Table 1

Student Name Indicators Definition International Range Georgian Range References

Misho Death in Low- Diagnosis-related Mortality rate < 0.5% Barker L, Brand C. Death in Low -
Burkadze Mortality Diagnosis- groups with mortality < Mortality Diagnosis-Related
Related Groups 0.5% over the previous Groups: Frequency, and the I
3 years or < 0.5% in mpact of Patient and Hospital
any of the previous 3 Characteristics. Med J Aust. 2011
years Jul 18;195(2):89-94
Foreign object left in nintended retention or Frequency ranges from 1 Kumar G.V.S., Ramani S.,
during abdominal foreign objects or to 10 in 10,000. 2 to 4% of Mahajan A., Jain N., Sequeira R.,
surgery retained sponges and cases lead to death Thakur M.: Imagingof retained
instruments left in surgical items: A pictorial review
during abdominal including new innovations.Indian J
surgery Radiol Imaging, 2017; 27: 354–
361
postoperative wound captures how often a Wound dehiscence is Pav lidis T, Galatianos I ,
dehiscence surgical wound in the estimated to occur in 0.5– Papaziogas B, et al. Complete
abdominal or pelvic 3.4% of abdominopelvic dehiscence of the abdominal w
area fails to heal after surgeries, and carries a ound and incriminating factors.
abdominopelvic surgery mortality of up to 40%2–4 Eur J Surg. 2001;167(5):351–354

Dea Tretment & Therapy assigned guidelines for In 2000, The International Georgia:  https://cpr.heart.org/en/about-us/international-programs
Goderdzishvili Protocols specific disorders and Guidelines reached a Georgian American
cases consensus: University Medical
American Heart School – GAU
Association MediClub Georgia
 (AHA)  CPR &
resuscitation 
guidelines
Post-Operational Over 90 countries
Surgical Site Infections Worldwide [49]
statistics show In Georgia 2016, it was https://www.who.int/gpsc/ssi-prevention-guidelines/en/https://sao.ge/files/auditi/inpheqciebis_kontrolis_auditis_angarishi.pdff
Infection are infection that occur 11% of people who have reported over 22,000
after surgey in the place surgery, eventually people had surgeries,
where the operation develop Surgical Site while 402 later
took place. It can be Infections. To combat this, developed post-
superficial or deep, and the WHO made a guideline operational surgical site
can occur within 1 week in 2016, which prevents ifnections
Post-Op frequent SSIs. Georgia
does not follow tthe WHO
Malpractice Improper, illegal or In 2017 in the US, around In the same year, 2017, https://www.rosenbaumfirm.com/medical-malpractice-statistics.html https://forbes.ge/news/6957/saqarTveloSi-eqimebis-raodenoba-12-aTasiT-gaizarda
guidelines.
negligent professional 12,000 physicians had 93 docotrs had their
behavior their licenses removed or licenses removed.
stopped. 85% happened in Georgia was reported
the state of New York. In to have around 11,500
2017, it was reported thre working physicians that
were 905,000 working year.
physicians in the US
 
Mariam Complications of It includes: anesthetic The overall incidence is (58)Dewachter, P., Mouton-Faivre, C., & Emala, C. (2009, November 01). Anaphylaxis and Anesthesia:Controversies and New Insights. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1932505(59)Rull, D. (2019, June 28). Important Complications of Anaesthesia. Information. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://patient.info/doctor/important-complications-of-anaesthesia?fbclid=IwAR3uzUSAwfaonCkA1WIdRXIeH48EsmgAAp00Eqt4awQ2NMwj1DBmjTVVqJ8
Komakhidze anesthesia overdose, reaction, estimated at 1 in 10,000-
endotracheal tube 20,000 anesthetic
misplacement, procedures. In France, 3
cardiovascular collapse, % of the deaths are
respiratory depression. related to anesthesia
anaphylaxis to induced anaphylaxis,(
anesthetic agents
approx. 

