Authorities

Moscow authorities
See also: Government of Moscow, Mayor of Moscow, Moscow City Duma, and Charter of
the city of Moscow

Government of Moscow
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Moscow is an independent
federal subject of the Russian Federation, the so-called city of federal
importance.

The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the
Government of Moscow, which is the highest organ of executive power. The Moscow
City Duma is the City Duma (city council or local parliament) and local laws must
be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on
Single-mandate constituency basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in
the Charter of the city of Moscow, the mayor was appointed by presidential decree.
The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the
expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his
resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013.

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the

districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125
regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-
government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive
bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are
municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of
the intracity municipality.

Federal authorities
See also: White House (Moscow) and State Duma

The House of the Government of the Russian Federation

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation,
the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are
located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation,
which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008.

The supreme executive authority - the Government of the Russian Federation - is

located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation on
Krasnopresnenskaya embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on
Okhotny Ryad. The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya
Dmitrovka. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of
Arbitration of the Russian Federation are also located in Moscow.

In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the
Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in
the Senate Palace.

Safety

A BMW 5 Series of the Moscow Police on patrol

According to the ranking of the safest cities made by The Economist Moscow occupies
the 37th position with a score of 68,5 points percent.[143] The general level of
crime is quite low.[144] More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are
connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the
successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and
age of people in real-time - and then they deployed the system to the whole city.
The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential
apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of
schools and kindergartens, at the MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops,
and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.[145]

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is
the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of
Emergency Situations, 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the
Emergency Gas number.[146] Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the
world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international
study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.[147]

Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow
Federal city of Moscow Coat of arms of Moscow
City administrative divisions
12
City districts
125
City settlements
21

Territorial change of Moscow from 1922 to 1995

Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts: Moscow all districts.svg
Central Administrative Okrug
Northern Administrative Okrug
North-Eastern Administrative Okrug
Eastern Administrative Okrug
South-Eastern Administrative Okrug
Southern Administrative Okrug
South-Western Administrative Okrug
Western Administrative Okrug
North-Western Administrative Okrug
Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug
Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug
Troitsky Administrative Okrug
The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of
Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th
century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating
with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong
fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new
settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings,
laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at

some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the
Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow
Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a
circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third
Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-
circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However,
contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD,
such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd. A part of Moscow Oblast's
territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer
fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast.
[148] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000
inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help
Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to
develop "harmonically."[55]

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as
well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status.
These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the
case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and
industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different
districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns
that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are
not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the
city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.[149]

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city
itself is not a part of the oblast.[150]

Economy
See also: Economy of Russia
Overview
Largest private companies based
in Moscow
(ranked by 2019 revenues)
Moscow corporation Russia
1 Lukoil 1
2 X5 Retail Group 3
3 Novatek 6
4 Nornickel 9
5 UC Rusal 11
6 Sibur 13
7 SUEK 15
8 MTS 17
9 Metalloinvest 18
10 EuroChem 21
11 MegaFon 22
12 M.video 24
13 TMK 25
14 Mechel 26
Source: Forbes[151]

Moscow International Business Center, one of the largest financial centres of

Europe and the world
Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more
than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP).[152] As of 2020, the GRP
of Moscow reached almost ₽20 trillion(US$330 billion)[153] and ₽1,567,645 per
capita(~US$26,000). Gross Metropolitan Product(Moscow + Moscow Region) was ₽25
trillion or around US$400 billion.

Moscow Exchange
The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688[154] (US$2,000), which is
around twice the national average of ₽66,572 (US$1,000), and one of the highest
among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the

world,[155] and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is
the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of
its largest companies, such as oil giant Rosneft. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail
sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.[156][157]
Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in Moscow have shown
exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have
been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space.
As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed
to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in
recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

Industry
Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile,
furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the world's leading producers of military
and civil helicopters. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut
and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin,
Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO
Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs,
as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but
switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent
city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides.
Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are
situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the
city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and
sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space
used "Shturmanskie" produced by this factory.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall
distillery[158] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including
"Stolichnaya" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow
Interrepublican Vinery.[159] The Moscow Jewelry Factory[160] and the
Jewellerprom[161] are producers of jewelry in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce
the exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army
during World War II.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as
microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian
company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and
electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunication and technology

companies, including 1C, ABBYY, Beeline, Kaspersky Lab, Mail.Ru Group, MegaFon,
MTS, Rambler&Co, Rostelecom, Yandex, and Yota.

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state
of the city.