Quota sampling

Total number of GSIS students—300

Total number of African students—20 out of 300
Research question: Any difference in academic performance between
African and Non-African students?
Plan to select 10 samples out of 300 students
To ensure to include a certain number of African students in sampling to
enable comparison, assign a certain number of quota (e.g., 3 students) in
sampling to African students
Then, simple random sampling of 3 African students out of 20 African
students
Simple random sampling of 7 non-African students out of 280 non-African
students
Then, compare
Sampling ratio for African students: 3/20 = 0.15
Sampling ratio for non-African students: 7/280 = 0.025
So, quota sampling = nonprobability sampling method
 City X

College students—1,000
Research Question: Smoking rate
Sample size: 100

Simple random sampling: 100 out of 1,000

<With further demographic information>

College students—1,000
 Male students—500
 Female students—500
Colleges: 3
 College A: Coed 500 students
 Male students—200
 Female students—300
 College B: All male 300 students
 College C: All female 200 students
Smoking rate—25% (population parameter)
 50% of male students
 0% of female students
Cluster sampling:
1. Simple random sampling of 1 college out of 3
2. Simple random sampling of 100 samples out of the select college
① If B (male college) chosen—50% smoking rate (overrepresented)
② If C (female college) chosen—0% smoking rate (underrepresented)
③ If A (coed college) chosen—20% smoking rate (slightly
underrepresented)
④ Therefore, weaker than simple random sampling
Stratified sampling:
1. Distribute samples according to the demographic proportion to each
college
① 50 to College A
② 30 to College B
③ 20 to College C
2. Simple random sampling of the assigned samples from each college
① 50 out of 500 from College A
② 30 out of 300 from College B
③ 20 out of 200 from College C
④ Thus, stronger than simple random sampling, much stronger than
cluster sampling
⑤ So, stratified > simple random > cluster sampling