Wrong site surgery is also defined as a WSS was accompanied by (60)Mulloy, D. (n.d.). Wrong-Site Surgery: A Preventable Medical Error. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2678/?fbclid=IwAR2ZPsTJaX_yymCKs5w5bE_2UM-KTRic46B6L-_CfxmXr_c82izAP-X5u2A(61)Savrin, R. (n.d.). Wrong Site Surgery Statistics. Retrieved July  06, 2020, from https://blog.thesullivangroup.com/wrong-site-surgery-statistics
sentinel event (i.e., an a 2.7 % mortality, a 41.5%
unexpected occurrence permanent injury rate and
involving death or a mean liability . The
serious physical or incidence of wrong site
psychological injures, or surgery has been
the risk thereof) by the estimated at 1 out of
Joint Commission 112994 procedures(
(formerly called the
Joint Commission on
Accreditation of
Healthcare
Organizations)
Medication error A medication error is a i n a UK hospital study of [64]. NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144030/ Accessed July 5, 2020.[65]  Journal Watch https://www.jwatch.org/jc201202010000001/2012/02/01/readmission-rates-us-vs-rest-world published February 2012 Accessed July 5 2020.
failure in the treatment 36 200 medication orders,
process that leads to, or a prescribing error was
has the potential to lead identified in 1.5% and most
to, harm to the patient. (54%) were associated
Medication errors can with the choice of dose;
occur in deciding which errors were potentially
medicine and dosage serious in 0.4%
regimen to use
(prescribing faults—
irrational, inappropriate,
and ineffective
prescribing, under
prescribing,
overprescribing);
Sandro Excess Surgical has been defined as Based on existing data Chapter 16Excess Surgical Mortality: Strategies for Improving Quality of Care, Thomas G Weiser and Atul Gawande available on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b
Mushkudiani Mortality any death, regardless postsurgical mortality rate
of cause, occurring in developed countries =
within 30 days after 1.14 - 1.32 %
surgery in or out of the
hospital In developing countries
11.4 - 13.2
Clean Hands Count Defined as frequency of Healthcare providers might The Clean Hands Count Campaign. available on https://www.cdc.gov/patientsafety/features/clean-hands-count.html   Doctors and nurses clean their hands only half as much as they should. Now some Chicago-area hospitals are having them wear tracking technology to keep tabs.  By LISA SCHENCKER.   DEC 26, 2019 AT 10:47 AM. avilable on https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-hospital-hand-washing-infections-sensors-20191226-kkeb2rmihre2fag3uiggckt2l4-story.html
hand washing need to clean their hands
as many as 100 times per
12-hour shift, depending
on the number of patients
and intensity of care

In University of Chicago
Medical Center doctors
used to clean their hands
less than 30% as often as
they should (2014Year).

Hospital readmission Mayo Clinic defines Readmission rate in USA

rate hospital readmission as hospitals ranges from 8.3-20%
patient admission to a (2017-2019)
hospital within 30 days
after being discharged
from an earlier hospital
stay.

Anny nosocomial A nosocomial infection 1. Heaven Stubblefield. What Are Nosocomial Infections?. https://www.healthline.com/health/hospital-acquired-nosocomial-infections#:~:text=A%20nosocomial%20infection%20is%20contracted,)%20and%20hospital-acquired%20infections (accessed july 7, 2020).
Tskitishvili infections is strictly and
specifically an infection.
not present or
incubating prior to
admittance to the
hospital, but generally
occurring 48 hours after
admittance.
length of stay at Length of stay is the minimum: <24hr - 3d> 2. For McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine:length of stay. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. (2002). Retrieved July 6 2020 from https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/length+of+stay
hospitals duration of a single
episode of
hospitalization.
Inpatient days are
calculated by
subtracting day of
admission from day of
discharge.
effectiveness of care One of the most 3. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press; 2001.4. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Performance Measurement: Accelerating Improvement. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press; 2005.5. Hibbard JH, Pawlson LG. Why Not Give Consumers a Framework for Understanding Quality? Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 2004 June. 30(6); 347-351.cited: july 7, 2020 available at: https://www.ahrq.gov/talkingquality/measures/six-domains.html
influential is the
framework put forth by
the Institute of Medicine
(IOM), which includes
the following six aims
for the health care
system. Safe: Avoiding
harm to patients from
the care that is intended
to help them.
Effective: Providing
services based on
scientific knowledge to
all who could benefit
and refraining from
providing services to
those not likely to
benefit (avoiding
underuse and misuse,
respectively).
Patient-centered:
Providing care that is
respectful of and
responsive to individual
patient preferences,
needs, and values and
ensuring that patient
values guide all clinical
decisions.
Timely: Reducing waits
and sometimes harmful
delays for both those
who receive and those
who give care.
Efficient: Avoiding
waste, including waste
of equipment, supplies,
ideas, and energy.
Equitable: Providing
care that does not vary
Natali Shulaia iatrogenic in quality because of
traumatic PSP has an incidence of 15]Meyer T, Gutenbrunner C, Bickenbach J, Cieza A, Melvin J, Stucki G. Towards a conceptual description of rehabilitation as a health strategy. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43:765–9.[cited 2020 july3] Available at :https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/abstract/10.2340/501977-0865
pneumothorax personal characteristics
pneumothorax that 7.4–18 cases (age-
such asfrom
results gender,
injury to adjusted
ethnicity,
the pleura,geographic
with air incidence)/100,000
location, and
introduced into the population per year in
socioeconomic
pleural space status. males, and 1.2–6
secondary to diagnostic cases/100,000 population
or therapeutic medical per year in females
intervention
mortality rate ratio between the [16] Cited from: Pneumothorax. Marc Noppen; Tom De Keukeleire. Respiration[internet] 2008[cited July 4 2020] available from:: https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/135932]Cited from: Mortality ratio. Mayo Clinic [Internet] [Cited: July 04 2020] available fromhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=sterilization
observed number of
deaths in an study
population and the
number of deaths would
be expected, based on
the age- and sex-
specific rates in a
standard population
and the population size
of the study population
by the same
medication errors in medical errorsage/sex
in In 200 patients, the total [17]Adapted from:Clinical and Economic Outcomes Associated with Medication Errors in Kidney Transplantation. National center for Biotechnology Infrotmation [Internet]. April 23 2014 [Cited: July 6 2020] available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011453/
kidney groups.
medication prescription number of Medical
transplantation after kidney Errors(ME) identified in the
transplantation study cohort was 233, with
64% of patients having at
least one ME.
Of the MEs identified:
68% were due to patient-
induced errors
17% were related to
pharmacy errors
15% were due to errors in
prescribing

