dolphins, crabs, jellyfish, and sponges Te is the largest ecosystem ‘on Earth! * Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They are home to about 25% of all marine life. Many animals, such as clownfish, sponges, and sea anemones make coral reefs their home because of the safety they provide. Find a marine reptile hidden inthe unit. Despite their small size, ponds are home to a variety of aquatic life, like snails, frogs, fish, and large mcs such as herons. The shoreline is where the sea meets the land. Organisms that live here, such as starfish, mollusks, and sea urchins, Protists dominate aquatic © have adapted to strong tides and waves. ecosystems. Are protists o Most can stick to the surface of rocks. unicellular or multicellular? or o 16fib Instead of adapting to ecosystems, humans have adapted ecosystems to suit them. These are known as urban ecosystems, They have many artificial elements, but also contain natural elements. ~ Artificial elements include buildings, airports, parks, and bridges What are the natural elements of an urban ecosystem? Discuss. The natural elements include ... ooo oo aoa peg Animals can survive jgea here be goo re because loco poo New York City has a higher peregrine falcon population than most places ‘on Earth. All the skyscrapers make a great habitat for these birds of prey. They provide an ideal look-out point, in the same way cliffs do, for prey such as pigeons and blackbirds WESTER) + Now that you have studied the different types of ecosystem, _. you can add this information to your diagram. What characteristics define your chosen ecosystem? + Does your ecosystem contain any artificial elements? Find out and make a list of the consequences of human interference.Complete the sentences in your notebook with the correct form of the adjective or adverb, The spines on a cactus make it ..... (good) at reducing water loss than a plant with broad leaves. Tropical rainforests are home to a..... (diverse) range of species thon anywhere else in the world. Temperatures in temperate grasslands are ..... (extreme) than in deserts. The vaquita porpoise can hunt..... (effective) ina habitat with shallow, murky waters than in the open sea. Thanks to their blubber, polar bears and seals can tolerate cold temperatures...... (easy) than most other animals. Look at the pictures. Talk with a partner about urban ecosystems. Mention the things in the box. naturalelements artificialelements habitats habitat destruction pollution airquality On the other hand, ... Do you prefer urban or rural environments? Discuss with a partner. JuIVGyIIIaIINyContent Review Unscramble the letters to make words. Use some of the words to complete the sentences, 1. aF€ 0 type of grassland found in tropical areas. A...... isthe home of a living thing, An......is made up of a community of organisms and the abiotic of factors in an area. Living things...... to their natural surroundings. Look at the pictures and identify the ecosystems. Write down two characteristics of each ecosystem. + Prepare and give a presentation on your ecosystem. You can find others who have chosen the same ecosystem and work in pairs or small groups. . « Use the information you have collected and include some pictures or videos. = Think about the structure of your presentation. How many sections will it have? What are you going to say? What is your partner going to say? JIIIIIWIUII IIs| The biosphere is the sum of all the ecosystems on Earth, These ecosystems aS form an enormous Puzzle. If there is a Look and se* || Piece missing in the puzzle, the rest of Which tiving things inthe pletures are the biosphere is affected. cooperating? Which are competing? erating by ... a are coop’ 3 These living th rs ces SE and ... are competing food I shelter I resourcesBiodiversity In this unit, you will create your own nature reserve and make a website, leaflet, or poster to promote it. To do this, you will: + learn how living things interact. + discover how humans can negatively affect the habitats of other species. « find out why itis important to protect species’ habitats. + learn about nature reserves. * ~~ caAll living things need energy. A food chain shows us SE how energy passes between organisms in an ecosystem. sun eh All food chains start with the sun. The sun provides energy for producers to grow. What is the process that producers use to turn energy B from the sun into food? Primary consumers eat producers. Sea urchins are primary consumers. They love eating giant kelp! Which kingdoms make up the different parts of a food chain?OCR Rol fn POea tlie Coed Secondary consumers Preteens eat primary consumers y Cte a In this case, sea otters Pere! eat sea urchins. food chain and | decomposer Peer hited PRU CLU Bacteria ond