Immunosuppressants were
associated with 48% of the
Medical Errors when
analyzed by medication
class
Tato Obstetric trauma An injury to the mother 5 to 25 % (2016) (9) 9]Medical Device Innovation consortium.Org.[cited 2020 July 6].Available from: https://mdic.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MDIC-Medical-Device-Quality-Metrics-Best-Practices.August-01-2016.pdf
Sanadiradze while giving birth by
vaginal 
delivery without the aid
of birthing
instruments. 5 to 25 %
(2016)
Central line entral line  (also known Inpatient- 2.2 to 27.9% 10) HHIR Obstetric Trauma.pdf Available from:  https://www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca/en/toolsResources/Hospital-Harm-Measure/Documents/Resource-Library/HHIR%20Obstetric%20Trauma.pdf
bloodstream as a central venous Outpatient- 5.6 to 36.7%
infections catheter)  (2020) [10]
is a serious infection
that occurs when germs
(usually
bacteria or viruses)
enter the bloodstream
Pressure ulcers through the  central
Also .7 to 29.% (2020)  [11] 11) Haddadin, Y. (2020, April 10). Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections (CLABSI). Retrieved July 04, 2020, from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430891/
line.
called Bedsores, are
injuries to skin and
underlying 
tissue resulting from
prolonged pressure on
the skin. 

Leko Healthcare- also known as a Prevalence of HCAI in

Maglakelidze associated infections nosocomial infection,is developing countries vs
an infection that is developed
acquired in a hospital or countries:Albania:
other health care 19.1%;Morocco: 17.8%.
facility. Canada: 11.6%
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of an Switzerland: 10.1%
0.7–30% after orthopaedic
after surgery artery in the lungs by a surgery
substance that has 1.5–7.6% thoracic
moved from elsewhere surgery
in the body through the 0.33–6.6% after
bloodstream abdominal surgery
(embolism).

Irma POSTOPERATIVE Postoperational The incidence of [73]. Vogel, T., Dombrovskiy, V., & Lowry, S. (2009, February). Trends in postoperative sepsis: Are we improving outcomes? Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846560/?fbclid=IwAR3IUlRvMGONLyjaZECKewpWeTooFAXIaxClWx-vCKHFpvPfEomjU3ql_xI
Abashidze SEPSIS complication that postoperative sepsis
induces sepsis increased annually with a
crude mean of 0.06% and
0.034% for patients aged
45-64 and >65 years.

POSTOPERATIVE It has been reported that [74] Arozullah, A., Daley, J., Henderson, W., & Khuri, S. (2000, August). Multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative respiratory failure in men after major noncardiac surgery. The National Veterans Administration Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421137/?fbclid=IwAR1pXK9JeOSS53fxsRCFzKIQykgEL8UrYuU4e1kByCUkOOVzEJP57uGtOsM
RESPIRATORY 5% to 10% of all surgical
FAILURE patients and 9% to 40 % of
those undergoing
abdominal surgery
experience postoperative
pulmonary complications

WOUND The overall wound [75]M;, A. (n.d.). [Postoperative Wound Infections. I. Population Data and Risk Factors]. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695652/
INFECTIONS infections rate was 8.9%.
The mean hospitalization
time was 18 days and was
doubled in the group with
wound infection. T he mean
age of the whole
population was 48.1%.

Tamari Rate of diagnostic 0-5% source1: DeepikaN, Zeynep AN, Claudia L, Eileen MB, Joseph C,Ronald VM, Saman A.Acute rehabilitation after trauma does it really matter? Published November01/2016 Journal of the American college of surgeons [cited July 03 2020]available at :https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.09.001
Gvninianidze errors

Expected percentage source2: SinghH, Meyer AN, Thomas EJ. The frequency of diagnostic errors Medicare  Payment advisory Commission Inpatientrehabilitation facility services report 2015[internet][cited 3rd July 2020] Available at: http://www.medpac.gov/docs/default-source/reports/chapter-10-inpatient-rehabilitation-facility-services-march-report-.pdf?sfvrsn=0
of patients of IRF
who have MI or
cerebrovascula
accident (22,4-
24,6%)

Amount of working source3: MeyerT, GutenbrunnerC, BickenbachJ, CiezaA, Melvin J, Stucki G. Towards a conceptual description of rehabilitation as ahealth strategy. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43:765–9.[cited 2020 july3] Available at :https://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/abstract/10.2340/501977-0865
hours of medical
staff in Inpatient
rehabilitation facility
(min.20hrs.-max.
veries by legislation)

Qetevan Post Opertive PE/DVT can cause Temgoua MN, Tochie JN, Noubiap JJ, Agbor VN, Danwang C, Endomba FTA, et al. Global incidence and case fatality rate of pulmonary embolism following major surgery: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies [Internet]. Systematic reviews. BioMed Central; 2017 [cited 2020Jul4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716368/?fbclid=IwAR12uW596iw42CyeF-3VNXbE40lIuIoohXWKqNm-KQIx26tdWjkKtlMwkR4
Gadabadze Pulmonary Embolism unneccessary
/ DVT prolngation of hospital
stays as well as
unneccessary pain,
suffering and pain.

Blood transfusion The chance of a pitient Meza BPL, Lohrke B, Wilkinson R, Pitman JP, Shiraishi RW, Bock N, et al. Estimation of the prevalence and rate of acute transfusion reactions occurring in Windhoek, Namibia [Internet]. Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue. Edizioni SIMTI - SIMTI Servizi Srl; 2014 [cited 2020Jul4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4111817/?fbclid=IwAR1IB2zMShh5cbQPGijeh9R8x4G7eojZBNbQqg86ILkEagPQPSFKof2qS8Q
reaction suffering a fatal
transfusion due to ABO-
incompatibility is rougly
equivalent to risk of
acquiring Hiv infection.

Birth injury Birth trauma can lead to Dumpa V. Birth Trauma [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2019 [cited 2020Jul4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539831/?fbclid=IwAR3pw9LDjaCc3klgc2wTLjLLE92fsziLNZhQEL1weMMCD49wmAsus82I038
prolonged disability of
infant requaring
substantial resources
for rehabilitation.

Alawode HOSPITAL a formal process by JCI accredits>20000 US There are no 1. Source: Research gate.org. [cited 2020 July 6].Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Patient-satisfaction-EUROPEP-questionnaire_tbl1_505953402. Source: Research gate.org.C.Nino,P.Nato,P.Elene.Patient satisfaction with primary care in Georgia.[cited 2020 July 6].Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288549554_Patients'_satisfaction_with_primary_health_care_in_Georgia3. Source: Nova Medical Centers.Nova medical center's Survey Results indicate excellent patient satisfaction.[cited 2020 July 6].Available from: https://n-o-v-a.com/nova-medical-centers-survey-results-indicate-excellent-patient-satisfaction/
Samu el II ACCREDITATION which a recognized hospitals[1]. At least 28 accreditation
body, usually a non- countries have at least one programmes in
governmental National accreditation Georgia[3],Only
organization Programme[2] Mediclub Georgia is
Accreditation (NGO), accredited by JCI[4]
assesses and
recognizes that a health
care organization meets
applicable pre-
determined and
published standards for
continuous
improvement in
healthcare
delivery,quality and
patient safety

PATIENT Patient satisfaction is EUROPEP questionnaire : 55.33% Georgian 1.Source: World Hospital Search.org.The value of JCI accreditation.[cited 2020 July 6].Available from:https://www.worldhospitalsearch.org/the-value-of-jci-accreditation/where-are-the-us-hospitals/#:~:text=The%20Joint%20Commission%20accredits%20more,U.S.%20territories%20and%20military%20bases. 2.Source: World Health Organization.[cited 2020 July 6].p59.Available from:https://www.who.int/hrh/documents/en/quality_accreditation.pdf 3. Source:World Health Organization Europe.Quality of primary health care in Georgia.[internet]. [cited 2020 July 4].Available from:https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/373737/geo-qocphc-eng.pdf?ua=14. Source:Joint Commission International.Search for JCI-Accredited Organizations.Available from:https://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/en/about-jci/accredited-organizations/#f:_Facet_Country=[Georgia]
SATISFACTION the measure to which a Poor to Excellent [1] Respondents say
patient is content and Excellent results in Nova healthcare service is
satisfied with care Medical Centre,USA [3] excellent [2]
which they received
from their health
provider

EQUIPMENT Medical equipment FDA QUALITY OF CARE 1. Source: Medical Device Innovation consortium.Org.[cited 2020 July 6].Available from: https://mdic.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/MDIC-Medical-Device-Quality-Metrics-Best-Practices.August-01-2016.pdf
QUALITY AND maintenance covers the 2011: Service
MAINTENANCE repair of assets as well Records:Negligible to
as the sterilization of Catastrophic Medical
instruments to avoid Device
injuries,technical Reporting :Malfunction to
emergencies and Death [1]
spread of infections in
the hospital

Ashisha Nurse doctor ratio It is a number to 3:01 [1]NCDC. GEORGIA Health Care
Emmanuel describe the number of Highlights 2017 [Internet].
nurses assigned to GEORGIA Health Care Highlights.
each doctor NCDC
Abortion rate number of induced 25% [2]Abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age [Internet]. Abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age - MEASURE Evaluation. 2018 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.measureevaluation.org/prh/rh_indicators/womens-health/pac/abortions-per-1-000-women-of-reproductive-age,[3]Induced Abortion Worldwide [Internet]. Guttmacher Institute. 2019 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide[4]World Population Policy 2009 publication [Internet]. United Nations. United Nations; 2015 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world-abortion-policies-2013.asp
abortions occurring in a
specified reference
period per 1,000
women of reproductive
age (15-44 or 15-49).

Rate of caesarean The total number of 5 % and 15 % of all births [5]CESAREAN DELIVERY RATE. 2009 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www-doh.state.nj.us/doh-shad/view/sharedstatic/CesareanDeliveryRate.pdf[6]Cesarean sections as a percent of all births [Internet]. Cesarean sections as a percent of all births - MEASURE Evaluation. 2017 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.measureevaluation.org/prh/rh_indicators/womens-health/sm/cesarean-sections-as-a-percent-of-all-births[7]Boerma PT, PhD Carine Ronsmans, DrPH Dessalegn Y Melesse. [Internet]. Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. THE LANCET; 2018 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31928-7/fulltext[8]NCDC. [Internet]. GEORGIA HEALTHCARE HIGHLIGHTS. NCDC; 2017 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.ncdc.ge/Handlers/GetFile.ashx?ID=a5b2825b-d3c1-4e6a-a1b5-6a43ac561511
sections delivery resident cesarean
deliveries among
woman divided by the
total number of
deliveries for a
specified geographical
area during a specified
time period per 100 live
births.

Tofunmi Lack of specialist Lack of skilled doctors By 2020 the U.S. will . http://csa-web.cloudapp.net/docs/default-source/news-and-events-docs/csa-bulletin-docs/volume-61-number-3/aug_2012_15_sibert_feature_61_3.pdf?sfvrsn=76f6c646_2
Omolaja doctors who have completed experience a By 2020 the
advanced education U.S. will experience a
and training in a shortage of over 90,000
specific field of physicians, and by 2025
medicine e.g. the shortage will worsen to
anaesthesiologist and at least 130,000 [1]
Endocrinology research By Karen S.
Poor emergency A defective acute Swiss
Sibert,university
MD hospital Heymann EP, Wicky A, Carron P-N, Exadaktylos AK. Death in the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Analysis of Mortality in a Swiss University Hospital [Internet]. Emergency Medicine International. Hindawi; 2019 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/emi/2019/5263521/
care treatment in emergency from January 1st 2013 to
care which involves the December 31st 2016
management and attests to the fact that with
stabilization of sick an incidence of 2.6/1,000,
patients  Bern University Hospital
(Inselspital) is located in
the capital city of
Switzerland

Poor communication A doctor's Analysts in the US Bailey M, says: RL. Communication failures linked to 1,744 patient deaths in five years [Internet]. STAT. 2016 [cited 2020Jul6]. Available from: https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/01/communication-failures-malpractice-study/
communication and examined clinical and legal
interpersonal skills records in 23Analysts in
encompass the ability the US examined clinical
to gather information in and legal records in
order to facilitate 23,658 malpractice cases
accurate diagnosis from 2009 to 2013. They
identified over 7,000 cases
where communication
failures, either among
medical staff or between
medical staff and patients,
harmed patients. The
cases — including 1,744
deaths. Research by
CRICO Strategies .
Emil Tom Congestive Heart CHF Mortality rate is Overall mortality was https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(17)30196-1/fulltext https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/373737/geo-qocphc-eng.pdf?ua=1
Joseph Failure Mortality rate the percentage of 16·5% with high mortality
deaths associated with ranging from 15 to 34 % in
disease or treatment developing countries of
outcomes. southeast asia and africa
and comparatively low
mortality in China and
Gastrointestinal Percentage of deaths RateSouthofamerica.
mortality https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4837439/https://apic.org/professional-practice/practice-resources/antimicrobial-stewardship/
Bleeding Mortality due to upper or lower in patients admitted to the
rate GI bleeding in clinical emergency department
settings. Acute GI with acute GI bleeding is
Hemmorhage is a life reported to be 7% to 8.2%.
threatening condition. Upper GI bleeding has
been estimated to account
for up to 20 000 deaths
annually in the United
Antimicrobial Coordinated programs 30% Statesof all antibiotics https://apic.org/professional-practice/practice-resources/antimicrobial-stewardship/http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2018/06/2018-06-35-antimicrobial-lonks.pdfhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420302/
Stewarshsip program which promotes the prescribed in U.S. acute
appropriate use care hospitals are
of antimicrobials (includi unnecessary.
ng antibiotics),
improves patient
outcomes, reduces
microbial resistance,
and decreases the
spread of infections
caused by multidrug-
resistant organisms.

Solab omi physicians working This is the amount of 49-52 hours per week. Jennifer Larson. The average physician work week https://www.locumleaders.com/physician-news/the-average-physician-work-week-hours-worked/
Onadipe hours hours a doctor works
per week. This is very
relevant to their work
force.
diagnostic error rate This can be defined as 5-10 percent Ali Shabahang Saber Tehrani,HeeWon Lee. Diagnostic Errors More Common, Costly And Harmful Than Treatment Mistakes.April 23, 2013. Available from-https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/diagnostic_errors_more_common_costly_and_harmful_than_treatment_mistakes
a diagnosis that is
missed, wrong or
delayed, as detected by
some subsequent
definitive test or finding.

emergency This is the amount of less than 4 hours Alan Katz, Jennifer Enns.How Long Is Too Long To Wait In An Emergency Room. 21 April 2017. Available from- https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/alan-katz/emergency-room-waits-canada_b_16132058.html
admission wait time time the patients and
their families wait
before admission
occurs

Jason Obinna Adverse drug reactions reporting of adverse drug In Uganda, 16.6% had ever https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4765406/
report ing reactions in pat ients reported an A DR,   37. 7% kn ew
how t o report

18. 4% knew where t o report to

Vaccination coverage provision of vacci nations f or Global t arget s 90% nat ional https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407439/
t he ent ire populat ion in each vaccinat ion coverage and < 10%
country t o i mprove dropout. West Af rica has ranges
healt hcare bet ween 24.1% and 81. 4% wit h
a mean of 4 9%

Lack of advancement li mit ed opport unities for
opport unit ies m edical staf f to reimburse
t heir educati on and skill s
In Chicago A merica, 51% of https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/the-top-10-challenges-facing-healthcare-workers.html
healt hcare workers lacked t he
opportuni ty wit h 49% being
nurse s and 52% b ei ng t he rest of
th e healt hcare workers